preparation kit for delegates – oulu 2014
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Oulu 2014
Regional Session of EYP Finland
Preparation Kit for Delegates
Presidential welcome
Dear participants,
I am extremely glad to present to you in this booklet the academic preparation kit for the session. This is
something that has been prepared for you by the chairs team and will guide you in your preparation for a
weekend of discussion and debate. I encourage you not only to read the topic overview for your own topic but
also to take a look at some of the other topics at the session as well. This will be a chance for you to engage
in discussions with as many people as possible and discuss a wide range of issues in General Assembly. EYP
is very much about engagement and learning therefore I encourage you to come prepared but also to have
the courage to formulate your own opinion and express it.
EYP as a concept may at first seem confusing, but I assure you will soon get used to the structure of a
session. Where at first you may not quite know what you are walking into, I have a great team of people with
me ready to help you with this and facilitate your experience. Speaking and participating is a big part of a
forum such as this, and something we value as an organisation however learning to really listen to one
another is a skill we often neglect as secondary even though it is perhaps the most powerful way in which we
learn. Striking a balance between the two will be the challenge I present for you for the upcoming session.
I wish you all the very best for this session and I am looking forward to meeting you all.
Sincerely,
Saga Eriksson
European Youth Parliament (EYP)
The European Youth Parliament represents a non-partisan and independent educational project,
which is tailored specifically to the needs of the young European citizens. European Youth
Parliament Finland, established in 2001, is the National Committee of the EYP in Finland.
The EYP encourages independent thinking and initiative in young people and facilitates the
learning of crucial social and professional skills. Since its inauguration, many tens of thousands of
young people have taken part in Regional, National and International Sessions, formed friendships
and made international contacts across and beyond borders. The EYP has thus mad a vital
contribution towards uniting Europe.
Today the EYP is one of the largest European platforms for political debate, intercultural
encounters, political educational work and the exchange of ideas among young people in Europe.
The EYP consists of a network of 41 European associations in which thousands of young people are
active in a voluntary capacity.
The EYP is a programme of the Schwarzkoph Foundation.
European Union (EU)
The European Union is an economic and political union of 28 Member States. The EU was
established by the Treaty of Maastricht in 1992 upon the foundations of the European
Communities.
The EU has developed a single market through a standardised system of laws, which apply in all
Member States, and ensures the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital, including
the abolition of passport controls within the Schengen area. It enacts legislation in justice and
home affairs, and maintains common policies on trade, agriculture, fisheries and regional
development. Eighteen Member States have adopted a common currency, the euro.
With a view to its relations with the wider world, the EU has developed a limited role in foreign and
defence policy through the Common Foreign and Security Policy. Permanent diplomatic missions
have been established around the world and the EU is represented at the United Nations, the
World Trade Organization (WTO), the G8 and the G-20
The EU operates through a hybrid system of supranationalism and intergovernmentalism. In
certain areas decisions are taken by independent institutions, while in others, they are made
through negotiation between Member States.
The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community and the European
Economic Community formed by six countries in the 1950s. Since the, it has grown in size through
enlargement, and in power through the addition of policy areas to its remit. The last amendment to
the constitutional basis of the EU came into force in 2009 and was the Lisbon Treaty.
The Institutions of the European Union
The European Council is responsible for defining the general political direction and priorities of the
EU. It comprises the heads of state of government of EU Member States, along with its President
(currently Herman Von Rompuy from Belgium) and the President of the Commission.
The Council of the European Union (commonly referred to as the Council of Ministers) is the
institution in the legislature of the EU representing the governments of Member States, the other
legislative body being the European Parliament. The exact membership depends on the topic: for
instance, when discussing agricultural policy the Council is formed by the 28 national ministers
whose portfolio includes this policy area.
The European Parliament is directly elected parliamentary institution of the EU. Together with the
Council, it forms the bicameral legislative branch of the EU. The Parliament is composed of 751
MEPs. The current president is Martin Schultz from Germany.
The European Commission is the executive body of the EU. It is responsible for proposing
legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the Union’s treaties and the general day-to-day
running of the Union. The Commission operates as a cabinet government, with 28 commissioners.
The Current President is José Manuel Barroso from Portugal. His term will end in the end of
December and his position will be taken over by president-elect Jean-Claude Juncker from
Luxembourg.
Other important institutions of the EU include the Court of Justice of the European Union and the
European Central Bank. The EU also has several agencies and other institutions.
Committee topics
Committee on Constitutional Affairs (AFCO)
Chairpersons: Nina Huovinen (FI) & Charlotta Lahnalahti (FI)
The democratic deficit: in the 2009 elections of the European Parliament almost three quarters (71%) of
voters aged 18–24 abstained from voting. How should the EU address its democratic deficit and restore the
enthusiasm of its youth for the European project?
Committee on Human Rights (DROI)
Chairpersons: Saskia Kiiski (F)) & Lea Le Coq (FR)
With the number of asylum seekers and illegal immigrants steadily increasing in the EU, how should the EU
better control its external borders whilst respecting human rights?
Committee on Employment and Social Affairs (EMPL)
Chairperson: Lotta Moisala (FI) and Sébastien Lefèvre (BE
In the context of the economic crisis, many graduates from Southern and Eastern Europe are moving to the
more stable labour market of Northern countries. This phenomenon is leading to both a reduction of job
opportunities in the destination countries and a worsening of the educational system in the areas affected by
the so-called brain drain. What measures can the EU adopt in order to tackle this issue without hindering the
spreading of knowledge?
