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PureBiomass (AMK)

Biomass potential-workshop

Autumn 2012

Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva

PURE BIOMASS- WORKSHOP

– BIOMASS POTENTIAL SURVEY OF SOUTHWEST- FINLAND

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Pure Biomass (AMK) | ABSTRACT

TURKU UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES

Autumn 2012 | Total number of pages

Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva

PURE BIOMASS WORKSHOP – BIOMASS POTENTIAL

SURVEY OF SOUTHWEST FINLAND

This report is part of the Pure Biomass project, which aims to raise awareness of the possibilities of biomass as energy source. The project sets out to examine biomass potential in research areas. Pure Biomass (Potential and Competitiveness of biomass as energy source in the Central Baltic Sea Region) project is carried out in co-operation between Finland and Latvia.

This report was made in the research workshop, which was attended by students of Energy technology and Sustainable development degree programmes in Turku University of Applied Sciences. The purpose of this report is to determine the potential of biomass as energy source in Southwest Finland region. Current utilization of biomass, advantages and disadvantages of different biomass as energy source, as well as restrictions to the use of biomass imposed by environmental protection and the law are also examined in the report. The data collection is based on previous research data and expert interviews.

The amount of renewable energy of total energy consumption in Southwest Finland was only 11 per cent in year 2007. Province aims to increase the use of renewable energy to 40 per cent by 2020. The objective can be seen challenging and its implementation requires diverse in energy utilization of biomasses. The newest technology must also be taken into use.

There is a great potential of bio-energy in Southwest Finland, which is only partly in effective utilization. Qquantitatively wood-biomasses have the highest energy potential. In addition to forest energy, also manure, field plants and nonagricultural biomasses and organic waste provides a major source of bioenergy, which can be exploited most effectively in local energy production. However, there can be some obstacles to increase energy use of biomasses, such as lack of information, economically unviable operations, and lack of appropriate technologies, attitudes and inadequate subsidies.

KEYWORDS: BIOMASS, ENERGY SOURCES, WOOD BIOMASS, WASTE, FIELD PLANTS AND NON AGRICULTURAL BIOMASS, COMMON REED, MANURE, SLUDGE, LESS VALUABLE FISH, PEAT, INDUSTRY FLOWS, FUTURE ENERGY SOURCES.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

TABLE OF CONTENT 3

ABBREVATION USED 5

INTRODUCTION 6

1 WOOD BIOMASS 11

1.1 Wood gas 12

1.2 Refined wood fuels 12

1.3 Recycled wood 14

1.4 Wood chip 14

2 COMMUNAL WASTE AND WASTE PRODUCED BY INDUSTRY AND SERVICES16

2.1 Bio waste 16

2.2 Recycled fuel REF 17

2.3 Landfill gas 18

3 SLUDGE AND MANURE 19

3.1 Backround 19

3.2 Agricultural sludge and manure 19

3.4 Communal sludge 24

4 LOW-VALUED FISH 27

4.1 Fish farming 27

4.2 Maritime fishing 28

4.3 Inland fishing 30

5 FIELD PLANTS AND UNCULTIVATED BIOMASS 31

5.1 Grain and oilplants 31

5.2 Hemp 34

5.3 Reed canary grass (RCG) 35

5.4 Grass plants 35

5.5 Reed 37

5 PEAT 39

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6 INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT AND ALCOHOL 41

7 FUTURE BIOMASSES 42

7.4 Alga 42

7.5 Microbe oils 42

8 REVIEW OF THE RESULTS 43

9 CONCLUSIONS 49

REFERENCES 51

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ABBREVATION USED

CHP Combined Heat and Power

GWh Gigawatt hour, billion watt hours

L&T Lassila & Tikanoja

MMM Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry

MTT Agrifood Research Finland

MWh Megawatt hour, million watt hours

RKTL Game and Fisheries Research

TSJ Turun Seudun Jätehuolto Oy

VALONIA Energy and Sustainable Development Service Center of Southwest-Finland

VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland

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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva

INTRODUCTION

In both national and regional level exist demand for major improvements in en-

ergy utilization of biomasses. Climate change, increasing energy demand,

questions concerning safety in energy production and in security in supply but

also limits set by existing fossil fuel supplies are arousing this demand.

Local utilization of biomasses is also justified by its positive impacts to local

employment.

Pure Biomass (Potential and competitiveness of biomass as energy source in

Central Baltic Sea Region) is cooperation project with associates both in Fin-

land and Lithuania. Purpose of the project is to increase knowledge on possibili-

ties of energy utilization of biomasses. In the project possible biomass potential

for energy utilization in the research areas is surveyed. In the survey availability

of biomasses, technical-economical point of view and environmental protection

is reviewed.

Associates of project include Kurzeme planning area, University of Ventsplis,

City Council of Ventspils, Turku University of Applied Sciences and VALONIA.

This report is one part of the Pure Biomass- project. The report is performed by

students of Energy Technology and Sustainable Development working together

in the survey workshop. The purpose of the survey is to reveal possible bio-

mass potential for energy utilization in Southwest-Finland. In the research also

current utilization of biomasses, advantages and disadvantages of utilization of

biomasses and environmental protection and limitations set by legislation is be-

ing revealed.

In picture 1 Region of Southwest-Finland is illustrated.

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Picture 1. Southwest-Finland region (National Land Survey of Finland 2013)

By biomass in this report is meant organic matter possible to utilize in energy

production. Majority of biomasses are renewable energy sources such as wood

and field crops but also peat is included into biomasses even it is classified as a

non-renewable resource. Biomasses researched in this report are biomasses

including sludge and manure, low-valued fish, field crops and uncultivated bio-

mass, heap, waste, industry effluents and possible future biomasses.

Environment and Energy Policy set by European Union have set objective con-

cerning energy production within the Union area. The objective is that until year

2020 20 % of energy consumption in EU area should be based on renewable

energy sources and 10 % of fuels used in traffic should be biofuels. Compared

to that Finland's objective is set higher hence Finnish energy consumption is

supposed to be based 38 % on renewable resources. (Simola & Kola 2010.)

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Besides national also regional objectives on improving utilization of renewable

resources exist. An objective set in Energy Strategy of Southwest-Finland is

that at year 2020 40 % of energy consumed in the region should be based on

renewable resources. Regional energy production target is to utilize local ener-

gy sources in the limits of sustainability. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010,

3.) Objective is quite a challenging and it requires both wide utilization of re-

newable energy sources but also adopting the newest technologies.

At the year 2010 primary energy consumption in Southwest-Finland were 26

000 Gwh. From the whole volume of used renewable sources share of biofuels

were 1 % and peat 3 % (Benviroc Oy 2012, 11-12). By some estimates energy

consumption will increase 17 % until year 2020 unless no savings are made.

Although current objective includes keeping consumption on the level of the

year 2007 allowing energy consumption to be maximum 25 000 Gwh at year

2020. (Picture 2). (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 16)

Picture 2. Primary energy sources in Southwest-Finland at year 2010 (Benviroc

Oy 2012, 12).

