proizvodi i usluga

7/30/2019 proizvodi i usluga

1/19

Fl|jn{acjm bajb|{ljswbm zjnno bpndmslsn x{amzpacn m |wd|in | fl|jn{acjaffn{blsmji|

Basa{$ japlfkn{ ;8>;*iacmjl Xnil >

\pac

Bpndmslsnj x{amzpac ol j|nj$ ndm jl m capadonj |wdap b{lm{njon m awspn{mpnjon |wxolen jn

mjaws{njaf s{ms|* X{amzpacm | x{nbwm fai| kmsm jnfmoljoljm xaolcmjnjmf xas{anmfn$

cafnmjwspmfn m mjc|ws{mowbmf b|xgmfn*

Smx mdm bnslia{mon x{amzpacn ax{lcoldo|ol m wpl awsndl ldlfljsl fn{blsmjin baom l wl

ba{mwsmsm jn {nzdmmsmf s{msmfn$ | fl|jn{acjmf m idakndjmf {nzfol{nfn* \wxoljn

ws{nslimon znesolpn {nz|fmolpnjol olcmjwspljl p{molcjawsm x{amzpacn baon l kmsm mzpa{

bajb|{ljswbl x{lcjawsm bafxnjmol* X{mfoljaf apnbpl ws{nslimol zjngnoja wl |wxlja

awspn{|o| gmdolpm ol{ xawsaom x{lxazjnsdompn wxawakjaws bafxnjmol cn {lndmz|ol wpaol

nbsmpjawsm kadol ac bajb|{ljnsn* Wmlfljw&ap fasa zn bpndmsls$ jn x{mfol{$ idnwm? +Bpndmsls ol

bnc wl jnm b|xgm p{nsl$ n x{amzpacm jl* N xawdapja x{npmda mwsmgl cn ol jnokadom ajno

x{amzpac baom cajawm jnopll fai|gl l`lbsl jn gmdojaf s{ms|*

W|xl{ma{jm bpndmsls xaplnpn b|xlp| daondjaws$ capacm ca xajapjl b|xapmjl m |wfljl

x{axninjcl* Fl|smf$ mws{nmpnjon wx{aplcljn xawdolcjome iacmjn |bnz|o| cn ol b|xgmfn

bpndmsls x{amzpacn xawsna jlsa wsa wl alb|ol ac wpnbai x{amzpacn m cn wpl fnjol xacwsml

jn b|xapmj|*

Bpndmsls x{amzpacn x{lcwsnpdon j|nj |wdap m x{lsxawsnpb| zn awspn{mpnjol xawdapjai|wxlen jn cafnlf m fl|jn{acjaf s{ms|* [ncm wl a p{da wsn{af m kmsjaf

bajb|{ljswbaf xn{nfls{|$ baom ol | wpmf `nznfn {nzpaon s{mjl x{mp{lcl m | wpmf

cldapmfn wplswbai s{msn | zjnnojao fl{m ax{lcldompna |wdapl m cmjnfmb| acpmonjon

{nzfljl*

Cnjnw wl pl onpdon m japm x{lxazjnsdompm xaonf & wplswbn bdnwn bpndmslsn & bna gmdo bafl

sll bafxnjmol wm{af zlfdol m baol zldl nxwad|sjm |wxole wn wpaomf x{lxazjnsdompmf

x{amzpacmfn jn idakndjaf s{ms| &FMG[AWA@S$FASA[ADN$ WAJ]$ NS&S$ XEMDMXW$ C\XAJS$ KFYmsc*


2/19


Basa{$ japlfkn{ ;8>;*iacmjl Xnil ;

>* FL\JN[ACJM BAJB\[LJSWBM _JNNO X[AM_PACN M \WD\IN

>*>* Mjws{|fljsndjn |dain x{amzpacn | fl|jn{acjaf fn{blsmji|

Ax{lcoldo|o|m mjws{|fljs fl|jn{acjai fn{blsmjin* Bpndmslsnj x{amzpac ol j|nj m

ax{lcoldo|o|m$ ndm jl m capadonj |wdap b{lm{njon m awspn{mpnjon |wxlen jn mjaws{njaf s{ms|*

X{amzpac bna mjws{|fljs fl|jn{acjai fn{blsmjin wnc{m bdo|jn akmdolon jn awjap| baome

ol fai|l ac{lcmsm xasljgmondj| bajb|{ljsjaws x{m jnws|x| jn mjaws{njaf s{ms|$ cab ol

agolj| xasx|jl bajb|{ljsjawsm fai|l mzplwsm wnfa jn awjap| |b|xjai x{ai{nfn

fn{blsmjbme nbsmpjawsm* Cnbdl$ xac x{amzpacaf xac{nz|flpnfa knzmj| fn{blsmjb|

xaj|c| baon ax{lcoldo|ol m |wfl{npn wpl awsndl fn{blsmjbl nbsmpjawsm* Knzmjn fn{blsmjbnxaj|cn fal cn wl onpm | `a{fm fnsl{mondjme x{amzpacn$ |wd|jme x{amzpacn mdm x{amzpacja&

|wd|jme xnblsn* Ajn xa x{npmd| mfn wpaol axmxdompl m jlaxmxdompl ns{mk|sl m p{molcjawsm zn

b{nojol b|xgl$ xas{anl m ba{mwjmbl* X{amzpacm fai| kmsm jnfmoljoljm xaolcmjnjmf

xas{anmfn$ cafnmjwspmfn m mjc|ws{mowbmf b|xgmfn* Snbal$ fai| cn wl {nzdmb|o| m xa

s{nojawsm$ cn k|c| bajgmxm{njm zn olcjab{nsj| m zn s{noj| |xas{lk|* \ wpnbaf wd|no|$ smx

mdm bnslia{mon x{amzpacn ax{lcoldo|ol m wpl awsndl ldlfljsl fn{blsmjin baom l wl ba{mwsmsm

jn {nzdmmsmf s{msmfn$ | fl|jn{acjmf m idakndjmf {nzfol{nfn*Bajb|{ljsjaws wl mzfl| awsndai cl`mjml m bna wxawakjaws ac{njon |ln jn s{ms| |

c|iaf {ab|*> Bajb|{ljswbn x{lcjaws | w|smjm x{lcwsnpdon slfldo$ jl wnfa fn{blsmji

ws{nslimol$ jlia m ws{nslimol `m{fl$ wepnljl bna jnmj jn baom bafxnjmon ldm cn wl jncfll

jn acnk{njaf s{ms| x{amzpacn bnba km awspn{mdn jlbl wpaol xawlkja cl`mjmwnjl gmdolpl*

X{lfn Xa{sl{|;$ x{mw|wspa$ acjawja acw|wspa wxlgm`mjme ns{mk|sn bac zlfndon cm{lbsja |sml

jn jomeap| mjc|ws{mowb| {nzpmoljaws m bajb|{ljsjaws* Bajb|{ljswb| x{lcjaws x{mp{lcn$ cnbdl$

ac{lc|o| lsm{m ns{mk|sn mdm clsl{fmjnjsl$ xac momf wl |smgnolf cadnzm ca wxlgm`mjl ws{|bs|{l

dabndjai xawdapjai ab{|zljon$ sl baol xacwsm|$ ndm m ai{njmnpno| awspn{mpnjol bajb|{ljswbl

x{lcjawsm* Wmwslfwbm xawfns{njl$ jnplcljl clsl{fmjnjsl mjl szp* jngmajndjm cmonfnjs+$ baom

lbajafmonfn afai|g|ol awspn{mpnjol bajb|{ljswbl x{lcjawsm | xaolcmjmf mjc|ws{monfn*

[l ol a wdlclmf clsl{fmjnjsnfn?

|wdapm baom ac{l|o| `nbsa{l x{amzpacjol$

|wdapm baom ac{l|o| s{njo|$

>

Aefnl$ B* Sel Jlus Idaknd Wsnil & Sel Genddljilw njc Axxa{s|jmsmlw mj A|{ Ka{cl{dlww Ya{dc$ Xln{wajLc|gnsmaj$ Mjg*$ Jly Ol{wl}$ ;88==5


3/19


Basa{$ japlfkn{ ;8>;*iacmjl Xnil 7

mjc|ws{mol baol x{lcwsnpdono| xac{wb| x{amzpacjom bajb|{ljswbme x{amzpacn m x{nsll

mjc|ws{mol$

ws{nslimon bafxnjmol$ ws{|bs|{n m wsnjol bajb|{ljgmol

Idakndjn fn{blsmji ws{nslimon s{lkn cn x{lcwsnpdon |wbdnljl nbsmpjawsm baol x{amzmdnzl mz

aciapn{no|l bajb|{ljswbl x{lcjawsm* \wxljn ws{nslimon zneslpn {nz|fmolpnjol olcmjwspljl

p{molcjawsm baon l kmsm mzpa{ bajb|{ljswbl x{lcjawsm bafxnjmol*7 Mfxdlfljsngmoaf apnbpl

ws{nslimol |wxlja wl awspn{|o| gmdolpm ol{ xawsaom x{lxazjnsdompn wxawakjaws bafxnjmol cn

{lndmz|ol wpaol nbsmpjawsm kadol ac bajb|{ljnsn*

>*; Bdnwm`mbngmon x{amzpacn

Wpl x{amzpacl ol$ x{lfn olcjao bdnwm`mbngmom$ fai|l bdnwm`mbapnsm | s{m i{|xl3?

