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TRANSCRIPT
The Rise of
Progressivism
Era in American history that ran between 1890-1920
A collection of ideas and activities about how to fix the problems in American society
They all believed that it was up to the government to take more of an active role in solving society’s problems that had been caused by immigration and urbanization
Muckrackers
Immigrants
Prohibition
Suffragettes
White Slavery
C H I L D L A B O R
Labor Unions
Civi l Rights
Social Welfare Progressivism
Created charities to help the poor and disadvantaged. YMCA, Settlement Houses and Salvation Army. Also pushed for laws to fix social problems
In 1900 over 1.7 million children worked outside the home. Florence Kelley worked to end child labor and improve women’s working conditions (sweat shops, etc.)
Work place reforms also got a boost during this period… safer working conditions and workers compensation laws were created
Moral Improvement- Prohibition
Also pushed for laws to fix social problems
Moderation or elimination of liquor because of the evils it had created within our society- review political machines
Laws banning the production sale or consumption of alcohol was what prohibition was after
Impact of the WCTU
Muckrakers
Group of journalists
who investigated
social conditions and
political corruption
Put pressure on
politicians to address
the issues and
propose reforms
Jacob Riis was a
Muckraker- How the
Other Half Lives
Different approaches to
Progressivism Problems could be solved if government was
more efficient
It could become more efficient by applying principles of Scientific Management Influence of Frederick W. Taylor
Managing cities required experts, not politicians- replace the existing system with a commission plan
A board of commissioners or city manager would select and hire specialists to run city departments
In 1901 Galveston, TX will be the first to adopt this plan, soon many cities followed
Wisconsin- the laboratory of
Democracy Robert LaFollette a
progressive minded governor of Wisconsin was able to push through many new initiatives when he became a Senator of the United States
Direct primary, initiative, referendum and recall,
Direct Election of Senators 17th Amendment to the Constitution
Social Welfare
Keating-Owen Child Labor Act- prohibited children under the age of 14 from working in factories
Adamson Act- Established an 8 hour workday for Railroad workers
In 1917 the Supreme Court upheld a ten hour workday for men
Regulation of the mines, telephone companies and other large businesses followed suit
Approved the Federal Farm Loan: Long term loans at low interest rates for farmers
Eugene V. Debs
Led the American Socialist Party
Ran in the Presidential election in 1912
Believed the government should run all major utilities, take them away from private ownership
Progressives take on Big
Business Progressives wanted to address the illegal
practices of Big Business but could not come up with a consensus Some wanted the government to break up the
monopolies to restore competition- Ida Tarbell and Standard Oil
Another group wanted to create more government agencies to handle the problems
Socialism: the idea that the government should operate and control all major industries, running them for the public A small group of progressives were in favor of Socialism
Most Progressives believed in American System of Free Enterprise
Section 2
Women at the turn of the Century
Work Reform, Education and
African-Americans
By the end of the 19th
Century women HAD to
work outside the home to
earn money
By 1900 1of 5 women
held a job. 25% worked
in factories
Others were working in
offices, stores and
classrooms
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
NYC-146 women killed
Women and Education
Only women schools such as
Vassar, Smith and Wellesley
Impact of African-American
women during the time
period
Formed NACW
Created Nurseies and
Kindergartens
Suffrage movement
Suffrage movement
All the way back to the end of the Revolutionary War women had been seeking the right to vote
In July 1848, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized the first women’s rights convention, Seneca Falls, New York, after being told they could not participate in the World Abolitionist Convention in London, England
After the Civil War the 14th and 15th Amendments had guaranteed the African-American male citizenship and the right to vote, but still not women
West of the Mississippi
Many states west of
the Mississippi had
already granted
women the right to
vote in state
elections
Largely due to the
contributions of
women in the move
westward
National American Women’s
Suffrage Association By 1890 women
formed NAWSA, National American Woman Suffrage Association
Tried three different ways to gain the vote: Convince State
Legislatures- worked out west
Appealed to the Supreme Court the 14th Amendment
Pushed for their own Amendment
The Vote is gained!
In 1918 the House passed a woman’s suffrage amendment, but it failed by two votes in the Senate
In June of 1919, the Senate finally passed the 19th Amendment
On August 26, 1920 the states ratified guaranteeing women the right to vote
Women’s actions during the US participation in WWI is what tipped the scales
Section 5
TR’s Second Term
TR’s Reform Program was known as the Square Deal
He felt government should try to balance the needs of all groups in society
U.S. needed progressive reforms so we could remain efficient and compete with other nations
The Trust buster! Northern Securities. TR puts teeth into the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.