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Picture 3. Energy consumption without energy saving actions. Objective is set

to the consumption of the year 2007. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 16.)

Production based energy consumption in Southwest-Finland at the year 2010

was approximately 18 400 GWh. From that volume share of renewable energy

sources was 16 %. (Picture 4.) In Table 1 is presented shares of renewable en-

ergy sources from production based energy demand at the year 2010 and esti-

mates for the year 2020. The numbers of year 2020 include default that pro-

duced energy in Southwest-Finland at the year 2020 is remaining at the level of

the year 2010.

Table 1. Share of renewable energy sources of energy based energy consump-

tion at year 2010 and objective to year 2020.

Year 2010 2020

Production based energy demand, Gwh 18400 18400

Renowable energy sources 16% 40%

Renowable energy sources, Gwh 2944 7360

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Picture 4. Production based energy sources at the year 2010 (Benviroc Oy

2012, 14).

In Southwest-Finland area exist significant biomass potential suitable for energy

utilization. Currently only marginal amount of biomass is used efficiently alt-

hough interest for biomass based energy production both in farm specific ener-

gy production and in larger scale energy plants already exist. Each of biomass-

es is being reviewed in chapters 3-10.

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1 WOOD BIOMASS

Wood based energy production can be seen as a carbon neutral solution in en-

ergy production. Utilization of wood based fuels is already relatively efficient in

Southwest-Finland. Economical wood energy potential in the region is approxi-

mately 420 000 cubic meters from which approximately 240 000 cubic meters is

used by farms and heat producing facilities.

Wood based energy production has several benefits including regular and com-

petitive price, positive influence to areal economy, self-sufficiency and carbon

neutral fuel. (Somerpalo 2009.)

Picture 6. Share of solid wood fuels utilized at heating plants of Southwest-

Finland (Somerpalo 2009):

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1.1 Wood gas

Wood gas holds energy value of approximately 5 Mj/m3 which is notable low

compared to the energy possible to achieve by bioreactor. Hence production of

wood gas with the existing technologies is not yet profitable. (Ek 2012, 32)

Wood gas is carbon monoxide aqueous gas which is produced by wood carbu-

rettor and it is usable for example as a vehicle fuel. (Wikipedia 2012)

1.2 Refined wood fuels

Refined wood fuels can be divided into two groups: pellets and briquettes. Pellet

is granular whereas briquette often is larger being similar with regular firewood.

Energy value of pellet is approximately 4,5-5 MWh/m3 when its humidity is 12-

15 %. (Puu energianlähteenä 2012). Briquette's energy value is lower, 4

MWh/m3 (Biomas 2012). At Southwest-Finland share of pellet and briquette

from wood fuels used in heat plants was only 1 % (4000 m3) at the year 2008.

(Somerpalo 2009).

Transporting food fuels for long distances is often unprofitable but transporting it

as refined briquettes and pellets is more efficient hence transporting density

grows and unusable matter is not needed to transport.

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Picture 7. Briquettes Photo: Manu Hollmén).

Picture 8. Pellets (Photo: Iida Hollmén).

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1.3 Recycled wood

Recycled wood is mainly leftover material collected from private actors and in-

dustrial sector. Usually clean matter is crushed and used as energy.

Share of recycled wood from wood fuels used by heat plants were 15 % (57 000

m3) at the year 2008. (Somerpalo 2009.) Because of its cheap price recycled

wood will have more significance in energy production in the future. If transport-

ing cost can be lowered also increasing prices of energy can encourage plants

and companies for independent energy usage of recycled wood.

1.4 Wood chip

Wood chip is material grinded by a machine from branches, logs or roots.

Share of wood chips from wood fuels used in Southwest-Finland were approxi-

mately 35 %. This volume may be even higher if wood chips produced in indust-

ry (5 %) and peel material (13%) are regarded affecting share of the wood chip

increase to 53 % (130 000 m3) of the used wood fuels. (Somerpalo 2009.)

Increasing utilization of wood chips is possible because at Southwest-Finland

wood potential have notably more volume than the current utilization. Most eco-

logical way would be the maximisation of utilization grade of industrial woods

chip waste. Currently transporting wood chips long distances is not profitable

but with grinding material before transport would increase its efficiency.

1.5 Chopped wood and log

Chopped firewood and log consist mostly of firewood used by town houses

where firewood is burned for heating. Instead of common believe small-size

furnaces may cause significant emissions of carbon dioxide and carbon monox-

ide if wood is burned defectively. (STTV 2008.)

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At Southwest-Finland town houses burned 537 000 m3 firewood during the sea-

son 2007/2008. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010.) If prices of energy will

rise also will burning in private properties increase.

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2 COMMUNAL WASTE AND WASTE PRODUCED BY

INDUSTRY AND SERVICES

2.1 Biowaste

Bio waste is waste decomposing biologically either in oxygenated or non-

oxygenated circumstances. Biodegradable waste is for example garden waste

or waste produced by foodstuff industry, but also paper and cardboard can be

included into biodegradable waste.

Instead of dumbing biodegradable waste to landfills where it will produce me-

thane and carbon dioxide current trend is to direct it to be composted, digested

or utilized in energy production. (Knuutila 2012.)

By bio waste is commonly meant organic foodstuff and food waste. (Knuutila

2012.) Waste volume in Turku area was 50 467 tons at the year 2009 which in-

clude waste from industrial, private and public service and potential volume of

bio waste of households. (Aro-Heinilä 2012.)

Table 2. Utilization of biodegradable waste in Finland at the year 2007 (Ilmasto-

opas 2012).

At the Table 2 non utilized bio waste is reviewed. According to this table espe-

cially behalf of household’s unused potential exist. Because of low cost of bio

waste it would be good material for utilization. Since year 2010 share of organic

Waste, 1000 tons Material utilized % Energy utilized % Unutilized Total

Paper and cardboard 736 13 38 0 26 800

Woodwaste 76 95 25

Animal and burn-beaten area waste 397 7 9 0 51 457

Household and other mixed waste 87 2 150 2

Sludge 112 2 265 3 267 619

Total biodegradable 100 100

4 145 8 288 12 456

1 604 1 841

5 477 8 750 1 973 16 175

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waste have decreased 10 % from the volume of 14 200 tons. (Stat 2010.)

2.2 Recycled fuel REF

Recycled fuel mainly consists of packaging waste (plastic or cardboard) and

building material due to its low quality unfit to material recycling. (Ympäristöy-

ritystysten liitto 2012.) Energy value of recycled fuel is approximately 20 MJ/kg.

(Finnsementti Oy, 2011, 21)

Waste consisting of packaging material, paper and plastic produced by trade

and industry form approximately 70-80 % of waste ending up to landfills. Using

biodegradable waste as a raw material or an energy source decreases methane

emissions and needed space in landfills. Also recycled fuel can replace non-

renewable fossil fuels and hence decrease carbon dioxide emissions.

