chapter 9: the progressive era 1890- 1920 section 1: the origins of progressivism
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 9: The Progressive Era 1890-1920
Section 1: The Origins of Progressivism
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I. The Origins of Progressivism A. Introduction
Progressivism. What is it?•A movement to change or reform
•began in cities
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B. The Four Goals
1. Protect Social Welfare. How?• Settlement Houses:
– Homes for the homeless
• YMCA:– libraries and sports for poor
• Salvation Army: Soup kitchens
Hull HouseHenry Street Settlement
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Florence Kelly: Example of a social reformer:
(September 12, 1859 – February 17, 1932)
Fought against sweatshops and for the minimum wage, eight-hour workdays and children's rights.
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2. Promoting Moral Improvement. How?
• Prohibition: ban alcohol/ Carry Nation-WCTU: went into saloons and made scene
Kindergartens, visiting sick and prisons
(November 25, 1846 - June 9, 1911)
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3. Creating Economic Reform(change). How?
a. Change the US governmentEugene V. Debs
– Said business had too much power
– Break up big business
(November 5, 1855 – October 20, 1926)
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• B. Muckrakers: Journalists who wrote about corporate abuses
» Ida Tarbell: Wrote The History of the Standard Oil Company in 1904.
» Helped lead to the break up of Standard Oil.
(November 5, 1857 – January 6, 1944)
(July 8, 1839 – May 23, 1937)
John D. Rockefeller
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4. Foster Efficiency• Make society better and faster?• Shortened hours, better conditions• Used the ideas of Taylor:
– Scientific Management
» Assembly lines» Not always better for workers» Speed was controlled by boss» Tried to make better, did it?
Sir Charles Spencer "Charlie" Chaplin
Modern Times (1936)
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Reform:
Person
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Cleaning Up Local
GovernmentSummery:
Reforming Local Government
Reforming Local Government
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II. Government Reform
A. City Government:
-roots of movement started in Galveston TX after a storm.-Attacked problems like too much corruption
- Reform Mayors
a. Hazen Pingree: Detroit
» Targeted corrupt utility companies, railroads and construction.» Built schools and parks
B. Tom Johnson: Cleveland
-believed citizens should play a more active role
Hazen Stuart Pingree (August 30, 1840 – June 18, 1901)
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He gained national recognition through his "potato patch plan," a systematic use of vacant city land for gardens which would produce food for the city's poor.
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Reform at the State Level
Summery:
Protecting Working Children
Efforts to Limit Working Hours
Reforming Elections
Reform Governors
Direct Election of Senators
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B. State Government1. Governor Robert Lafollette (Wisconsin)
• Targeted the RR. Make it more fair to use
• To protect children– Too many children working
– Earning less pay
– Not going to school
– Exploitation
• Used photography to show horrors: forced National Labor Committee to investigate
• Led to the Keating's Owen Act (1916): stopped transportation of goods produced by children across state lines.
(June 14, 1855– June 18, 1925)
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Child Labor Today
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Reform at National Level from SC.Limiting Hours and protecting workers
– Women and children become focus
– Muller v. Oregon: Limits women to a 10 hour work day
– Workers compensation for families injured or killed at work
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Election Reforms– Promote Democracy and Citizen Action– Examples
• Initiative: Bill written by people not congress• Secret ballot: • Recall: remove• Referendum: a vote on the initiative. People
decide not congress• 17th Amendment: Direct election of Senators
• What does this all mean? People have more say in the government
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Chapter 9-Section 2
Women in Public Life
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Where were women working at the turn of the century?
• Please begin by reading pages 313-314
• Create a Tree Map© that identifies the three important roles that women were most commonly found in.
