scientific service and research biomechanics of z … jumps... · run can also be applied to high...

BIOMECHANICS OF BIOMECHANICS OF TRIPLE JUMPTRIPLE JUMP

Bing Yu, PhDBing Yu, PhD

Center for Human Movement ScienceCenter for Human Movement ScienceThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillThe University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Scientific Service and ResearchScientific Service and Research

Started in 1982Started in 1982 for preparation of 1984 for preparation of 1984 Los Angels Olympic GamesLos Angels Olympic Games

Supported by Science and Technology Supported by Science and Technology Committee of USOC and Sports Medicine Committee of USOC and Sports Medicine and Science Committee of USA Track & and Science Committee of USA Track & FieldField

University scientific service and research University scientific service and research partnerspartners

Scientific Service and ResearchScientific Service and Research

Current teamCurrent team8 PhD in biomechanics8 PhD in biomechanics1010 PhD in physiologyPhD in physiology1010 PhD in physiologyPhD in physiology15 PhD in psychology15 PhD in psychology4 PhD in nutrition4 PhD in nutrition

HopHop

Triple JumpTriple Jump

StepStep

JumpJump

Triple JumpTriple Jump

One of the three most technically and One of the three most technically and physically demanding events in track and physically demanding events in track and fieldfield

Multiple efforts at high speedMultiple efforts at high speedMultiple efforts at high speed Multiple efforts at high speed (technically demanding)(technically demanding)Great ground reaction force (physically Great ground reaction force (physically demanding)demanding)

Biomechanical StudiesBiomechanical Studies

Biomechanical studies on triple jump Biomechanical studies on triple jump techniquestechniques

Many Many qualitative qualitative analyses of triple jump analyses of triple jump techniques for individual athletestechniques for individual athletestechniques for individual athletestechniques for individual athletesNot many systematic scientific studiesNot many systematic scientific studiesBiomechanical studies on triple jump Biomechanical studies on triple jump techniques at University of Iowa from techniques at University of Iowa from 19821982--19961996

Biomechanical StudiesBiomechanical Studies

Systematical biomechanical studies on Systematical biomechanical studies on triple jump techniques at University of triple jump techniques at University of IowaIowa

Lead by Dr. James G. HayLead by Dr. James G. HayLead by Dr. James G. HayLead by Dr. James G. HayPart of the Scientific Service Program Part of the Scientific Service Program for for horizontal jumping events inhorizontal jumping events in USA USA Track & FieldTrack & FieldStudies on triple jump from 1988 to Studies on triple jump from 1988 to 19961996

Studies on Triple JumpStudies on Triple Jump

Approach runApproach run

Optimum phase ratioOptimum phase ratio

F ti f i ti i thF ti f i ti i thFunctions of arm swing motions in the Functions of arm swing motions in the triple jumptriple jump

Distances in Triple JumpDistances in Triple Jump

Official DistanceOfficial Distance

Lost DistanceLost Distance

Actual DistanceActual Distance

Hop DistanceHop Distance Step DistanceStep Distance Jump DistanceJump Distance

Official and Actual DistancesOfficial and Actual Distances

Actual distance = Hop distance + Step Actual distance = Hop distance + Step distance + Jump distancedistance + Jump distance

Official distance = Actual distance Official distance = Actual distance –– lost lost distancedistance

Approach RunApproach RunApproach RunApproach Run

Approach RunApproach Run

An very important part of the triple jumpAn very important part of the triple jumpThe beginning of the triple jumpThe beginning of the triple jumpEnsure a legal trialEnsure a legal trialObtain horizontal speed for the triple Obtain horizontal speed for the triple jumpjump

Approach RunApproach Run

Requirement to approach run in triple Requirement to approach run in triple jump and long jumpjump and long jump

AccuracyAccuracySpeedSpeed

Position Error in Approach RunPosition Error in Approach Run

Target Position Target Position (Average Position)(Average Position)

ErrorError ErrorError

Position Error in Approach RunPosition Error in Approach RunError in ToeError in Toe--board Distance (cm)board Distance (cm)