>* Xas{ajn cak{n & cak{n mom ol pmolb s{nonjon b{nsnb* Akmja wl xas{al | sabaf olcjai mmmjlbadmba |znwsaxjme ba{msljon*

;* S{nojn cak{n& cak{n mom ol pmolb s{nonjon c|m* dzc{l plm k{ao |xas{lkn7* \wd|il & baol w| jlaxmxdompl m x{lcwsnpdono| ba{mws$ coldnsjaws mdm zncapadowspa znxas{ann$ n baol jn x{acno| cnol c{|in ws{njn & cnpnsldo |wd|ilX{lfn c{|iao bdnwm`mbngmom$ x{amzpacl ol fai|l xacmoldmsm | cpmol pldmbl i{|xl& x{amzpacl

m{abl xas{ajol w olcjl$ sl x{amzpacl x{amzpacjl xas{ajol w c{|il ws{njl*

Wmlfljw&ap fasa zn bpndmsls$ jn x{mfol{$ idnwm? +Bpndmsls ol bnc wl jnm b|xgm p{nsl$ n

x{amzpacm jl+*

Ac{lcmsm xadmsmb| x{amzpacn zn wpnba x{lc|zll ol ac mz|zlsjai zjnnon* Jn jo| |sml m

ac{l|ol ol jmz mjmagn?* p{wsn x{amzpacn baol a{injmzngmon j|cm jn s{zmws|$;* k{ao smxapn x{amzpacn$7* wslxlj bpndmslsn x{amzpacn %|wd|in-$3* wslxlj cm`l{ljgmondjawsm x{amzpacn a{injmzngmol | acjaw| jn x{amzpacl bajb|{ljgmol*

7

Bllinj$ Y* O* Idaknd Fn{blsmji Fnjnilfljs %9se lc*-* Jly Ol{wl}? X{ljsmgl Endd$ ;88;$ ws{*;=>3Wdnpa B|bm$ Fn{blsmji$ \jmpl{zmsls | Fawsn{|$ Fawsn{ ;889$ ws{* 788

;*iacmjl Xnil 3

>*7 X{lmwxmsmpnjol x{amzpacn | fl|jn{acjaf fn{blsmji|*

Wxlgm`mjawsm fl|jn{acjme cmfljzmon xdnjm{njon x{amzpacn x{amzmdnzl mz pmls{mjai

nwxlbsn joliapai xasp{mpnjon$ n smfl m cldapnjon jnplcljme `nbsa{n fl|jn{acjai

fn{blsmjbai ab{|ljon*

Wdmbn >* X{mbnz mpasjai gmbd|wn x{amzpacn?0

X{mdmbaf awfmdonpnjon ws{nslimol x{amzpacn | fl|jn{acjmf m idakndjmf {nzfl{nfn$ zn

wpnbm s{mja&x{amzpacjm `ab|w jlaxeacja ol clsndoja fn{blsmjbm x{lmwxmsmpnsm wdlclme xls

bajb|{ljswbme bn{nbsl{mwsmbn x{amzpacn? x{mfn{jn `|jbgmajndjn wp{en x{amzpacn$ wlb|jcn{jn

wp{en x{amzpacn$ s{nojaws m bpndmsls x{amzpacn$ flsac `|jbgmajmwnjon m ac{npnjol x{amzpacn

xa xaolcmjmf mjaws{njmf s{msmfn* Jnplcljn bajb|{ljswbn akldlon x{amzpacn fai| cn

mfno| {nzdmmsl mz{nzl$ xaolcmjnja mdm bafkmjapnja xawfns{nja$ | {nwxaj| ac f|dsmdabndjl

ca idakndjl xl{wxlbsmpl* @|jbgmajndjl bn{nbsl{mwsmbl fnsl{mondjme m |wd|jme x{amzpacn mdm

x{amzpacja&|wd|jme xnblsn | fl|jn{acjaf fn{blsmji| fa{no| cn wl mzpacl mz

bajb{lsjme s{mjme zneslpn m |wbdn|o| wn jomfn* Fl|jn{acjm s{mjm |wxle wl jl

awspn{|ol jnopmmf jmpaaf bpndmslsn `|jbgmajndjme bn{nbsl{mwsmbn fn{blsmjbl xaj|cl$ pl

jomeapaf jnonclbpnsjmoaf bafkmjngmoaf$ baon ol fnbwmfndja |wbdnljn wn zneslpmfn

bajb{lsjai s{msn* Nba km s{lknda mzcpaomsm olcj| ac fl|jn{acjme cmfljzmon baon mfn

jnoplm ws{nslimowbm zjnno m mfxdmbngmol zn b{lm{njol x{amzpacn ajcn ol sa wpnbnba bajglxs

0X{l|zlsa wn essx?!!xazlingp*ya{cx{lww*gaf!x{aolbsm!xawdapja!x{amzpac!


5/19


Basa{$ japlfkn{ ;8>;*iacmjl Xnil *3 Ws{nslimowbl pn{monjsl bajgmxm{njon x{amzpacn | FF*

Amsa cn ol x{amzpac bna mjws{|fljs fn{blsmjin wnf xa wlkm ws{nslimowbai bn{nbsl{n m cn

mfn zjnnojl ws{nslimowbl mfxdmbngmol jn awsndl mjws{|fljsl* Sa xawlkja cadnzm ca mz{nnon

m kmpn pmcdompa | fl|jn{acjaf fn{blsmji|* _nsa wl | dmsl{ns|{m |bnz|ol jn plm k{ao

ws{nslimowbme pn{monjsm b{lm{njon x{amzpacn | fl|jn{acjaf fn{blsmji|* Jnpacm wl cn

fl|jn{acja xdnjm{njol x{amzpacn fa{n cn {nz{lm wdlcll cmdlfl? baom x{amzpac jn baon

s{msn$ baol facm`mbngmol w| j|jl jn x{amzpac|$ baom japm x{amzpac |plwsm$ baol znsmsja

mfl m k{ljc ba{mwsmsm$ baol xnbapnjol$ bao| in{njgmo|$ xawdlx{acnojm Wl{pmw*Cno|m aciapa{l

jn jnplcljn xmsnjon fai|l ol wdlcmsm {nzdmmsl ws{nslimowbl x{mws|xl* Xaolcmjnja

xawfns{nja$ zn x{amzpac bna ldlfljns ws{nslimol fl|jn{acjai fn{blsmjbai jnws|xn

plz|ol wl jmz ws{nslimowbme acd|bn m ws{nslimowbme pn{monjsm jomeapai b{lm{njon m sa mz {nzdmmsme

9

K{njba [nbmsn$ Flco|jn{acjm fn{blsmji$ ac dabndjl ca idakndjl xl{wxlbsmpl$ Gljsn{ zn mzcnpnb| cldnsjaws

Lbajafwbai nb|dslsn | Klai{nc|$ Klai{nc ;88=* Ws{* ;87


6/19



|idapn xawfns{nja?5

&wsns|wjm bn{nbsl{ x{amzpacn dabndjm$ fl|jn{acjm$ idakndjm

&acjaw x{lfn cafnlf x{amzpac| wsnjcn{cmzngmon$ x{mdnianpnjol

&jnmj x{mdnianpnjon facm`mbapnjol xawsaolli x{amzpacn$ |paljol japai x{amzpacn$

&dmjmon x{amzpacn jngmajndjn m fl|jn{acjn %mjaws{njn-

&|b|xnj nwa{smfnj fl|jn{acjn x{amzpacjn wxlgmondmzngmon mdm |znb nwa{smfnj zn FF$

fl|jn{acjn x{amzpacjn cmpl{wm`mbngmon mdm m{ab nwa{smfnj zn FF*

Acd|b|$ xnb$ a safl sn x{amzpacmsm m xdnwm{nsm jn s{msl$ wpnba x{lc|zll fal cajmolsm jn

lsm{m awjapjn jnmjn=?

