QUEBEC

ECOSYSTEMS• NOT ONLY A LAND OF LAKES AND RIVERS

- HAS FORESTS IN SOUTHERN REGIONS

• QUEBECERS HAVE HARVEST ALL KINDS OF RESOURCES - SOFTWOOD - HARDWOOD --THEY ARE FROM THE:

• OUTAOUAIS, TÉMISCAMINGUE, • SAGUENAY -- LAC – SAINT – JEAN REGIONS

• THESE RESOURCES WERE USED TO FEED THE FOREST INDUSTRY-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------• HARDWOOD STANDS THAT SURVIVE IN AGRICULTURAL AREAS NO LONGER INCLUDE ALL SPECIES

- TOO SMALL OR FRAGMENTED

REGIONS OF BIOMES• QUEBEC IS IN THE BOREAL BIOME, OF BOREAL FORESTS

- ALSO CALLED “TAIGA”

THE LARGEST TERRESTRIAL BIOME IN THE WORLD

LOCATION: THE NORTH OF THE DECIDUOUS FOREST AND SOUTH OF THE ARCTIC TUNDRA

CLIMATE: USUALLY COLD TEMPERATURES: ABOUT 5˚C TO -5˚C

WINTER: COLD AND LONG SUMMER: SHORT AND COOL

GROWING SEASON: LESS THAN 3 MONTHS

REGIONS OF BIOMES|VEGETATION AND FOREST ZONES|

• THE 2 MAJOR VEGETATION ZONES:

- TUNDRA - TAIGA

• THE 3 MAJOR FOREST ZONES: - BOREAL [CONIFEROUS] - MIXED - DECIDICUOUS

TUNDRA

• ASSOCIATED WITH ARCTIC AND ALPINE AREAS OF THE CANADIEN SHIELD

• IN THE SUMMER, NATURAL INHABITANTS CONSIT OF ABOUT:

- 500 PLANT SPECIES - 160 SPECIES OF VERTEBRATES

- MIGRATORY BIRDS - LARGE HERD OF CARIBOU

• COVERS ABOUT 24% OF QUEBEC

TAIGA• HAVE PEAT BOGS AND ROCKY PLATEAUS COVERED IN LICHENS THAT ARE DOTTED BY STANDS OF BLACK SPRUCE

• CHARACTERIZED BY GREAT NUMBER OF BOTH - 600 PLANT SPECIES - 206 ANIMAL SPECIES

- TREE SPARROWS (YEAR ROUND

INHABITANTS)

• COVERS ABOUT 20% OF QUEBEC

FOREST ZONE 1 | BOREAL |

• MOST NORTHERLY AND ABUNDANT FOREST ZONES - DOMINATED BY BLACK SPRUCE AND CARPETS OF MOSS

ECOLOGY OF THIS ZONE: - HEAVILY INFLUENCED BY FIRE DISTURBANCE REGIMES

which means…that forest fires are important in defining the numbers of, and relationships between, living organisms

THERE IS A APPROXIMATELY: - 850 PLANT SPECIES - 281 VERTEBRATES

COVERS 27% OF QUEBEC

FOREST ZONE 2 | MIXED |

• THIS VEGETATION IS TRANSITIONAL

ECOLOGY: SHAPED BY BOTH FIRE AND INSECT DISTURBANCE REGIMES

• TRANSITIONAL NATURE CREATES A DIVERSITY WITHIN HABITATS WHICH RESULT IN HIGH NUMBERS OF :

- 1000 PLANT SPECIES - 350 VERTEBRATES

• INHABITATNTS:- BEAVER - BLACK BEAR •

COVERS 111.5% OF QUEBEC - MOOSE

FOREST ZONE 3 | DECIDUOUS FOREST |

•ALSO CALLED “HARDWOOD FORESTS”

• THE THIRD AND MOST SOUTHERN

• HIGHEST DIVERSITY OF SPECIES - 1600 VASCULAR PLANTS - 440 VERTEBRATES

WILDLIFE: SUGAR MAPLE, WHITE-TAILED DEER, AND RACCOON

• THE GROWING SEASON IS ALMOST 200 DAYS

• THE FERTILE SOILS IN THIS ZONE MAKES IT THE HEART OF AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITY • MOST OF QUEBEC’S POPULATION LIVE HERE

• COVERS 6.6% OF QUEBEC

CLIMATE |CLIMOGRAPHS|--------------

3 CITIES QUEBEC CITY MONTREAL SHERBROOKE

QUEBEC HAS 4 TYPES OF CLIMATE:

HUMID CONTINENTAL CLIMATE:- 50 DEGREES NORTH LATITUDE - SUMMERS ARE HOT AND TAD HUMID- VERY COLD WINTERS

SUBARCTIC CLIMATE:- LONGER WINTERS - SHORTER,COOLER SUMMERS

ARCTIC CLIMATE:- NORTHERN PART OF PROVINCE- VERY COLD, DRY, WINTERS - SHOT “THAW” SEASON EAST MARITIME CLIMATE:- FOUND AT “ÎLES-DE-LA-MADELEINE- LONG, BUT COOL WINTERS - SHORT, WARM, RAINY SUMMERS

CLIMATE |QUEBEC CITY|

Temperature Range: -12.4 - 19.1 C˚

Total Precipitation: 1207.8 mm

Growing Season: May - October

CLIMATE: FAIRLY HUMID AND COLD BECAUSE OF THE NORDIC AND MARITIME POSITION.

