FSA Science Review Semester 1 5th grade

By Jane BesudenUsing: Science A Closer LookMacmillan/McGraw-Hill

Scientific Method

Scientific Method Make an observation Ask a question Form a hypothesis Test your hypothesis Draw conclusions/Ask questions-repeat

Scientific Method Scientists keep accurate records so others

can follow their work or repeat their experiments

Scientific Method: Variables Independent variable-factor that changes Dependent variable-factor that changes based

on independent variable-what you observe Controlled variable-factors not tested that remain

constant

Example: Observe how different amounts of fertilizer affect plant growth. Independent variable-amounts of fertilizer Dependent variable-the height of the plant Controlled variable-amount of water, sunlight,

type of soil, etc.

Testing Your Hypothesis-Collecting Data Perform the experiment in the lab Observe the natural world Make a model-on the computer

Make sure the procedure can be repeated

Analyze the Data Organize the data in

Charts Maps Groups of pictures

Look for patterns

Draw Conclusions Decide if data supports hypothesis If results are unclear, consider how to

approach a new plan Write up results

Animal and Plant Kingdoms

Cells and Kingdoms Organism-a living thing Cell-smallest unit of living things that carry

out basic life processes Unicellular-one celled organism (uni=one) Multicelluar-many celled organism

(multi=many)…every cell carries out their own life processes. They can also work together.

Animal Cells vs. Plant Cells Plants have an additional outer covering

to the cell called a call wall Plants usually have one large, central

vacuole, where animals sometimes have many or none at all

Plants make their own food in structures called Chloroplasts

How are cells organized? Similar cells working together form tissues Groups of tissues form organs Organs working together form organ

systems

Classifying Life Classifications-have shared characteristics Kingdom-broadest group Species-narrowest group

Vertebrates 5 main classes

Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals

Have a rod running length of body for at least part of their lives/backbone

Mammals Monotreme

Lay eggs Duck-billed platypus and spiny anteater

Marsupial Pouched animal Kangaroo, koala, sugar glider

Placental Mammal Young develop within its mother

Simple Invertebrates Sponges

Asymmetrical body-cannot be divided into mirror images

Cnidarians Radial symmetry-all body parts arranged

around central point Have stinger cells

Worms Bilateral symmetry-can be divided along

one plane to produce mirror images

Complex Invertebrates Mollusks

Bilateral symmetry Shell surrounded by mantle Squid and Octopus

Echinoderms Endoskeleton-hard skeleton inside body Sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers

Arthropods Most numerous animal group, more than

half the world’s species Exoskeleton-hard shell outside body Spiders, crabs, insects

Plant Kingdom Vascular

Contains tubes or vessels Plants usually grow tall due to vessels

bringing water through plant Seedless Seeded

Nonvascular Do not have vascular tissue Non=no, none Plants usually grow close to the ground

Bacteria and Protist Bacteria

Tiny unicellular organisms Bacterium-single cell, no nucleus Two kingdoms

True Ancient

Protist Unicellular or multi-cellular Make own food or eat other organisms Larger than bacteria Central nucleus Algae, amoebas, slime molds

Plant Roots Aerial-roots never touch the ground

Absorb water from air and rain, rather than soil Orchids

Fibrous-thin, branching roots Grass

Taproots-single, main stalk-like root Pine Trees

Prop-usually grow at the bottom of the plant’s stem Corn plants, mangrove plants

Stems

Leaves Photosynthesis

Process of making food

Transpiration Loss of water through a plant’s leaves

Animal Systems

Animal Systems Skeletal System

Support structure Muscular System

Produces movements Digestive System

Breaks down food for nutrients Excretory System

Disposes waste products

Animal Systems continued Respiratory System

Provides gas exchange Circulatory System

Circulates blood flow Nervous System

Sensing system Endocrine System

Produces hormones to change body activity

Reproduction Sexual

Sperm joins egg in fertilization Asexual

Produce new organism from single parent

Parts of a Flower

Animal Life Cycles Complete Metamorphosis

Animal goes through 4 distinct stages Incomplete Metamorphosis

Animal goes through 3 stages occurring gradually

Heredity…passing down of traits Inherited trait-received from parent Instinct-born with a certain way of

acting/behaving

Ecosystems

What is an Ecosystem? …includes all living and non-living things in

environment

Food Chain Feeding relationships between organisms

Food Web Many food chains

Organisms Interact-Symbiosis Mutualism

Benefits both organisms Commensalism

Benefits one without harming the other Parasitism

Benefits one while harming the other

Animal Adaptations Structural

Adjust to internal or external structures Behavioral

Adjusts behavior Camouflage

Blend in with environment Protective Coloration

Color camouflage Protective Resemblance

Color, shape, or texture match another species Mimicry

Resemblance to an unpleasant animal

Water Cycle Evaporation

Change liquid to gas Condensation

Change gas to liquid Precipitation

Form of falling water

Transpiration Loss of water through plants leaves

Biomes Desert

sandy or rocky with little precipitation Tundra

Large, treeless area where ground is frozen all year Taiga

Cool forest Rain Forest

Hot, humid near equator with heavy rainfall Deciduous Forest

Four distinct seasons and deciduous trees Grassland

Grasses, not trees, are main plant life

Water Ecosystems Running Water

Moving bodies of fresh water Standing Water

Typical freshwater lake/pond Freshwater Wetlands

Wetlands that are wet most of the year

Ocean Zones Intertidal

Shallowest part of ocean, part of sunlight zone

Neritic Part of sunlight zone

Bathyal Part of twilight and dark zones

Abyssal Cold, dark conditions

Earth and its Resources

Earth’s Layers Atmosphere

All gases around Earth Crust

Rocky layer of Earth’s surface Mantle

Earth’s interior below crust Outer Core

Made of liquid metals Inner Core

Made of solid metals

How Mountains Form Tension moves Earth’s plates causing

compression A Shear is when one plate rubs against

another Faults are deep crakes in the Earth’s crust

Folded Mountains Fault-Block Mountains

Volcanoes Shield

Built by thinner, fluid lava spread over a large area

Cinder-Cone Built by think lava thrown high into the air falling

as chunks or cinders Composite

Built by layers of ash and cinders sandwiched between layers of hardened lava

Earthquakes …sudden movement of Earth’s surface Focus

Where slipping begins Epicenter

Point directly over focus Magnitude

Measure of energy released

Shaping Earth’s Surface Weathering

Process through which rocks or other materials are broken down Physical-caused by temperature changes Chemical-caused by chemicals from

groundwater Erosion

Process by which weathered rock is moved from one place to another

Minerals Mineral

Solid, natural material made from non-living substances in the ground

Luster-way mineral reflects light Hardness-how well a mineral resists

scratching

Rocks Sedimentary

Formed from sediments Igneous

Forms when lava cools and hardens Metamorphic

Forms when sedimentary and igneous rocks change under heat and pressure

Soil …mixture of bits of rock and one living parts of

plants and animals Humus

Part of soil made up of decayed organic material-found on top of other soil, A Horizon

B Horizon Part of subsoil

C Horizon Mostly larger pieces of weathered rock

Fossils …remains or traces of ancient organisms

preserved in rock or soil

Fossil Fuel Material formed from decay of ancient

materials used as energy today

Resources Nonrenewable

One that can be used up faster than it is made

Renewable Living or nonliving resource that

can be replaced naturally