>*x{amzpacmsm m xdnwm{nsm jn s{msl x{amzpac bnbnp jn s{ms| pl xawsaom$;* x{amzpacmsm x{amzpac baom wl s{nm7* njsmgmxm{nsm jlsa sa l wl | k|c|jawsm s{nmsm3* x{amzpacmsm x{amzpac baom jmol s{nlj$ ndm baom b|xgmfn fal cajmolsm pldmba

zncapadowspa

Jn b{no|$ falfa {lm cn ol jlaxeacjn wplws{njn njndmzn s{abapn m l`lbnsn cn km wl

{nz{lmdl wpl ws{nslimowbl cmdlfl plznjl zn b{lm{njol fnsl{mondjme x{amzpacn$ |wd|jme

x{azpacn m x{amzpacja& |wd|jme xnblsn | fl|jn{acjaf fn{blsmji|* Xawdapja x{npmda ol

cn ol jnokadom ajno x{amzpac baom cajawm jnopll l`lbsl jn gmdojaf s{ms|*

>*< Fl|jn{acjn xazmgmon x{amzpacn pmwabl slejadaimol

X{amzpacm pmwabl slejadaimol m mjc|ws{mol lwsa wl w|w{l| wn wsnjcn{cmfn x{amzpacjme

xl{`a{fnjwm baol wl {nzdmb|o| ac zlfdol ca zlfdol* \ w|smjm$ mzpazjmgm wl lwsaw|anpno|

wn cmdlfaf cn dm cn xawsnj| bafxnjmol baol x{mfljo|o| pmlws{|bl wsnjcn{cl* Wpnbnba cn

{lndmzngmon ws{nslimol f|dsmxdl wsnjcn{cmzngmol x{amzpacn pmwabl slejadaimol zn xas{lklfl|jn{acjai fn{blsmjin | zjnnojao fl{m xaplnpn s{abapl s{mjai jnws|xn* Klz

fmjmfndjai akmfn x{acnol$ bafxnjmon fal cn wl ac{lbjl fai|jawsm mzpazn jn bajb{lsja

s{msl |badmba s{abapm ncnxsngmol x{lpnzmdnzl fai|jawsm xawdn* X{amzpanm bafxo|sl{n

snbal fa{no| cn |zf| | akzm{ x{mdnianpnjol x{amzpacn {nzdmmsmf slejadaimonfn m

s{mjmf wsnjcn{cmfn ba{mljon m |xas{lkl* Olcjn ac jnoslme acd|bn bao| fl|jn{acjl

bafxnjmol fa{no| cn cajlw| olwsl cn dm cn x{afljl cabnznjl x{amzpacl baom w| wl cak{a

5K{njba [nbmsn$ ax* gms*$ ws{* ;83

=Wdnpa B|bm$ ax* gms*$ ws{ 78;


7/19



x{acnpndm | x{adawsm* Xajlbnc$ bafxnjmon fal kmsm | xazmgmom cn x{afljm cabnznjm

cmznoj bnba km xawsmidn bajb|{ljswb| x{lcjaws* Fl|jn{acja a{moljsmwnjl bafxnjmol lwsa

wl w|anpno| wn cmdlfaf cn dm awsnsm pl{nj s{ncmgmom m pl cabnznjaf |wxle| x{ax|sno|m

jlb| ac fl|jn{acjme s{mjme njwm*

>*0* Mjws{|fljsndjn |dain |wd|in | fl|jn{acjaf fn{blsmji|

[nzfl{l fl|jn{acjai fn{blsmjin |wd|in* Sl{gmon{jm wlbsa{ ak|epnsn>8?

>* bdnwmjl |wd|il s{iapmjn$ wnak{nno$ s|{mznf$ i{nlpmjn{wspa$ pdncmjl |wd|il2;* kmzjmw |wd|il mdm x{a`lwmajndjl |wd|il baf|jmbngmol$ {n|japacwspa m {lpmzmon$

fn{blsmji m ncpl{snozmji$ bajwndsmji m x{npjl |wd|il2

7* japl |wd|il cmimsndjl l{l mj`a{fnsmbn$ Mjsl{jls$ x{ai{nfm{njol$ x{ls{nmpnjol$ c{|il|wd|il wa`mwsmgm{njai bn{nbsl{n bna xac{bn {nzpao| pmwabl slejadaimol*

X{amzpacjon |wd|in ol xawsndn cafmjnjsjn lbajafwbn nbsmpjaws | plmjm zlfndon$ klz akzm{n

jn jomeap jmpa {nzpaon* Wplswbn knjbn x{agljo|ol cn |wd|jm wlbsa{ mjm x{lba 08, wplswbai

KCX* X{agljo|ol wl cn |wd|il mjl aba olcjl s{lmjl KCX | jmwba {nzpmoljmf

lbajafmonfn$ jlsa x{lba xadapmjl KCX | w{lcjol {nzpmoljmf lbajafmonfn$ n aba cpls{lmjl KCX | pmwaba {nzpmoljmf lbajafmonfn* Fl|jn{acjm fn{blsmji |wd|in mjm aba

;8, |b|xjl fl|jn{acjl s{iapmjl* sa sp{cm cn apno xacnsnb xasgljo|ol x{np| pldmmj|

idakndjl s{iapmjl |wd|infn* Fjail |wd|il mws{nmpnjon s{msn$ fn{blsmjin$ s{njwxa{sn$

akldlnpnjon m xnbapnjon$ x{npjai bajwndsmjin$ mzpazjme |x|swsnpn m awsndme |wd|in baol w|

cawsn znws|xdoljl jn cafnlf s{ms|$ p{da lwsa jmw| nclbpnsja x{mbnznjl | wsnsmwsmbnfn

wxadojl s{iapmjl xaolcmjme zlfndon*

Plmjn {nzpmoljme zlfndon mfn mjsl{lw zn {nws|af idakndmzngmoaf |wd|in ol{ ol wnwsnpjm cla

jomeapl lbajafmol$ |x{npa s{iapmjn |wd|infn* Lbajafmon WNC xadnba xawsnol lbajafmon

|wd|in$ n wdmjl sljcljgmol xawsaol m | lbajafmonfn awsndme {nzpmoljme zlfndon | _nxncjao

Lp{axm m Onxnj|* Pdncl fjaime {nzpmoljme zlfndon m zlfndon | {nzpao| cnjnw jnwsaol cn

cl{li|dm| m dmkl{ndmz|o| x{lseacja jngmajndmzapnjl mjc|ws{mol |wd|in {ncm b{lm{njon

l`mbnwjmol mj`{nws{|bs|{l |wd|in* \ safl wl aidlcn ldon pdncn pldmbai k{aon zlfndon cn

b{lm{no| l`mbnwj|$ s{abapja& l`lbsmpj| m bajb|{ljsj| mj`{nws{|bs|{|* Cl{li|dngmon |c{|ljn

wn dmkl{ndmzngmoaf ol pldmbm xacwsmgno {nzpaon s{iapmjl |wd|infn*

>8K{njba [nbmsn$ ax* gms*$ ws{* ;83


8/19



Badmba iac ac{lcljm x{amzpan slm wspa{msm bpndmslsnj japm x{amzpac zn ws{nja s{msl$ aj

s{lkn | wpaf njndmsmba&mws{nmpnbaf x{aglw| |zlsm | akzm{ lbajafwbl mjmagl$ jn{amsa ajl

sa wpacl ac{lljl x{lsxawsnpbl axsmfndjawsm | {lndjl abpm{l lbajafwbl {n|jmgl*

Sa zjngm cn wl mclol cmznojl{n$ bajws{|bsa{n$ x{aolbsnjnsn m awsndme ws{|jonbn baom ldl s{ms|x{|msm x{amzpac axsmfndjme bpndmsnsmpjme awakmjn$ w|anpno| wl | x{nbwm w ai{njmnpno|mf

`nbsa{mfn>>?