Committee on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE)
Chairpersons: Seraina Petersen (CH) & Robert Suomi (FI)
Creating a greener future: Following the failure of many EU Member States to meet the targets for
renewable energy set out in 2001 and 2003, and building upon the European Commission’s proposed 2030
climate and energy framework, how should the EU proceed to reduce its reliance upon fossil fuels?
Committee on Regional Development (REGI)
Chairpersons: Milan Mag (HU) & Henriikka Hakala (FI)
Building the periphery: mechanisms such as the Structural Funds and the Cohesion Fund have played an
important role in developing the peripheral areas of Europe, however they are also costly. Keeping in mind
that metropolitan areas are the primary motors for growth, how should the EU best support its peripheral
areas to suit the needs of their population?
Committee on Security and Defence (SEDE)
Chairperson: Rebecca Smith (FR) & Martin Ollinen (FI)
East versus West: With tensions between Russia and Western countries at its highest since the Cold War,
how should European states respond to Russia’s growing threat on post-Soviet states and what role should
the EU play in striving to uphold a diplomatic resolve to the situation?
AFCO – The Committee on Constitutional Affairs
The democratic deficit: in the 2009 elections of the European Parliament almost three quarters (71%) of
voters aged 18–24 abstained from voting. How should the EU address its democratic deficit and restore the
enthusiasm of its youth for the European project?
Summary
Despite 2013 being branded as the ‘The European Year of the Citizens’ the aim of which was to educate EU
citizens on their rights, the interest and voter turnout in the 2014 European Parliament elections reached an
all-time low at 42.54%. As a result of decreasing voter turnout and general interest in the Union, some argue
that the EU does not appear legitimate anymore. Struggling with the remnants of the Eurocrisis and youth
unemployment, the EU faces obstacles in harmonising the Union and creating a European spirit as
Eurosceptism and nationalism are on the rise in Member States.
Main Problem
One of the key issues concerning the European democratic deficit is that the EU is often seen as technocratic
instead of democratic at its core, highlighting the technicalities in the Union’s processes. Due to the difficult
structures of EU policy making and the European Parliament (EP) being the only directly elected body of the
EU, citizens may not see the importance of casting their vote. Despite major efforts put into information
campaigns concerning a wide variety of topics i.e. the rights of the European citizens, a vast majority of the
EU population still feel uninformed about the EU and its structures. The voter turnout varies drastically
across the Union from Slovakia's 13.05% to Malta's 74.80%, both of which joined in 2004, indicating that
there are vast differences even between countries that joined EU in the same year.
What is more, with significant youth unemployment and negative economic growth in a number of Member
States young Europeans are losing their faith in the European Union1. The decision-making processes and
possibilities to participate seem distant from their everyday life and thereby national interests are raised
1http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/06/world/europe/europeans-losing-faith-in-their-parliament.html?pagewanted=all&_r=2&
above the importance of the EU.
Recent years have played a big role in the rising popularity of nationalistic and populist political parties both
on the national and European level. The strengthening of national sovereignty and objecting European
integration is on the rise, resulting in a great threat to the common European spirit and re-building of the
economy after the crisis. How can the European Union affect such development and remind its citizens and
policy makers of the positive aspects of a united history i.e. a never-before-seen period of peace on the
continent?
Key Actors
• Citizens of the European Union choose whether they will cast their vote in the European Parliament
elections, define if the Union can be considered legitimate or not, vote in their national
Parliamentary elections and therefore indirectly choose the top policy makers of the EU.
• European Parliament the only directly elected body of the EU.
• The European Commission holds the right to initiate legislation; its composition is approved by the
Parliament.
• European Council consists of the heads of state of each Member State.
• European Alternatives is a civil society organisation that acts in the belief that our contemporary
issues can no longer be understood or dealt with at the national level alone, and that new forms of
transnational collectivity must be fostered to restore to citizens democratic control over their future.
• The European Youth Portal is an information and opportunity center online for young Europeans.
Current Legislation & Policies
• Treaty of Lisbon (2007) In accordance with the treaty, the Parliament received wider legislative
powers, it also introduced the Citizen’s Initiative, set a period of scrutiny of legislation proposals to
national Parliaments and announced the President of the Commission to be elected by the
Parliament.
• European Citizen’s Initiative (ECI) is a direct democratic tool for citizens to initiate legislation.
Initiative calls for the Commission to start a legislative proposal on the given matter.
• The EU Citizen Reports are published reports and statistics gathered by the Commission to remind
the citizens on their rights in the Union.
• Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) the treaty on the basics of the Union, which
includes the values and objectives of the Union, its competences, and restraints for its work. In the
Treaty, the youth is encouraged to participate in the democratic life of the Union.
Perspectives
• Sir Graham Watson about more democracy in Europe, a different approach
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6VZ3hdXpAcA
• Gerald Häfner: Towards a more democratic European Union. Should treaty changes be discussed
and decided upon in a democratic assembly?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aE9qYr7Iu6w
Would an increase direct democracy in the European Union help battle democratic deficit? Would increasing
the powers of the European Parliament affect the voter turnout positively or vice versa?