(Ympäristöyritysten liitto 2012.)

Even utilization of recycled fuel is going to be increasing realistic total potential

is difficult to evaluate. In Finland 300 000 tons of waste is being burned of which

50 000 tons is burned in Turku by Oriketo waste burning plant. (Asplund ym.

2005.). Burning plants have disadvantage at being expensive and encouraging

usable material being wasted. Two third of the waste utilized in industry is used

in energy production and lasting one third as a raw material. Industry waste

used in energy production holds significant meaning to whole Finnish energy

production. (Motiva 2011.)

At the EU-level most strict waste regulatory in energy utilization currently is

concerning emissions and their supervision. Regulatory is considering limiting

heavy metal and dangerous toxin pollutions caused by waste burning and co-

incineration in member countries.

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2.3 Landfill gas

Landfill gas is produced by organic waste dumped in landfills consisting mainly

of methane and carbon dioxide. At year 2011 already 35 landfills were collecting

landfill gas. In England, Spain and Italy landfill gas is mostly produced. (Alm

2011.)

Whole Finnish landfill gas potential was 0,7 TWh at the year 2003 whereas pro-

duction potential at least until year 2015 will keep the same level. Landfill gas

production is limited hence organic waste ending up in landfills is limited by EU

landfill directive. (Asplund ym. 2005)

Methane is greenhouse gas feeding effectively climate change so utilization of

landfill gas is not only preventing it from drifting to atmosphere but also provides

eco-friendly energy source. Methane is often burned in landfills by torches even

if it would be used in energy production. (Hirvonen 2010.)

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3 SLUDGE AND MANURE

3.1 Backround

According to Pöyry Environment Oy whole volume of sludge produced in Fin-

land would be even 23 million tons including sludge from sparsely populated

area, farming, rural small-scale industry and wet slurry from foodstuff industry.

(Pöyry EnvironmentOy, 2007, 3)

3.2 Agricultural sludge and manure

EU Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development have introduced that bio-

gas production should be more encouraged hence its sustainability and envi-

ronmental benefits. (Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development, 2007)

The view have also adopted by the Finnish Government and taken into account

in national waste management planning. Some financial support (support for

investments and feeding tariff, etc.) for adopting biogas production already ex-

ists and some more are under preparation. Support would help to turn biogas

production into worthy and profitable method of producing energy. Currently bi-

ogas production hence all legislation would be too expensive for small-size pro-

ducer. (Simola & Kola 2010, 41)

Definition of sludge

Sludge can be defined as follows: sludge is mixture where fine solid matter is

dissolved into liquid with high concentration. (Tilastokeskus 2012.) Sludge is be-

ing produced as an effluent by farming, waste water facilities and foodstuff in-

dustry. (Pöyry Environment Oy 2007, 4.)

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Definition of manure

Evira, Finnish Food Safety Authority have defined manure as an animal extract

or/and urine with or without dehumidifier agent. Manure can be either pro-

cessed or unprocessed. (Evira 2005.)

According to BioReg- project maximum annual field biomass potential of ma-

nure in Southwest-Finland could be 276 234 MWh in addition current potential

being only 4348 MWh due low interest of producers. Hence larger scale bio-

mass energy utilization would need governmental level direction like financial

support and legislation. In these calculations besides manure also field biomass

was included. (Simola, A & Kola, J)

It is estimated that majority of sludge in Finland is produced by agriculture. The

volume is still unknown but according to Pöyry Environment Oy it would be up

to 20 million annually. Considering this share of agricultural production from all

produced sludge (23 million tons) would be 93 %. (Pöyry Environment Oy, 38)

From this 20 million manure and sludge tons approximately 95 % is produced

by bovine and swine. (Pöyry Environment Oy 2007, 4). Utilization of horse ma-

nure may be limited by used dehumidifier agent. Normally 50-90 % of horse

manure consists of sawdust and out of all collected manure 60 % is processed

with dehumidifier agent. (Karunen, L. 2006, 11; Pöyry Environment Oy, 6) Nev-

ertheless if collecting horse manure turns to be profitable same methods as col-

lecting swine manure would be applied.

For example in Denmark and Germany exist cooperation between farms in

transporting manure to bio gas plants and produced byproduct back to farms. In

Finland specifically Southwest-Finland would be suitable area for that kind of

cooperation biomass potential of manure being in the region 81 %. This is due

to relatively short distances (profitable transport distances being up to 25 km)

and high volume in cattle stock within the area.

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Manure would already be usable material in energy production even with the

current technology. (Simola, A & Kola, J 2010, 52, 58,64). Besides distances

manure utilization is limited hence profitable single transportable amount is 30

tons of manure. (Simola, A & Kola, J 2010, 46)

Sludge and manure based bio gas production would be relatively reliable raw-

material being available all over year. Of course customs of farms may affect to

availability: for example dairy cows pasture 3-4 months per year affecting only

70 % of manure to be easily collected. For larger scale bio mass utilization em-

ployable effect in transporting, adapting new technology etc. would be notable.

(Karunen, L. 2006, 5,12)

Table 3. Manure and sludge potential and farms within Southwest-Finland

(Maataloustilastot.fi 2011):

Limits of profitable farm specific CHP production behalf of dairy farms are 100

milking cows, piggeries 1000 swine’s and broiler hen houses 60 000 broilers. In

the calculations combined industry sludge and manure field biomass usage is

not included. These limits can exceed only few single farms but raw-material

demand can be encountered with inter-farm cooperation.

Annual tons Bovine Swine Poultry Horse Sheep and goat Total

Dry manure

Sludge - - -

Farms 534 445 325 333 140

368 900 400 392 92 412 28 868 15 994 906 566

504 900 626 247 1 131 147

1 777

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Current utilization

At the year 2011 four farm specific heating plants were located in Southwest-

Finland which was either under construction or planning. Currently 90 % of ma-

nure is used as a fertilizer on fields. By farms with large livestock utilization of

manure as a fertilizer may exceed the soils absorption capacity. Biogas produc-

tion would decrease nutrition flows into water systems by dividing processed

manure to farms by their actual needs. Problems may also be aroused by lack

of time which affects that manure is not spread to fields, inadequacy of storage

or by other limitations. (Pöyry Environment Oy 2007, 6)

Because maximum profitable delivering distance of manure is 25 km coordina-

tion of deliveries is essential. Also coordination is needed to provide continuous

input to facility all over year. Notable is also that moisture of raw-material can

variate which may affect to bio gas process. (Pöyry Environment Oy 2007, 7)

By EU:s By-product regulation 1069/2009 hygienisation demands have men-

tioned affecting inter alia delivering vehicles especially if manure and processed

sludge is delivered by same vehicles. This may include risk for contamination.

