ProgressivismProgressivism

Chapter 13 overviewChapter 13 overview

The Rise of ProgressivismThe Rise of Progressivism

A. The era in American history form about A. The era in American history form about 1890 to 1920 is known as the Progressive Era. 1890 to 1920 is known as the Progressive Era.

B. Progressivism – a collection of different B. Progressivism – a collection of different ideas and activities about how to fix the ideas and activities about how to fix the problems within American societyproblems within American society

C. Progressives disagreed among themselves, C. Progressives disagreed among themselves, but agreed that government should take a but agreed that government should take a more active role in solving problems.more active role in solving problems.

Rise of ProgressivismRise of Progressivism

D. Progressives believed that first the D. Progressives believed that first the government needed to be fixed and made government needed to be fixed and made more responsive to people before other more responsive to people before other problems could be addressed. problems could be addressed. Progressives also believed that scientific Progressives also believed that scientific principles could be applied to fix societyprinciples could be applied to fix society

Rise of ProgressivismRise of Progressivism

E. Muckrakers were a group of journalists E. Muckrakers were a group of journalists who investigated social conditions and who investigated social conditions and political corruption. Their articles led to political corruption. Their articles led to public debate on social and economic public debate on social and economic problems and put pressure on politicians problems and put pressure on politicians to introduce reforms. to introduce reforms. – Example: Jacob Riis – How the Other Half Example: Jacob Riis – How the Other Half

Lives (1890)Lives (1890)

Rise of ProgressivismRise of Progressivism

F. One group of progressives believed F. One group of progressives believed that problems in society could be solved if that problems in society could be solved if government was efficient. They felt that government was efficient. They felt that government could become efficient by government could become efficient by applying the principles of scientific applying the principles of scientific management. Thought managing a city management. Thought managing a city required experts, not politiciansrequired experts, not politicians

Example: Commission Plan (Galveston)Example: Commission Plan (Galveston)

Democracy and ProgressivismDemocracy and Progressivism

A. Many progressives wanted more A. Many progressives wanted more democracy in society. The governor of democracy in society. The governor of Wisconsin, Robert LaFollette, criticized Wisconsin, Robert LaFollette, criticized how political parties ran their conventions. how political parties ran their conventions. He pressured the state legislature to He pressured the state legislature to require each party to hole a direct primary, require each party to hole a direct primary, a party election in which all party members a party election in which all party members vote for a candidate to run in the general vote for a candidate to run in the general election.election.

Democracy and ProgressivismDemocracy and Progressivism

B.B. Three new reforms were introduced by Three new reforms were introduced by progressives to force state legislators to progressives to force state legislators to respond to voter’s concerns. respond to voter’s concerns.

A.A. InitiativeInitiative

B.B. ReferendumReferendum

C.C. RecallRecall

Democracy and ReformDemocracy and Reform

A. Initiative: Allowed citizens to introduce A. Initiative: Allowed citizens to introduce legislation and required the legislature to legislation and required the legislature to vote on it.vote on it.B. Referendum: Allowed proposed B. Referendum: Allowed proposed legislation to be submitted to the voters for legislation to be submitted to the voters for approvalapprovalC. Recall: Allowed voters to demand a C. Recall: Allowed voters to demand a special election to remove an elected special election to remove an elected official from office.official from office.

Democracy and ProgressivismDemocracy and Progressivism

C. To stop Senate corruption, progressives C. To stop Senate corruption, progressives wanted the direct election of senators by wanted the direct election of senators by all state voters. In 1912 Congress passed all state voters. In 1912 Congress passed the direct-election amendment. In 1913, it the direct-election amendment. In 1913, it was ratified as the Seventeenth was ratified as the Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution.Amendment to the Constitution.