>* gmoljaf k|c|li x{amzpacn m s{abapmfn x{amzpacjol;* nxwa{xgmajaf wjniaf ws{njme s{msn*

_kai sain fl|jn{acja x{lc|zll baol jnfol{npn awpaomsm japm x{amzpac s{lkn slfldoja

x{a|msm

m mws{nmsm wpnba ws{nja s{msl sl cakmsm onwj| wdmb| a xawsaolmf acjawmfn s{mjme awakmjn m{nwxajn x{acnojme gmoljn zn x{amzpacl baom pl xawsaol jn s{ms| m baom wd|zl mwsao jnfoljm$ bna

sa km wd|ma x{amzpac sa in mwsaf jnfol{npn awpaomsm* Plzn mzfl| bpndmslsn x{amzpacn m

fn{blsmjin p{da ol onbn$ snba cn kadom bpndmsls x{amzpacn {lz|ds|ol? w|xl{ma{jmf

xl{`a{fnjgnfn$ xa|zcnja|$ s{noja|$ dnbaaf ac{npnjon$ |wbdnmpnjolf mdm

jncfnmpnjolf awakmjn bajb|{ljswbai x{amzpacn m w|xl{ma{ja| wl{pmwn %k{zmjn$ do|knzjaws m

bafxlsljsnj xawsb|xapjm wl{pmw-* W|xl{ma{jm bpndmsls xaplnpn b|xlp| daondjaws$ capacm ca

xajapjl b|xapmjl m |wfljl x{axninjcl* Fl|smf$ mws{nmpnjon x{aplcljn xawdolcjome iacmjn|bnz|o| cn ol b|xgmfn bpndmsls x{amzpacn xawsna jlsa wsa wl alb|ol ac wpnbai x{amzpacn m

cn wpl fnjol xacwsml jn b|xapmj|* Jn x{mfol{2 mws{nmpnjon Sel [axl{ A{injmznsmaj | WNC&

| xabnz|o| cn ol pnjaws bpndmslsn bna `nbsa{n |smgnon jn b|xapmj|$ wfnjoljn wn 3=, | >=9*0*> Mjsl{jngmajndmzngmon xawdapjme |wd|in*

Olcjn ac jnoznws|xdoljmome bnslia{mon mzpazn |wd|in cnjnw olw| kmzjmw |wd|il* \wd|il

|wfl{ljl jn xawdapjl b|xgl baol w| pl mfndl |wxlen jn cafnlf s{ms| pl{apnsja l

mfnsm |wxlen m jn mjaws{njmf s{msmfn* Jlbl ac |wd|in baol w| fn{blsm{njl wn jnopml

|wxlen | mjaws{njwsp| w| `mjnjwmowbl |wd|il* Ncpl{snozmji niljgmol w| snbal x{am{mdl

wpaol nbsmpjawsm | idakndjmf {nzfl{nfn$ kmda i{nljolf f{ll `mdmondn mdm wxnonjolf wn

dabndjmf niljgmonfn* Wdmjl ws{nslimol x{mfljmdl w| {n|japacwspljl$ {lpmza{wbl m

bajw|dsnjswbl `m{fl* Niljgmol m `m{fl zn fn{blsmjbn mws{nmpnjon snbal w| | zjnnojao

>>Oaza X{lpmm$ |{njn Az{lsm&Calj$ Flco|jn{acjm fn{blsmji$ Fnwflcmn$ _ni{lk$ >===$ ws{*


9/19


Basa{$ japlfkn{ ;8>;*iacmjl Xnil =

fl{m mjsl{jngmajndmzapndl wpaol nbsmpjawsm* Mzpaz kmzjmw |wd|in jnopml ol znws|xdolj |

{nzpmoljmf lbajafmonfn bna sa w| WNC$ Eadnjcmon$ @{njg|wbn$ Onxnj$ Pldmbn K{msnjmon$

Jlfnbn m Msndmon* Fl|jn{acjl {n|japacwspljl m bajw|dsnjswbl |wd|il campldl w|

ai{afnj {nws | xl{mac| idakndmzngmol xawdapnjon* Idnpjl `m{fl xaldl w| cn {nzfmdono|idakndja m cn m{l wpaol axl{ngmol jn {nzjn s{msn m{af wplsn* Jnoplmf cldaf sa ol kma

{lz|dsns x{nljon jnidnljai x{aglwn mjsl{jngmajndmzngmol m idakndmzngmol xawdapnjon

jnozjnnojmome bdmoljnsn* _n pacll {lpmza{wba& bajw|dsnjswbl `m{fl fl|jn{acjm x{meac

xawsna ol plm ac cafnli x{meacn*

Dmkl{ndmzngmon s{iapmjl | Lp{axm capldn ol ca xa{nwsn fl|jn{acjai kmzjmwn m wxnonjon*

\jm`mbngmon lp{axwbl {li|dnsmpl ol xaplndn k{ao fl|jn{acjme fl{cl{n m nbpmzmgmon*

m{ljol Lp{axwbl \jmol b{lm{nda ol s{njo| zn x{npjmgmfn baom w| wx{lfjm cn znws|xno| L\$ nx{mpnsmzngmon fjaime x{lc|zln | Mwsajao Lp{axm b{lm{ndn ol awaklj {|cjmb zdnsn zn x{|njol

x{npjme |wd|in* K{msnjwbl m nfl{mbl ncpabnswbl m x{npjl bajw|dsnjswbl `m{fl cakmdl w|

k{aojl fai|jawsm zn wpaol xawdapl | mjaws{njwsp|* @{njg|wbn m Onxnj w| |wxawsnpmdl

dabndjl zneslpl cn km |wxa{mdm {nws k{msnjwbme m nfl{mbme `m{fm | jomeapmf zlfdonfn* \x{baw

apao {li|dngmom x{npjn x{a`lwmon ol xawsndn oa olcjn idakndjn |wd|jn cldnsjaws*

>*0*; Mjsl{jngmajndmzngmon xas{anbme |wd|in*Acd|bl a fl|jn{acjaf fn{blsmji| |wd|in w| xaplznjl wn ws{|bs|{af wnfme |wd|in*

X{lc|zll fa{n cn acd|m baol |wd|il l cn x{acnol mdm cn xaj|cm jn bajb{lsjmf mjaws{njmf

s{msmfn m bnba |wd|in s{lkn cn wl cmznojm{n* Xas{lkja ol snbal cajlsm acd|b| a wnc{no| m

jnmj| jn baom l wl mwx|jmsm |wd|in* Iljl{ndja$ xawsaol fnjol fai|jawsm zn lbajafmo|

akmfn | wd|no| wsnjcn{cmzngmol |wd|in m{af wplsn$ | acjaw| jn wsnjcn{cmzngmo|

fnsl{mondjme x{amzpacn* Xawdapjl |wd|il fai|l ol | plao fl{m wsnjcn{cmzapnsm$ znsa sa w|

xas{lkl bafxnjmon |jm`a{fjmol ac xas{lkn mjcmpmc|ndjme xas{ann* Dmjl |wd|il xacdl|

b|ds|{jmf m wagmondjmf |smgnomfn | zjnsja pllf akmf| ac xawdapjme |wd|in* Xas{lkja ol

jomeapa pll x{mdnianpnjol dabndjmf |wdapmfn* Fn{blsmji |wd|in zn xas{anl ol sll

aklzklcmsm ac fn{blsmjin |wd|in jnfljoljme mjc|ws{mowbmf b|xgmfn* Fjail xas{anbl

|wd|il fa{no| cn wl x{mdniacl dabndjmf |wdapmfn cn km kmdl |wxlja x{mepnljl*


10/19


Basa{$ japlfkn{ ;8>;*iacmjl Xnil >8

>*9 Fl|znpmwjaws mjsl{jngmajndmzngmol x{amzpacn m |wd|in

Fl|jn{acjm fn{blsmji x{amzpacn m |wd|in fl|wakja wl wpl pml |wdapdonpno| m x{lxdm|*

Sa ol jnodnbl wnidlcnsm b{az?

