world war ii, cold war & the postwar world mr. ermer world history ap miami beach senior high
TRANSCRIPT
World War II, Cold World War II, Cold War War
& The Postwar World& The Postwar World
Mr. ErmerMr. Ermer
World History APWorld History AP
Miami Beach Senior HighMiami Beach Senior High
Two Alliances:Allied Powers
Great BritainEmpire (India, African colonies, and others)Commonwealth (Canada, Australia, and New Zealand)
The Soviet UnionThe United States
Latin American alliesChina
Axis PowersGermanyItalyJapan
Unhappy with terms of the Paris Peace, Japan begins campaign of territorial expansion in Asia & PacificCivilians lose control of Japanese government and military1931: Japan invades Manchuria, Japan withdraws from
League of Nations after the League condemns Japan’s warJapanese begin to expand into northern China
China weak and divided due to civil war1936: Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalist forces join with
Mao’s Communists in “United Front” against Japanese, Japan takes capital of NanjingRaping of Nanjing demonstrates horrors of modern warCheng moves the government upriver
Italy felt disrespected after the Great WarGained little territory, economy continued to
sufferBenito Mussolini promises glory and power
Italy conquers Libya and Ethiopia by 1936Italy annexes Albania with plans to expand in the
BalkansItaly supports Gen. Franco in Spanish Civil War
Few Italians wish to fight, Italy’s true diplomatic intentions remain obscure through 1930sItaly never considered a true threat to world order
1938: Germany annexes AustriaHitler demands part of Czechoslovakia
Munich Conf. grants Hitler the Sudetenland1939: Hitler takes the rest of western Czech
Hitler also controls “independent” SlovakiaHitler threatens Poland, Britain offers helpNazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
Secret protocol to divide E. Europe into spheres of influenceSeptember 1, 1939: Hitler invades PolandSeptember 3, 1939: The United Kingdom and France
declare war on GermanyBlitzkrieg: “lightning war” 300 tanks supported by air
and ground supportApril 9, 1940: Hitler attacks Denmark, NorwayMay 10: attack Netherlands, Belgium, France June 22: France surrenders, Germans control 3/5 of
France, set up puppet government in Vichy
August 1940: German Luftwaffe launches air attack of Great Britain—military only
Radar provides British early warningBritish bomb Berlin, Hitler unleashes brutal air attack of
British cities—London Allows Britain to quickly rebuild air force with American help
Luftwaffe having trouble with new Royal Air ForceHitler postpones invasion of Britain, thinks UK hopes for Soviet
help Hitler wants British surrender, attacks Soviet Union
Soviets did not have weapons like Germany, Hitler expects quick win
Hitler originally wanted to invade USSR in March 1941 Mussolini’s failed invasion of Greece delays plans
Hitler invades USSR June 22, 1941Germany advances quickly, but Soviets stop them in early
winterGermans unprepared for Russian winter, fail, Soviets advance
Battle of Stalingrad
1940: Japan occupies French IndochinaThe United States offers support to Britain and USSR
Also places a trade embargo on Japan to protest aggression
December 7, 1941: Japanese launch surprise attack on the U.S. Pacific naval fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawai’iJapan quickly advances on many targets across the Pacific
“Asia for Asians” slogan to unite Asians against western powersUnited States declare war on Japan the following day
Germany & Italy declare war on the United States days later
East Asia Co-Prosperity ZoneCreated for easy exploitation of Asian resources by Japan
Soviets push Germans back across Eastern EuropeEastern Front disintegrates in midst of heavy casualties
American entrance is turning point of warGermany cannot out produce American industry for
suppliesU.S. and British forces attack German army in N. Africa
North Africa the “soft underbelly” of Axis power, launch pad to Italy—Americans, British, and Soviets for “Grand Alliance”
1943: Allies defeat Axis Powers in North Africa1944: American and British forces occupy ItalyJune 6, 1944: Allied “D-Day” invasion of Normandy
Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in Europe Dwight D. Eisenhower leads final push toward Germany
Soviets enter Berlin first, U.S. and Britain close behindMay 8, 1945: Germany surrenders to Allies
Pearl Harbor attack spares American aircraft carrier fleet June 1942: US ambush sinks 4 Japanese carriers at Midway Gen MacArthur begins offensive in Philippines Combined Army, Marine, and Navy “island hopping” force chip
away at Japanese Pacific territory Early 1945: US hold Iwo Jima & Okinawa, in range for invasion
of Japanese homeland Japanese employ kamikaze attacks Allies begin constant fire bombing of Japan
April 1945: US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt dies from stroke, replaced by Vice President Harry Truman
Allied forces approach Japanese homeland Japanese refuse to surrender Truman must decide to use new atomic bomb
August 6, 1945: Atomic bomb dropped on Japanese city Hiroshima Emperor refuses to surrender