Key Words
Democratic legitimacy, European Citizen’s Initiative, youth activation
Definitions
• Democratic deficit: A situtation in which political structures, organisations or decision-making
processes lack democratic legitimacy, i.e. democratic accountability and control over the decision-
making process.
• European project: The common European spirit that has held the continent together.
• Eurosceptic: A person who is opposed to increasing the powers of the European Union.
• Transparency: Transparency can be defined as the disclosure of government information, and its
public use. Transparency, under this definition, requires a public that can access, understand, and
use the information it receives from the federal government2.
2http://fas.org/sgp/crs/secrecy/R42817.pdf
Statistics
Links
Voter turnout:
http://www.results-elections2014.eu/en/turnout.html
The EU year of the citizen:
http://europa.eu/citizens-2013/en/about/context
Treaties explained briefly:
http://europa.eu/about-eu/basic-information/decision-making/treaties/index_en.htm
European Commission's website for the ECI
http://ec.europa.eu/citizens-initiative/public/welcome?lg=en
Open Method of Coordination (OMC)
http://ec.europa.eu/invest-in-research/coordination/coordination01_en.htm
The EU Parliament and the Treaty of Lisbon - Video on how the European Union works
http://ec.europa.eu/invest-in-research/coordination/coordination01_en.htm
Guardian article on European Parliament’s Democratic Deficit
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jun/10/how-to-reduce-eu-democratic-deficit
Open Democracy’s article on European Parliament’s Democratic Deficit
https://www.opendemocracy.net/sean-deel/european-citizens-initiative-tool-of-its-time
DROI - Committee on Human Rights
With the number of asylum seekers and illegal immigrants steadily increasing in the EU, how should the EU
better control its external borders whilst respecting human rights?
Summary
Over the past few years, the number of asylum seekers and illegal immigrants entering EU Member States
has sharply increased. This phenomenon is mainly due to conflicts in different parts of the world, such as the
civil war in Syria, which has brought thousands upon thousands of refugees to Europe. Escaping the
disastrous conflicts their nations are facing, some individuals use dangerous and illegal means to reach
Europe in order to claim asylum. Amnesty International has declared that many of the methods that
refugees and illegal immigrants are forced to use, are unsafe and in violation of basic human rights.
Currently, Member States cannot guarantee the same conditions for all refugees, asylum seekers or
immigrants. Some countries such as Greece, one of the major entry points for migrants, ask for more
burden-sharing in the EU in order to counter the rule of the Dublin II & III Regulations which are the basis of
current refugee legislation in the EU.
Main Problem
The increase in border control has led to immigrants pursuing more dangerous routes to Europe. According
to Amnesty International around 23,000 illegal migrants have lost their lives trying to reach Europe since the
year 2000. In 2013 in one incident alone, 360 illegal immigrants died as a boat sank by the island of
Lampedusa in Italy.
Countries that were hit the hardest by the economic crisis - Greece, Italy, Cyprus, and Spain – are the ones
struggling the most with immigration as they are located on the immigration front-line in the South of
Europe. In accordance with the Dublin Regulation, the immigrants must remain in the country they first
enter, placing responsibility primarily on the countries in Southern Europe.
Despite The Common European Asylum System, human rights violations still occur. In the hopes of finding a
better life in Europe, immigrants often face exploitation and are at risk of being victims of human-trafficking.
Alongside poor conditions in accommodation and lack of access to social support, racism and xenophobia
towards immigrants has been on the rise.
Key Actors
• Frontex is the European Union agency for external border security. It is responsible for coordinating
the activities of the national border guards in ensuring the security of EU borders with non-Member
States.
• The Commissioner for Human Rights is an independent and impartial institution within the
Strasbourg-based Council of Europe, mandated to promote the awareness and respect for human
rights in Member States. The Commissioner co-operates with a broad range of partners, including
the EU, the United Nations and its specialised offices, as well as leading human rights NGOs,
universities and think-tanks.
• Migration Policy Institute Europe (MPI) is an independent research institute that wishes to provide
EU citizens with better understanding on migration and effective policy making. It has been working
since 2001 but has not reached its necessary audience.
• The European Centre for Constitutional and Human Rights (ECCHR) is and independent legal
organisation that wishes to enforce human rights by new means of litigation3.
• Immigration Policy 2.0 (IMP2.0) provides a platform for “the latest developments (legislation
initiatives, migration procedures, etc.) on the national and European level”4 and raises awareness
on aforementioned initiatives to increase participatory citizenship5 and their information on
migration procedures.
Current Legislation and Policies
• The Dublin Regulation II was adopted in 2003 and states that only one Member State is responsible
for processing an asylum application. The objective is to avoid asylum seekers being sent from one
country to another.
3 ECCHR http://www.ecchr.de/home_en.html 4 IMP2.0 http://www.immigrationpolicy2.eu/aboutus 5 http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/participatory+democracy
• The Common European Asylum System was approved by the European Parliament in 2013. The aim
is for asylum seekers to receive humane and fair treatment in Europe. However EU laws concerning
the Asylum System are implemented and interpreted differently in the Member States leading to
violations.
Perspectives
Unchanged, this situation has the potential of further damaging the conditions faced by asylum seekers in
countries most affected by the issue. As the numbers of asylum seekers grow, facilitating them is becoming
a heavier burden for the Member States acting as main access for immigrants. How should EU better
support these struggling countries in order for them to offer better conditions for their asylum seekers?