2020

2525

3030

3535

00

55

1010

1515

2020

0055101015152020

Steps left to TakeoffSteps left to Takeoff

Position Errors in Approach RunPosition Errors in Approach Run

Run straight forward without visual Run straight forward without visual feedbackfeedback

Take visual feedbackTake visual feedback

Make adjustment to positionMake adjustment to position

Phases in Approach RunPhases in Approach RunError in ToeError in Toe--board Distance (cm)board Distance (cm)

15152020252530303535

Steps left to TakeoffSteps left to Takeoff

0055

10101515

0055101015152020

Program PhaseProgram Phase Visual Visual ControlControl

Evaluation of Approach RunEvaluation of Approach Run

Program phaseProgram phaseMaximum error in toeMaximum error in toe--board distanceboard distance

Visual control phaseVisual control phaseError in toeError in toe--board distance at the board distance at the takeofftakeoffPercentage of legal trialsPercentage of legal trialsCorrelation between adjustment of toeCorrelation between adjustment of toe--board distance and speedboard distance and speed


Maximum error in toeMaximum error in toe--board distanceboard distanceReflects the accuracy of approach run Reflects the accuracy of approach run in program phasein program phaseMaximum error in stride length can be Maximum error in stride length can be used to determine which strides are the used to determine which strides are the major contributors to maximum error in major contributors to maximum error in toetoe--board distance board distance


ToeToe--board distance at the takeoffboard distance at the takeoffReflect the overall accuracy of Reflect the overall accuracy of approach runapproach runReflect the effort of adjustment to toeReflect the effort of adjustment to toe--board distance in visual control phase board distance in visual control phase


Percentage of legal trialsPercentage of legal trialsReflect the nature of the toeReflect the nature of the toe--board board distance at the takeoffdistance at the takeoffAn indication of adjustment of starting An indication of adjustment of starting positionpositionAn indication of the accuracy of visual An indication of the accuracy of visual controlcontrol


Correlation between adjustment in toeCorrelation between adjustment in toe--board distance during visual control phase board distance during visual control phase and horizontal speed at the beginning of and horizontal speed at the beginning of takeofftakeofftakeofftakeoff

A measure of the ability to adjust toeA measure of the ability to adjust toe--board distance without reducing speed board distance without reducing speed


Development of approach run score Development of approach run score systemsystem

Development of training methods for Development of training methods for approach runapproach run

Development of Computer Expert System Development of Computer Expert System of evaluation of approach runof evaluation of approach run

Approach Run TrainingApproach Run Training

Program phaseProgram phaseApproach run with different wind speedApproach run with different wind speedApproach run with mini hurdlesApproach run with mini hurdles

Visual control phaseVisual control phaseApproach run with altered starting Approach run with altered starting positionposition

Application of Research ResultsApplication of Research Results

1991 Mike Powell’s world record long 1991 Mike Powell’s world record long jumpjump

Application of Research ResultsApplication of Research Results

The results of our research on approach The results of our research on approach run can also be applied to high jump, pole run can also be applied to high jump, pole vault, and javelin throwvault, and javelin throw

Optimum Phase RatioOptimum Phase RatioOptimum Phase RatioOptimum Phase Ratio

Optimum Phase RatioOptimum Phase Ratio

Actual DistanceActual Distance

Hop DistanceHop Distance Step DistanceStep Distance Jump DistanceJump Distance


Phase percentage = The percentage ratio Phase percentage = The percentage ratio of a phase distance to the actual distanceof a phase distance to the actual distance

Phase ratio = The ratio of the three phase Phase ratio = The ratio of the three phase percentagespercentages


Hop = 6.00 m, step = 4.80 m, jump = 6.80 Hop = 6.00 m, step = 4.80 m, jump = 6.80 m, actual distance = 17.60 mm, actual distance = 17.60 m

Hop percentage = 34, step percentage = Hop percentage = 34, step percentage = 27, jump percentage = 3927, jump percentage = 39

Phase ratio = 34 : 27 : 39Phase ratio = 34 : 27 : 39


A measure of effort distributionA measure of effort distribution

An important consideration of triple jump An important consideration of triple jump techniquestechniques

Effort distribution decides jumping Effort distribution decides jumping techniques in different phases, techniques in different phases, especially in the hop and step phasesespecially in the hop and step phases

