study guides- 5th science

7/22/2019 Study Guides- 5th Science

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Study Guide: Light, Forces, Scientific Method

Reflection s Refraction

o Light reflects, or bounces, off of smooth and shiny objects

o Light reflects off of mirrors or other smooth and shiny surfaces

o Everything that we see reflects some light

o The l in reflection is to remind you of a pogo stick that !ounces up and down.

o Light refracts, or bends, when it goes though most transparent or translucent objects

o The r in refraction can remind you of !end because you have to !end your finger in order to make an r.

o Light refr acts , or bends, when it goes through water

It makes objects in WTE! appear to be in a one place when they are really in another. "E#$ fish inwater%

pencil appears bent, or broken, in water because the light is being ref racted.

o Light refr acts , or bends, when it goes through lenses &" lens !ends'

E#$ cameras, glasses, telescopes, microscopes, prisms

larity

o $rans%arent$ Light goes through clearly

o E#$ (iploc bag, window, clear glass, lenseso $ranslucent$ Light goes partially through it.

o E#$ clouds, plastic grocery bags,

o &%a'ue$ light cannot go though it at all.

o E#$ door, wood, metal, floor, ceiling, ball,

Forces and Motion

Forces

• force is a %ush or a %ull that causes and object to move, stop, or change directions.

• Magnetism is a %ulling force of a magnet to iron, nickel and cobalt.

• Gra(ity is a %ulling force towards the object that has the greatest mass.

o E#. The earth)s gravity pulls us to the ground.

•

Friction is a force caused from ru!!ing objects together.o E#$ There is friction between the wheels of a tire and the ground

*The greater the mass of an object, the more gravity it will have.

• E#$ The sun has more gravity than the earth because it has more mass

*The greater the mass of an object, the more force re+uired to move it.

• It will take more force to move something that is --g than to move something that is -g.

*The more friction an object has the less distance it will go/ The less friction an object has, the farther it will go.

• E#$ smooth surface has less friction, so an object will go farther

Scientific Method

• Pro!lem)*uestion: What you are trying to find out by doing an e#periment.• +y%othesis: n educated guess based on previous observations and 0or research

• aria!le: The one thing in the e#periment that you change. It is that is being tested.

o 1or e#ample, if you are trying to test which surface will cause the most friction, then the variable will be the type of

surfaces.

• ontrol: Everything in an e#periment that stays the same.

o 1or e#ample, if you are trying to test which surface will cause the most friction, then the controls will be the height

of the ramp, the object going down the ramp, the procedure for measuring the distance rolled, etc.

• Data: Information that is collected during an e#periment.

• onclusion: What you learn based on your results

Light that isabsorbed

Light that is

transmitted



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Soil) -D Study Guide

Soil

.-.D. eathering, -rosion, De%osition

• eathering is the breaking down of rock into tiny pieces called sediments.

o There are several agents, or causes, of weathering

Temperature changes "hot temperatures cause rock to e#pand, and cooler temperatures cause rock to

contract. The e#panding and contracting of rock eventually causes it to break%

Water free7ing in cracks0 frost action

5lant roots0root wedging

cid rain "chemically breaks down limestone8many caves are weathered and formed by acid rain%

9oving water "rivers, streams, waterfalls, waves, etc%

• Soil is made of sediments, humus, air, water, worms and

insects.

• +umus is decomposed plant and animal remains and

animal waste.

• Grains are the individual pieces of soil.

• Pores are the spaces between each grain that allow the

water to go through.

• Drain means to flow out. "When you pour water in soil,

the water that flows through the pours of the soil and out

of the bottom is the water that is drained%

• Retain means to hold or keep in. "When water is poured

in soil, the water that stays inside the soil is the water that

is retained.%

o :lay retains a lot of water because it has smaller

grains and, conse+uently, smaller pores so it will

not let water drain through it as easily.

o ;and retains little water because its grain si7e

and pore si7e are larger so more water can drain

through it.

• <enerally, soil that is rich in humus and has loose grains

To find out how much water is retained in

the soil, you need to measure how muchwater was drained out and subtract that

number from how much was poured in

initially. 1or e#ample, if you poured--mL of water into some soil and =>mL

of water drained out, then the amount that

was retained will be --mL ? =>mL@A>mL. A>mL of water was retained in thesoil.

!etained

4rained



Wind

<laciers, rivers of ice, grind and crush the rocks beneath it or in its path.

nimal burrowing

<ravity

• -rosion is the movement of sediments by wind, moving water, and ice "glaciers%.