Should the EU adopt further laws or policies to evenly divide the responsibility of dealing with asylum
seekers?
Key words
Asylum seeker, illegal immigrant, Frontex, The Dublin Regulation, immigrant reception center, refugee,
conflict
Definitions
• Asylum seeker: Is a person who has crossed international borders to seek protection through
asylum, but is not yet recognized as a refugee.
• Illegal immigrant: Is a person who has entered a country unlawfully without authorization.
Statistics
Origin of asylum applicants 2013
origin of asylum applicants number of asylum applicants
Syria 56 000
Russia 40 000
Afganistan 38 000
Iraq 37 000
Serbia and Kosovo 35 000
Pakistan 26 000
Iran 24 000
Somalia 23 000
Eritrea 22 000
China 20 000
All together 596 573
Links
The official Frontex website
http://frontex.europa.eu/about-frontex/origin
Information on European law relating to asylum, borders and immigration -
http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/handbook-law-asylum-migration-borders_en.pdf
An article on Europe’s Migration Crisis
http://www.cfr.org/migration/europes-migration-crisis/p32874
Graphics: Europe’s Asylum Seekers
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24636868
UN Refugee Agency in Europe
http://www.unhcr.org/pages/4a02d9346.html
Free movement of persons, asylum and immigration in the EU
http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/justice_freedom_security/free_movement_of_persons_asylum_im
migration/
Next steps in border management in the EU
http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/justice_freedom_security/free_movement_of_persons_asylum_im
migration/l14580_en.htm
BBC Article on Switzerland’s wishes to limit immigration
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-22285886
Mapping Europe’s War on Immigration
http://mondediplo.com/blogs/mapping-europe-s-war-on-immigration
Wall Street Journal on illegal immigration
http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10000872396390444506004577617383132000476
EU Observer 'EU voters have not warmed to immigration'
http://euobserver.com/political/121838
EMPL – Committee on Employment and Social Affairs
In the context of the economic crisis, many graduates from Southern and Eastern Europe are moving
to the more stable labour market of Northern countries. This phenomenon is leading to both a
reduction of job opportunities in the destination countries and a worsening of the educational system
in the areas affected by the so-called brain drain. What measures can the EU adopt in order to tackle
this issue without hindering the spreading of knowledge?
Summary
The effects of the EU economic crisis can clearly be seen in the employment trends of today. Although
labour mobility itself is usually positive, it now has the opposite effect on the labour market as having
mainly one goal and one direction: looking for a better life, from East and South to the North and
West. Brain drain does not only attack certain Member States with economic and academic problems
but it also affects the whole EU by weakening its cohesion.
Main Problem
Labour mobility is one of the EU’s fundamental founding principles and a key factor in the efficiency of
the Eurozone. A little over 7 million EU citizens worked and lived in a EU country other than their own
in 2013. Due to the economic crisis young graduates from Southern and Eastern Europe are moving to
the North and West to look for a better salary and better living standards. This leads to two major
problems.
The first is that the countries of origin lose expertise especially in the medical, scientific, financial and
engineering sector. It also worsens high-quality education and research. The second is that the effects
on the economy are major. The state loses the money it has invested for educating these emigrants.
On the other hand, if the country of origin has a high unemployment rate, it is better economically and
socially if employees work in another country than stay unemployed. It is also possible that the
emigrants will return to their home countries with expertise from their experience abroad, which
would then be a brain exchange.
With countries that already have a poorer economy constantly losing their capacities to wealthier
countries widens the gap between these two types. This does not support cohesion or integration in
the EU but rather creates conflicts and needs more money to be solved.
Key Actors
• European Commission (EC) The executive body of the EU responsible for proposing legislation
and implementing decisions. For example, the ELI discussed here later was a project which
was further developed with the help of the EC.
• National Governments If national governments invest in research and development, the
demand for the highly educated will grow. National governments can also encourage
entrepreneurship, which can also lead to a growing labour market.
• Multinational Corporations If Southern and Eastern countries were made attractive by their
governments, multinational corporations might invest in those countries, leading to new job
opportunities.
• Destination Countries These countries are mostly situated in the North or West of the EU and
have high living standards and high wages. The destination countries will benefit from this
migration, because the amount of highly educated workforce will increase in their country.
However, this may also lead to a rise in unemployment.
Current Legislation & Policies
• Cohesion Policy promises to tackle the brain drain through its funding. The policy is formed
by two funds, the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and the European Social Fund
(ESF). Of these two, the latter focuses more on investing in people, which also means
investing in employment, mobility and better education.
• Extreme Light Infrastructure (ELI) A current project funded by the European Regional
Development Fund (ERDF) under the programme “Economic Development”. A new research
hub was opened in Hungary after opening earlier ones in the Czech Republic and Romania.
The hub, which will attract hundreds of scientists to develop pioneer technology, is seen as a
major boost for Europe’s research capacity and for creating new job opportunities.
• The Newfelpro –programme A programme in Croatia that is trying to tackle the brain drain
and turn it into ”brain circulation” in the country.
• Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions Fellowships (MSCA) The MSCA project awards 6.16 billion
euros until 2020 to support research training and career development that are especially
focused on innovation skills.