Makes some BIG enemies- Big Business
Other Accomplishments
Coal Miners Strike Everyone got a Square Deal
Hepburn Act ICC ties to railroad
Consumer Protection Meat Inspection Act
Pure Food and Drug Act
Newlands Reclamation Act 5 National Parks; 18 Monuments
230 million acres of land set aside
Placed Gifford Pinchot to head US Forest Service
He changed the Presidency
TR’s actions during
his presidency caused
Americans to
increasingly look to
the federal
government to solve
the nation’s economic
and social problems.
The Executive Branch
of government greatly
increased in power!
Upton Sinclair- The Jungle
Author Upton Sinclair wrote about the atrocities that were occurring everyday in the meat packing industry of the United States
Read the excerpts provided and answer the questions
Civil Rights & Progressives
Booker T. Washington W.E.B. Du Bois
Concentrate on achieving economic gains, rather than legal or political ones
Had dinner with TR at the White House- not well received by many Southern members of Congress
Founded Tuskegee Institute
One of the original founders of the NAACP in 1909
Said Southerners continued to take away civil rights of African Americans
Even though they were making gains in education and vocational training African Americans should demand their rights, especially voting rights to gain full equality
Section 4
Taft takes the White House
Hand picked by TR W.H. Taft had no
problem defeating Wm. Jennings Bryan
in the 1908 Presidential election
Was a skillful administrator (Philippines)
and judge, he told TR that he really
wanted to be a Supreme Court Justice
Was very thoughtful, presumed slow,
when making decisions- led to conflicts
with the Progressives
Taft and Cannon
Taft had to work with Sen. Cannon because Sen. Cannon had the power to push legislation or block it
Taft told the Progressives to back off and in return Cannon gave Taft the Payne-Aldrich tariff bill he had wanted sent through
It did raise some tariffs while lowering others
Progressives feel alienated with Taft
Ballinger-Pinchot Affair
Gifford Pinchot accused Richard Ballinger of trying to turn over government lands in Alaska to private industry so they could strip its resources. The accusation was groundless but Pinchot leaked the story to the press and Taft fired him for insubordination
The Progressives felt Taft had sold the Square Deal down the river
Mid-term elections went against Taft
Taft’s Progressive Reforms
Taft brought twice as many anti-trust
cases to the Supreme Court as TR had.
Taft established the Children’s Bureau to
fight child labor
He was a conservationist who monitored
the activities of mining companies,
expanded national forests and protected
water power sites from private
development
TR’s reaction to Taft
When Taft brought an anti-trust lawsuit against U.S. Steel, a trust that TR had established as the right way to do things, that is when TR went against Taft and began to criticize his hand picked successor
Progressives convinced TR to re-enter politics for President in the 1912 election and challenge Taft for the Republican nomination
Formation of the Progressive Party, their mascot was the Bull Moose
The 1912 Election
Republican: W.H.
Taft
Democrat: Woodrow
Wilson
Progressive:
Theodore Roosevelt
Socialist: Eugene V.
Debs
Section 5
Woodrow Wilson
Governor of New Jersey- Model of Progressive Reform
Progressive issues in his platform
Former President of Princeton
New Freedom a counter to TR’s New Nationalism
First Democrat since 1892
Regulating the Economy
Remember, Wilson was very well educated and will show it immediately in the office of President
In his eight years as President he issued reforms that affected tariffs, the banking system, trusts and workers rights
Underwood Tariff and the levying of an individual income tax
The Federal Reserve System to protect consumers money
Creation of the Federal Trade Commission monitored businesses for unfair practices
Social Welfare
With less money coming in from tariffs President Wilson will look towards individual and business income tax (16th Amendment) to generate money to run the government
As President, Wilson backed away from his campaign promises to help the African-American. Particularly in the Anti-Lynching Bill he never put forth
H e also chose cabinet members that were segregationists
African-Americans felt betrayed
Legacy of Progressivism
Americans looked to the government to play an active role in regulating the economy and solving social problems
Quality of life was improved through governmental legislation
In 1905 African-American leaders met to demand full political rights and responsibilities as well as an end to racial discrimination for African-Americans
America’s entrance into WWI will be that which ends the Progressive Movement