sharing and communication around household energy consumption
DESCRIPTION
Sharing and Communication around Household Energy Consumption. Tawanna Dillahunt Advisor: Jennifer Mankoff HCI Institute Carnegie Mellon University. U.S. households consume over 21.7% of total U.S. energy and generate over 21.1% of total U.S. carbon emissions [Gardner, et. al , 2008]. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Sharing and Communication around Household Energy Consumption
Tawanna DillahuntAdvisor: Jennifer MankoffHCI InstituteCarnegie Mellon University
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U.S. households consume over 21.7% of total U.S. energy and generate over 21.1% of total U.S.
carbon emissions [Gardner, et. al, 2008]
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Low-Income Households• 30% of U.S. households make
< $30K/year [US Census, 2009]
• Spend greater percentages of income on energy than affluent households [Cooper et al., 1983]
• Median consumption almost as much as affluent households [Shui 2002]
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Research Gap
• Low-income individuals are among those more likely to live in rental housing [Belsky and Drew, 2007; McArdle, 2009]
• Renters constitute 30% of U.S. households [Current Housing Reports, 2008]
• Few studies (at the time) targeted low-income households and renters [Chetty, et. al, 2008]
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Research Questions• What are the dynamics of low-income
households in terms of energy consumption?
• How can household electricity monitoring devices most effectively work within the dynamics of a low-income household?
• Can we mine energy monitoring data in order to provide advice about inefficiencies in energy use?
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Thesis StatementEco-visualizations designed to allow individuals tocompare their consumption with others, to provide
advice about inefficiencies and to actively engage around
actions that affect energy consumption will:
1. encourage social interaction2. raise awareness of energy conservative behaviors 3. help residents to negotiate energy use issues with
stakeholders (landlords, housemates, community members)
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What are the dynamics of low-income households in terms of energy consumption?
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Qualitative Studies of Energy UseStudy 1
Energy Use in Low-Income Households [Dillahunt, et. al, Ubicomp 2009]
Study 2Conflicts Between Landlords and Tenants [Dillahunt, et. al, Ubicomp 2010]
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• Do prior findings generalize to this community?
• Motivations for saving energy?• Existing barriers?• How can we enhance technology
to serve low-income communities?
Study 1
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Photo-elicitation study
[Clark-IbáÑez, 2004]– Camera– Pen and Notebook
to write about experiences
“Take pictures of objects and/or scenarios that make you think about personal energy use or anything that makes you think
about energy”
Study Design
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• 26 participants across two locations– 15 NC participants– 11 PA participants
• Diverse payment structures- Pay energy in full- Receive stipend- Pay no energy- Receive allocation
Study Design
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Findings• Participants received very
little feedback• Saving energy occurred
even if participants did not pay for energy (prior habits)
• Key factors leading to environmental behaviors in low-income households– External barriers– Future generations– Religious beliefs
• Conflict between landlords and tenants around energy consumption
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Findings• Participants received very
little feedback• Saving energy occurred
even when participants did not pay for energy (prior habits)
• Key factors leading to environmental behaviors in low-income households– External barriers– Future generations– Religious beliefs
• Conflict between landlords and tenants around energy consumption
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Findings• Participants received very
little feedback• Saving energy occurred
even if participants did not pay for energy (prior habits)
• Key factors leading to environmental behaviors in low-income households– External barriers– Future generations– Religious beliefs
• Conflict exists between landlords and tenants around energy consumption
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Study 2
• Interviewed landlords to get a balanced perspective
• Story-telling and role play sessions to understand both perspectives
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Sources of ConflictTENANTS 1PHOTOS +
INTERVIEWS
LANDLORDSINTERVIEWS
TENANTS 2ROLE-PLAYING
Expectations ✔
Money ✔ ✔
Power Imbalance
✔ ✔
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Sources of ConflictTENANTS 1PHOTOS +
INTERVIEWS
LANDLORDSINTERVIEWS
TENANTS 2ROLE-PLAYING
Expectations ✔
Money ✔ ✔
Power Imbalance
✔ ✔
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Sources of ConflictTENANTS 1PHOTOS +
INTERVIEWS
LANDLORDSINTERVIEWS
TENANTS 2ROLE-PLAYING
Expectations ✔
Money ✔ ✔
Power Imbalance
✔ ✔
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Sources of Conflict Summary
TENANTS 1PHOTOS +
INTERVIEWS
LANDLORDSINTERVIEWS
TENANTS 2ROLE-PLAYING
Expectations ✔
Money ✔ ✔
Power Imbalance
✔ ✔
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Conflict ResolutionTENANTS (1&2)
PHOTOS + INTERVIEWS, ROLE-PLAYING
LANDLORDSINTERVIEWS
Knowledge ✔ ✔
Communication/Negotiation
✔ ✔
Community Action ✔
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Conflict ResolutionTENANTS (1&2)
PHOTOS + INTERVIEWS, ROLE-PLAYING
LANDLORDSINTERVIEWS
Knowledge ✔ ✔
Communication/Negotiation
✔ ✔
Community Action ✔
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Conflict ResolutionTENANTS (1&2)
PHOTOS + INTERVIEWS, ROLE-PLAYING
LANDLORDS
INTERVIEWS
Knowledge ✔ ✔
Communication/Negotiation
✔ ✔
Community Action
✔
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Conflict ResolutionSTUDIES 1&2
TENANTSSTUDY 2LANDLO
RDSKnowledge ✔ ✔
Communication/Negotiation
✔ ✔
Community Action
✔
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Solution
Sensing technologies and social computing
can play a role in conflict resolution because of their
abilities to provide new information and improve
communication of information
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Opportunities• Sensing technologies produce new
information• Social technologies facilitate sharing• Both technologies influence action
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How can household electricity monitoring devices most effectively work within the dynamics of a low-income household?