Aug 9, 1945: Soviets declare war on Japan, US drops second atom bomb on port city of Nagasaki Japan Surrenders on August 14, 1945
Origins of the Cold WarOrigins of the Cold War► U.S. & Soviets have different views of how postwar world U.S. & Soviets have different views of how postwar world
should lookshould look The Atlantic Charter (1941)The Atlantic Charter (1941) Nations should solve problems Nations should solve problems
through diplomacy—through an international organization—and through diplomacy—through an international organization—and nations of the world should be free w/ nations of the world should be free w/ self determinationself determination►Signed by United States, Great Britain, and Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.)Signed by United States, Great Britain, and Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.)►Soviets secretly want to take control of Eastern Europe after warSoviets secretly want to take control of Eastern Europe after war►British nervous about what A.C. means for their worldwide empireBritish nervous about what A.C. means for their worldwide empire
Churchill and Stalin want the great powers to control Churchill and Stalin want the great powers to control different “spheres of influence” different “spheres of influence”
► Casablanca ConfCasablanca Conf: Agree for total surrender of Axis: Agree for total surrender of Axis► Teheran ConfTeheran Conf: Soviets agree to help with Japan after : Soviets agree to help with Japan after
European war ends, disagreement over Poland’s futureEuropean war ends, disagreement over Poland’s future
The Yalta ConferenceThe Yalta Conference► The Big Three meet in February 1945The Big Three meet in February 1945► Roosevelt seeks Soviet help with JapanRoosevelt seeks Soviet help with Japan
Promises Japanese land to Stalin in exchangePromises Japanese land to Stalin in exchange► Creation of a new United NationsCreation of a new United Nations
Security Council: US, UK, France, USSR, ChinaSecurity Council: US, UK, France, USSR, China First meeting set for April 1945 in San FranciscoFirst meeting set for April 1945 in San Francisco
► After war Germany to be split into four sectors After war Germany to be split into four sectors controlled by US, UK, USSR & France, based on controlled by US, UK, USSR & France, based on troop placement at the end of the wartroop placement at the end of the war Berlin too would be divided into four sectorsBerlin too would be divided into four sectors
► Future of Poland left uncertainFuture of Poland left uncertain Soviets already held Poland, installed pro-communist gov’tSoviets already held Poland, installed pro-communist gov’t
Potsdam and New StrugglesPotsdam and New Struggles► Truman, now president, not as familiar with international Truman, now president, not as familiar with international
politics as FDR, uses “Get Tough Policy”politics as FDR, uses “Get Tough Policy” FDR believed Stalin would ultimately listen to reason, Truman did FDR believed Stalin would ultimately listen to reason, Truman did
not trust Russians in general, and was suspicious of Stalinnot trust Russians in general, and was suspicious of Stalin
► July 1945: Potsdam Conference, GermanyJuly 1945: Potsdam Conference, Germany Truman demands elections for all of Europe, failsTruman demands elections for all of Europe, fails Stalin wins battle to move Polish border into German territoryStalin wins battle to move Polish border into German territory Truman convinces Stalin to accept no reparations from Allied Truman convinces Stalin to accept no reparations from Allied
controlled parts of Germany, assuring Germany would stay controlled parts of Germany, assuring Germany would stay splitsplit
Big Three agree to trials of Nazi war criminals in Nuremberg, Big Three agree to trials of Nazi war criminals in Nuremberg, Germany(1945-1946)Germany(1945-1946)
► Churchill: “iron curtain has descended on the continent” Churchill: “iron curtain has descended on the continent” splitting Europe east/westsplitting Europe east/west
Two Super PowersTwo Super Powers►After WWII, USA and USSR emerge as After WWII, USA and USSR emerge as
superpowers (military & political superpowers (military & political power)power)
►Disagreements over how to rebuild Disagreements over how to rebuild EuropeEurope
►1947:1947:Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine U.S. will help any country fight U.S. will help any country fight
CommunismCommunism Fear of the spread of Soviet influenceFear of the spread of Soviet influence
The Marshall PlanThe Marshall Plan
►U.S. Gen. George C. Marshall offers plan U.S. Gen. George C. Marshall offers plan to help Europe recover from World War IIto help Europe recover from World War II
►Soviet Soviet satellite statessatellite states refuse the help refuse the help Soviet plans to help failed, not enough moneySoviet plans to help failed, not enough money
►Policy of Containment: Policy of Containment: United States United States vow to keep Communism from spreading vow to keep Communism from spreading past its current boundaries, fight against past its current boundaries, fight against Soviet aggression.Soviet aggression.
