Restructuring the Postwar World

Chapter 17

Cold War - terms to know Yalta

Conference Iron Curtain Containment Truman

Doctrine Marshall Plan NATO Warsaw Pact

Brinkmanship Third World Nonaligned

nations Nikita

Khrushchev Détente SALT talks

Frenemies

Soviets and US were allied during WWII

However, US was wary with the Soviets because of the alliance with Germany in 1939

Stalin then blamed the US for not getting involved in Europe until 1944

Yalta Conference

Division of Germany Germany would be occupied by

Allies Germany would pay reparations

to Soviets

United Nations created Peacekeeping organization, based

in New York City

Frenemies

US and Soviets were no longer allies WWII affected each one

differently Differences in politics and

economics

United States Soviet Union- encourage democracy- encourage growth of industry- rebuild stable European governments- reunite and stabilize Germany

- encourage communism and a worker’s revolution- rebuild Soviet economy from Eastern Europe- balance the US’s influence- keep Germany divided to prevent future war

Iron Curtain Buffer zone

Soviets wanted a guard from the West Stalin created communist governments

to surround the Soviet Union (disregarded agreement from Yalta Conference)

Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Poland, Yugoslavia

Stalin believed communism and capitalism could not exist in the same world

Divided east and west Democratic west, communist east

US resists the Soviets Containment

Block Soviet influence by making alliances and helping weak countries resist communism

Truman Doctrine US should aid any country that rejects

communism Highly contested, but passed by Congress

Marshall Plan US should aid countries that are suffering

because of WWII Provide food, machinery, and other materials

to rebuild the countries Supported by Congress after the Soviets

took control of Czechoslovakia

Berlin Airlift US and Soviets clashed over control

of Germany Soviets wanted to keep Germany weak

and divided US wanted to let Germany reunite

Soviets continued to control West Berlin Cut off all traffic to West Berlin unless

the Allies gave up the idea of unifying Germany

US and Britain flew in supplies

Alliances NATO

Blockade of Berlin caused Western nations to fear Soviet action

Created the North Atlantic Treaty Organization

If you attack one member of NATO, all will retaliate

Warsaw Pact Soviets saw NATO as a threat, so they created

their own alliance Soviet Union, East Germany, Czechoslovakia,

Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania

Cold War divides the world 1961 - Germans build a wall to

divide East and West Berlin (symbolized the division around the world)

India chose to remain neutral

China sided with NATO

Brinkmanship US and Soviets had nuclear weapons

Worked at creating even more powerful weaponry (fusion rather than fission)

Eisenhower’s secretary of state (Dulles) threatened that if the Soviets ever attacked, that the US would retaliate immediately

Both countries were continually on the edge of going to war Strengthened the military, stockpiled

weapons

Inspiration from the Cold War The Cold War spurred a desire for

improved science and technology Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) Sputnik and other satellites

CIA began using high-altitude spy planes

Third World Third world - countries in Latin

America, Asia, Africa US, Soviets and Chinese all

wanted influence on the governments of these countries

Nonaligned nations Did not want to become involved

in the Cold War, wanted to be neutral

Some ended up taking sides

Conflicts in Latin America Latin American countries were

struggling Rapid industrialization, population

growth, growing gape between rich and poor

Looked for aid from both US and Soviets

US supported leaders who protected US businesses, but were often oppressive

Soviets supported revolutionary and nationalistic movements

Conflicts in Latin America Cuban Revolution

Fidel Castro led a revolution to overthrow Cuba’s dictator, but became a dictator himself

Took over US mills and refineries, so US put an embargo on all trade

Cuba turned to the Soviets for aid

Cuban Missile Crisis Soviets believed that US would not be able

to stop Soviet expansion in Latin America Khrushchev built 42 missile sites in Cuba Khrushchev would remove the missiles if

the US promised to not invade Cuba Cuba became dependent on Soviet aid

Soviets in Eastern Europe Soviets kept a firm grip on its satellite

countries They could not grow/develop on their own -

had to meet the needs of the Soviets Satellite countries began protesting, and

China was becoming a threat

Destalinization After Stalin’s death, Khrushchev wanted to

get rid of the memory of Stalin Toppled statues, denounced Stalin for killing and

imprisoning innocent Soviets Khrushchev wanted a change in how the

Soviet Union dealt with capitalist countries “peaceful competition

Protests against the Soviets Satellite countries were not satisfied

Hungary People began protesting Imre Nagy formed a new government

Promised elections and that he would force Soviet troops to leave

Soviet troops arrived, overwhelmed the protestors and executed Nagy

Protests against the Soviets Khrushchev lost prestige after the Cuban

Missile Crisis, replaced by Brezhnev Removed right to free speech and worship Government censored all published material Would not tolerate any form of dissent