> * wlbsa{wb| xac{b| |wd|jme a{injmzngmon mzpaz| fnsl{mondjl x{amzpacjol2; * wpl plm zjnno x{nslme m cacnsme |wd|in | fl|jn{acjaf fn{blsmji| bajb{lsjme

x{amzpacn2

7 * cax{mjawl x{amzpacn pmwabl slejadaimol idakndjao n`m{fngmom |wd|in*Wdmbn 7*Fl|znpmwjaws fn{blsmjin x{amzpacn m |wd|in | FFX>>@

>;

Klz nclbpnsjai x{mws|xn knjbn{wbaf wlbsa{|$ awmi|{njo|$ {n|japacwsp|$ ncpl{snozmji|$

sldlbaf|jmbngmonfn m s{njwxa{s|$ x{amzpanm m mzpazjmgm fnsl{mondjme x{amzpacn$ ac

x{mfn{jme xadoax{mp{lcjme ca wa`mwsmgm{njme x{amzpacn pmwabl slejadaimol$ w|w{l| wl wnslbanfn | fl|jn{acjaf xawdapnjo| m fn{blsmji|* Ajl zlfdol baol jl fai| cn

aklzklcl xaldonj jmpa x{nslme |wd|in wpaomf mzpazjmgmfn m fl|jn{acja a{moljsmwnjmf

x{lc|zlmfn w|anpno| wl wn pldmbmf x{akdlfmfn lbajafwbai {nwsn m fl|jn{acjmf

bajb|{ljswbmf znawsnonjolf* Fjail pldmbl bafxnjmol s{nl ac wpaome caknpdonn |wd|in cn

x{nsl jomeap| mjsl{jngmajndmzngmo| xawdapnjon* Cn km wl adnbndl fl|c{npjl `mjnjwmowbl

s{njwnbgmol bafxnjmol njin|o| knjb| baon fal cn aklzklcm |wd|il fl|jn{acjai

xdnsjai x{aflsn m b{lcmsjl xac{bl zn jomeapl mjaws{njl `mdmondl* Knjbn fa{n cn x{nsm

>;K{njba [nbmsn$ ax* gms*$ ws{* ;89


11/19


Basa{$ japlfkn{ ;8>;*iacmjl Xnil >>

bdmoljsl$ n nba mfn slban s{lkn cn |wxawsnpm caiapa{ wn dabndjmf `mjnjwmowbmf

mjwsms|gmonfn aba zncapadoljon `mjnjwmowbme xas{lkn bdmoljnsn* X{nljol bdmoljnsn afai|npn

m c{|imf |wd|jmf caknpdonmfn cn k{l m |wxljmol mjsl{jngmajndmz|o| m idakndmz|o|

axl{ngmol* B|xgm w| p{lfljaf xawsndm fjaia zneslpjmom$ xn jmol pml olcjawsnpjazncapadomsm jomeapl xas{lkl* Ajm jl alb|o| wnfa pmwaba bpndmslsjl x{amzpacl$ pl

alb|o| m pmwab jmpa |wd|in* \wd|il lwsa mjl m mjsli{ndjm cla xaj|cl x{amzpann

axmxdompme x{amzpacn* Bpndmslsnj wl{pmw ol xawdapjm mfxl{nsmp |wxljai fl|jn{acjai

fn{blsmjin* Bajb|{ljswbn x{lcjaws wl wpl pml cawsml bajb|{ljswbmf cm`l{ljgm{njolf

nclbpnsjmf |wd|infn baol x{lcwsnpdono| cacnsnb bpndmsls| x{amzpacn* Bafxnjmol fa{no| cn

x{|l b|xgmfn pmwab jmpa x{nslme |wd|in$ baol fai| cn xafaij| x{m jomeapaf

acd|mpnjo| a b|xapmjm m xa|zcnjaf jnmj| ba{mljon x{amzpacn* Wmi|{ja ol cn apnbpmwl{pmwm xac{bl mfno| pnj| |dai| | {nws| idakndjai fn{blsmjin m |wd|in m fnsl{mondjme

x{amzpacn*

[nzpaolf japl slejadaimol$ |wd|jl a{injmzngmol fai| fjaia dnbl cn x{lpdncno|

kn{mol{l x{|njon |wd|in | fl|jn{acjmf {nzfl{nfn$ so* cn wl{pmwm{no| xas{anl klz

akzm{n jn p{lfl m {nzcndomj|*Slejadabl mjapngmol | baf|jmbngmajao slejadaimom zjnnoja

fljono| x{lsxawsnpbl m jnmjl x{|njon |wd|in | idakndjmf {nzfl{nfn*

>*5 Acdmbl fl|jn{acjai fn{blsmjin |wd|in

Mznzap fl|jn{acjai fn{blsmjin |wd|in x{amzmdnzm mz mjoljmgl cn wl |wd|il xa k{aojmf

bn{nbsl{mwsmbnfn {nzdmb|o| ac fnsl{mondjme x{amzpacn %jlaxmxdompaws$ elsl{ailjaws$

jl{nzcpaompaws m jlacdampaws-* Cmfljzmol baol w| zjnnojl zn xawsmznjol w|xl{ma{jai

bpndmslsn |wd|il w|? xa|zcnjaws$ caws|xjaws$ k{zmjn mwxa{|bl$ gljapjn bajb|{ljsjaws$

w|w{lsdompaws m do|knzjaws$ baf|jmbngmon$ b{lcmkmdmsls$ wmi|{jaws$ {nz|flpnjol xas{ann m

joliapai p{lcjawjai wmwslfn* _kai wagmab|ds|{jme {nzdmbn$ cmfljzmol bpndmslsn |wd|il

s{lknda km cn k|c| {nzdmmsa jnidnljl jn {nzdmmsmf s{msmfn$ bnba km ac{nzmdl xas{lkl

fljsndjai wbdaxn xas{ann | zlfdom mz baol ajm cadnzm*

Jlaxmxdompaws |wd|il xac{nz|flpn cn |wd|in jl fal kmsm slwsm{njn x{l b|xapmjl$ sa

aslnpn cajaljol acd|bl a b|xapmjm* Jlaxmxdompaws x{lcwsnpdon pldmbm mznzap zn

fl|jn{acjm fn{blsmji ol{ wl x{apnocl{m |wd|in w|anpno| wn slbaaf baf|jmgm{njon

|wd|il xas{an|* Jmol dnba aklzklcmsm `mzmbm cabnz a ba{mwjawsm |wd|il x{l b|xapmjl*

Xas{anm fa{no| cn wl awdajl jn lbwsl{jl xn{nfls{l x{lseacja mwb|wspa$ dmj| x{acno|$

x{lxa{|b| fjaia pml jlia sa ol sa wd|no bac fnsl{mondjme x{amzpacn* \ plzm wn


12/19


Basa{$ japlfkn{ ;8>;*iacmjl Xnil >;

wslxljaf axmxdompawsm ol m wslxlj awlsdompawsm ab{|ljon* \wd|in wn pldmbmf wslxljaf

awlsdompawsm ab{|ljon ol | plao fl{m znpmwjn ac nfkmoljsn$ dabngmol mdm nsfaw`l{l | baoao wl

x{|n$ m ak{j|sa*

_kai elsl{ailjawsm |wd|in m jomeapl x{afljdompl x{m{acl fjaia ol sll wsnjcn{cmzapnsmjomeap| x{amzpacjo|* X{apnocl{m wl w|anpno| wn x{akdlfaf wsnjcn{cmzngmol m |olcjnnpnjon

bpndmslsn jn idakndjaf jmpa|$ jnwsaolm cn xaplno| zncapadowspa xas{ann | wpmf

zlfdonfn | baomfn xawd|o|* Wfnjompnjol elsl{ailjawsm fal wl xawsmm? {mia{azjmf

x{ai{nfmfn ak|bl m xajnnjon znxawdljme$ wsnjcn{cmzngmoaf awjapjme x{aglwn m znfljaf