Suffrage MovementSuffrage Movement

A. The movement for women’s voting A. The movement for women’s voting rightsrightsB. Suffrage: The right to voteB. Suffrage: The right to voteC. In July 1848, Elizabeth Cady Stanton C. In July 1848, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized the first and Lucretia Mott organized the first women’s rights convention. Many women’s rights convention. Many progressives joined the suffrage progressives joined the suffrage movement in the late 1800s and early movement in the late 1800s and early 1900s1900s

SuffrageSuffrage

D. After the Civil War, Republicans in D. After the Civil War, Republicans in Congress introduced the 14Congress introduced the 14thth & 15 & 15thth Amendments, but these did not apply to Amendments, but these did not apply to women, even with pressure from the women, even with pressure from the suffrage movement.suffrage movement.E. Debate over 14E. Debate over 14thth & 15 & 15thth split the split the suffrage movement. Weakened the suffrage movement. Weakened the movement. By 1900 only Wyoming, movement. By 1900 only Wyoming, Colorado and Utah gave women suffrage.Colorado and Utah gave women suffrage.

F. In 1890 two groups united to form the F. In 1890 two groups united to form the National American Woman Suffrage National American Woman Suffrage Association led by Alice Paul. She tried to Association led by Alice Paul. She tried to force President Wilson to grant suffrage force President Wilson to grant suffrage through protests. Used hunger strikes when through protests. Used hunger strikes when arrested.arrested.

G. 1918, the House passed a woman's G. 1918, the House passed a woman's suffrage amendment. Failed by 2 votes. 19suffrage amendment. Failed by 2 votes. 19thth Amendment passed in 1920, giving women the Amendment passed in 1920, giving women the right to vote.right to vote.

Social Welfare ProgressivismSocial Welfare Progressivism

A. Social welfare progressives created A. Social welfare progressives created charities to help the poor and charities to help the poor and disadvantaged, and pushed for laws to disadvantaged, and pushed for laws to help fix social problems.help fix social problems.

B. 1900 – over 1.7 million children under B. 1900 – over 1.7 million children under the age of 16 worked outside of the home. the age of 16 worked outside of the home. National Child Labor Committee worked to National Child Labor Committee worked to end child labor.end child labor.

C. Many adult workers labored in difficult C. Many adult workers labored in difficult and dangerous conditions. With the and dangerous conditions. With the creation of building codes, worker’s creation of building codes, worker’s compensation laws, zoning laws, and compensation laws, zoning laws, and health codes, the work environment health codes, the work environment became safer for workersbecame safer for workers

D. Some progressives favored zoning D. Some progressives favored zoning laws and building codes to regulate how laws and building codes to regulate how the land and buildings could be used.the land and buildings could be used.

E. Temperance called for the moderation E. Temperance called for the moderation or elimination of alcohol. Many or elimination of alcohol. Many progressives believed alcohol was the progressives believed alcohol was the cause of many of society’s problems. In cause of many of society’s problems. In 1874 the Women’s Christian Temperance 1874 the Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) was formed. At first the Union (WCTU) was formed. At first the Temperance movement worked to reduce Temperance movement worked to reduce alcohol consumption, but later it pushed alcohol consumption, but later it pushed for prohibition – laws banning the for prohibition – laws banning the manufacture, sale, and consumption of manufacture, sale, and consumption of alcohol.alcohol.

Progressives vs. Big BusinessProgressives vs. Big Business

A. A group of progressives focused on A. A group of progressives focused on regulating big business, but they regulating big business, but they disagreed on the solutions. One side disagreed on the solutions. One side believed government should break up big believed government should break up big companies to restore competition. The companies to restore competition. The other group wanted the creation of other group wanted the creation of government agencies to regulate big government agencies to regulate big companies and prevent them from abusing companies and prevent them from abusing their power. their power.

B. Socialism: the idea that the government B. Socialism: the idea that the government should own and operate industry for the should own and operate industry for the community as a whole, was an idea community as a whole, was an idea shared by a minority of progressives.shared by a minority of progressives.

C.C. Eugene Debs led the American Socialist Eugene Debs led the American Socialist Party and was the party’s candidate for Party and was the party’s candidate for president in the election of 1912.president in the election of 1912.

D.D. Most progressives and most Americans Most progressives and most Americans believed in the American system of free believed in the American system of free enterprise.enterprise.