Alexander Dubcek - Czech leader responded by loosening his censorship laws Prague Spring - new ideas were allowed to bloom

Brezhnev had forces from the Warsaw Pact invade Czechoslovakia Claimed it was to keep countries from

rejecting communism

Soviets and China split China was committed to

communism 1950 - Mao and Stalin signed a 30-year

treaty of friendship

Friendship did not last Chinese refused to follow Soviet

leadership, began to spread their form of communism to Africa and Asia

Khrushchev then refused to share nuclear secrets, and then ended economic aid

Détente End of Brinkmanship

1970s - US and Soviets were no longer involved in a series of crises that threatened nuclear war

Soviets stepped down from a confrontation at sea

President Johnson became involved in the Vietnam War

US turns to détente US chose to avoid direct confrontation with the

Soviets after the country’s reaction to Vietnam President Nixon wanted to reduce tensions

between the two countries Wanted to work with China and Russia

SALT talks Strategic Arms Limitation Talks

Nixon and Brezhnev signed the SALT I treaty 5 year agreement Limited number of intercontinental

ballistics and submarine-launched missiles

SALT II President Carter was unhappy with Soviet

actions (harsh treatment of protestors) Soviets invaded Afghanistan - Congress

refused to ratify SALT II

Détente

Collapse of the détente More countries began creating

nuclear weapons

Reagan took office Very anti-communist Increased defense spending Put military and economic pressure on

the Soviets Created Strategic Defense Initiative

(SDI) to protect from enemy missiles

China, Korea, Vietnam

Complete the worksheet

Conflicts in the Middle East Clash over Western and Islamic

values Iran

Shah Pahlavi (Iran’s leader) strengthened ties to Western cultures, and weakened the influence of ayatollahs

Ayatollah Khomeini encouraged riots and took over the government

Strongly anti-US Very militant style of Islamic government,

attacked US Embassy Took 60 people hostage for 444 days

Conflicts in the Middle East Iraq

Saddam Hussein ran a secular government Iran and Iraq went to war in 1980

US supported both sides - didn’t want a change in power

Soviets supported Iraq

Afghanistan Soviet influence began increasing in the

1950s 1979 - Muslims revolted and Soviets invaded Soviets were stuck in Afghanistan, fighting

troops supported by the US US considered the Soviets a threat to oil

supplies

Monday

Describe the relationship between the US and Soviets after WWII

Compare/Contrast US and Soviet ways of thinking for politics and economics

Was the Iron Curtain necessary?

Tuesday Why were NATO and the Warsaw

Pact created?

Why would some countries decide to remain neutral?

What did we gain from the Cold War?

Were we safer during brinkmanship?

Wednesday

Why was the Third World important during the Cold War?

What effect did the Cuban Missile Crisis have on the Cold War?

Why did the Soviet Union want to keep Hungary as a satellite?

Thursday

What is the difference between brinkmanship and détente?

What happened at the SALT talks?

Could the US have gained Ayatollah Khomeini’s support? Why/Why not?

Friday How did the Cold War contribute to

Jiang Jieshi’s survival?

Compare/Contrast China’s promised to Tibet with the Soviet Union’s promises to eastern Europe

What is the importance of the communes?

Describe the Cultural Revolution and its effect on society.

Monday What was result of the Korean War?

Compare/Contrast the Vietnamese Nationalists and Communists with the Chinese Nationalists and Communists.

Why did the US get involved in Vietnam?

Are we safer today or during the Cold War?

Stu

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t) Iron Curtain - What was it? Why did it

exist? What are the benefits and weaknesses? Was it necessary?

Relationship between US and Soviets - What weakened it? How did the relationship change during the Cold War? What event(s) almost came to war? What effect did the Cuban Missile Crisis have on the relationship?

What changes did Mao Zedong make in China? What was one of the major changes? How did his actions benefit/weaken the country? What effect did the Cultural Revolution have?

What is brinkmanship? What caused it? What effect did it have on society? IYO-was it good or bad?