standard 10. 9 analyze the causes of the cold war restructuring the postwar world chapter 17 1945-...

Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War

Restructuring the Postwar WorldChapter 17

1945- Present

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The Cold War




Section 1 Superpowers Face Off

• United Nations iron curtain

• Containment Truman Doctrine

• Marshall Plan Cold War

• NATO Warsaw Pact

• brinkmanship




Allies Become Enemies

• Yalta Conference1. Feb. 1945 Allied

leaders meet at Yalta2. Divide Germany3. Reparations4. Soviets declare war

on Japan5. Stalin promises free

elections in E. Eur.




Allies Become Enemies II

• United Nations1. June 1945- 50

nations2. General Assembly3. Security Council4. 5 permanent

members- G.B., China, France, U.S., Soviet Union




Differing Goals

• Why did the United States and the Soviet Union split after the war?




Soviets Build a Buffer

• Soviets fear invasion from the West

• Stalin ignores Yalta agreement

• Communist governments established in Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czech, Romania, Poland, Yugoslavia




Post WWII Communist Nations




Soviets Build a Buffer II

• July 1945 meeting at Potsdam, Ger.

• Stalin refuses to allow elections in E. Eur.

• Stalin declares that communism and capitalism cannot exist in same world




An Iron Curtain Divides East and West

1. Germany split

2. Soviets control East including E. Berlin

3. U.S., Fr, G.B. control West

4. Churchill coins the phrase “iron curtain”




United States TriesTo Contain Soviets

• Containment- policy of blocking Soviet influence and stopping the expansion of communism.




U.S. Contains Soviets II• Truman Doctrine• Support for countries

that reject communism• 1947 Congress sends

$400 million in aid to Turkey and Greece



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U.S. Contains Soviets III

• Marshall Plan• Secretary of State

George Marshall proposes that U.S. provides aid to European nations



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U.S. Contains Soviets IV

• Berlin Airlift• Soviet Union cuts off all supplies to West

Berlin. Why? What did Stalin hope to accomplish?

• How did the United States respond?• U.S. and British flew food and supplies into

West Berlin for 11 months• May 1949 Soviets lift the blockade




Berlin Airlift




Cold War Divides World

• Cold War- a struggle over political differences carried on by means short of war

• Examples- spying, propaganda, diplomacy




Superpowers FormRival Alliances

• NATO v. Warsaw Pact




Threat of Nuclear War• United States and Soviet Union develop

H- Bombs




Threat of Nuclear War II

Brinkmanship

President Eisenhower

Secretary of StateJohn F. Dulles



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Cold War in the Skies• August 1957- Soviets

develop ICBM’s• Oct. 1957- Soviets

launch Sputnik




Cold War in the Skies II• May 1960 Soviets shot

down U-2 spy plane and pilot Francis Powers was captured



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Section 2 CommunistsTake Power in China

Mao Zedong Jiang Jieshi

Commune Red Guards

Cultural Revolution




Communists vs. Nationalists

• World War II in China

• Mao and Communists control most of northern China and use guerrilla warfare against Japan

• Jiang and Nationalists dominate southwestern China. Receive aid from U.S.



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Communists vs. Nationalists




Civil War Resumes

• Civil War lasted from 1946 to 1949

• Nationalists have more soldiers and money

• Soldiers desert to Communist Party

• 1949 Nationalists flee to Taiwan




Superpowers React

• U.S. helps Jiang set up Nationalist government in Taiwan

• Soviets give aid to Communist China




China Expands Under Communists• 1950 China attacks

Tibet• Dalai Lama flees to

India




Mao’s Brand of Marxist Socialism

• 1950 Agrarian Reform Law – seized land from the rich and distributed to peasants

• Businesses are nationalized

• 1953- 5 year plan sets industrial goals




“The Great Leap Forward”

• Communes- large collective farms (1958)

• Peasants work land together, live in dormitories, profit goes to the state

• 1961 communes ended due to famine




New Policies and Mao’s Response

• China’s problems- failure of Great Leap Forward, disputes with Soviet Union

• China moves away from strict socialism

• Farmers allowed to sell crops, people can own homes

• Mao wants to revive the revolution

• Red Guards




Cultural Revolution 1966

• Red Guards lead a Cultural Revolution

• The goal was to establish a society of peasants and workers in which all were equal.

• Intellectual and artistic activity considered dangerous

• 1968 Mao orders the revolution stopped

•




Section 3 Wars in Korea and Vietnam

38th parallel Douglas MacArthurHo Chi Minh domino theoryNgo Dinh Diem VietcongVietnamization Khmer Rouge




Setting the Stage

• Korea divided at 38th parallel

• North- Japanese surrender to Soviets and becomes Communist

• South- Japanese surrender to Americans and becomes Democratic

38th parallel




War in Korea

• Soviets provide N. Korea with military aid

• June 25, 1950 N. attacks S.

• United Nations sends troops to Korea under command of Douglas MacArthur

• Why didn’t the Soviets use their veto power?