Perspectives
By developing and benefitting from the already existing measures, for example the ELI and MCAF, the
brain drain might change into a brain exchange. This may further encourage the cohesion between
different Member States. This might also lead to some immigration from the North and West to the
South and East. What if the EU didn’t take any measures at all? Would the EU suffer large
consequences? Why are those migrants moving? Is this move permanent or temporary? What are all
the benefits of this brain gain for the destination countries? And what are the disadvantages? How big
is the influence of those countries in the brain drain, do they only play a passive role or are they
actively involved?
Keywords
Brain Drain, Labour Mobility, Cohesion Policy, European Social Fund (ESF),
European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)
Definitions
Brain Drain: The loss suffered by a country as a result of the emigration of a (highly) qualified person.
Statistics
Links
Articles, blog posts
http://www.euractiv.com/innovation-enterprise/brain-drain-new-challenge-eurozo-analysis-531938
http://www.forbes.com/sites/markadomanis/2013/11/08/all-o-eastern-europe-has-a-brain-drain/
Official sources
ELI
http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-14-538_en.htm
Marie Curie Fellowship
http://ec.europa.eu/research/mariecurieactions/media-library/videos/items/brain-drain_en.htm
Labour mobility
http://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/en/news/romanian-researchers-stay-home-take-part-eu-
programmes
http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-14-541_en.htm
Cohesion Policy
http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/information/cohesion-policy-achievement-and-future-
investment/factsheet/en.pdf
Cohesion Policy Figure
http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/thefunds/funding/data/graphics/cohesionpolicy20142020_full_hig
hres.png
ITRE – Committee on Industry and Research
Creating a greener future: Following the failure of many EU Member States to meet the targets for
renewable energy set out in 2001 and 2003, and building upon the European Commission’s proposed 2030
climate and energy framework, how should the EU proceed to reduce its reliance upon fossil fuels?
Executive Summary
Renewable energy sources play, and will continue to play, an increasingly vital role in European energy
production. Non-renewable sources (i.e., fossil fuels) will deplete at some point in the future, with some
researchers predicting 2050 and others 2100. With increased energy demands in Europe, and 89% of
Europe’s energy produced by non-renewable energy sources, states must transition into more sustainable
energy infrastructures.
Main Problem
There are several reasons why renewable energy sources are of high priority for European states. The three
main issues are security, emissions, and renewability. The first important aspect is energy security. At the
moment, Europe has a rather diversified energy supply, but still weighted towards non-renewable sources.
Over half of Europe’s energy is imported, mostly from Russia, with which it now has geopolitical tensions.
Diversification is a key concept for security in terms of both imports of energy and domestic production of
energy. The second important aspect is emissions related to energy production, which are an important
contributor to global warming. Climate change is expected to have severe impacts on the world’s
ecosystems, affecting for example agriculture. The third important aspect is renewability of energy sources.
The three main sources of renewable energy are solar, wind and hydro, which not used on a large scale yet.
Bio and wood-based power plants provide limited renewable energy sources as well however, they produce
emissions. Another problem is that infrastructure takes a long time to build, and so treaties should take
existing infrastructure into consideration to be more realistic.
Key Actors
• The EU its energy goal is to enforce and encourage transitions into renewable energy sources. There
are currently extremely different energy infrastructures within Europe. It is in the interests of all
European countries to develop the renewable energy infrastructures.
• Russia is one of the primary energy trading partners with Europe, responsible for 34% of European
energy imports. Russia is interested in maintaining this position of influence. With high tensions
arising from the crisis in Ukraine, and with further sanctions being imposed, Russia has threatened
to use the energy sector as a bargaining chip, although this is unlikely because both the EU and
Russia benefit from this trade.
• China The IMF recently announced that the purchasing power of China has surpassed the USA, thus
becoming the world’s most powerful economy. China has a large role in producing cheap solar
energy panels, yet the protectionist nature of European industries has limited the quota allowed for
entry into EU Member States.
Current Legislation & Policies
• 2020 package The 2020 climate and energy package’s key aim is to cut greenhouse gas emissions
by 20% (compared to 1990 levels), to increase the share of energy consumption produced from
renewable resources to 20%, as well as an improvement of energy efficiency of 20%, all by 2020.
• The Directive 2009/28/EC (on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources) this
Directive establishes a common framework for the production and promotion of energy from
renewable sources.
• 2030 framework In January 2014, the European Commission presented this framework for climate
and energy policies. Its key proposals include cutting emissions by 40% and increasing the share of
renewable energy to 27%. A final decision on this framework is to be expected in October 2014, so it
is important to stay tuned on updates about this framework.
• 2050 roadmap This roadmap draws up ambitious targets for emission cutting by 2050 (-80% of 1990
levels). The Commission proposed to reach these targets through a number of measures, including
increasing the share of Renewable Energy Production, thus moving away from fossil fuels.
