ROMAN EMPIRE I. REPUBLIC COLLAPSES A. ECONOMIC TURMOIL 1. RICH V. POOR a) LATIFUNDIA HUGE ESTATES (PLANTATIONS) PROBLEMS 1. CREATED BY (a) CONQUERING LANDS (b) TAKING UNATTENDED LANDS OF SOLDIERS b. LABOR (1) SLAVES FROM PUNIC WARS (2) 1/3 OF ROMES POPULATION C. CAUSES OF LOSS OF LAND (1) COULD NOT COMPETE WITH SLAVE LABOR (2) SOLD LANDS TO WEALTHY d. EFFECTS OF LAND LOSS (PLEBEIANS) (1) INCREASED HOMELESS & JOBLESS (UNEMPLOYMENT) (2) BECAME MIGRANT WORKERS (3) MOVED TO CITIES REMAINED UNEMPLOYED e. EFFECTS OF LAND LOSS (PATRICIANS) (1) BECAME CORRUPT (2) INCREASED CLASS TENSIONS (3) CONTRIBUTED TO FALL OF REPUBLIC 2. THE GRACHUS a) PROPOSED REFORMS (1) LIMITED LATIFUNDIA SIZE (2) GIVE LAND TO THE POOR GRACHUS b) REACTION (1) OPPOSED BY SENATE (PATRICIANS) (2) BOTH GRACHUS DIED VIOLENT DEATHS (3) LED TO PERIOD OF CIVIL WAR B. MILITARY UPHEAVAL (CHANGES) 1. MILITARY LESS LOYAL 2. GENERALS BEGAN SEIZING POWER 3. RECRUITED SOLDIERS FROM UNEMPLOYED 4. FOUGHT FOR MONEY & LAND CHANGES 5. ALLEGIANCES SHIFTED FROM ROME TO GENERALS 6. SHIFT FROM CITIZEN SOLDIER TO PROFESSIONAL SOLDIER 7. LEADERS COULD TAKE OVER BY FORCE C. MARIUS V. SULLA 1. CONSULS WHO FOUGHT CIVIL WAR (ENTERED ROME WITH SOLDIERS) 2. SULLA ELECTED DICTATOR D. JULIUS CAESAR 1. TRIUMVIRATE - GROUP OF THREE LEADERS (CONSULS) a) JULIUS CAESAR b) MARCUS LICINIUS CRASSUS c) GAIUS POMPEY BUST OF JULIUS CAESAR 2. CAESAR AS LEADER a) STRONG LEADER b) SERVED 1 YEAR TERM AS CONSUL c) BECAME GOVERNOR (PROCONSUL) OF GAUL (FRANCE) d) CONQUERED ALL OF GAUL 3. CAESAR V. POMPEY CIVIL WAR a) ORDERED TO RETURN WITHOUT LEGIONS b) CROSSING RUBICON LED TO CIVIL WAR (POINT OF NO RETURN) CAESAR V. POMPEY c) CROSSED RUBICON AND DEFEATED POMPEY IN GREECE d) ELECTED DICTATOR, THEN DICTATOR FOR LIFE E. CAESARS REFORMS 1. WEAKENING PATRICIAN POWER a) EXPANDED CITIZENSHIP b) ADDED FRIENDS TO SENATE REFORMS c) CREATED JOBS THROUGH BUILDING PROJECTS d) CREATED COLONIES FOR LANDLESS F. CAESARS DEATH 1.PATRICIAN CLASS (SENATE) AFRAID OF REFORMS 2. SENATORS PLOTTED HIS ASSASSINATION 3. STABBED TO DEATH IN SENATE (IDES OF MARCH) G. BEGINNING OF EMPIRE 1. 