Social Welfare ActionSocial Welfare Action

A. By 1905 consumer protection became A. By 1905 consumer protection became a national issue. Patent medicines and a national issue. Patent medicines and food consumption became serious threats food consumption became serious threats to Americans, forcing new legislation.to Americans, forcing new legislation.B. In 1906 Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle B. In 1906 Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle described his observations of Chicago’s described his observations of Chicago’s slaughterhouses. As a result, two laws slaughterhouses. As a result, two laws were passed (Meat Inspections Act, Pure were passed (Meat Inspections Act, Pure Food and Drug Act)Food and Drug Act)

C. Meat Inspection Act – required federal C. Meat Inspection Act – required federal inspection of meat sold and set standards inspection of meat sold and set standards of cleanliness in meatpacking plants. of cleanliness in meatpacking plants.

D. The Pure Food and Drug Act – D. The Pure Food and Drug Act – Prohibited the manufacture, sale, or Prohibited the manufacture, sale, or shipment of impure or falsely labeled shipment of impure or falsely labeled foods and drugs.foods and drugs.

ConservationConservation

Under TR, a number of national parks and Under TR, a number of national parks and preserves were placed under federal preserves were placed under federal protection…Gifford Pinchot was head of the US protection…Gifford Pinchot was head of the US Forestry Service.Forestry Service.

((add to your notesadd to your notes) John Muir was great ) John Muir was great champion of the environment and encouraged champion of the environment and encouraged expansion of the National Park System.expansion of the National Park System.

Under TR, most began to look to the federal Under TR, most began to look to the federal government to solve the nation’s troubles. The government to solve the nation’s troubles. The executive branch greatly increased in power.executive branch greatly increased in power.

Election of 1912Election of 1912

A. Republicans supported Taft for A. Republicans supported Taft for President; Democrats supported President; Democrats supported Woodrow Wilson; Teddy Roosevelt ran Woodrow Wilson; Teddy Roosevelt ran again, this time in the Progressive (Bull again, this time in the Progressive (Bull Moose) Party.Moose) Party.

Wilson was a Progressive governor in Wilson was a Progressive governor in New Jersey.New Jersey.

C. Roosevelt’s New Nationalism was a C. Roosevelt’s New Nationalism was a complete line of reforms that favored complete line of reforms that favored legislation to protect women and children legislation to protect women and children in the workforce and worker’s in the workforce and worker’s compensation for those injured on the job. compensation for those injured on the job. He also wanted a federal trade He also wanted a federal trade commission to regulate industrycommission to regulate industry

D. Wilson’s plan, New Freedom, D. Wilson’s plan, New Freedom, supported free enterprise and criticized supported free enterprise and criticized Roosevelt for a program that Wilson felt Roosevelt for a program that Wilson felt supported monopolies.supported monopolies.E. Roosevelt and Taft split the Republican E. Roosevelt and Taft split the Republican vote, giving Wilson the Electoral College vote, giving Wilson the Electoral College win. It was the first time since 1892 that a win. It was the first time since 1892 that a Democrat had been president of the Democrat had been president of the United States.United States.

Federal Aid and Social WelfareFederal Aid and Social Welfare

A. Wilson stopped supporting reforms, A. Wilson stopped supporting reforms, believing that his New Freedom program believing that his New Freedom program was complete. After a shaky was complete. After a shaky congressional election in 1914, Wilson congressional election in 1914, Wilson began to support reforms again.began to support reforms again.

Among his reforms, Wilson began to Among his reforms, Wilson began to support Child Labor reforms.support Child Labor reforms.

Legacy of ProgressivismLegacy of ProgressivismA. By the end of the Progressive Era, A. By the end of the Progressive Era, Americans looked to the government to Americans looked to the government to play an active role in regulating the play an active role in regulating the economy and solving social problems.economy and solving social problems.B. In 1905 African American leaders met B. In 1905 African American leaders met to demand full political rights and to demand full political rights and responsibilities and an end to racial responsibilities and an end to racial discrimination for African Americans – discrimination for African Americans – National Association for the Advancement National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)of Colored People (NAACP)