(Hay, 1992)(Hay, 1992)


Three commonly used triple jump Three commonly used triple jump techniques in terms of phase ratio techniques in terms of phase ratio

HopHop--dominated techniquedominated technique (High hop)(High hop)JumpJump--dominated techniquedominated technique (Flat hop)(Flat hop)Balanced techniqueBalanced technique

(Hay, 1992)(Hay, 1992)


HopHop--dominated or balance techniques for dominated or balance techniques for world records before 1972world records before 1972

JumpJump--dominated techniques for the last dominated techniques for the last three world recordsthree world records


1972, Victor Saneyev, 17.44 m, the last 1972, Victor Saneyev, 17.44 m, the last world record with hopworld record with hop--dominated dominated techniquetechnique

1975, Joao Carlos de Oliveira, 17.89 m, 1975, Joao Carlos de Oliveira, 17.89 m, the first world record with jumpthe first world record with jump--dominated dominated technique, the largest improvement of technique, the largest improvement of world recordworld record


1985, Willie Banks, 17.97 m, jump1985, Willie Banks, 17.97 m, jump--dominated techniquedominated technique

1995, Jonathan Edwards, 18.29 m, jump1995, Jonathan Edwards, 18.29 m, jump--dominated techniquedominated technique


Research questionsResearch questionsIs there an optimum phase ratio for a Is there an optimum phase ratio for a given athlete?given athlete?How to determine the optimum phase How to determine the optimum phase ratio for a given athlete?ratio for a given athlete?


Research QuestionsResearch QuestionsIs there any relationship between the Is there any relationship between the loss in the horizontal velocity and the loss in the horizontal velocity and the gain in the vertical velocity during eachgain in the vertical velocity during eachgain in the vertical velocity during each gain in the vertical velocity during each support phase?support phase?Is this relationship the same for all Is this relationship the same for all triple jumpers?triple jumpers?

Loss in Horizontal Speed (m/s)Loss in Horizontal Speed (m/s)

Hop Hop Step Step JumpJump

1.51.5

2.02.0


Gain in vertical speed (m/s)Gain in vertical speed (m/s)

0.50.5

1.01.0

22 33 44 55 66

r = 0.95r = 0.95


Velocity conversion coefficientVelocity conversion coefficient (A(A11))The slope of the linear relationship The slope of the linear relationship between the gain in vertical velocity between the gain in vertical velocity and the lose in horizontal velocityand the lose in horizontal velocityand the lose in horizontal velocityand the lose in horizontal velocitySignificant effect on the efficiency of Significant effect on the efficiency of each jump in triple jumpeach jump in triple jump


Actual price for the gain in vertical speedActual price for the gain in vertical speed

Loss in horizontal SpeedLoss in horizontal Speedλλ = =

Gain in Vertical Speed

Loss in horizontal SpeedLoss in horizontal Speed

0.4

0.5

Horizontal Speed Loss Rate in HopHorizontal Speed Loss Rate in Hop


Gain in vertical velocity (m/s)2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6

0.1

0.2

0.3A1 = 0.35A1 = 0.55A1 = 0.80A1 = 1.05A1 = 1.30

0.3

0.4

Horizontal Speed Loss rate in step and jumpHorizontal Speed Loss rate in step and jump


Gain in vertical velocity (m/s)4.0 4.4 4.8 5.2 5.6

0.0

0.1

0.2 A1 = 0.35A1 = 0.55A1 = 0.80A1 = 1.05A1 = 1.30


ApplicationsApplicationsA biomechanical model for optimum A biomechanical model for optimum phase ratio for individual athletesphase ratio for individual athletesActual distance as a function of velocity Actual distance as a function of velocity conversion coefficient and gains in the conversion coefficient and gains in the vertical velocity during three support vertical velocity during three support phasesphases


Optimum techniquesOptimum techniquesJumpJump--dominated technique for Adominated technique for A11 ≥≥ 0.90.9JumpJump--dominated or balanced dominated or balanced technique for 0.9 technique for 0.9 >> AA11 >> 0.50.5Balanced or hopBalanced or hop--dominated technique dominated technique for Afor A11 ≤≤ 0.50.5