• On your map please explain least one of the problems they faced in each role
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On the farm:
• Mostly in South and Midwest
• Lower middle class to lower class
• Besides fields, had to care for family, laundry, and cook
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In the factories
• Women had found their way into the factories to help make money
• Often excluded from union membership
• Often worked in garment industry
• Paid about ½ as much as men
• Some sought an education which would open more doors for them in the future
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In The Home • A way for women who were not educated to help their family was by domestic work
• For many African American women this was their only option because of racism
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Working Conditions:
– Bad pay, poor conditions made the workers feel trapped and made women realize they lacked fundamental rights
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• Women wanted education-– More education
led to drive for college
– Education led to reform
– Push for reform, led women to push for equality and independence
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• How did it all happen:– health and safety first
thoughts– -Early leaders were
Anthony and Stanton-Laid foundation-Led to NAWSA:-
– Catt
• 3 prong approach to suffrage– State legislatures– Courts– National amendment
-African American also fought for equality. Not always welcome in white women’s groups: NACW
– Women fought a long hard battle until 1920 just to get right to vote.
– The Fight for equality wasn’t over yet
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Section 3• TR• -rich, but sick• -had to prove himself• -overcame personal
tragedies/built his character• -fought in Spanish American
War• Never was meant to be
president• -youngest president elected• -used presidency as “bully
pulpit”• -forced issues of reform• -Offered America a “Square
Deal”
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• How he used Federal Power
1. Trust-busting: Breaking up businesses when they get too big
Not against all Trusts, just the ones that abuse their power
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2. -Railroad Regulation• Means that the
Government will keep an eye on the Railroad
• -ICA: Interstate Commerce Act
– monitor trade, little power
• Elkins Act: no rebates for big companies
• Hepburn Act: Limited free passes
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• 3. 1902 Coal Strike– showed willing to
threaten business
• Pennsylvania• 140000 miners• Wanted 20% raise,
9hr day• Coal ran low• TR calls leaders on
both sides• Third party settles
with 10% raise, 9 hr, but no right unionize
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4. Health and the Environment– Regulate food and
drugs• The Jungle
–Illustrated issues of abuse
»Led to Meat Inspection Act
»And Food and Drug Act
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• 5. Conservation and Natural Resources
• -control and save land• -use some land• -used nature for
power: Dams• -Pinchot: Head of
Forest Service• -National Reclamation
Act• sell land to fund
irrigation
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• 6. Civil Rights– Fell short– Took first steps
• met with Booker T. Washington
– did not achieve = Rights
• Dubois not happy with progress
• helped start
NAACPLong hard road for =
rights
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Section 4
• Taft Becomes President• -TR does not run
again• -Helps Taft get
elected
• Taft Cautious • Used Dollar Diplomacy,
not gunboat• Seemed to go back on
Progressive Promise– Payne Aldrich Tariff
• Started out to lower• Bill changed, actually
raised
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• Argument over land– Ballinger-Pinchot Affair
• Ballinger not like Pinchot’s use of land
• Taft fired Pinchot• Progressives mad
• Taft’s shortcomings lead to Republican Split
– party cannot hold together without TR
– TR comes back and starts 3rd Party: Bull Moose
– Now Repubs are split in 3, no majority vote
• Wilson (Democrat) wins election
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Section 5 • Wilson• -Democrats take
power• -New Freedom:
Power to individual
• -attacks Triple wall of Privilege– Trust– Tariff– Finance
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Trusts
• Clayton Anti Trust Act
-no monopolies, unions could exist
-Magna Carta of labor legislation
How would he police businesses? FTC- watchdog of business
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Tariff • Underwood Tariff: -Lower tariff
• Told Americans to demand, got it!
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Finance Federal Tax• Had to pay
for hole lower tariff made
• 16th amendment: Graduated income tax
• More you made, more you paid
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THE FED• Federal
Reserve– made new
banking system
» Provided help for banks in trouble
» secured our future during hard times
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Reform under Wilson: • Suffrage
• Women working hard for vote
• Alice Paul became leader of young women– More active,
picketed white house
– Willing to be arrested
– Including poor and working women
– Won 19th amendment in 1920
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Limits of Progressivism:
• Civil Rights were not won for minorities
• Segregation remained
• NAACP feels betrayed
• World War I ends movement as county focuses on Kaiser