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Key Factors to Resolve Conflict
1. Sharing energy-related information led to community action
2. Better communication (i.e., alerting landlords to household inefficiencies, informing tenants of ways to save energy)
3. Negotiation
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Thesis StatementEco-visualizations designed to allow individuals tocompare their consumption with others and to actively engage around actions that affect energy consumption will:
• encourage social interaction• raise awareness of energy conservative behaviors • help residents to negotiate energy use issues with
stakeholders (landlords, housemates, community members)
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Research GoalsTo develop a tool for supporting comparisons and social collaboration
Identify how sharing and collaboration affect energy consumption and communication within communities
Longitudinal deployment across low-income households of real-time energy monitoring devices to aid in data collection
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Method• Flesh out usability
details–Website?–Mobile?– Kiosk?
• Tool development• Deployment of tool
and The Energy Detective (TED)
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Website Design
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32Longitudinal Deployment
Build A Build BMain Office(Mezzanine)
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Social vs. Non-Social (Option 1)• Between subject design with two groups– Social– Non-social
• Independent Variables– Website comparison and social/discussion
features• Dependent Variables– Social interaction– Raised awareness– Negotiation (# of issues reported, interaction
with landlord, etc.)
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Individual vs. Community (Option 2)
• Between subject design with two groups– Individual– Community
• Independent Variables– PC versus Kiosk
• Dependent Variables– Social interaction– Raised awareness– Negotiation (# of issues reported,
interaction with landlord, etc.)
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Personal vs. Group Incentive (Option 3)• Between subject design with two groups– Individual– Group
• Independent Variables– Group incentive versus individual incentive
• Dependent Variables– Social interaction– Raised awareness– Negotiation (# of issues reported,
interaction with landlord, etc.)
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Quantitative Measures• Encourage social interaction– # of comments, questions asked, questions answered– # of posts to landlords– How frequently do participants access the intervention
(kiosk/mobile/website) and how long they interact?• Raise awareness of energy conservative behaviors– Total energy consumption each month– Number of actions “done” or committed to
• Negotiation Measures– Issues reported/issues addressed over time
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Qualitative Measures (Pre/Post)• Encourage social interaction
– Reported interaction with household members, neighbors, landlords
– Discussion about intervention and data– Frequency and span of discussions
• Raise awareness of energy conservative behaviors– Environmental attitudes– Environmental awareness– Attend outside education events (1st timers)
• Negotiation Measures– Issues reported and addressed over time– Was information from intervention used in landlord discussions?– # of successful negotiations
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Technology Considerations• Mobile vs. laptop or netbook vs. Kiosk–Mobile makes visualizations harder (push not pull)– PC is less common in low-income households,
requires individuals to access the pc for information
– Kiosk is less accessible but may help to increase social interaction
• Fully networked machine vs. limited functionality– How does adding an internet pc change
households?
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Can we mine energy monitoring data in order to provide advice about inefficiencies in energy use?
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Energy Data Analysis
1: Collect Baseline Data2: Gather Data– Similar buildings, differing infrastructure– Department of Energy data on averages
3: Data Analysis–Machine learning: automate interpretation
4: Data Interpretation– Help people interpret with a coherent
visualization
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Pilot Work• Craigslist plug-in– Automate the interpretation of how
efficient/inefficient apartments for rent are (like a walk-ability score but for energy)• Location• Apartment Size• Year built• Type of heating and cooling• Types and ages of appliances• Etc.
– Compare plug-in estimates with baseline data to show accuracy
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Conclusions
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Main Contributions
• A tool for supporting comparison and collaboration
• A model to provide advice about inefficiencies
• Design recommendations• Demonstrated results of integrating
social computing and ubiquitous computing technologies around energy consumption
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ScheduleApr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar
Proposal Prep
TED Deployment
Defense!
Doc & Pres Done!
Gather baseline data
Jun
Data Analysis (surveys, interaction info….)
Tool Development
Dissertation Writing
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Questions & Feedback
• What options are more interesting?• Feasibility of providing advice about
inefficiencies in energy (based on energy monitoring data)
• How to minimize risk?–What if no one interacts with the
interventions?• Mobile • Website • Kiosk