do|cm fnmjnfn*

Jlacpaompaws x{amzpacjol m xas{ajol onpdon wl ol{ ol xas{an wnwsnpjm cla x{aglwn

x{amzpacjol |wd|il* X{apnocl{m |wd|in baom xawd|o| pnj jngmajndjme i{njmgn fai| mfnsmx{akdlfn wn x{mfljaf ws{nslimol wlifljsngmol m xaplzmpnjolf wpaol xaj|cl wn gmdojmf

wlifljsmfn* Apa jn{amsa cadnzm ca mz{nnon bncn ol w{lcmjn f|dsmb|ds|{jn m

f|dsmjngmajndjn* Mjsl{jngmajndmzngmon |wd|in znawsnol zn mjsl{jngmajndmzngmoaf fnsl{mondjme

x{amzpacn* Sa ol cak{mf cldaf zkai xas{lkl zn mwsap{lfljmf x{mw|wspaf x{amzpann m

xas{ann$ bna m zkai sain sa wl jl fal {nzcpaomsm x{amzpacjon ac xas{ajol |wd|il*

Xawsaom xaplznjaws mzfl| wslxljn axmxdompawsm m wslxljn acdampawsm |wd|il* sa ol jmm

wslxlj axmxdompawsm$ plm ol wslxlj jlacdampawsm mdm bpn{dompawsm |wd|il* _kai wpaoljlacdampawsm |wd|il wl jl fai| jm wbdncmsmsm jm xnbapnsm* Wpnbn jlx{acnsn |wd|in zjnm

x{ax|slj| x{mdmb| zn x{acno| m mzi|kdoljm x{a`ms zn x{apnocl{n |wd|il jn kmda baf s{ms| |

wplswbmf {nzfl{nfn*

;* BPNDMSLS X[AM_PACN \ FL\JN[ACJAF FN[BLSMJI\

;*>* Fl|jn{acjafn{blsmjba p{lcjapnjol bpndmslsn

;*>*> Facl{nj bajglxs bpndmslsn

Bpndmsls x{amzpacn x{lcwsnpdon j|nj |wdap m x{lsxawsnpb| zn awspn{mpnjol xawdapjai |wxlen

jn cafnlf m fl|jn{acjaf s{ms|* [ncm wl a p{da wsn{af m kmsjaf bajb|{ljswbaf

xn{nfls{|$ baom ol | wpmf `nznfn {nzpaon s{mjl x{mp{lcl m | wpmf cldapmfn wplswbai

s{msn | zjnnojao fl{m ax{lcldompna |wdapl m cmjnfmb| acpmonjon {nzfljl* Wnf xaonf

bpndmslsn {nzdmmsa wl cl`mjmwna | {nzdmmsmf {nzpaojmf xl{macmfn$ ac ws{njl {nzdmmsme


13/19



x{a`lwmon m xaolcmjme n|sa{n* Jn olcjao ws{njm mfnfa slejmzm{nja xamfnjol bpndmslsn bna

wb|xn wpaowsnpn x{amzpacn? xl{`a{fnjwl$ slejmbl bn{nbsl{mwsmbl$ wmi|{jaws$ s{nojaws$

lbajafmjaws x{amzpacjol$ bafxnsmkmdjaws$ `|jbgmajndjaws m wd* Jn c{|iao ws{njm mfnfa

|x{npdonba m fn{blsmjba xamfnjol bpndmslsn bna mjsli{ndjl x{amzpacjl `a{flzncapadonpnjon xas{lkn ba{mwjmbn m xas{ann*

Facl{nj bajglxs xamfnjon bpndmslsn |x{npa n`m{fml mjsli{ndjm x{mws|x$ xn m Fl|jn{acjn

a{injmzngmon zn wsnjcn{cmzngmo| %MWA- jnidnnpn cn bpndmsls x{lcwsnpdon wb|x wpme

wpaowsnpn m bn{nbsl{mwsmbn x{amzpacn$ x{aglwn m |wd|in$ baom wl acjawm jn fai|jaws

zncapadonpnjon |sp{ljme mdm mjcm{lbsja mz{nljme xas{lkn* Bpndmsls ol wpacjm mz{nz zn wb|x

pmsndjme m axmxdompme `|jbgmajndjme wpaowsnpn x{amzpacn %s{nojaws$ xa|zcnjaws$ x{lgmzjaws$

dnban {|bapnjon$ dnban xax{npbl$ pldmmjn$ mzidlc***-$ wn olcjl ws{njl$ ndm m cacnsmewpaowsnpn$ x{nslme x{amzpacjme xaiacjawsm m s{mjme xn{nflsn{n$ baomfn ol fai|lxaplnsm

ns{nbsmpjaws m x{mepnsdompaws x{amzpacn$ jn xacdazm sa pll wnsmw`nbgmol b{nojome ba{mwjmbn m

xas{ann* Jnob{nl {llja$ bpndmsls x{lcwsnpdon jmpa wnsmw`nbgmol mdm zncapadowspn xas{ann*

Cnbdl$ wnp{lflja xamfnjol bpndmslsn ol fn{blsmjba$ n jl slejmzm{nja* Jmol gmdo x{amzplwsm

x{amzpac jnopmli jmpan bpndmslsn xaolcmjnjme `|jbgmajndjme bn{nbsl{mwsmbn$ pl ol gmdo

x{amzplwsm x{amzpac baom l cax{mjlsm jnoplao wnsmw`nbgmomxas{ann$ mjsli{ndja xawfns{nja*

Fn{blsmjba xamfnjol bpndmslsn |plb n`m{fml mjsli{ndjm$ n jl xn{gmondjm x{mws|x*Mjsli{ndjm bajglxsxamfnjon m |x{npdonjon bpndmslsaf x{mxmw|ol wl Onxnj| m wfns{n wl cn ol

aj olcnj ac bdo|jme `nbsa{n onxnjwbai fl|jn{acjai m wplswbai xawdapjai |wxlen xawdl

C{|iai wplswbai {nsn* Onxnjwbm bajglxs sasndjai |x{npdonjon bpndmslsaf %S^F>7 m o|ws mj

smfl- clgljmonfn ol zncnpna pldmbl x{akdlfl paclao fl|jn{acjao bajb|{ljgmom baon ol

cadnzmdn mz WNC m Lp{axl* Slb xawdlcjome clgljmon w| znxncjm bajb|{ljsm x{ajmbdm | snojl

onxnjwbl `mdaza`mol bpndmslsn$ wepnsmdm xawdapjm m fn{blsmjbm zjnno facl{jai bajglxsn

bpndmslsn$ {nzpmdm m nbsmpm{ndm waxwspljl ws{nslimol* Mjsli{ndjm bajglxs xamfnjon m |x{npdonjon

bpndmslsaf x{amzpacn | fl|jn{acjaf fn{blsmji| xac{nz|flpn |wbdnmpnjol m

bajb|{ljswba |jnx{lmpnjol s{m smxn mdm s{m jmpan x{amzpacjme ns{mk|sn? `mzmbme$ |wd|jme m

wmfkadmbme*

>7S^F& Sasnd ^|ndms} Fnjnilfljs %|x{npdonjol sasndjmf bpndmslsaf-


14/19



Wdmbn 3*Ns{|k|sm x{amzpacn | S^Fbajglxs|>3

@mzmbm ns{mk|sm$ bna sa w| pldmmjn$ slmjn$ mzidlc$ bajws{|bgmon m wd* {lnpno| wl b{az

x{aglw x{amzpacjol m jndnzl wl | cm{lbsjao plzm wn x{amzpacjmf s{abapmfn* _neslpm

lbajafmjawsm m s{abapjl bajb|{ljsjawsm | x{pm xdnj wsnpdono| fai|jawsm wsnjcn{cmzngmol

`mzmbme ns{mk|sn bpndmslsn x{amzpacn* [ncm wl a x{amzpacjmf xn{nfls{mfn bac baome w|

s{abapjm l`lbsm m l`lbsm ac lbajafmol akmfn ac mz|zlsjai zjnnon zn aklzklmpnjol

fl|jn{acjl bajb|{ljsjawsm$ xn ol sljon bn jomeapao sa plao wsnjcn{cmzngmom wnwpmf