Perspectives
Alternatives to fossil fuels are often reduced to “classic” renewable energy (Wind, Hydro, Solar); however,
biomass, nuclear, and geothermal energy are also important sources of energy. The question of nuclear
energy is still causing much controversy. A clear asset of nuclear power is the environmentally neutral
production of energy, but opponents also highlight the environmental damage stemming from mining and
transporting uranium (key element for nuclear energy) as well as the still unresolved question of how to
dispose of nuclear waste. Despite worries about the safety of nuclear power plants, this source of energy is
currently on the rise. Seeing the amount of fossil fuels being used for today’s energy production, nuclear
energy could be a way to reduce dependency on imported sources of energy. Additionally, nuclear energy is
often characterised as one of the most reliable sources of energy. A key issue about renewable energy is its
poor reliability, being to a large extent dependent on natural or environmental circumstances that cannot be
influenced by mankind. Renewable energy plants are also very costly, and thus not a viable option especially
for countries that are less economically developed. Conservationists also emphasise the impact of some
renewable energy sources (mainly hydroelectricity plants and wind farms) on landscape and the ecosystem.
Furthermore, the capacity of renewable energy is rather low, especially compared to nuclear power.
Key Words
Fossil fuels, alternative energy, greenhouse gases, global warming, energy efficiency, energy diversity,
energy sustainability, National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP)
Definitions
● Alternative energy: Energy fuelled in ways that do not use up the earth's natural resources,
especially by avoiding the use of fossil fuels
● Renewable Energy (and Renewable Energy Sources (RES)): energy from a source that is not
depleted when used, but instead regenerated over a (short) time. Examples are solar-, wind-, and
hydropower.
● Fossil fuels: a natural fuel, formed in the geological past (over thousands of years) from the remains
of living organisms. Fossil fuels account for the by far largest source of emissions of carbon dioxide.
● Greenhouse Gases (GHGs): Gases that largely contribute to the greenhouse effect because they
absorb and emit longwave radiation (global warming). Examples: Carbon Dioxide, Methane.
Statistics
• Europe’s energy supplies are divided in the current way based on 2012 figures: petroleum (34%), gas
(23%), solid fuels (17%), nuclear (14%), renewables (11%), and wastes (1%). As a result, we are
highly dependent of non-renewable energy sources, which total up to 89%.
• It is estimated that if we continue at the current pace, sea levels will rise by up to 2 meters by 2100.
(Arthus-Bertrand 2013)
• Finland already produces 46% of its energy needs through renewable energy sources.
• The UK, France and Germany generate around 12-13% of its energy needs through renewable
sources.
Links
2020 Climate and Energy Package (summary by the European Commission)
http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/package/index_en.htm
Energy supplies
petroleum 34% gas 23% solid fuels 17% nuclear 14% renewables 11% wastes 1%
EU tracking roadmap
http://www.keepontrack.eu/contents/publicationseutrackingroadmap/kot_eutrackingroadmap2014.pdf
European Commission: Renewable Energy. (Here, you can find 2020 targets, action plans and forecasts and
specific chapters on sectors related to Renewable Energy)
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/index_en.htm
2030 framework for climate and energy policies (European Commission)
http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/2030/index_en.htm
2050 roadmap for moving to a low-carbon economy in 2050 (European Commission)
http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/roadmap/index_en.htm
Report by the Institute for Public Policy Research (UK): “Europe’s Power: re-energising a progressive
climate and energy agenda”, pp. 11-17
http://www.ippr.org/assets/media/publications/pdf/europes-power_Sep2014.pdf
Article on renewable propane (Scientific American / Reuters)
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bacteria-used-to-create-fossil-fuel-alternative/
On National Renewable Energy Action Plans (European Commission)
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/action_plan_en.htm
Key world energy statistics: (International Energy Association 2014)
http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld2014.pdf
http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld2014.pdf
Key EU energy statistics: (European Commission 2014)
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/publications/doc/2014_pocketbook.pdf
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/publications/doc/2014_pocketbook.pdf
Energy source prices (Euro/MWh): (Finnish Gov. Statistics 2014)
http://www.tilastokeskus.fi/til/ehi/2014/02/ehi_2014_02_2014-09-18_tie_001_en.html
http://www.tilastokeskus.fi/til/ehi/2014/02/ehi_2014_02_2014-09-18_tie_001_en.html
Statistics on Finnish energy production: (Finnish Gov. Statistics 2014)
http://www.tilastokeskus.fi/til/salatuo/2012/salatuo_2012_2013-11-05_tie_001_fi.html
http://www.tilastokeskus.fi/til/salatuo/2012/salatuo_2012_2013-11-05_tie_001_fi.html
When will non-renewable sources be depleted? (Shafiee & Topal 2009)
http://econpapers.repec.org/article/eeeenepol/v_3a37_3ay_3a2009_3ai_3a1_3ap_3a181-189.htm
http://econpapers.repec.org/article/eeeenepol/v_3a37_3ay_3a2009_3ai_3a1_3ap_3a181-189.htm
Directive 2001/77/EC: (European Parliament Legislation 2001)
http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/energy/renewable_energy/l27035_en.htm
http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/energy/renewable_energy/l27035_en.htm
Dependence on foreign energy: (European Commission 2014)
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Energy_production_and_imports
REGI – Committee on Regional Development
Building the periphery: mechanisms such as the Structural Funds and the Cohesion Fund have played an
important role in developing the peripheral areas of Europe, however they are also costly. Keeping in mind
that metropolitan areas are the primary motors for growth, how should the EU best support its peripheral
areas to suit the needs of their population?
