Content

No. Title Page1. Introduction 32. Objective 43. Content/ Technical Observation 5-84. Photos & Description 9- 125. Conclusion 13

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Introduction The site visit is held on 19th November 2015 (Thursday). It is organized by the programme director, SR Any Fuey Lin which is our Measurement 1 lecturer as well. Every one of us were advised to buy a safety helmet due to the safety precautions. Besides, we also required to wear a proper attire and covered shoe or site boots before we went to the site visit. We were gathered at Taylor’s Lakeside University around 8:00 am and take attendance with Ms Azrina. After one and the half hour journey by bus, we finally reached to our site which located at Sekyen 2A, Antara Gapi, Hulu Selangor, Selangor. The project manager, Mohd Sobri Bin HJ. AB. Majid briefed to us about the construction site and also introduced his team to us. After taken the group photo, we started our site visit under the guide of the project manager and the land surveyor, Mohd Hafizi Mohammad.

The project is the construction of 96 units Semi-detached (40’ x 60’) including the infrastructure. The developer of this project is Perbadanan Kemajuan Negeri Selangor (PKNS) and the architect is Zain Hamzah Architect. For the structural engineer is Wawasan Bersatu Sdn Bhd. While for the mechanical & electrical engineer is ZNVA & Associated. Moreover, the contractor is AJ-Corp Sdn Bhd. The date of the construction started from 8th July 2014 and it is currently expected to complete at the date of 4th July 2016.

The project manager had firstly showed us the pile on the site and explained to us about the process of pilling. Due to the different type of soil condition, some houses was constructed by using pad footing. The project manager and the land surveyor were showed and explained to us clearly about the construction process and materials used while guiding us around the construction site.

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Objective

The objectives of this technical site visit are:

1. To gain extra knowledge and have a better understanding on the construction process by observing the workers and listen to what the project manager had explained to us.

2. To apply the theory that we have learnt in books into the practical aspect of the construction technology.

3. To experience and understand more about the actual working environment in the construction site.

4. To observe and understand more when the workers operating the construction mechanical and equipment.

5. To take the opportunity to communicate with the construction professional and understand more about their scope of work.

6. To understand the important of safety precaution and arise the awareness when entering the construction site.

7. To explore and distinguish the various types of building materials and the technology available on the construction site.

8. To take the opportunity to ask and learn extra knowledge to the building materials that we did not studied on the lecture.

9. To understand the scientific principles about the design and the construction.10. To understand about the important of teamwork in the construction team that required

to solve and overcome the problem.

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Content/Technical ObservationThe types of foundations have separated into shallow foundations and deep foundations. While for pad foundations, it is lay under the types of shallow foundations. Shallow foundations transfer the load to subsoil at a point near to the ground floor a building and the height of the building should be less than 3m from the ground level. Pad foundations are used when the soil condition are strong enough to support the load of the house and it is not suitable in highly compressible soils. The design of the building should be simple and not too complicated. For the construction that we visit, there have several type of Semidetached which are type 1, type 2A (split down), type 2B (split up) and type 3. Types of foundation used for type 1 and type 3 are pilling, while the type of foundation used for type 2A and type 2B are pad foundations due to the different condition of the soil. The types of soil for the area of type 2A and type 2B are red clay which is cohesive soils, therefore, that particular soil area are suitable for pad foundations. Since type 2B haven start to construct, we will focus on the type 2A which is still under construction.

Several steps required for the construction of pad footing:

Step 1: Site Clearance

Site clearance is required before excavation work start. In this process, hedges, undergrowth, bushes, scrub, tree stumps will be removed.

Step 2: Excavation

For the first excavation, topsoil is required to excavate to reach the average depth of 1.60m. Topsoil obtained from excavation is either will be remove off site or will be preserved in temporary spoil heaps. After the topsoil was excavated, excavation to reduce level average depth 1.20m is needed by using excavator. Next, excavation was required to the pits for pad footings starting from reduce level.

Step 3: Lean Concrete

Moreover, a layer of lean concrete is required to construct before build the pad footing. Lean concrete provide a straight level surface to the foundation and it also act as a protection for the foundation from the soil below to prevent moisture and other chemicals such as sulphates that may weaken the foundation.