{nz|fdompn* Bac `mzmbme xn{nflsn{n x{amzpacn ajn ol m jnopml mzpacdompn*

\wd|jm ns{mk|sm x{amzpacn %in{njgmon$ ac{npnjol$ xawdlx{acnojm wl{pmw$ {nwxadampaws

{lzl{pjme cldapn$ m wd***- {ldnsmpja wl sll wsnjcn{cmz|o| | fl|jn{acjmf {nzfl{nfn ol{ w|

|wdapm mdm x{nbwn x{|njon x{nslme x{amzpacjme |wd|in plafn {nzdmmsm xa zlfdonfn*

\wd|jm ns{mk|sm x{amzpacn fjaia pml znpmwl ac `nbsa{n ab{|ljon m b|ds|{l$ | acjaw| jn

`mzmbl ns{mk|sl*

Wmfkadmbm ns{mk|sm x{amzpacn |idnpjaf x{lcwsnpdono| mjsl{x{lsnsmpjl nwxlbsl xaolcmjme

`mzmbme ns{mk|sn | {nzdmmsmf b|ds|{nfn* Wmfkadmbm ns{mk|sm wl fai| awlsmsm m |mpnsm slb jn

s{ms| m bac xas{ann*X{asmp{ljawsm cldapnjon wmfkadmbme ns{mk|sn %jx{* mfmc$ {lx|sngmon$

x{lwsm$ znsmsjn mcljsmslswbn akldlon$ wjnin k{ljcn- zjnnoja wl xaplnpno| |

fl|jn{acjaf fn{blsmji|* Ws{njm xas{an wl xa x{npmd| jndnzm x{lc cmdlfaf awsnsm

x{mp{lj jngmajndjmf jnpmbnfn m wmfkadmfn mdm wl w|amsm wn mznzapaf x{afljl m mwbnzmpnjon

xapl{ljon ws{njaf mcljsmsls|*

>3K{njba [nbmsn$ ax* gms*$ ws{* ;>8


15/19


Basa{$ japlfkn{ ;8>;*iacmjl Xnil >*; W|anpnjol wn {nzdmmsmf jmpamfn bpndmslsn

X{amzpanm smxmja cmznojm{no| x{amzpacl snba cn mzn| | w|w{ls cafnmf wsnjcn{cmfn

xl{à{fnjwm bpndmslsn* Fl|smf$ apm wsnjcn{cm lwsa wl jl x{mfljo|o| | c{|imf zlfdonfn$

snba cn w| | ac{lljmf wms|ngmonfn xas{lkjl x{afljl x{amzpacn* X{amzpacm cmznojm{njm |

pmwaba {nzpmoljmf zlfdonfn fai| cn x{lpnzmdnzl albmpnjl zneslpl bpndmslsn | zlfdonfn |

{nzpao|* Xas{anm mz zlfndon | {nzpao| lwsa x{l`l{m{no| `|jbgmajndj| olcjawsnpjaws

x{amzpacn* Sa jmol wnfa zkai albmpnjl jml gljl$ pl m zkai sain cn km wl faina dnbl molcjawsnpjmol aklzklcmsm jlaxeacjm wl{pmw sabaf mpasjai gmbd|wn x{amzpacn* Fl|jn{acjl

bafxnjmol w| lwsa b{msmbapnjl zkai x{acnol x{amzpacn x{lsl{njme bpndmsnsmpjme wpaowsnpn |

wms|ngmonfn m jn s{msmfn icl m olcjawsnpjmom x{amzpacm fai| cn k|c| zncapadonpno|m m

x{mepnsdompm* Wn c{|il ws{njl$ x{amzpanm mz jl{nzpmoljme zlfndon w|amdm w| wl wn w|x{asjmf

mznzapaf* Ajm xa x{npmd| fa{no| cn |plno| xl{à{fnjwl jomeapme x{amzpacn bnba km mzndm

| w|w{ls wsnjcn{cmfn mjc|ws{mondmzapnjme zlfndon* Iljl{ndja iapa{lm$ xas{lkn zn |plnjmf

xl{à{fnjwnfn bpndmslsn slm cn xawsnjl wpl x{mw|sjmon$ cab w| fai|jawsm zn

xaolcjawsnpdompnjol xl{à{fnjwm bpndmslsn fnjol pmcdompl m fnjol fn{blsmjbm lbwxajm{njl*

Jlbncn x{amzpanm fa{no| cn x{afljl m xaolcjawsnpl |j|s{njo| `|jbgmajndj| ws{|bs|{|

x{amzpacn$ n sl x{afljl xas{an fnjol x{mfl|ol* Apl |j|s{njol x{afljl bpndmslsn

x{amzpacn fai| |plnsm |xas{lkj| p{lcjaws x{amzpacn m zjnnoja cax{mjlsm p{lcjawjaf

x{mdnianpnjol x{amzpacn japaf ab{|ljo|*

Bpndmsls x{amzpacn |wbdn|ol albmpnj| `|jbgmo| wn abadjawsmfn | baomfn wl |xas{lkdonpn

x{amzpac* X{amzpacm baom mfno| fnjo| mdm wdnkmo| wl{pmwj| xac{b| | cnsao zlfdom s{lknda km

>==9*$ ws{* 339


16/19



cn k|c| {lcmznojm{njm m x{mdnialjm bnba km jncabjncmdm fnjom jmpa wl{pmwn* Fl|smf$

apnbpa wfnjoljol bpndmslsn fal kmsm axnwja |badmba km faida xasljgmondja cn |i{azm

{lx|sngmo| m mfmc bafxnjmol* Jlbl fl|jn{acjl bafxnjmol wl ax{lcldo|o| zn x{amzpacjo|

c|kabme dmjmon x{amzpacn$ bnba km zncapadomdl {nzdmmsl wsnjcn{cl bpndmslsn xa xaolcmjmf ws{njmfs{msmfn*

;*>*7 Fn{blsmjbm zjnno fl|jn{acjme wsnjcn{cn bpndmslsn

Fl|jn{acjn A{injmzngmon zn Wsnjcn{cl %MWA-$ baon wl jndnzm | ljlpm$ | pnogn{wbao$

baa{cmjm{n x{aglw mjsl{jngmajndmzngmol m xawsnpdonjol idakndjme wsnjcn{cn bpndmslsn* Cn km

xawsnpmdm idakndjl wsnjcn{cl$x{lcwsnpjmgm mz {nzdmmsme zlfndon wl wnwsno| m xab|npno| cn wl

caiapa{l aba znolcjmbme wsnjcn{cn* Xajlbnc ajm |wpnono| wsnjcn{cl baom w| pl |wpaoljmac ws{njl bajb{lsjl zlfdol* Ac wpme fl|jn{acjme wsnjcn{cn bpndmslsn$ fl|jn{acjm

wsnjcn{cm wl{mol MWA =888 cnjnw w| jnoxazjnsmom* Awjapjn mclon m gmdo wl{mol wsnjcn{cn MWA

=888 olwsl cn wl cl`mjml olcmjwsplj wmwslf fljncfljsn bpndmslsn baom in{njs|ol cn l

x{amzpacm m |wd|il |plb aciapn{nsm zneslpmfn s{msn m xas{lknfn b|xngn*

Jnoplm bajb|{ljswbm m fn{blsmjbm cax{mjaw fl|jn{acjme wsnjcn{cn bpndmslsn ol

bajglxgmowbai bn{nbsl{n* X{lba jome x{lc|zll cl`mjml wpao xazmsmpnj acjaw x{lfn

bpndmsls|$ wnp{lflj fl|jn{acjm jnmj {nzfmdonjon$ wpao| a{injmzngmaj| wx{lfjaws m{lljaws cn wl wsndja |jnx{l|ol m ac{npn ldoljm bpndmsls* S{lkn jnxaflj|sm cn

xawlcapnjol wl{sm`mbnsn MWA =888 jl x{lcwsnpdon in{njgmo| cn w| x{amzpacm x{lc|zln

w|xl{ma{jm | acjaw| jn kmda baol c{|il* Wnwpmf ol xai{lja fmwdmsm cn ol sa wl{sm`bns a

bpndmsls| bajb{lsjai x{amzpacn*

Fl|smf$ xawsaom jlbadmba lpmcljsjme fn{blsmjbme l`lbnsn baom cadnzl ac x{mfljl wl{mol

wsnjcn{cn MWA =888>0?