Also winter time conditions have to be noted. (Pöyry Environment Oy, 7-8 )

Solids concentration of sludge produced by agriculture is commonly 6-8%. Due

to that used dehumidifier agent have to be used 2-4 times of sludge’s concen-

tration. Normally sludge is dried by screw press which produces over 30 % easi-

ly composting dry mass. Liquid produced from pressing (estimated 75 % from

the total sludge mass) is used either as a fertilizer on fields or on another ways.

Behalf of dry manure composting is commonly used processing method. Ac-

cording to Pöyry Environment Oy current trend is favoring dry manure systems.

3.3 Sludge of sparsely populated areas

Volume of sludge produced in sparsely populated areas is notable and legisla-

tion both in national and EU level exist. Property specific waste water treatment

system have to emptied at least once a year and sludge transported either to

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waste water plant or to the prescribed place of receipt. (Kunnasvirta 2010, 2.) It

is highly possible that sludge received by places of receipt will be increasing at

least until year 2016 hence legislation.

At Southwest-Finland reception of sludge is commune specific arranged and

volume of sludge varieties by accessibility to communal drainage system. (Kun-

nasvirta, A. 2012, 2)

According to calculations of Annika Kunnasvirta sludge produced in Southwest-

Finland at the year 1010 by sparsely populated areas was 78 654 m3 behalf of

over-year households and 25 492 m3 behalf of summer houses. Overall annual

sludge volume was some over 104 000 cubic meters. (Kunnasvirta, A. 2010, 2)

At Southwest-Finland exist 11 places of receipt for sludge produced by sparsely

populated areas (Table 4: Places of receipt for sludge produced by sparsely

populated areas)

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Table 4. Places of receipt for sludge produced by sparsely populated areas

(Kunnasvirta, A. 2010, 2)

Place of receipt Sludge collected (m3/a)

Biovakka (Turku) 30 676

Salon keskusjätevedenpuhdistamo (Salo) 19 851

Vakka-Suomen Vesi (Uusikaupunki) 15 180

Koski Tl 1 433

Taivassalo 2 033

Länsi-Turunmaa 9 370

Kemiönsaari 5 717

Pöytyä 4 244

Loimaa 6 181

Somero 5 227

Auran seutu 4 237

Total 104 149

Current utilization

Utilization of sludge produced by sparcely populated areas is reviewed with

communal sludge.

3.4 Communal sludge

According to survey made by Pöyry Environment Oy at year 2007 in Finland

approximately 840 000 tons of sludge was produced by water supply and waste

water plants. (Pöyry Environment Oy, 3.) In comparison Finnish Environmental

Adminstration have calculated volume of sludge being 1,1-1,2 million tons or

calculated by dry weight approximately 150 000-160 000 tons. (Ympäristö.fi

2010; Pöyry Environment Oy, 4) Share of sludge produced by waste water

plants from all produced sludge is only 4 %. (Pöyry Environment Oy, 38)

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At the year 2005 bioenergy potential of organic communal waste in Finland was

95 039 MWh annual from which only 1% (24 Mwh) was used. (Simola & Kola

2010.) This mass of raw material may be potentially used with communal

sludge. At the year 2005 non utilized sludge produced by waste water plants

were 6673 MWh and non-utilized 444 MWh annual. (Simola & Kola 2010.)

In the future waste waters of Southwest—Finland will be treated only by few fa-

cilities including waste water plants of Turku, Salo, Uusikaupunki and Loimaa.

Communal sludge of Southwest-Finland has been processed by Vapo Oy in

Turku and by Turun seudun Jätehuolto Oy in Raisio. Sludge produced by Kako-

la waste water plant will be processed by Biovakka Oy in combined digestion

plant which capacity will be expanded from 75 000 to 240 000-360 000 tons.

(Länsi-Suomen ympäristökeskus 2008, 13; Huttunen & Huittinen 2011, 26-29;

BIOvakka Oy 2012.)

Centralization of water treatment may ease building new facilities when volume

of sludge is increasing and regular. Profitable transportation distances behalf of

communal sludge is 150-250 km (Pöyry Environment Oy, 8)

Communal waste water plants have potential to process besides sludge also

industrial sludge, garden waste, manure and bio waste. Also sludge from fish

farms and sparsely populated area may be processed. (Pöyry Environment Oy

2007, 5; Länsi-Suomen Ympäristökeskus 2008, 6).

Current utilization

Currently sludge of scarcely populated areas and communal sludge have been

used in landscaping, coverage material in landfills and by agriculture but also in

soil producing. Also sludge have been dumbed to landfills and composted.

(Pöyry Environment Oy, 6.)

Utilization of sludge in agriculture have decreased since the peak of year 1996

(49 000 tons) to only 4200-4600 tons at years 2005-2006. Heavy metals like

kadmiun, mercury or chrome contained by sludge sets limitations for its usabil-

ity. Year 2016 have been set as the target in the National Waste Management

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Plan when all communal sludge should be used either as energy or used as a

soil improvement material instead of dumbing it to landfills. (Länsi-Suomen

ympäristökeskus 2008, 1)

At the waste water plants sludge is thickened and mechanically dried by centri-

fuge. Small facilities may dry sludge in sludge platforms or using peat impregna-

tion platform method. Mass produced in digestion is dried mechanically. (Pöyry

Environment Oy, 5). Besides digestion sludge can also be treated by compost-

ing that being currently most common method but also lime stabilization, ther-

mal drying, burning and storage are used. (Pöyry Environment Oy, 6).

At the year 2005 30 % of waste water plants processed sludge within the area

of the plant and 50 % transported it to be processed within 15 km. Only one fifth

transported sludge over distances of 15 km. (Pöyry Environment Oy, 8)

3.5 Sludge produced by foodstuff industry

Sludge of foodstuff industry rich with organic matter are potential raw material

for digestion. Profitable transportation distance behalf of waste of foodstuff in-

dustry is the very same with communal sludge (150-250km). Also waste pro-

duced by breweries and bakeries and companies producing soft drinks, grease,

feed or starch may offer potential material for biogas production. (Pöyry Envi-

ronment Oy, 6-7)

Utilizing flows of foodstuff industry may be seasonal. Some part of waste water

produced by foodstuff industry is treated by communal waste water plants af-

fecting that exact volumes are difficult to calculate (Pöyry Environment Oy, 4)

but according to Pöyry Environment Oy sludge produced in Finland by foodstuff

industry may be approximately 67 000 ton per year.

Sludge and waste produced by foodstuff industry may be used in local bio gas

plants with sludge’s from agriculture and waste water plants. Some waste may

need to be pretreated before feeding it to digestion. (Pöyry Environment Oy

2007, 6.)

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4 LOW-VALUED FISH

According to Finnish Game and Fisheries Research trapping potential of only

cyprinid fish would be at the coastal waters 5-10 million kilos. In addition effluent

from fish processing would be 20 million kilos of which is currently mostly uti-

lized as a feed for fur. (Järvinen 2012, 7)

In this chapter estimated volumes are rough estimates because of lack of real

information on the behalf of the numbers of fish waste.