Summary
For the less developed regions to keep up with regional competition, funding to boost their regional
competitiveness, research and development, education and infrastructure is highly necessary. This is why it
is time for the EU to assist the periphery in order to meet the population’s needs. The Cohesion Policy (CP)
2014-2020 is a program aiming to decrease the gap between different regions. The budget of the program is
€351,8 billion, which is over a third of the total EU budget. However, it is important to be aware of the role
metropolitan areas play in terms of economic growth and therefore, it is essential that the funding
mechanisms nor other methods of support hinder the economic growth of these metropolitan areas.
Main Problem
The increasing demand of funding for different sectors and regions within the EU has highlighted the need of
re-evaluating the structure of the EU budget. The CP being one of the most costly sectors of the budget, it is
no wonder there have been opinions raised against the fact that the EU is heavily investing in its peripheral
areas. What is more, the CP, according to research6, has been proven to be ineffective in some areas
benefitting from the funding. The main problem is poor governance of the assets, which slows down and
complicates the implementation of the CP, while hindering the economic growth and entrepreneurship
simultaneously.
Another challenge the EU is facing when looking for an optimal solution for supporting peripheral areas is
regional economic disparities. Furthermore, the so-called blind spots of the CP are currently industrial
6https://www.mir.gov.pl/aktualnosci/polityka_rozwoju/Documents/Background_report_Cohesion_Policy_and_EU_2020.pdf
policy, tax evasion, privatisation and alternative energy forms which need to be covered in the future when
implementing CP.
Key Actors
• The European Commission (EC) is responsible for preparing the EU budget. Thus it has a remarkable
influence on the allocation of funds. The Commission also negotiates with the national authorities on the
final content of the Partnership Agreement, as well as each programme. The programmes present for
example the priorities of regions or the cooperation area concerned.
• Member States The CP principles and priorities are distilled through a process of consultation between the
EC and the Member States. Each EU country produces a draft Partnership Agreement including the
country's strategy and a list of programmes.
• The Council of European Municipalities and Regions (CEMR) is the largest organisation of local and regional
governments in Europe. Its members are 55 national associations of towns, municipalities and regions from
41 countries that are part of the Council of Europe. With the help of local leaders, there might be a better
insight in local politics from EU legislators’ point of view.
Current Legislation & Policies
• European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) is a fund that is focused on creating sustainable jobs,
fostering economic growth modernizing and diversifying economic structures in the regions of the European
Union. The fund is allocated by the European Union as part of its budget.
• The Cohesion Fund is intended for Member States whose per capita GDP is below 90% of the Community
average – that means it covers the 12 new Member States since 1 May 2004 plus Greece and Portugal. Spain
is eligible for grants from this fund for a transitional period.
• European Union Solidarity Fund (EUSF) was set up to respond to major natural disasters and express
European solidarity to disaster-stricken regions within Europe. The Fund was created as a reaction to the
severe floods in Central Europe in the summer of 2002.
• European Investment Bank (EIB) is part of the EU’s regional policy in fostering the cohesion and
convergence of European regions by lending money for regional development.
Perspectives
The debate on regional development is stuck due to a costly and seemingly inefficient framework. This topic
allows you to think outside of the box and look for answers in many different places. The changing of the EU
budget allocation is one way of thinking about this problem, but it raises lots of other questions. Where
would you allocate money from? Another approach is making these funds more efficient, but how? Would
you change its aims and objectives, and so the projects it funds? Would you change its structure? How would
you like to be able to allocate the funds more efficiently? Would you use local decisionmakers’ opinions or
would you plan centrally? How would you make sure innovation is funded and achieved by the projects?
Key words and Definitions
• Periphery The outmost area of a region, and sometimes the most underdeveloped area.
• Cohesion: The process of forming a united whole. It can be said to enable less developed areas to catch up
with the most developed ones in order to reach a level of equality that avoids the economic or social
fragmentation of the EU.
• Convergence: Convergence means bringing to a similar level of development two or more different (in this
case regions).
• Research and development: work directed towards the innovation, introduction, and improvement of
products and processes.
• Metropolitan area: The most highly populated and usually most economically active and developed
regions. Since these areas are the main sources of economic growth, it is important not to harm them as
part of the regional cohesion process.
Links
European Commission Regional Policy Information
http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/index_en.cfm
EU Cohesion Policy 2014-2020
http://www.euractiv.com/regional-policy/eu-cohesion-policy-2014-2020-linksdossier-501653
Summary of EU legislation on Regional Policy
http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/regional_policy/index_en.htm
SEDE - Committee on Security and Defence
East versus West: With tensions between Russia and Western countries at its highest since the Cold War,
how should European states respond to Russia’s growing threat on post-Soviet states and what role should
the EU play in striving to uphold a diplomatic resolve to the situation?
Summary
Although the EU signed Partnership and Cooperation Agreements with post-Soviet states, including Russia,
at the end of the 1990s, and has taken steps to increase cooperation with all countries in the region, tensions
between Russia and Western countries are high. This is mostly due to the crisis in Ukraine, in which Western
countries accuse Russia of violating Ukrainian law and territory. There is a power struggle between
restrictive measures taken by the EU, and Russia refusing to retreat from their position in Ukraine. The EU
still strives for a diplomatic solution, although there has been little cooperation from Russia so far.
Main Problem
The tensions between Russia and Western countries are mostly due to the current crisis in Ukraine. The
crisis started in 2013, at the summit in Vilnius, in which the EU met with the heads of state of many post-
Soviet states, to develop the Eastern Partnership. Russia put pressure on post-Soviet states to refuse
cooperation with the EU and rather join its Eurasian Union.