2ND TRIUMVIRATE a.) CIVIL WAR LED TO END OF REPUBLIC TRIUMVIRATE (1) OCTAVIAN - GRANDNEPHEW & ADOPTED SON (DYNASTY?) (2) MARK ANTONY CAESARS GENERAL TRIUMVIRATE (3) LEPIDUS - POWERFUL PATRICIAN POLITICIAN 2. END OF TRIUMVIRATE a) LEPIDUS FORCED TO RETIRE b) MARK ANTONY & CLEOPATRA (1) ACCUSED OF TRYING TO RULE ROME FROM ALEXANDRIA (2) LED TO CIVIL WAR (3) MARK ANTONY DEFEATED BY OCTAVIAN CLEOPATRA 3. EMPEROR AUGUSTUS a) KEPT GOVT. FORM AS REPUBLIC b) BECAME UNCHALLENGED RULER c) TITLED HIMSELF AUGUSTUS II. EMPIRE A. INTRODUCTION 1. PAX ROMANA (GOLDEN AGE) a) 200 YEARS OF PEACE b) EMPIRE 3 MILLION SQ. MILES INTRO c) EMPIRES POPULATION MILLION d) ROMES POPULATION 1 MILLION B. SOUND GOVERNMENT 1. ACCOMPLISHMENTS a) STABILIZED FRONTIER b) BUILDING PROGRAMS GOVERNMENT c) CIVIL SERVICE (1) PAID GOVERNMENT WORKERS (2) MANAGED GRAIN SUPPLY, TAXES, POSTAL SYSTEM. GOVERNMENT 2. AUGUSTUS DEATH a) SYSTEM (CIVIL SERVICE) MAINTAINED STABILITY b) CARRIED OUT DAY TO DAY TASKS WITHOUT EMPEROR C. AGRICULTURE & TRADE 1. AGRICULTURE a) MOST PEOPLE FARMERS (90%) b) LOCAL PRODUCE SUPPORTED PEOPLE 2. MONEY a) SILVER COIN - DENARIUS USED THROUGHOUT EMPIRE (COMMON CURRENCY) c) TRADE BECAME EASIER, (ENCOURAGED CULTURAL DIFFUSION) 3. TRADE NETWORK a) MED. SHIPPING PROTECTED BY NAVY b) IMPORTANT CITIES 1.) CORINTH, EPHESUS, ANTIOCH, ALEXANDRIA (BECAME CENTERS OF CHRISTIANITY) c) ROADS (1) LINKED EMPIRE TOGETHER (2) BUILT FOR MILITARY USE. BECAME TRADE ROUTES ROADS (3) IMPORTANT ROADS (a) SILK ROAD - CHINA TO WESTERN EUROPE (TRADE ROUTE) (b) APIAN WAY - LINKED NORTHERN & SOUTHERN ITALY APPIAN WAY ROADS (c) ENCOURAGED CULTURAL DIFFUSION AND TRADE BECAUSE OF SAFE TRAVEL THROUGHOUT EMPIRE D. LANGUAGE & LITERATURE 1. LATIN a) OFFICIAL LANGUAGE OF EMPIRE b) UNIFIED EMPIRE LANGUAGE c) REMAINED COMMON LANGUAGE OF EUROPE THROUGH 1500 A.D. d) ROMANCE LANGUAGES - ITALIAN, FRENCH, SPANISH, PORTUGUESE, ROMANIAN E. JULIAN EMPERORS 1. TIBERIUS a.) ADOPTED SON OF AUGUSTUS b.) ACCUSED MANY OF TREASON c.) KILLED BY PRAETORIAN GUARD 2. CALIGULA a.) TIBERIUS GRAND NEPHEW b.) MADE HORSE A SENATOR c.) BECAME MENTALLY ILL, KILLED BY PRAETORIAN GUARD CALIGULA 3. CLAUDIUS a.) CALIGULAS UNCLE b.) SCHOLAR WHO LOST FOCUS ON STATE AFFAIRS 4. NERO a.) CLAUDIUS STEPSON b.) BANKRUPTED ROME c.) PARANOID, KILLED MOTHER & SENATORS d.) SENTENCED TO DEATH FOR TREASON e.) COMMITTED SUICIDE NERO G. THE GOOD EMPERORS 1.KNOWN FOR LEADERSHIP & SUPPORT OF BUILDING PROJECTS 2. TRAJAN - EXTENDED EMPIRE TO LARGEST SIZE GOOD 3. HADRIAN - STRENGTHENED FORTIFICATIONS (HADRIANS WALL) HADRIAN WALL GOOD 4. AURELIUS - INCREASED ECONOMIC STRENGTH OF ROME 5. ALL LIVED BY STOIC PHILOSOPHY - LEADING SIMPLE LIVES