4.1 Fish farming

Uncleaned fish was produced in the Varsinais-Suomi region 3408 tons at the

year 2011, solely in maritime areas. Feeding farms were 61 and naturally feed-

ed bonds 22. (RKTL 2012a, 16.) Fish produced at maritime areas consist most-

ly of salmon (90 %), whitefish (10%) and trout (0,3 %). (RKTLa, 14)

Table 4. Fish farms and potential annual fish waste (Lounaispaikka 2012).

Because 10-20 % of fish is after cleaning waste in Southwest-Finland theoreti-

cally approximately 650 tons of waste is produced annually by fish farms.

Municipality Fish farms Fish waste (tons)

Kemiönsaari 19 104

Kustavi 27 143

Naantali 17 91

Parainen 45 234

Pyhäranta 1 6

Taivassalo 1 6

Uusikaupunki 13 71

Total 123 656

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For utilizing fish material some limits exist. Fish farms are located relatively long

distances from each other and from bio gas facilities. For example Parainen be-

ing municipality with many scattered islands at the archipelago distances are

long even numerically within it exist most of the fish farms in the area of South-

west-Finland. Also potential may be overestimated because all the fish may not

be cleaned by the fish farms.

Fish farming have been accused being small-sized due to all legislation. One

existing possibility would be increasing management of fish with cooperation of

fishermen in order to directly increase available volume of low-valued fish, bal-

ance nutrient flows and increase sizes of farms. (RKTL 2008.)

4.2 Maritime fishing

At the year 2011 in Southwest-Finland 168 professional fishermen (over 30 %

of income from fishing) and 429 part-time fishermen (under 30 % of income

from fishing) existed. (PX-tilastotietokannat 2012). At the same year 51 382

tons of fish was catched in the region which from 80 % was Baltic herring.

29


Table 5. Professional fishermen and potential annual fish waste in Southwest-

Finland (Lounaispaikka 2012).

Potentially 10276 tons of fish waste would be produced in Southwest-Finland

but again it is unlikely that all the cleaning is done by the fishermen.

Municipality Professional fishermen Waste fish (tons)

Parainen 96

Uusikaupunki 82

Naantali 46

Taivassalo 44

Keimönsaari 30 802

Turku 20 534

Kustavi 13 347

Maksu 13 347

Kaarina 11 347

Pyhäranta 7 187

Mynämäki 5 134

Sauvo 5 134

Raisio 4 107

Lieto 2 53

Pöytyä 2 53

Nousiainen 1 27

Paimio 1 27

Salo 1 27

Tarvasjoki 1 27

Vehmaa 1 27

Total 385

2 563

2 189

1 228

1 130

10 290

30


4.3 Inland fishing

In Southwest-Finland no fish farming is practiced at inland. By the Finnish

Game and Fishery Research 24 professional fishermen existed in the region.

(RKTL 2012b, 14).

Overall catch in the inland area of the region was 642 tons of fish and 401 000

signal crayfish. (RKTL 2012c, 15). Vendace and smelt both were fished little

over 20 % from overall catch but also roach and perch were catched notable

amount.

Overall catch of inland fishing in Finland was 3 435 tons. 1119 tons was result

of fish management. While catch of inland fish management in Finland was one

fourth of all catch according to same ratio in Southwest-Finland volume would

be 160 tons of fish available straight to bio gas production.

So combined inland management of fish and waste material from professional

fishing would be 290 tons. A disadvantage for bio gas production is that catch

and waste material is relatively in low volume especially when average catch

per day is 1,7 tons of fish in whole area. If fish is not produced in relatively small

area transporting waste would not be profitable.

31


5 FIELD PLANTS AND UNCULTIVATED BIOMASS

Field plants and uncultivated biomass can be used as an energy in forms of sol-

id, liquid and gas. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 23.)

Foodstuff production and energy plant production are competing from the same

resources. Currently total field area in Southwest-Finland is approximately 299

000 hectares which of according to MTT 52 000 hectares would be available for

energy production purposes. Average energy value of harvest per hectare

would be 20-30 MWh. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 24.)

Hence 1040 000-1560 000 MWh would be available for energy utilization at the

year 2020.

Currently utilization of field biomass is relatively marginal but it holds significant

potential. Maximum biomass energy potential of Southwest-Finland would an-

nually be 276 234 MWh technical-economical potential being 224 655 MWh.

(Simola & Kola 2010, 51)

According to the results of W-fuel bio methane production is profitable and ma-

jority biogas production potential lies especially in agricultural biomasses. Pro-

duction cost of bio methane based on agricultural material is under 96 € per

MWh which would be profitable if wider demand for bio methane arouses. Also

production would have positive affluence to local employment. (Ahonen ym.

2012, 3.)

5.1 Grain and oilplants

Grain

Utilization of grain in energy production is currently marginal. Although due to

low market prices and soaring prices of oil interest for farm specific energy pro-

duction based on grain have increased. (Vrsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010,

24-25.)

32


Grain can be burned as such in pellet burners. Especially oats is suitable to be

burned as a solid fuel because of its high hask ratio. Energy value of oats (15,7

MJ/kg) is comparable to firewood.

Energy value of oats is 63 GJ per hectare crops being 4 tons per hectare. (Jok-

inen & Lampinen 2006, 106.)

Grain can also be used as a raw material in bioethanol production combined for

example with sugar beet. In Southwest-Finland 191 000 hectares of field were

used for farming grain in the year 2011. Estimated volume of grain based etha-

nol in Finland would be approximately 0,9-1,0 tons per hectare (24-27 GJ per

hectare) when barley is used as a raw material. (Jokinen & Lampinen 2006,

106.)

Suitable for energy production are low quality batches, batches unfit to trade or

grain intently cultivated for energy production. (Jokinen & Lampinen 2006, 106.)

European Commission have introduced that after year 2020 energy utilization of

raw material suitable for food production should not be supported. (Turun

Sanomat 18.10.2012, 17.)

Straw

Also utilization of straw is yet marginal due to challenges during harvest, stor-

age and transport but also during burning process. High concentration of ash

and nitrogen in the material has set limits to wider straw based energy produc-

tion. Problems are aroused to harvest by lack of suitable machinery and short

season optimal to harvest. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 24-25.)

Despite foregoing high existing field volume and availability of straw can provide

potential energy source. 4 tons of straw can be harvested from single hectare.

When energy value of straw is 17 GJ per ton straw can provide energy approx-

imately 68 GJ per hectare. At the year 2011 in Southwest-Finland existed 191

00 hectares of grain field area. (Maataloustilastot 2012a). Hence maximum

straw potential was at the year 2011 764 00 tons which is equivalent to 52 000

TJ.

33


In straw utilization lie disadvantages due to small energy density and high ash

content. Also high density in chlorine may arouse problems when burning in

boilers especially designed for wood burning so straw can only be burned as a

mixture material in 5-10 % concentrations. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus

2010, 24-25.)