War in Korea II

• Sept. 1950 North Korea controls most of the South

• Surprise attack at Inchon

• Pincers strategy




War In Korea III

• United Nations forces pursue retreating North Korean soldiers

• Chinese send 300,000 soldiers into N.Korea

• Jan. 1951 Chinese push back UN forces into S. Korea and capture Seoul

• Truman fires MacArthur

Bomb theChinese!

NO!You’re fired!!



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War in Korea IV

• 1952- UN regains control of S. Korea

• July 1953- cease fired signed

• 4 million deaths

DMZ




Aftermath of Korean War

• North Korea• Kim Il Sung-

collective farms and military build up

• Kim Jung Il- nuclear weapons

• South Korea• Democratic• Focus on technology



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Vietnam War I

• Ho Chi Minh starts Vietminh Independence League

• Japanese leave in 1945 and Ho expects independence from France




Vietnam War II

• Vietminh fight French forces

• 1954 French suffer defeat at Dien Bien Phu and surrender to Ho




Vietnam War III

• President Eisenhower and the

• Domino theory




Vietnam War III

• International conference at Geneva

• Vietnam divided at 17th parallel

• North- communist under Ho Chi Minh

• South- dictatorship under Ngo Dinh Diem supported by U.S. and France

17th




Vietnam War IV

• Vietcong- communist guerrillas in South Vietnam who oppose Diem

• 1963 Diem assassinated



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Vietnam War V

• U.S. Troops Enter Fight

• Aug. 1964- Pres. Johnson says U.S. ships attacked in Gulf of Tonkin

• 1968- 500, 000 Americans in Vietnam

Gulf of Tonkin




Vietnam War VI

• U.S. Difficulties1. Guerrilla warfare in

the jungle2. Lack of support for

S. Vietnamese government

3. Vietcong supported by Ho, Soviets, China

•




Vietnam War VII• U.S. turns to bombing

forest and farms to destroy enemy hideouts

• U.S. loses peasant support

•




Vietnam War VIII

• Protests rise against Vietnam War in U.S.

• Vietnamization- Nixon allows gradual withdrawal of troops

• S. Vietnamese increase their role




Vietnam War VIX

• Nixon orders bombing of N. Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos to destroy Vietcong hideouts

• Last U.S. troops leave in 1973

• 1975 N. Vietnam captures S. Vietnam




Cambodia

• 1975- Khmer Rouge set up communist govt. under Pol Pot

• 2 million die• 1978 Vietnam invades

and overthrows Pot• Vietnamese leave in

1989




Vietnam After the War

• “reeducation camps”• Nationalization• Saigon renamed Ho

Chi Minh City• 1.5 million people flee

Vietnam

•




Section 4 Cold WarDivides the World

Third World nonaligned nations

Fidel Castro Anastasio Somoza

Daniel Ortega

Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini




Setting the Stage

• Nations grouped into 1 of 3 “worlds”

1. Industrialized capitalists- U.S.

2. Communist- U.S.S.R.

3. Third World – developing nations, “nonaligned” with U.S. or U.S.S.R.




Fighting for 3rd World

• Latin America, Africa, Asia

• Poor, politically unstable

• Former European colony

• Ethnic conflicts, lack of technology, education

• Which world would they choose?




Cold War Strategies (p.549)

1. Foreign Aid

2. Espionage (CIA, KGB)

3. Multinational Alliances

4. Propaganda

5. Brinkmanship

6. Surrogate Wars




Association of Nonaligned Nations

• Not all 3rd World nations wanted to be involved in the Cold War• 1955 Bandung, Conference of nonaligned nations led by India

and Indonesia•

Bandung




Confrontations in Latin America

• Issues- population growth, gap between rich and poor, unstable governments

• American businesses support leaders who protect their investments

• Communist revolutions supported by Soviets

• Consequently, U.S. supports anti-Communist dictators




Aim: How did the cold war affect Cuba and the U.S.?How did the cold war affect Cuba and the U.S.?

1. Cuba was a colony of Spain since colonial times.

2. Cuba became independent from Spain after the Spanish-American War in 1898.

3. After their independence, Cuba was ruled by dictators, who were supported by the U.S. because of the U.S. business interests in Cuba.

4. Many Cubans hated the dictators and the poor Conditions that existed in Cuba.

I. Background of Cuban History




Aim: How did the cold war affect Cuba and the U.S.?Aim: How did the cold war affect Cuba and the U.S.?

II. Fidel Castro and events leading up to the “Revolution”?

2. For almost 10 years, Castro and his revolutionary forces lived and fought against the dictator Batista from the jungles of Cuba.

1.Castro organized a revolution against the Cuban dictators.