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Step 4: Formwork for Pad Footing

Formwork is then built for the construction of the pad footing. It need to be measure

accurately and placed well to reach the desire area in order to get the correct size of the pad

footing. Formwork consists of side, end planks, yoke, nut and bolts. The end and the two side

planks needed to join by the yokes and the bolts. The joints in the formwork should be tight

against leakage of cement grout.

Step 5: Reinforcement Bar for the Pad Footing and the Column Stump

The reinforced high tensile steel rod reinforcement straight and bent with 16mm diameter was chosen to use in the pad footing. The reinforcement bars for the column stump should be placed as well. Before placing the reinforcement bars, concrete cover is needed to place below the reinforcement bars. This is because it can prevent the reinforcement bars attached to the ground. Furthermore, concrete cover also avoids the reinforcement bars from corrosion and act as the barrier to the spread of fire.

Step 6: Filling concrete to pad footing

Reinforced concrete Grade 30 (20-25mm agg.) is then poured into the formwork. The reinforced concrete required to compact sufficiently and allow the concrete to cure.

Step 7: Removal of formwork

After make sure the reinforced concrete had set to receive its maximum strength, the formwork is then ready to be remove. Finally, the pad footing is done.

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Materials involved in constructing a pad footing:

1. Reinforcement Bar The types of reinforcement bar used is high tensile steel 16mm. Reinforcement bar also known as rebar. Rebar normally found in foundation, column, beam and floor slab. The function of rebar is to act as a tension device in reinforced concrete to increase the strength and support the concrete. Besides, rebar also helps to control the contraction and expansion of the reinforced concrete due to the change of temperature. When rebar was placed in slab, it also helps to prevent the cracks. Rebar should also place at the bottom of the foundation in order to receive the high performance and able to resist the heavy load. The greater the surface of rebar exposed to the adherence concrete, the stronger the bond and result in the higher tension to resist the load. Moreover, the rough surface also provides a better tension. This is because the rougher the surface of the rebar, the more adhere to the concrete.

2. Formwork The formwork that used in the construction site to build the pad footing is timber. Formwork is use to support structures and normally act as temporary or permanent molds for the fresh concrete to pour in and wait until it is set. The reusable formwork is called as panel formwork. On the another had, the non-reusable formwork is called as stationary formwork. Timber formwork can easily be made in different size or shape. It is economically due to the high availability and low production cost. Since timber is light in weight, it is easy to carry in the construction site. Furthermore, timber can be reuse and this had reduced the construction cost.

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Part SizeSheeting for slabs, beam, column 25 to 40 mmJoints, ledges 50 x 70 mm to 50 x 150 mmPosts 75 x 100mm to 100 x 100 mm

3. Concrete The concrete in pad footings is reinforced concrete Grade 30. Concrete is the most used constructions materials around the world due to its strength, durability and aesthetic value. It can be produced in many grades by mixing the ingredient with different ratio. Concrete consist of cement, sand and gravel. Cement is functioned as the bonding agent to adhere the sand and aggregates together. However, water is required to react with the cement and form bonding agent. Besides, the benefits of concrete are the excellent performance in terms of safety, security, mold and mildew resistance and the flexibility for the design. For example, concrete can produce into different texture and shape and it suitable with different finishing such as paint and stone cladding.

Photos and Description

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The information board which located at the main entrance.

Mind map of the organisation for the project.

The plan of the construction site. The site office.

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Straight reinforcement bar.

Mesh Fabrics Reinforcements.

Straight & bend reinforcement bars.

Links in pile.

Pile after pilling.

Pile.

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Concrete Mixer

Excavator Backhoe

Crane

Truck

Construction joint

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Clay Bricks Concrete BricksRoof Tiles

Pad Footing

Formwork for column The worker fixing the link to the rebar.

Conclusion

After the site visit, I have understood and gain more experience about the construction site including the hot sun and dirt. I have gain more knowledge about the construction technology and learnt many extra knowledges that is no in the lecture notes. Besides, I sincerely thankful to the instructor who guiding us around the site, showed us and also explained to us patiently about the construction work. Others than that, I also thankful to Ms Any and Ms Azirina who organized this site visit to us and let us have the opportunity to experience the real construction site. I have gain a lot of knowledge and taken may photo on the site for the information to this assignment. Furthermore, I had learnt that teamwork is very important for the construction team to solve and face the problem occur during construction.

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site-report (1).docx

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