In Finland technology designed especially for straw burning is rare compared to

many other countries such as Denmark. (Jokinen & Lampinen 2006, 97.) Straw

based heating boilers are common heating method in Denmark especially by

farms and industry. (Turun Sanomat 19.11.2012, 8.)

Besides burning straw can also be reproduced by gasing or used as a raw ma-

terial for ethanol and bio-oil production. Also digestion would be alternative

method for straw utilization. (Jokinen & Lampinen 2006, 98.)

Compared to bioenergy plants energy demand of straw in is low in energy pro-

duction because straw is produced as a by-product from grain cultivation.

Hence energy used during cultivation is not included to production costs alt-

hough harvest and transport produce emissions during straws life cycle. Nutri-

ents are extracted from fields when straw is collected so ash produced during

the burning process should be returned to the fields. (Jokinen & Laminen 2006,

98.)

Oil plants

Oilseed can be utilized as a raw-material in production of burning oil which can

again be reprocessed to a biodiesel. Oilseed based biodiesel can be used in all

diesel engines and machines using fossil oil as a fuel. (Jokinen & Lampinen

2006, 103.)

Two third of oilseed is exported and used inter alia as a raw material in bio die-

sel production.

Only few farms in Southwest-Finland are producing oilseed based biodiesel. At

the year 2010 Neste Oil Oyj and Raisio Oyj made agreement to do cooperation

in biodiesel production. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 25)

34


At the year 2011 field area of 13 700 hectares for oilseed and 6500 hectares for

rape existed in Southwest-Finland. (Maataloustilastot 2012a.) Average crop for

oilseed is 1,75 tons per hectare energy value being 23 GJ per hectare. Besides

seeds containing oil also straw of oilseed plant can be utilized increasing energy

efficiently of the plant notably. (Jokinen & Lampinen 2006, 102.) Also by-product

resulted from oil squeezing process can be used as a feed. (Varsinais-Suomen

ELY-keskus 2010, 25.)

5.2 Hemp

Harvest of hemp calculated in solids is approximately 10 tons per hectare but

also harvests of 14 tons per hectare can be achieved. Energy value of hemp is

4,8 MWh per ton and 35-70 MWh per hectare. This value is equivalent to heat-

ing demand of 1-3 town houses. (HempEnergy 2012a.)

Disadvantage of hemp is its high transporting costs but briquetting or pelleting

the material would lower the costs (Yle Uutiset Lounais-Suomi 2012). Also pro-

ducing and utilizing of hemp should be located relatively within short distances.

Hemp is usable also as a raw material in biogas production. (HempEnergy

2012a).

Potential for energy utilization of hemp exist even without major improvements

hence hemp can burned by almost all kinds of appliances. Also hemp is suitable

for crop ration cultivation and interest for it have shown by farmers. (M. Neuvo,

henkilökohtainen tiedonanto 1.11.2012)

Farming hemp for only energy production is not profitable but burnable pellets

can be made from effluents of material left from fibre and food production. (N.

Norokytö, henkilökohtainen tiedonanto 8.11.2012) For fibre hemp already two

different types of support system exist. (Maa-ja metsätalousministerö 201).

35


5.3 Reed canary grass (RCG)

Reed canary grass is the most cultivated energy plant but in Southwest-Finland

its volume is not yet remarkable. At the year 2009 RCG were cultivated in the

region with the volume of approximately 400 hectares and until the year 2011

volume has decreased to 300 hectares. (Maataloustilastot 2010a, Varsinais-

Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 24).

Annual harvest of reed canary grass calculated in solids is 6-8 tons per hectare.

Maximum potential in Southwest-Finland according to the current cultivation is

31 500-42 000 GJ RCG's energy value being 17,5 GJ per ton. Reed canary

grass can be utilized as a fuel in heat production by farms or large-scale cen-

tralized burning plants. Also material can be processed to pellets affecting stor-

age and transportation to become more profitable. It can also used as a raw

material for ethanol or electricity production. (Jokinen & Lampinen 2006, 93-

94.)

RCG can be burned mixed with wood and peat but burning it alone may cause

problems especially in facilities designed only for wood burning. Because of

high moisture percentage of the material also high temperatures may set limits

for some boilers. In Finnish trade heat boilers designed only for burning RCG

and straw not yet exist even they are common abroad. (Jokinen & Lampinen

2006, 94.)

5.4 Grass plants

Grass plants is mostly cultivated for cattle feed and its cultivation can be inte-

grated to cultivation rotation. In South-Finland supply of grass exceed the de-

mand so grass feed have potential to be utilized also in biogas production. Even

quality of batch may variate which instead of animal feed usage have no effect

to biogas production. (Kässi ym. 2011)

36


Biogas plants using grass have yet mainly been small-sized and used also an-

other raw materials. Harvest of grass plants in the area of hectare variates be-

tween 5430 kg and 5540 kg but even from these estimates volume may variate

due to different properties of growing ground. (Niemeläinen & Virkkunen 2011.)

Grass can also be utilized as a raw material for cellulose based ethanol. Grass

is significantly cheaper raw-material compared to grain which would affect grass

to be important raw-material in ethanol production. Alas lack of knowledge and

information currently set limits to grass utilization in ethanol production. (Jokinen

& Lampinen 2006, 109.)

Grass plants can also be burned in CHP-plants. Although grass would be cli-

mate friendly burning fuel it has negative impacts to eutrofication and acidifica-

tion. (Jokinen & Lampinen 2006, 109-110.)

Table 6. Production numbers of biomethane gas and production potentials of

electricity (Jokinen & Lampinen 2006, 109)

At the year 2011 grass cultivation volume in Southwest-Finland was approxi-

mately 38 900 hectares including all subtypes: meadows, green manure usage

etc.. Energy value of grass is approximately 16 GJ per ton but harvest per hec-

tare may significantly variate whenever field is being fertilized or not.

Material (1 ton) Solids (%) Electricity (kWh)

Grass silage 15-25 45-75 110-340

Green grass 20-25 60-75 150-340

Straw, RCG 70-85 180-260 450-1170

Manure 5–12 4–23 10–100

Swine manure 3–8 4–26 10–120

Methane (Nm3)

37


5.5 Reed

Harvest of reed varieties annually not only hence growing circumstances but

also due to strong winds and ice which may decrease harvest volume. Winds

effects to reed by lawing and moving ice can break the stalk. Besides quality of

material, location, ownership of area also views in environmental protecting may

set limit for utilization.

Changes in pastural usage at the waterside areas and eutrophication have af-

fected volume of reed significantly increase. Strong reeding has negative afflu-

ent to biodiversity, flow-ability of water and to landscape and recreation values.

Reed has significant bioenergy potential and its utilization actively researched.

In the South-Finland reed harvest can be 5 tons per hectare average but also

30 ton per hectare calculated in solids can be harvested. (Komulainen ym.

2008, 19). Energy value of winter harvested reed is approximately 15 MJ/kg or

4,3 MWh per ton. According to this area of hectare can provide 21 MWh energy

equivalents for annual heating demand of a single average town house. (Silen

2007, 22.)