Significant effect of approach run velocity Significant effect of approach run velocity on the optimum phase ratio for 0.9 on the optimum phase ratio for 0.9 >> AA11 >>0.50.5


Answers to research questionsAnswers to research questionsThere is not a single optimum phase There is not a single optimum phase ratio for all triple jumpersratio for all triple jumpersOptimum phase ratio is different from Optimum phase ratio is different from athlete to athleteathlete to athleteVelocity conversion coefficient is the Velocity conversion coefficient is the determinant of optimum phase ratiodeterminant of optimum phase ratio

Effects of Optimum Phase RatioEffects of Optimum Phase Ratio

Research questionsResearch questionsHow phase ratio affects the actual How phase ratio affects the actual distance?distance?With phase ratio optimized, how other With phase ratio optimized, how other biomechanical factors affect the actual biomechanical factors affect the actual distance?distance?


Biomechanical ModelBiomechanical ModelInput = velocity conversion coefficient, Input = velocity conversion coefficient, approach run velocity, takeoff and approach run velocity, takeoff and touchdown heights and distancestouchdown heights and distancestouchdown heights and distancestouchdown heights and distancesOutput =Output = actual distance with optimum actual distance with optimum or given phase ratioor given phase ratio

Effects of Optimum Phase RatioEffects of Optimum Phase RatioLoss in actual distance (% Longest distance)Loss in actual distance (% Longest distance)

33

44

55 Actual technique:Actual technique: HopHop--dominateddominatedBalancedBalancedJumpJump--dominateddominated

Optimum TechniqueOptimum Technique

HopHop--dominateddominated BalancedBalanced JumpJump--dominateddominated00

11

22

9.59.5

10.010.0

10.510.5

Actual distance with optimized phase ratio (SH)Actual distance with optimized phase ratio (SH)


Velocity conversion coefficient (AVelocity conversion coefficient (A11))

7.57.5

8.08.0

8.58.5

9.09.0

0.20.2 0.40.4 0.60.6 0.80.8 1.01.0 1.21.2 1.41.4

Effects of Optimum Phase RatioEffects of Optimum Phase RatioActual distance with optimized phase ratio (SH)Actual distance with optimized phase ratio (SH)

1010

1111

1212

Approach run velocity (m/s)Approach run velocity (m/s)

66

77

88

99

88 99 1010 1111 1212


Takeoff heights, takeoff distances, Takeoff heights, takeoff distances, touchdown heights, and touchdown touchdown heights, and touchdown distancesdistances

Little effects on the longest actualLittle effects on the longest actualLittle effects on the longest actual Little effects on the longest actual distance for mendistance for menSignificant combined effect on the Significant combined effect on the longest actual distance (30% SH) for longest actual distance (30% SH) for womenwomen


Answers to research questionsAnswers to research questionsPhase ratio has a significant effect on Phase ratio has a significant effect on actual distanceactual distanceVelocity conversion factor has a Velocity conversion factor has a significant effect on actual distancesignificant effect on actual distanceApproach run speed has a significant Approach run speed has a significant effect on the actual distanceeffect on the actual distance


Training of triple jumpers shouldTraining of triple jumpers shouldIncrease the magnitude of velocity Increase the magnitude of velocity conversion coefficientconversion coefficientIncrease approach run velocityIncrease approach run velocity

Training of long jumpers shouldTraining of long jumpers shouldDDecrease the magnitude of velocity ecrease the magnitude of velocity conversion coefficientconversion coefficient

Applications of Research ResultsApplications of Research Results

1992 Olympic Triple 1992 Olympic Triple Jump Champion’s Jump Champion’s actual distance = actual distance = 18 30 m predicated18 30 m predicated18.30 m, predicated 18.30 m, predicated distance = 18.33 mdistance = 18.33 m

Applications of Research ResultsApplications of Research Results

1996 US Olympic Trial 1996 US Olympic Trial Triple Jump Champion’s Triple Jump Champion’s actual distance = 18.01 m, actual distance = 18.01 m, predicated distance = predicated distance = 17 9917 9917.99 m17.99 m

1996 Olympic Triple Jump 1996 Olympic Triple Jump Champion’s actual Champion’s actual distance = 18.09 m, distance = 18.09 m, predicated distance = predicated distance = 18.11 m18.11 m