Division of GermanyDivision of Germany
►After war, Germany divided into four partsAfter war, Germany divided into four parts U.S., U.S.S.R., U.K. & France split controlU.S., U.S.S.R., U.K. & France split control
►Berlin, German capital, also split in fourBerlin, German capital, also split in four Berlin was located deep in Soviet East Berlin was located deep in Soviet East
GermanyGermany
►West Germany united, Soviets blockadeWest Germany united, Soviets blockade Soviets block supplies from reaching W. BerlinSoviets block supplies from reaching W. Berlin
►Berlin Air Lift:Berlin Air Lift: supplies are flown into supplies are flown into West Berlin by U.S. Air ForceWest Berlin by U.S. Air Force
Cold War Heats UpCold War Heats Up
►1949: Communists take control of China1949: Communists take control of China Americans worried about Communism’s spreadAmericans worried about Communism’s spread Soviets detonate an atomic bombSoviets detonate an atomic bomb
►Arms Race:Arms Race: Soviets and Americans build up Soviets and Americans build up militaries and weapons, improve bombsmilitaries and weapons, improve bombs
►Both superpowers had the power to destroy Both superpowers had the power to destroy each other with nuclear weapons, so neither each other with nuclear weapons, so neither risked using them; alliances buildrisked using them; alliances build
The Bi-Polar WorldThe Bi-Polar World
►The world splits into Communist and Anti-The world splits into Communist and Anti-Communist alliances:Communist alliances:
►NATO NATO (North Atlantic Treaty (North Atlantic Treaty Organization): U.S., U.K., Belgium, Lux, Organization): U.S., U.K., Belgium, Lux, France, The Neth., Italy, Denmark, France, The Neth., Italy, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Iceland, Canada, W. Norway, Portugal, Iceland, Canada, W. Germany, Turkey, GreeceGermany, Turkey, Greece
►Warsaw Pact:Warsaw Pact: U.S.S.R. & Eastern Block U.S.S.R. & Eastern Block►By 1950s, USA allied with 42 nations By 1950s, USA allied with 42 nations
against Communismagainst Communism
Berlin WallBerlin Wall
►Arms race builds steam with hydrogen Arms race builds steam with hydrogen bomb, ICBMs and stronger nukesbomb, ICBMs and stronger nukes
►1957: Soviet Sputnik I reaches space1957: Soviet Sputnik I reaches space USA believes it’s losing space race/arms raceUSA believes it’s losing space race/arms race
►Nikita KhrushchevNikita Khrushchev, new Soviet leader, , new Soviet leader, sees problem with East Germans escaping sees problem with East Germans escaping to the much richer, freer West Berlinto the much richer, freer West Berlin
►Soviets build a wall around West BerlinSoviets build a wall around West Berlin
Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis► 1959: Fidel Castro gains power in Cuba1959: Fidel Castro gains power in Cuba
Kennedy’s Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba failsKennedy’s Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba fails
► 1962: Soviets send nuclear missiles to Cuba1962: Soviets send nuclear missiles to Cuba To answer for US missiles in TurkeyTo answer for US missiles in Turkey
►Oct. 1962: Russian ships, carrying missiles, Oct. 1962: Russian ships, carrying missiles, headed for Cuba; Kennedy orders blockadeheaded for Cuba; Kennedy orders blockade
► Soviets agree to leave Cuba, US promises Soviets agree to leave Cuba, US promises not to invade Cubanot to invade Cuba
► To avoid nuclear war, a “hotline” was To avoid nuclear war, a “hotline” was created between Washington D.C. and created between Washington D.C. and MoscowMoscow
Domino TheoryDomino Theory
►Domino Theory: Domino Theory: If Vietnam falls to If Vietnam falls to Communism, the rest of Asia will fall “like Communism, the rest of Asia will fall “like dominos” one after the otherdominos” one after the other
►Vietnam fighting civil war North vs. SouthVietnam fighting civil war North vs. South North Vietnam: Communist (w/ Soviets & China)North Vietnam: Communist (w/ Soviets & China) South Vietnam: Democratic (helped by USA)South Vietnam: Democratic (helped by USA)
►1973: President Nixon withdraws from 1973: President Nixon withdraws from conflictconflict
►North wins, domino theory unfounded, North wins, domino theory unfounded, limits to American power made clearlimits to American power made clear