• De%osition is when the sediment is dropped down into a new location. It occurs when the sediment

stops moving and gravity pulls it down, causing it to pile up.

Slo/ hanges to the -arth0s Surface9any landforms are created as a result of weathering, erosion, and deposition over a LB2< period of time.

"Bften thousands and millions of years%

12sha%ed (alleys are formed by

weathering and erosion from

glaciers. These rivers of ice

move very slowly, grinding and

crushing the rocks in its path.

Deltas are triangular shaped

landforms that are formed bydeposition at the mouth of a

ri(er "where the river opens up

into the ocean%. The river erodessediment and deposits it at the

mouth of a river.

anyons are valleys with verysteep sides and are formed as

ri(ers weather and erode the

rock beneath it. Wind also helpsweather the sides of the canyon.

Sand Dunes are hills of sandformed by /ind erosion and

deposition.

3eaches are formed by the

deposition of sand after /a(e

erosion.

Desert arches are formed by

weathering and erosion from wind

Sea arches are formed byweathering and erosion from

waves.



*uic4 hanges to the -arth0s Surface

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Natural Resources Study Guide

onstructi(e forces build up the land. "4eposition is a constructive force%

Destructi(e forces tear down the land. "Weathering is a destructive force%.

• -arth'ua4es can change the surface of the land suddenly. They are the violent shaking of the Earth)s

crust and occur as a result of the shifting of tectonic plates along a fault line. The EarthCs crust is like a

huge jigsaw pu77le with pieces of different shapes and si7es fitting into each other perfectly. These pieces

are called tectonic plates. The movement of the tectonic plates is of two main types ? con(ergent "towards

each other% and di(ergent "away from each other%. Earth+uakes can cause the following$

• Landslides are the collapse of part of a mountainside or cliff. • "(alanche is the downhill fall of sno/ from a mountainside.

• $sunamis are huge destructive ocean waves caused by underwater earth+uakes.

• :onvergent earth+uakes can raise the land and after a long time they can form mountains.

• olcanic eru%tions can also cause +uick changes to the earth)s surface. Dolcanoes are formed from an

opening in the earth)s crust that allows molten rock, magma, to come through. When the magma reaches

the earth)s surface is it called lava. Lava can be a constructive by hardening and forming new land, but itcan also be destructive because it destroys everything it its path.



Sedimentary Roc4 and Fossils

Fossil Fuels

Sedimentary roc4 is formed when sediments

"tiny pieces of rock% deposit in layers on top of

each other over time. The weight of the layers

com%ress "push down% and com%act "push

together% the sediment until it becomescemented "hardened% into rock.

9ost fossils are found in sedimentary rock.

Fossils are evidence of past living organisms.

1ossils give clues about past environments and

can show the history of an organism. Fossils

that are found on the !ottom layers of

sedimentary roc4 are older than fossils found

at the to%.

Evidence that

this area was

once coveredin water.

Fossil fuels are the remains of dead plants and animals that

died and were buried under sediments millions of years ago.

1ossil fuels include coal, oil 5%etroleum6, and natural gas.

1ossil fuels are considered nonrene/a!le resources.

oal is formed by the remains of s/am%y %lants as heat and

pressure from layers of sediment is e#erted on them overmillions of years.

&il 5%etroleum6, and natural gas are formed from the

remains of sea organisms as heat and pressure from layers ofsediment is e#erted on them over millions of years.



Natural Resources

• Natural Resources are resources that come naturally from the earth. They are 2BT man?made. 1or e#ample,

and plastic are not natural resources because they are man made. owever, wood and soil are natural reso

because the earth makes them.

• Rene/a!le resources are resources that nature produces again and again in a relati(ely short %eriod of time.

o -7: %lants, animals, air, /ater,

• Nonrene/a!le resources are resources that nature cannot re%lace 'uic4ly enough to meet people)s needs.

o -7: Fossil Fuels 5coal, oil, natural gas6, minerals, gold, metals,



onser(ation is the /ise use and %rotection of natural resources.

The following are a few ways that you can conserve natural resources.

• Gou can conserve fossil fuels by using alternative sources of energy.

• Gou can conserve /ater, by turning off the water while brushing your teeth or taking +uick showers.

• Gou can conserve energy, by turning off lights and electronics while not in use.

• Gou can conserve trees by recycling paper or planting new trees to replace ones that are chopped down.

Pro%er Dis%osal: Gou should not throw away batteries, electronics, or ha7ardous waste because their to#ic

compounds are brought to landfills where they can get into soil and pollute water. Instead, they should be

brought a proper recycling center.