Functions of Arm MotionsFunctions of Arm MotionsFunctions of Arm MotionsFunctions of Arm Motions

Arm MotionsArm Motions

Three arm swing techniques in the triple Three arm swing techniques in the triple jumpjump

AlternateAlternate--arm swingarm swingDoubleDouble--arm swingarm swingArmArm--andand--half swinghalf swing


AlternateAlternate--arm swing techniquearm swing technique DoubleDouble--Arm swing techniqueArm swing technique


ArmArm--andand--half swing techniquehalf swing technique

Arm MotionsArm Motions Arm MotionsArm Motions

Research questionsResearch questionsWhat is the function of arm swing What is the function of arm swing motions in triple jump?motions in triple jump?Which arm swing technique is the Which arm swing technique is the optimum for the maximum performance optimum for the maximum performance in triple jump?in triple jump?


Change in whole body speedChange in whole body speed

Arm Arm Swing leg Swing leg Takeoff leg Takeoff leg contributioncontribution

g gg gcontributioncontribution

ggcontributioncontribution

Shoulder Shoulder angular angular speedspeed

Elbow Elbow angular angular speedspeed

Arm MotionsArm MotionsLoss in whole body horizontal speed (m/s)Loss in whole body horizontal speed (m/s)

1 51 5

2.02.0

2.52.5r = 0.53r = 0.53

Loss in horizontal speed due to arm motions (m/s)Loss in horizontal speed due to arm motions (m/s)

0.00.0

0.50.5

1.01.0

1.51.5

0.00.0 0.10.1 0.20.2 0.30.3 0.40.4 0.50.5 0.60.6

HopHop StepStep JumpJump

Arm MotionsArm MotionsGain in whole body vertical speed (m/s)Gain in whole body vertical speed (m/s)

55

66

77r = 0.74r = 0.74

Gain in vertical speed due to arm motions (m/s)Gain in vertical speed due to arm motions (m/s)

22

33

44

55

0.10.1 0.20.2 0.30.3 0.40.4 0.50.5 0.60.6 0.70.7

HopHop StepStep JumpJump

Arm MotionsArm MotionsLoss in horizontal speedLoss in horizontal speed due todue to

arm motions (m/s)arm motions (m/s)

0.40.4

0.50.5

0.60.6HopHop Step JumpJumpR = 0.59R = 0.59

Gain in vertical speed due to arm motions (m/s)Gain in vertical speed due to arm motions (m/s)

0.00.0

0.10.1

0.20.2

0.30.3

0.40.4

0.10.1 0.20.2 0.30.3 0.40.4 0.50.5 0.60.6 0.70.7


A function of arm motions in triple jumpA function of arm motions in triple jumpGGenerateneratee vertical speed by converting vertical speed by converting horizontal speed to vertical speedhorizontal speed to vertical speed

Loss in Horizontal Speed due to Arm Motions (m/s)Loss in Horizontal Speed due to Arm Motions (m/s)AlternateAlternate--armarm DoubleDouble--arm arm ArmArm--andand--halfhalf


0.30.3

0.00.0

0.10.1

0.20.2

Gain in Vertical Speed due to Arm Motions (m/s)

Alternate-arm Double-arm Arm-and-half


0.4

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

Speed Conversion Rate of Arm MotionsAlternate-arm Double-arm Arm-and-half


0.8

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6


Optimum arm swing techniquesOptimum arm swing techniquesHop and step Hop and step —— alternatealternate--arm swing to arm swing to obtain vertical speed and maintain obtain vertical speed and maintain horizontal speedhorizontal speedhorizontal speedhorizontal speedJump Jump —— doubledouble--arm swing to obtain arm swing to obtain maximum maximum verticalvertical speedspeed


Application of research results on arm Application of research results on arm motions in the triple jumpmotions in the triple jump

Optimum arm swing in long jump = Optimum arm swing in long jump = alternate arm swingalternate arm swingalternate arm swingalternate arm swingOptimum arm swing in high jump = Optimum arm swing in high jump = double arm swingdouble arm swing

scientific service and research biomechanics of z … jumps... · run can also be applied to high...

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