Fidel Castro andCuban Revolution

• 1950’s Cuba ruled by dictator Fulgencio Batista

• 1959 Fidel Castro leads revolution

• Suspends elections, controls press, jails opponents

• Nationalized industries

• U.S. loses businesses• Castro turns to Soviets

for aid



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Bay of Pigs Invasion

• 1960- CIA trains anti-Castro exiles

• April 1961- they invade Cuba

• Cuba defends themselves




Cuban Missile Crisis• July 1962 – Soviet leader Nikita

Khrushchev builds missiles in Cuba

• Oct. 1962- President Kennedy demands their removal and begins naval blockade




Cuban Missile Crisis II

• Khrushchev agrees to remove missiles in exchange for U.S. promise not to invade Cuba

• Cuba dependent on Soviet aid



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Civil War in Nicaragua

• U.S. supports dictator Anastasio Somoza

• 1979 Communist Sandinista rebels take control

• Daniel Ortega receives aid from both U.S. and Soviet Union



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Civil War in Nicaragua II

• Sandinistas provide aid to Communist rebels in El Salvador

• U.S. then supports Contras

• 1990 Nicaragua holds free elections




Ruholla Khomeini

1. What is an ayatollah?

2. How did The Republic affect him?

3. Why did he dislike the Shah?

4. What did Khomeini ban during his rule of Iran?



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Confrontations in Middle East

• Religious and Secular Values Clash in Iran

• After WWII Shah Mohammed Pahlavi welcomes Western oil companies

• Iranian nationalists unite under Prime Minister Muhammed Mossadeq

• 1953 Shah Pahlavi flees

• U.S. helps Shah to return



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U.S. Supports Secular Rule

• Shah continues to westernize Iran

• Conservative Muslim leaders led by Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini overthrows Shah in 1979



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Khomeini’s Anti-U.S. Policies

• 1979 U.S. embassy in Tehran seized

• Americans taken hostage for 444 days

• Khomeini encourages Muslim radicals to overthrow secular governments




Iran and Iraq

• 1980- 1989 Iran and Iraq go to war



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Afghanistan II

• Why did the U.S. arm the mujahideen?

1. Stop Communism

2. Protect oil of the Middle East

• Soviet President Gorbachev gradually withdraws troops until 1989



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Afghanistan

• 1979 Soviets invade Afghanistan to protect against Muslim revolt

• U.S. sends weapons to mujahideen to fight Soviets




Section 5 Cold War Thaws




Setting the Stage

• Soviet Union controls its’ satellite countries

• Poland, Czech., Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, E. Germany




Soviet Policy in Eastern Europe and China

• 1950s and 60’s protests in Eastern Europe threatened Soviet power

• Tension with China




Destalinization

• 1956 – Nikita Khrushchev initiates destalinization

• Eliminate Stalin’s memory

• “peaceful competition”



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Rumblings of Protest• October 1956- Hungarian army

and protesters overthrow government

• Imre Nagy promises free elections and demands that Soviet soldiers leave

• November 1956- Soviets invade take control of government and execute Nagy



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Revolt in Czechoslovakia

• 1964- Leonid Brezhnev replaces Khrushchev

• 1968- Alexander Dubcek desire socialism with “a human face”

• Prague Spring

• Aug. 20, 1968- Warsaw Pact nations invade

• Brezhnev Doctrine



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Soviet-Chinese Split

• 1959- Khrushchev refuses to share nuclear secrets and ends aid to China




Yellow- ChinaRed- Soviet UnionBlack- non-aligned




Brinkmanship Breaks down• NUCLEAR WAR!!!!




U.S. Turns to Detente

• President Nixon replaces brinkmanship with détente

• 1972- 1st president to visit China

• SALT I treaty signed by Nixon and Brezhnev limiting # of ICBM’s




Collapse of Detente

• 1979 President Carter and Brezhnev sign SALT II

• Congress does not ratify agreement due to Soviet invasion of Afghanistan




Reagan Takes Anti-Communist Stance

• President Reagan- increases defense spending

• 1983 – Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)




Chapter 19

Section 3

The Collapse of the Soviet Union




A Younger Leader

• Mikhail Gorbachev

• Glasnost – “openness”

1. Churches reopen

2. Political prisoners released

3. Freedom of speech




Gorbachev Moves Toward Democracy

• Politburo- ruling committee of Communist party

• Censorship, restrict freedom of speech




Reforming Economy and Politics

• Issues

1. Inefficient system of central planning

2. No motivation

• Perestroika – economic restructuring

• Small businesses allowed




Democratization Opens Political System

• Democratization – gradual opening of the political system

• Election of a new legislative body




Foreign Policy

• Dec. 1987 – Gorbachev and Reagan sign INF treaty.




Soviet Union Faces Turmoil

• Glasnost, Perestroika, and Democratization reform leads to Soviet Union Break up

• Minority groups demand self-rule




Lithuania Defies Gorbachev

• March 1990 Lithuania declares independence

• Jan. 1991 Soviets attack




Yeltsin Denounces Gorbachev

• June 1991 Boris Yeltsin elected president of Russia

• “Hardliners” upset

• August Coup• Aug. 18, 1991-

hardliners demand Gorbachev resign




End of Soviet Union

• Gorbachev resigns on Dec. 25, 1991

• The Soviet Union collapses

• Republics declare independence

•




Chapter 19 Section 4

Changes in Central Europe




Germany Reunifies

• Fall of the Berlin Wall• 1989 East Germany

completely closes borders

• Protestors demand free travel and elections




Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this

wall!




Berlin Wall Opens• November 9, 1989 Egon Krenz opens Berlin Wall




Reunification

• fear of a united Germany

• Helmut Kohl assures world leaders of a democratic nation

• October 3, 1990



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