Burning features of reed are quite similar with RCG. Wintertime harvested reed

can be utilized as a mixed fuel with wood chips or peat by combustion plants

and by farm specific boilers. Summertime harvested green reed can be used

combined with manure in biogas production. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus

2010, 25.) Harvest of green reed is 10-15 ton per hectare (Alho 2012).

At Southwest-Finland volume of reed areas varieties. Best availability is on

shallow and sheltered bays especially near mainland. (Pitkänen 2006, 14).

Approximately 15 000 hectares of reed areas exist in the region which of almost

half (6 000 hectares) being valuable for harvesting. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-

keskus 2010, 25.)

38


Picture 10. Reed areas of Southwest-Finland (Lounais-Suomen

ympäristökeskus 2007):

Again also reed can be processed by pelleting it with peat or oil plants in order

to increase energy value of the material and making its utilization more profita-

ble. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 24.)

Also shredding, transport and storage would not yet be profitable without proper

machinery which currently is expensive. (Turun Sanomat 29.8.2012.)

39


5 PEAT

Peat is included to biomasses while by European Union it is categorized as a

non-renewable resource hence its slow renewability. Emissions caused by peat

burning are calculated into emission trading and into country specific green-

house gas inventory. Despite this peat utilization have been encouraged by

Finnish authorities due to its value as a domestic fuel and affluent to security in

supply. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 18.)

Peat's greenhouse gas emission can be compared to coal and its utilization

should be combined with carbon neutral biomasses. Mixture of peat and renew-

able biomass could replace fossil fuel usage and hence achieve emission re-

duction although emissions of peat decrease benefits of carbon neutral masses.

(Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 18.) Peat has advantage improving burn-

ing features of biomasses holding low moisture percentage.

405 swamps exist in Southwest-Finland combined area being approximately 40

000 hectares (Virtanen ym. 2000, 18) average swamp depth being 2,5 meters.

Hence total volume of peat is approximately 940 million cubic meters (Herranen

ym. 2000, 66). In the region exist 20 000 hectares of swamp technically usable

for energy production. Estimate does not include possible environmental im-

pacts, land ownership or profitable transporting distances. (Varsinais-Suomen

ELY-keskus 2010, 18.)

Table 7. Average features of peat in Southwest-Finland (Herranen ym. 2000,

56).

Average features of peat in the Southwest-Finland

Heat value MJ/kg

Surface layer peat 70 18,7 0,368

Middle layer peat 64 19,2 0,34

Bottom layer peat 83 20,8 0,481

Solids (kg/m3) Energy value Mwh/m3

40


Most of the peat utilized in Southwest-Finland is used in Salo by Voimavasu Oy.

Also Turku Energia is using peat at Oriketo as well as few small-size plants.

(Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 19.)

Supplies of peat in Southwest-Finland will last maximum one hundred years if

utilization rate will maintain current volume. However according to VTT heat uti-

lization will double within decade from 255 GWh to 500 GWh. At the year 2005

energy peat production in the region did not exist although environmental peat

was produced at the volume of approximately 500 hectares. Energy peat has

been brought from other regions. Most of the used peat most likely will be exte-

rior also in the future but interest for regional energy peat production have

aroused. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 18-19.)

According to Pöyry Environment Oy utilization of peat will decrease within next

10-15 years due to current support and tax politics. Instead of using peat coal

and wood would be used. (Turun Sanomat 2012.)

41


6 INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT AND ALCOHOL

Industrial effluent can provide notable source of biomass which utilized would

enable environmental friendly energy production and decrease material flow

ending up to landfills. Industrial effluent can be burned or reprocessed into gas

or carbohydrates. (Tuuttila 2010, 2 &5.)

Alcohol based fuels can be used as a fuel for vehicles. First generation of alco-

hol fuels are already at the commercial use. Second generation fuels are still

rare but actively researched. Second generation fuels can be produced from

raw materials unfit to food production. (Tuuttila 2012, 2.)

According to scenario made by MTT at the year 2020 annually 2000 tons of in-

dustrial biomass waste would be produced in Turku and 1300 tons in Salo suit-

able for biogas production.

Several sawmill exist in the region but not a single paper and cellulose factory

although large amount of wood material is being transported to another regions.

(Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2012.)

42


7 FUTURE BIOMASSES

Climate change, depletion of fossil resources, availability of energy and energy

safety are challenges which set demand for utilization of renewable and local

energy sources, more efficient technology and innovations on energy sector.

Energy systems will change towards energy efficiency and renewable sources

with low emission sources. Although change will be slow it can offer possibilities

for improving energy technologies and for pioneers working on the field. (VTT

2009a.)

7.4 Algae

Algae may be potential energy source in the future. Algae can exceed produc-

tivity of terrestrial plants multiple times and can be used for example photosyn-

thesising carbon emissions produced by industry. (Itämeriportaali 2010.) Tech-

nology in processing and cultivation of photosynthesising algae is still at the ini-

tial phase. Many potential species exist from which only few have been re-

searched for biofuel production. Selection of suitable species and gene tech-

nology may help algae based biofuel production to achieve commercial scale.

Biofuel based on alga may be available in commercial production already at the

year 2020. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 27.)

7.5 Microbe oils

Oil producing microbes can be raised in bioreactors which are already used for

example in brewery and biotechnology industry. Raw-material should be cheap

with high volume and availability which can be found for example from agricul-

tural and industrial effluents. In Finland for example Neste Oil Oyj have intro-

duced pilot plant producing microbe oils in Porvoo and and research in coopera-

tion with Aalto University since 2007. Microbe oil may be commercially pro-

duced at the year 2015. (Turun Sanomat 27.10.2012, Neste Oil 2012.)

43


8 REVIEW OF THE RESULTS

From all the biomasses widest utilization potential in Southwest-Finland exist in

wood biomass. Although biomass based energy production will most likely con-

centrate solely in exploiting wood biomasses also field crops, uncultivated bio-

mass, sludge and manure are significant bioenergy source in the region. Be-

cause of the alignments of the EU Commission all potential energy plants are

not going to be used in energy production. By the Commission crops suitable

for food production are not legitimate for financial support intended for energy

plants cultivation after year 2020. (Turun Sanomat 18.10.2012, 17.)

It is most likely that different types of biomasses classified currently as a waste

will be utilized more in energy production. For example sludge, manure, bio

waste and industrial effluent are eco-friendly fuels.

Utilization of renewable sources decreases environmental load and amount of

matter ending to landfills. Although waste is economically significant energy

source first of all recycling and prevention of waste should be promoted. Waste

unfit to recycling should be energy used. In future also alga and microbe oils

may offer profitable, economic and eco-friendly opportunity to energy produc-

tion.

Question in accessibility and storage of biomasses affects utilization of manifold

biomass types be more efficient compared to a single mass based production.