CLIMATE |MONTREAL|

Temperature Range: -10.3 - 20.8 C˚

Total Precipitation: 938.7 mm

Growing Season: May – October

CLIMATE |SHERBROOKE|

Temperature Range: -11.6 - 18. C˚

Total Precipitation: 1108.68 mm

Growing Season: May – October

ENERGY RESOURCES AND

MINERALS

What natural resources does Quebec supply?

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

TIMBER

MINERALS

ENERGY

• ONE OF THE MAIN DRIVING FORCES OF QUEBEC’S ECONOMY.

- SUPPLY SOFTWOOD AND HARDWOOD

TIMBER

• QUEBEC REPRESENTS THE MAJORITY OF LUMBER, VENEER, PAPER, CARDBOARD, AND PANEL COMPANIES

|TIMBER|

• ONE OF THE MAJOR PRODUCERS OF:

- ZINC- IRON- NICKEL

- COPPER - GOLD

• QUEBEC’S AREA IS 1.7 MILLION KM AND ONLY 1% IS CURRENTLY BEING MINED.

- THERE ARE MORE THAN 16 000 JOBS IN MINING INDUSTRY

• 3 MAIN MINING REGIONS: - ABITIBI-TÉMISCAMINGUE- THE NORTH SHORE - THE NORD-DU-QUÉBEC REGION

|MINERALS|

• PRODUCES 97% GREEN ELECTRICITY

- THEY HAVE A PLAN TO

BECOME A LEADER IN THE FIELD OF SUBSTANTIAL

ENERGY

|ENERGY|

ECONOMIC ACIVITY

THE ECONOMIC HISTORY OF QUEBEC CAN BE DIVIDED IN

5 MAJOR PERIODS

1ST PERIOD

• Started with the arrival of French; lasted until Treaty of Urecht in 1713.

- main economic activity was FUR TRADE

• MERCANTILIST system

- exported natural resources

AND THEN.. received manufactured foods from metropolis

2ND PERIOD

(1713 - 1812) ; remained dominated by FUR TRADE • attempted to diversify economy - by improve farming and

encouraging projects like:

FORGES SAINT – MAURICE

“A National Historic Site of Canada and the birthplace of the country’s iron industry.It was created on March 25, 1730.”

3RD PERIOD

(1812 – 1867) ; wheat and timber replaced fur as the main export products.

- Britain’s abolition of protectionist laws and abandonment of mercantilist system

- caused business elite of Canada and Quebec to be the most important commercial and financial center of the colony

- SOLUTION: transform Canada into industrialized country (CONFEDERATION in 1867)

4TH PERIOD

(1867 – 1945); rise of industrial capitalism.

• the main industries of Quebec were in the sectors of textiles, footwear, food, railways and timber • 1900; hydroelectricity was the main source of energy

5TH PERIOD

(1945 – today) ; rapid development of modern communications and services.

• a shift away from manufacturing

CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES_____________________________• WATER MANAGEMENT

- PERIODS OF DROUGHT IN 2002 AND 2005 IN QUEBEC CITY

- REDUCED CITY’S SUPPLIES

~ CYANOBACTERIA (BLUE-GREEN ALGAE) - OUTBREAK IN SAINT-CHARLES LAKE IN 2006/2007

• CANADIAN FIRST NATIONS AGAINST URANIUM MINING (DECEMBER 2014)

- YOUNG MEMBERS OF JAMES BAY

CREE NATION WALKED 850KM TO MONTREAL TO PROTEST URANIUM EXPLORATION AND MINING

SOLUTIONS TO ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES_________________________________ WATER MANAGEMENT: • Quebec started a water policy in 2002 to ensure the protection of this unique resource

- manage water with a view to sustainable

development;better protect public health and

ecosystems.

• The policy will:- protect water quality and aquatic ecosystems- continue to cleanup and improve the

management of water services

Uranium Mining:

• Do not invade First Nations territory to mine Uraniumdon’t mine uranium

• Try not to leave behind uranium waste, if they absolutely must mine the uranium

SOLUTIONS TO ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES_________________________________

WORKS CITED

INFORMATIONhttp://redpath-museum.mcgill.ca/Qbp/Natural History/nat_hist.htmlhttp://www.gouv.qc.ca/portail/quebec/pgs/commun/portrait/economie/ressources-naturelles/?lang=enhttp://www.ameriquefrancaise.org/en/article-304/Harvesting_the_Stands_of_Eastern_White_Pine.htmlhttp://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/quebec/ - h3_jump_2 http://geography.ridley.on.ca/CGC1D/Students/Quebec2/Geo./Climographs.htmhttp://www.mern.gouv.qc.ca/english/publications/forest/publications/20013073.pdfhttp://www.mddelcc.gouv.qc.ca/biodiversite/aires_protegees/aires_quebec-en.htmhttp://www.marietta.edu/~biol/biomes/boreal.htm

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http://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/c/CN71627070252500.phphttp://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/c/CN71714070162940.phpwww.climate-charts.com/Locations/c/CN71610070281240.phphttp://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/c/CN71610070281240.php

WORKS CITED CLIMOGRAPHS