Recycling is use again or to reuse waste material by converting it into something new.

• 5aper, plastics, and metals can be recycled instead of thrown away.



Name: __________________________________________ Date: __________________ Period #: ________

Study Guide

Weather

• eather is the condition of the atmos%here outside at a %articular time.

• Weather may consist of high and low temperatures, amount of precipitation, wind speed and direction,

and sky conditions.

• +igh air %ressure is cooler, more dense, air. Bn a weather map, the + is blue to represent cooler air.

o reas with high air pressure will have a sunny sky because cooler areas have less evaporation

and, conse+uently, less condensation to form clouds.

• Lo/ air %ressure is warmer, less dense, air. Bn a weather map, the L is red to represent /arm air.

o reas with low pressure will be cloudy because the warmer temperature will cause more

evaporation and, conse+uently, more condensation to form clouds.

• ind, moving air, is created because air masses move from areas of warmer, high pressure to areas of

cooler, low pressure. ":aused by the uneven heating of the earth)s atmosphere%

• +umidity is the amount of /ater (a%or in the air.

o The water vapor enters the air by evaporation. Therefore, warmer areas that have water, such asthe coast, will be more humid than areas that are cooler or that do not have much water, such asthe desert.

This shows the weather because it specifies the

conditions of the atmosphere on particular days. • cold front is a warm?cold air boundary with the colder air

replacing the warmer.

• /arm front is the boundary between warm and cool "or cold%

air when the warm air is replacing the cold air.

• Each of the fronts point in the direction that they are going in.

• The warm front and L"low pressure% are red.

•

The cold front and "high pressure% are blue.



• The sun is the main source of energy that drives

the water cycle.

• The sun heats up the water and causes the li+uid

water to turn into a gas in the process ofe(a%oration.

• Water can also evaporate from plants or trees in the

process called trans%iration.

• When the water vapor rises into the air and gets

colder it turns back into a li+uid and forms clouds.When water vapor "gas% turns back onto a li+uid it iscalled condensation.

• When the water in the clouds gets too heavy, gravity

pulls it down in a process called %reci%itation. Itcan either be a solid or a li+uid in the form of rain,

sleet, sno/ or hail.

• ;nfiltration is when water goes through the ground

and into the ground/ater, which is water under theground.

• Runoff is the water that flows into a larger body of

water .

• "ccumulation is a collection of water such as a

lake, river, or ocean.

limate

limate is the a(erage /eather in an area o(er a long %eriod of time.

This data table is an e#ample of climate because it shows the a(erage weather over a long period of time. It does not show weather on

any specific days.

E#amples of :limate8..



Biosphere

Biome

Ecosystem

Community

Population

Ecological Lev

Individual

ater ycle

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&rganisms and -n(ironments Study Guide

oca!ulary

;ndi(idual$ one organism, by itself.

Po%ulation: all the organisms that live in the same place at the same time.

ommunity: 5opulations that live in the same place at the same time

-cosystem: all the living and nonliving elements that interact with each other in an environment.

3iome$ a very large area with a certain kind of climate and certain kinds of organisms living there.

3ios%here$ the thin, life?bearing, outer layer of the Earth)s surface that contains all the biomes.-cology$ the study of how living and nonliving things interact.

-n(ironment: an organism)s surroundings.

+a!itat: the environment where an organism lives

&rganism$ Living things "plants, animals, bacteria, fungi%

Niche: n organism)s role or job "E#$ bee)s niche is to make honey or pollinate flowers%

Producer: an organism that makes its own food "plants%

onsumer$ organism that eats other things "animals%

Primary onsumer: an animal that eats producers. "E#$ herbivores%

Secondary onsumer$ animals that eat primary consumers "E#$ carnivores%

+er!i(ore$ nimals that eat only plants "E#$ rabbits, cows, horses, etc%

arni(ore$ nimals that eat only meat or other animals "E#$ sharks, lions, fo#es%

&mni(ore$ nimals that eat both plants and animals "E#$ humans and bears%

Gra<ers: animals that eat grass "E#$ cows, horses, 7ebras, etc%Prey $ animals that are being hunted "E#$ rabbits are prey to fo#es%

Predators$ animals that are hunting prey. "E#$ ;harks are predators of smaller fish%

Decom%oser: organism that breaks down dead plant or animal matter. "E#$ fungi, bacteria, mushrooms%

Sca(enger: animal that eats dead or decaying matter "E#$ vultures%

Perish: die or suffer complete destruction. "E#$ The rabbit population in the forest perished after the forest fire%

om%etition: two or more organisms competing "fighting% against each other "E#$ grass and trees compete for

sunlight/ cows and horses compete for grass%

System: a group of parts that work together to perform a common function

Relationshi%: a connection between two or more organisms and their involvement with one another.



