soil carbon 4 per 1000
TRANSCRIPT
Soil Carbon4 per 1000
© Anne Richer-de-Forges
Budiman Minasny1, Alex. B. McBratney1*, Brendan P. Malone1, Denis A. Angers2, Dominique Arrouays3, Adam Chambers4, Vincent Chaplot5, Zueng-Sang Chen6, Kun Cheng7, Bhabani S. Das8, Damien J. Field1, Alessandro Gimona9, Carolyn Hedley10, Suk Young Hong11,
Biswapati Mandal12, Ben P. Marchant13, Manuel Martin3, Brian G. McConkey2, Vera Leatitia Mulder14, Sharon O’Rourke15, Anne C. Richer-de-Forges3, Inakwu Odeh1,
José Padarian1, Keith Paustian16,Genxing Pan7, Laura Poggio9, Igor Savin17, Vladimir Stolbovoy18, Uta Stockmann1, Yiyi Sulaeman19, Chun-Chih Tsui6, Tor-Gunnar Vågen20,
Bas van Wesemael21, Leigh Winowiecki20
1 Sydney Institute of Agriculture, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. 2 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Canada. 3 INRA Orléans, InfoSol Unit, Orléans, France. 4 USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, USA. 5 Laboratoire d’Océanographie et du Climat, Paris, France. 6 Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, China Taiwan. 7 Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.8 Agricultural & Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India 9 The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, AB15 8QH, Aberdeen, Scotland (UK) 10 Landcare Research, New Zealand. 11 Rural Development Administration (RDA), Republic of Korea. 12 Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal, India 13 British Geological Survey, Keyworth, UK. 14 Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. 15 University College Dublin, Republic of Ireland. 16 Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA. 17 People’s Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia. 18 V.V. Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute, Moscow, Russia. 19 Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development, Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture, Bogor, Indonesia. 20 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya. 21 Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
Geoderma, 292 (2017) 59-86
2400
= 4‰
Organic carbon stored in the soil globally
(up to 2 m)
Amount of C stock increaseneeded tooffset CO2
emission
Annual Global CO2 emissions from fossil fuels
8.9 giga tonne C 2400giga
tonne C
8.92400
Adapted from Ademe, 2015
Atmosphere: 830
Vegetation: 550+100
Soils 40 cm: 860+ ?
Soils 2-m: 2400 + ?
Stocks Fluxes
9,8 + 0,98.9/2400 = 0.00370,004x860 = 3.44 In Billion ton
Adapted from Le Queré et al.2014
Theory
Global OC stock (0-30cm, t.ha-1)
Stockmann et al. 2015
New Zealand
Chile
South Africa
Australia
Indonesia
TanzaniaKenya Nigeria
Taiwan
India Korea
Mainland China
United States
FranceEngland & WalesBelgium
Russia
Scotland
Ireland
Canada
OC stock in 20 regions of the world
Minasny et al. 2017
Country/ Region
Total Soil organic C stock 0-30 cm(Gt)
Agricultural Area (Mha)
Soil C stock in Agricultural land (Gt)
Potentials Challenges
New Zealand
2.66 15.1 1.59 Improved management of grasslands; increased root inputs of C; targeting specific soil types (e.g. allophanic soils), and/or specific landscape positions; establishment and reestablishment of wetlands.
Inherently high C soils, C loss in drained peats, overgrazing, soil erosion in upland areas.
Chile 5.52 3.2 0.14 Afforesting degraded areas and conserving native forest and peatlands
Peatland conversion, limited cropping areas
Minasny et al. 2017
Stocks and main regionalpotentials and challenges
Chile
New Zealand
Country/ Region
Total Soil organic C stock 0-30 cm(Gt)
Agricultural Area (Mha)
Soil C stock in Agricultural land (Gt)
Potentials Challenges
Australia 25 455 12.76 Large agricultural land area, optimization of crop rotations, and retention of crop residues, improved grassland management.
Lack of water, zero or minimum tillage has been implemented almost 80% in the grain cropping areas.
Nigeria 3.12 29 0.97 Use of legumes, fallow periods, plant residues retention, afforestation
Lack of reliable data
Minasny et al. 2017
Stocks and main regionalpotentials and challenges
Australia
Nigeria
Country/ Region
Total Soil organic C stock 0-30 cm(Gt)
Agricultural Area (Mha)
Soil C stock in Agricultural land (Gt)
Potentials Challenges
France 3.56 30 1.95 Changes in land use and adoption of best agricultural practices
High soil sealing rate by urbanisation and infrastructures
Scotland Total: 1.16Peats (up to 1 m) : 0.8
5.6 0.33 Reducing peatland degradation and agricultural expansion
A large area of peatlands, expansion of intensive agriculture
Minasny et al. 2017
Stocks and main regionalpotentials and challenges
France
Scotland
Initial C stock (t C/ha) No. of years
Sequ
estr
ation
rate
(per
mill
e/ye
ar)
Sequ
estr
ation
rate
(per
mill
e/ye
ar)
Survey of practices and sequestration rates
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
4 4
Minasny et al. 2017
Land Managers/ Farmers
PracticesMinimum TillageResidue managementImproved GrazingCrop rotations
For the benefits of:• Increased Yield• Soil Conditions• C credits
Policy Makers4 per milleKyoto ProtocolEU Soil Thematic Strategy?Carbon Farming InitiativeGlobal Soil Parnership
ScientistsMeasurements, sensingModelling Digital soil mappingAuditing CSOC functioningSOC Persistence
ClimateChange
MarketeersC trading Natural capitalProduct supply chains
Facilitation
ComplianceInnovation
Confidence
Minasny et al. 2017
Summary• We surveyed the soil carbon stock estimates and sequestration
potentials from 20 regions in the world.• All regions show efforts and scopes for soil carbon sequestration
achieving the 4 per mille initiative.• Under best management practices, 4 per mille or even higher
sequestration rates can be accomplished. • High C sequestration rates (up to 10 per mille) can be achieved for
soils with low initial SOC stock (topsoil less than 30 t C ha−1), and at the first twenty years after implementation of best management practices.
• Agricultural soil carbon sequestration can be the solution for mitigating climate change over the next ten to twenty years.
Thank you for your attention!
© Yves Le Bissonnais © Gis Sol © Anne Richer de Forges