>* wfnjompnjol k{aon jnbjncjme bajs{adn m {lbdnfngmon wn s{msn2;* ba{mljol bajsmj|m{njai x{aglwn p{lcjapnjon m bajs{adl bna x{mepnljai jnmjn

|jnx{lmpnjon xawdapnjon x{lc|zln2

7* ba{mljol wl{sm`mbnsn | x{afasmpjl wp{el$ clfajws{m{no|m x{mp{ljaws bafxnjmol

bpndmsls|2

3* aklzklmpnjol x{mws|xn jn ajmf s{msmfn baon mjwmwsm{no| jn x{mfljm a{injmzapnjai

wmwslfn bpndmslsn*

>0K{njba [nbmsn$ Fl|jn{acjm kmzjmw m fljncfljs$ Lbajafwbm nb|dsls | Klai{nc|$ Klai{nc ;880$ ws{* 797


17/19



;*;* Lbadabm nwxlbsm bpndmslsn | fl|jn{acjaf fn{blsmji| %i{llj x{ac|gsw-

Lbadabm x{akdlfm m lbadabn wplws* Cnjnw wl wnp{lfljm wpls jndnzm jn snbpaf jmpa|

{nzpaon cn pml jmsm fal jmsm wfl cn k|cl znxawsnpdolj zjnno lbadabme x{akdlfn* \

xawdlcjome jlbadmba clgljmon cada ol ca p{da azkmdojai jnidnnpnjon lbadabme m

nfkmoljsndjme x{akdlfn$ bna m a{injmzapnjai wspn{njon |wdapn cn wl ajm x{lpljsmpja$

bajsmj|m{nja m c|ia{aja {nz{lnpno|* [ncm wl a japmf pmcapmfn x{akdlfn$ zneslpn m

wsnjcn{cn baom x{amzmdnzl mz zneslpn ab{|ljon m |wdapn ba{mljon x{amzpacn* Lbadabm

zneslpm m wsnjcn{cm xawsno| j|nj ba{lbsmp m xn{nflsn{ |pnnpnjon x{m b{lm{njo| wnp{lfljme

fl|jn{acja a{moljsmwnjme fn{blsmjbme ws{nslimon* Bna smxmjm lbadabm x{akdlfm wn baomfnwl w|anpn wnp{lflja aplnjwspa$ jnoll wl jnpacl? jlcawsnsnb zldljmdn m azajn$

zninljaws pacl m pnzc|en$ mz|fm{njol wxlgmondjme p{wsn mpme kmn m bajsnfmjm{njaws zlfdol*

Wfns{n wl cn w| lwbndngmom lbadabme x{akdlfn | pldmbao fl{m cax{mjldm pmwab jmpa

lbajafwbai {nzpaon$ jlaciapa{nj jnmj x{amzpacjol m |xas{lkl x{amzpacn* _kai sain wl p{m

wpl plm x{msmwnb jn s{mjl w|kolbsl m nbsl{l cn wpao x{a`ms fa{no| wsmgnsm jn c{|splja m

lbadabm aciapa{nj jnmj* Wplws a zjnno| lbadabme x{akdlfn jnopml ol {nzpmoljn |

zlfdonfn S{moncl$ cnbdl bac ajme zlfndon baol w| jomeapmf c|iaiacmjomf mija{mwnjolf mjnopml cax{mjldl znas{npnjo| lbadabl b{mzl*


18/19



_nbdo|gnb

Jn b{no|$ falfa {lm cn ol jlaxeacjn wplws{njn njndmzn s{abapn m l`lbnsn cn km wl

{nz{lmdl wpl ws{nslimowbl cmdlfl plznjl zn b{lm{njol fnsl{mondjme x{amzpacn$ |wd|jme

x{azpacn m x{amzpacja& |wd|jme xnblsn | fl|jn{acjaf fn{blsji|* _kai sain

fl|jn{acja x{lc|zll baol jnfol{npn awpaomsm japm x{amzpac s{lkn slfldoja x{a|msm

m mws{nmsm wpnba ws{nja s{msl sl cakmsm onwj| wdmb| a xawsaolmf acjawmfn s{mjme awakmjn M

{nwxajn x{acnojme gmoljn zn x{amzpacl baom pl xawsaol jn s{ms| m baom wd|zl mwsao jnfoljm$ bna

sa km wd|ma x{amzpac sa in mwsaf xab|wnpn awpaomsm*

&\wd|il ol fai|l | plao fl{m wsnjcn{cmzapnsm$ znsa sa w| xas{lkl bafxnjmon clsndojmol M

bafxdlsjmol ac xas{lkn mjcmpmc|ndjme xas{ann %Xawdapjl-*

&\wd|il xacdl| b|ds|{jmf m wagmondjmf |smgnomfn | zjnsja pllf akmf| ac xawdapjme |wd|in

%Dmgjl-*

&Xas{lkja ol jomeapa pll x{mdnianpnjol dabndjmf |wdapmfn* Fn{blsmji |wd|in zn xas{anl

ol sll aklzklcmsm ac fn{blsmjin |wd|in jnfljoljme mjc|ws{mowbmf b|xgmfn* Fjail |wd|il

fa{no| cn wl x{mdniacl dabndjmf |wdapmfn cn km kmdl |wxlja x{mepnljl %Xas{awngbl-*

Jlaxmxdompaws |wd|il xac{nz|flpn cn |wd|in jl fal kmsm slwsm{njn x{l b|xapmjl$ saaslnpn cajaljol acd|bl a b|xapmjm* Jlaxmxdompaws x{lcwsnpdon pldmbm mznzap zn

fl|jn{acjm fn{blsmji ol{ wl x{apnocl{m |wd|in w|anpno| wn slbaaf baf|jmgm{njon

|wd|il xas{an|* Jmol dnba aklzklcmsm `mzmbm cabnz a ba{mwjawsm |wd|il x{l b|xapmjl*

Ac wpme fl|jn{acjme wsnjcn{cn bpndmslsn$ fl|jn{acjm wsnjcn{cm wl{mol MWA =888 cnjnw

w| jnoxazjnsmom* Awjapjn mclon m gmdo wl{mol wsnjcn{cn MWA =888 olwsl cn wl cl`mjml olcmjwsplj

wmwslf fljncfljsn bpndmslsn baom in{njs|ol cn l x{amzpacm m |wd|il |plb aciapn{nsm

zneslpmfn s{msn m xas{lknfn b|xngn*


19/19


Basa{$ japlfkn{ ;8>;*iacmjl Xnil >=

Dmsl{ns|{n?

>* I{|ka{ Ndlbwnjcn{$ %;8>>-$ Idakndjn fn{blsmji bajb|{ljsjaws$ nwaxmw Lbajafwblslfl k{*3

;* Oapm Fmdl %>==9-$ Fl|jn{acjm fn{blsmji$ S{mfwa`s s{ncl$ Klai{nc7* Bllinj$ Y* O* %;88;-$ Idaknd Fn{blsmji Fnjnilfljs %9se lc*-* Jly Ol{wl}? X{ljsmgl Endd3* Basdl{ Xemdmx$ %;880-$ Fn{blsmji `a{ eawxmsndms} njc sa|{mwf$ Jly ]l{wl}===-$ |{njn Az{lsm&Calj$ Flco|jn{acjm fn{blsmji$ Fnwflcmn$_ni{lk

=* [nbmsn K{njba$ %;880-$ Fl|jn{acjm kmzjmw m fljncfljs$ Lbajafwbm `nb|dsls |Klai{nc|

>8* [nbmsn K{njba %;88=*-$ Flco|jn{acjm fn{blsmji$ ac dabndjl ca idakndjl xl{wxlbsmpl$Gljsn{ zn mzcnpnb| cldnsjaws Lbajafwbai `nb|dslsn | Klai{nc|$ Klai{nc

>>* Wndd} C*$ D}jcaj W*$ Ymddmnf F* X*$ A* G* @n{{ldd$ %>==* essx?!!xazlingp*ya{cx{lww*gaf!x{aolbsm!xawdapja!x{amzpac!
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