For example field plants can be harvested annually during only couple of

months. Manure, sludge, etc. Would instead be available all over year. Also

combining different types of masses may improve burning features, more effi-

cient biogas production process and pellets with better texture and burning fea-

tures.

Storage of biomasses demands vast capacity and transportation for long dis-

tances would not be economically efficient due to low energy intensity of mass-

es. Efficiency in storage and transportation can often be improved by pro-

cessing material into pellets. Also efficiency is often increased by utilizing mate-

44


rial in local energy production. Regional biomass utilization decreases environ-

mental load affected by transportation and increases local employment.

According a rough estimation maximum annual biomass potential of Southwest-

Finland would approximately be 6 200 GWh. (Table 8). In estimation waste and

industrial effluent is not included. In reality technical-economically usable mass

potential would be significantly lower than the estimate.

Table 8. Biomass potential in Southwest-Finland

Especially share of peat in energy production will be significantly lower than its

maximum potential. Peat utilized in Southwest-Finland is transported from other

regions. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 18-19.) Notable is also that peat

is included to fossil fuels.

Maximum potential of renewable resources is by the calculations 4 300 GWh.

Objective of the Energy Strategy in Southwest-Finland is to achieve 40 % of the

energy to be renewable energy based until the target year 2020. If energy con-

sumption remains at the level of 2010, renewable fuels should produce 7 400

GWh at the year 2020.

Maximum potential

Annual volume Mwh/per annum

Wood biomass 636990 hectares

Waste Not available

Manure 2037700 tons

Sludge 140200 tons

Low-valued fish 11200 tons

52000 hectares

18000 hectares

Industrial effluent Not available

Total1) Unsed area from energy production

2) Peat supply of 100 years

2 890 194

815 080

308 440

11 200

Field plants and uncultivated biomass 1) 276 234

Peat 2) 1 920 000

6 221 148

45


Survey on the regional bio mass potential

MTT have estimated volumes of biomasses available for biogas production in

Turku and Salo regions at the year 2020. Biomass potential exist in the regions

approximately 720 000 tons in solids. Energy plants from whole biomass capac-

ity are behalf of Turku 94 % and Salo 98 %. (Ahonen ym. 2012, 12.)

Picture 7. Biogas survey at the Turku and Salo regions by MTT (Ahonen ym.

2011, 7).

46


Table 9. Volume of biomass suitable for bio gas production at year 2020 (Aho-

nen ym. 2012, 12).

MTT have surveyed areas possible for biogas production by location, volumes

and features of biomasses. Picture 8 illustrates methane potential denser of

Turku and Salo regions and Table 10 scenarios for bio masses, methane poten-

tial and number of possible bio gas plants (4 MW) within Turku and Salo region.

Ahonen ym. 2012, 13.)

Possible locations of biogas plants within the regions of Turku and Salo have in

turn been illustrated at the Picture 9. MTT has determined locations of biogas

plants by location of available biomasses. At Turku 76 % and at Salo 72 % of

potential biomasses would be used in biogas facilities. Most important raw ma-

terial would in all facilities be field biomass. (Ahonen ym. 2012, 14-15)

Table 10. Biomasses, methane potential and number of possible biogas plants

(Ahonen ym. 2012, 13).

Biomass

tTS/v Methanepotential

GWh/v Number of 4 MW bi-

ogas plants

Turku 402000 1030 32

Salo 319500 830 25

Biomassa Turku region (tTS/a) Salo region (tTS/a) Total (tTS/a)

Communal bio waste

Industrial bio waste

Communal and industrial waste water sludge

Manure

Energy plants

Agricultural effluent

Total

6 200 1 400 7 600

2 000 1 300 3 300

12 000 1 600 13 600

54 300 26 600 80 900

201 400 176 500 377 900

126 000 112 100 238 100

401 900 319 500 721 400

47


Picture 8. Methane potential is SW Finland (Ahonen ym. 2012, 13).

Picture 9. Locations of possible biogasplants (Ahonen ym. 2012, 14).

48


According preceding it is certain that biomasses can produce remarkable

amount of energy in Southwest-Finland. Although meeting objectives set to year

2020 also other renewable sources such as wind and solar energy should be

widely utilized and energy effiency and savings in all sectors should be im-

proved.

49


9 CONCLUSIONS

At Southwest-Finland exist yet only marginally utilized but vast biomass poten-

tial usable for energy production. Wood biomasses holds majority of biomass

potential but manure, sludge, field biomass, uncultivated biomass, industrial ef-

fluent and bio waste also form significant source of energy possible to utilize

more efficiently in energy production.

Among other things restraining climate change and greenhouse gasses, in-

creasing energy safety, local employment and security in supply encourage uti-

lizing more biomasses in energy production. European Commission will bridle

plants usable for food production available from energy production. In future fi-

nancial supports will be controlling which biomass will be utilized by energy pro-

duction. New alignments may significantly add utilization of for example reed,

RCG, different effluents, waste and alga.

Utilization stage of many biomasses is yet under development. Many practical

solutions are needed in order to increase wider scale energy utilization of bio-

masses. In Finland high availability of wood biomasses has led to situation

where demand of other biomasses has not existed. Also technology suitable for

different types of biomasses may not yet be widely available and financial sup-

port for biomass utilization is in equate. In comparison Denmark lacking wood

masses has been supporting energy usage of straw.

At Southwest-Finland utilization of biomasses with high potential will most likely

increase. This requires adopting newest technologies and utilitarian support

system but also development in demand and supply of biomasses is essential.

This requires national level control and possible developing support (for exam-

ple feed-in tariff). Also lack of knowledge, economic profitability, lack of suitable

technology and prejudice and stance may set limits for biomass based energy

production.

50


Most economic and efficient biomass utilization may most likely be combined

process were biomass is first used as a raw material and only effluent of pro-

cesses and waste will be used in energy production.

Results have shown that biomass potential in Southwest-Finland holds potential

to produce majority of renewable sources based energy. Still major changes are

needed in energy sector in order to meet objective of 40 % renewable energy

based energy production. This requires adopting new technologies and other

renewable energy sources like wind and solar energy besides biomasses. Also

energy efficiency and savings holds major part meeting the objective.

This report has reviewed mainly maximum biomass potential. Nevertheless, to

the available volume of bioenergy not only maximum biomass potential influ-

ence but also technical-economical viewpoints, society and environmental pro-

tection have to be considered.

51


REFERENCES

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Alho, P.; Halonen, S.; Kuuluvainen, M. & Matilainen, H. 2010. Hevosenlannan hyötykäytön ke-hittäminen. Turun ammattikorkeakoulu. Raportteja 106. Turku 2010. Viitattu 17.12.2012 http://julkaisut.turkuamk.fi > Luonto ja ympäristö.

Alm, M. 2011 Bioenergia Toimialaraportti 8/2011, TEM:N ja ELY -keskusten julkaisu. Viitattu 8.12.2012 www.temtoimialapalvelu.fi > Toimialaraportit > Raportit > Uusiutuva energia > Bio-energia 2011 (pdf).

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