$y%es of 3iomes

Deciduous ForestH :old winters/ warm, wet summers

H Froadleaf trees like maple and oak

H Trees lose their leaves in the fallH 4eer, raccoons, small birds

H 9any animals have small bodies so they

can move easily through the brush

H Frown soil

$ro%ical RainforestH eavy rainfall

H :limbing vines

H :olorful birds, monkeys, snakesH Tree frogs have long toes with sticky tips

to help them climb wet trees

H 2ear e+uator

H 1erns and palms

DesertH E#tremely dry

H ;parse grasses

H :actusH 5lants store water in thick leaves.

H !eptiles have tough, scaly skin that

prevents water loss.

H 5lants re+uire little water.

$aigaH :old winters/ short growing season

H Evergreen trees

H Fears, moose, ducks

H wa#y covering protects tree needlesfrom the cold and limits water loss.

H !ains in the summer

H cidic soil

$undraH E#tremely cold, dry

H rctic fo#es, polar bears, migratory birds

H Low shrubs, lichens, no trees rctic fo#es

and other animals grow thick white coatsto blend into the snowy landscape.

H 9eans &marshy'

GrasslandH Temperate climate

H <rasses, both annual and perennial

H ntelope, bison, elephants, prairie dogs

and jack rabbitsH !oots grow just below the surface of the

soil and spread out to take in as much rain

as possible.

hanges in -cosystems

There are many things that can cause changes in ecosystems. Bften these changes are caused by humans. ;uch changes may includethe building of highways, prevention of wild fires, pollution, and building of various manmade structures.

• ;f an animal0s %o%ulation decreases then the population of that animal)s predators will also decrease because they will not

have enough food. owever, the population of what that animal eats will increase because there will not be as many animals

eating it.

• ;f an animal0s %o%ulation increases then the population of the predators of that organism will also increase because they

will have more food to eat. owever, the population of the food that the animals consumes will decrease because there will

be more animals eating it.

• ;f the %o%ulation of a %roducer increases then the population the primary consumers that eat them will increase as well

because there will be plenty of food, and the population of secondary consumers that eat those primary consumers will also

increase because they will be more primary consumers for them to eat.

• ;f the %o%ulation of a %roducer decreases then the population of their consumers will also decrease because they will not

have enough food, and the secondary consumers that eat those primary consumers will also decrease.



ar!on Dio7ide) &7ygen ycle

Food hains)Food e!s

• 5lants and animals depend on each other for survival.

Plants release o7ygen which animals need to survive,

and animals e7hale car!on dio7ide which plants need

during the process of photosynthesis to create their ownfood.

• The burning of fossil fuels and other wastes also e#pels

carbon dio#ide in the air. "E#$ factory pollution% 5lants use water, sunlight and carbon dio#ide

during photosynthesis to create their own food."They take in carbon dio#ide and release o#ygen.

• "ll food chains and food /e!s !egin /ith energy

from the sun. 5roducers use the sun)s energy in the

process of photosynthesis.

• The arro/s re%resent the direction of the flo/ of

energy. They always point to what is eating them.Fecause producers get their energy from the sun, thenthe arrow will point from the sun to the producer

because the energy is flowing from the sun to the

producer.• Bnce the primary consumer or herbivore eats the

producer, then the energy from the producer is thentransferred to the primary consumer. The arrow will

be pointed from the producer to the primary consumer.

• When the primary consumer eats the secondary

consumer, the energy from the secondary consumer isthen transferred to the primary consumer. Therefore,

the arrow will be pointing from the primary consumerto the secondary consumer because the energy flowsfrom the primary to the secondary consumer.

• 4ecomposers can break down the dead plants and

animals and can be found at any part of the food chainor food web.

In the food chain above you can see thatdecomposers break down the dead hawk causing the

soil to receive more nutrients which help producers

grow.

Fy looking at a food web, you can

determine which animals eat what and

1rom the food web above, you can determinemice, grasshoppers, and rabbits all compete

grass. ;piders, toads, and garter snakes and mi

compete for grasshoppers. awks eat hogno

1rom the food chain above you

can see that the energy originates

from the sun.

study guides- 5th science

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