Although there was a lot of popular support for closer cooperation with the EU, Ukraine did not sign the
Association Agreement, which would have led to closer political association and economic integration with
the EU. This sparked popular outrage, culminating in the ousting of President Yanukovych in February 2014.
With political instability in Ukraine, Russian forces began moving into Ukraine, although this is denied by
Russia. A referendum was held in which Crimea voted to join Russia, however it was deemed illegal by
Ukraine and the EU. Since this annexation, there have been further armed conflicts and instabilities in the
Eastern parts of Ukraine, which are populated in majority by ethnic Russians.
This conflict has seriously affected EU-Russia relations, from working towards increased cooperation to a
halt of those agreements, and sanctions. The EU, and the West in general, consider Russian action in
Ukraine to be a violation of Ukrainian national sovereignty, and may fear similar actions from Russia towards
other post-Soviet countries.
A further problem in this conflict is that Russia and the EU are big trading partners, in particular in the field
of energy. The EU is relatively dependent on Russian gas, which may affect its actions.
Key Actors
• The EU: the EU has many agreements with Russia and other post-Soviet states. It strives to develop
economic and political cooperation. It also aims for a diplomatic solution to the current conflict in
Ukraine.
• Russia: Russia seeks closer cooperation with post-Soviet states, and does not welcome closer
relations between the EU and post-Soviet states. It is currently militarily involved in Eastern
Ukraine.
• Ukraine: having recently toppled its president, Ukraine is in a fragile political situation. It receives
support from the West, and is currently fighting pro-Russian separatist forces in the East of the
country.
• NATO: Ukraine is not a member of NATO, which has thus far limited NATO’s involvement. However
some think that it should take action and show support to Ukraine.
Current Legislation & Policies
Currently, the main policy that governs the relationship between the EU and Russia is the Partnership and
Cooperation Agreement (PCA). It serves as a framework for political dialogue, and provides a basis for
cooperation in many fields, such as legislative, economic and social. Within the PCA, the EU and Russia
agreed in May 2003 to reinforce their cooperation by creating four “common spaces”, on the basis of
common values and shared interests.
The EU has concluded PCAs with many other post-soviet states as well, which in 2004 was complemented by
the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP), of which Russia is not a part. The ENP aims at strengthening the
prosperity, stability and security of all. Since the military interventions of Russia in Ukraine, the EU has also
imposed economic sanctions on Russia, as well as taken diplomatic and restrictive measures.
Perspectives
From the perspective of the EU, Russia is violating Ukraine’s sovereignty, and acting as an invader. Further,
it supported the Ukrainian revolution, as it ousted a corrupt president who had very close ties to Russia, and
was showing decreasing cooperation with the West. It is in the EU’s advantage to have strong ties to post-
Soviet countries, rather than those countries joining partnerships with Russia.
Some consider that Russia is mourning its Soviet-era empire, and may want to re-conquer territories
previously under its power. However, it can be argued from the Russian perspective that they are simply
coming to the aid of ethnic Russians, in a time of political uncertainty in Ukraine.
Ukraine’s perspective is probably in favour of EU support, as its laws and territory have been violated by
Russia. However, in its weak position, it is highly reliant on external help.
Key Words
Diplomatic measures, sanctions, Ukrainian conflict, Eurasian Union, Association Agreements
Definitions
• Association Agreements: Is a treaty between the EU and a non-EU country to create a framework
for cooperation.
• Eastern Partnership: A joint initiative between the EU, EU countries and eastern European partner
countries, it enables partner countries interested in moving towards the EU and increasing political,
economic and cultural links to do so.
• Eurasian Union: Also know as the Eurasian Economic Union, is a political and economic Union
between Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia, established by a treaty signed in 2014. It will go into effect
on 1 January 2015.
Statistics
Economic relations:
source: European Commission
More than 2200: number of deaths due to the Ukraine Conflict, according to the UN (end of August)
Links
Partnership and Cooperation Agreements:
http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/external_relations/relations_with_third_countries/eastern_europe
_and_central_asia/r17002_en.htm
EU-Russia Common Spaces:
http://eeas.europa.eu/russia/common_spaces/index_en.htm
European Neighbourhood Policy:
http://eeas.europa.eu/enp/about-us/index_en.htm
EU sanctions against Russia over the Ukraine crisis:
http://europa.eu/newsroom/highlights/special-coverage/eu_sanctions/index_en.htm
Russia-Ukraine gas dispute of 2009:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7240462.stm
Article analysing the potential consequences of the Vilnius Summit:
http://www.economist.com/news/europe/21590585-success-eastern-partnership-depends-ukraine-playing-
east-against-west
Factsheet on the Vilnius Summit:
http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-13-1057_en.htm
Joint Declaration of the Eastern Partnership Summit:
http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/EN/foraff/139765.pdf
Ukraine’s revolution and Russia’s occupation of Crimea: how we got here:
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/05/ukraine-russia-explainer
The EU’s relations with Russia:
http://eeas.europa.eu/russia/index_en.htm
Profile of Crimea:
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18287223
European Youth Parliament Finland – EYP-Finland ry Uudenmaankatu 15 A 5, 00120 Helsinki
www.eypfinland.org [email protected]
Oulu 2014 – Regional Session of EYP Finland is supported by
Ofisan Oy