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1 PowerPoint Slides English Text Portuguese Translation Text Cancer Prevention: Part 1 VideoTranscript Prevenção do Câncer: Primeira Parte Transcrição do vídeo Professional Oncology Education Cancer Prevention: Part 1 Time: 26:20? Educação Profissional em Oncologia Prevenção do Câncer: Primeira Parte Duração: 26:20? Sally Scroggs, MS, RD, LD Manager, Health Education Cancer Prevention Center The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center Sally Scroggs, MS, RD, LD Gerente, Educação para a Saúde Cancer Prevention Center MD Anderson Cancer Center, Universidade do Texas Cancer Prevention: Part I Cancer Prevention: Part I Cancer Prevention: Part I Cancer Prevention: Part I Cancer Prevention: Part I Cancer Prevention: Part I Sally Scroggs, MS, RD, LD Manager, Health Education Cancer Prevention Center Hello, I am Sally Scroggs and I am the Health Educator for the Cancer Prevention Center at University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. Olá, meu nome é Sally Scroggs e sou a instrutora de saúde do Cancer Prevention Center do MD Anderson Cancer Center da Universidade do Texas.

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Page 1: PPt Sally Scroggs- Cancer Prevention, Part 1 - Brazilian ... · Cancer Prevention: Part 1 VideoTranscript Prevenção do Câncer: Primeira Parte ... Cancer Prevention: Part I Risk

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PowerPoint Slides English Text Portuguese Translation Text Cancer Prevention: Part 1

VideoTranscript Prevenção do Câncer: Primeira Parte Transcrição do vídeo

Professional Oncology Education Cancer Prevention: Part 1 Time: 26:20?

Educação Profissional em Oncologia Prevenção do Câncer: Primeira Parte Duração: 26:20?

Sally Scroggs, MS, RD, LD Manager, Health Education Cancer Prevention Center The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center

Sally Scroggs, MS, RD, LD Gerente, Educação para a Saúde Cancer Prevention Center MD Anderson Cancer Center, Universidade do Texas

Cancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part I

Cancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part I

Sally Scroggs, MS, RD, LD

Manager, Health Education

Cancer Prevention Center

Hello, I am Sally Scroggs and I am the Health Educator for the Cancer Prevention Center at University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center.

Olá, meu nome é Sally Scroggs e sou a instrutora de saúde do Cancer Prevention Center do MD Anderson Cancer Center da Universidade do Texas.

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Cancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part I

ObjectivesObjectivesObjectivesObjectives

• Upon completion of this lesson, participants will

be able to:

– Discuss lifestyle modification strategies for risk

reduction.

– List types of prophylactic surgical interventions used

to prevent malignancies.

– Identify chemoprevention strategies for several

common cancers.

Today, I am going to talk to you about cancer prevention. This is Part I. The objectives that we are going to be covering are discussing: lifestyle modification strategies for risk reduction. Life. The other two objectives will be covered in Part II.

Hoje, falarei sobre a prevenção do câncer. Esta é a primeira parte. Os objetivos que a serem discutidos cobrem estratégias para a mudança no estilo de vida visando reduzir riscos. A vida. Os outros dois objetivos serão abordados na segunda parte.

Cancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part I

Cancer Mortality RateCancer Mortality RateCancer Mortality RateCancer Mortality Rate

Fewer Americans dying of cancer

• Better treatment

• Cancer prevention activities

Fewer Americans being diagnosed with cancer

• Related to cancer prevention activities

- Tobacco cessation

- Colorectal cancer prevention through removal

of precancerous polyps

I am going to start out with cancer mortality rates and good news is that fewer Americans are dying of cancer. And, yes, this is due to better treatment modalities, but also to cancer prevention activities. The even better news is, or more exciting news, is that we are now seeing fewer Americans being diagnosed with cancer, and, again, this is due to aggressive cancer prevention activities, for example, there are fewer people smoking now. There are less people starting to smoke. So, this can have an impact on decreasing the cancer diagnosis, but also we now have screening activities, for example, removing --- being able to remove precancerous polyps during a colonoscopy, which further has a result of decreasing risk.

Começarei com as taxas de mortalidade por câncer e a boa notícia de que há menos norte-americanos morrendo de câncer. E, sim, isso se deve a melhores modalidades de tratamento, mas também a atividades de prevenção do câncer. A melhor notícia mesmo, ou a notícia mais empolgante, é que agora há menos americanos sendo diagnosticados com câncer, e, novamente, isso se deve às atividades de prevenção de câncer agressivo. Por exemplo, hoje há menos fumantes. Menos pessoas começam a fumar. Então, isso pode ter um impacto na diminuição do diagnóstico de câncer, mas, agora, também temos atividades de rastreamento, por exemplo, a remoção de... poder remover pólipos pré-cancerosos durante colonoscopias, diminuindo o risco ainda mais.

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Cancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part I

Cancer ControlCancer ControlCancer ControlCancer Control

• Cancer Treatment

• Cancer Prevention

– Primary Prevention

• Reducing the incidence of cancer through health promotion

and cancer risk reduction

– Secondary Prevention

• Cancer screening and early detection to identify cancer

cases early before signs or symptoms develop

– Tertiary Prevention

• Survivorship activities to monitor for and prevent recurrence

and late effects of treatment

Cancer control certainly encompasses cancer treatment, but also a part of cancer control is cancer prevention. And we can divide it into three different areas: primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention. And we will be covering these in detail.

O controle do câncer certamente engloba o tratamento, mas a prevenção também é parte integrante desse controle. E podemos dividi-lo em três áreas diferentes: prevenção primária, prevenção secundária e prevenção terciária. Cobriremos as três em detalhes.

Cancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part I

Risk Assessment

The first that I am going to discuss is risk assessment. So, this is the starting point of cancer prevention. And what we do is come up with target recommendations on an --- for an individual for their level of risk for each specific cancer type.

A primeira sobre a qual vou discorrer é a avaliação dos riscos. Este é o ponto de partida da prevenção do câncer. E o que fazemos é apresentar recomendações dirigidas em um... para um indivíduo, para o seu nível de risco e para cada tipo de câncer específico.

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Cancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part I

Risk AssessmentRisk AssessmentRisk AssessmentRisk Assessment

• Qualitative Risk Assessment

- Identifying risk factors

• e.g. smoking

• Quantitative Risk Assessment

- Use of computerized models to estimate cancer risk

• e.g. breast (Claus, Gail, BRCAPRO)

We can do this qualitatively and quantitatively. Mostly, it is qualitative. So, for example, we know that, if a person is smoking, that they are going to be at higher risk for lung cancer and head and neck cancers. But, also quantitatively, in a few cases now, we have computerized risk assessment models that can estimate an individual’s risk of developing cancer. An example would be the risk assessment tool that can estimate a woman’s risk of developing breast cancer. A couple of these are computerized.

Podemos fazer isso qualitativa e quantitativamente. A maioria das vezes é qualitativa. Assim, por exemplo, sabemos que, se uma pessoa fumar, terá maior risco de [contrair] câncer de pulmão e cânceres de cabeça e pescoço. Mas, também quantitativamente, para alguns casos, agora temos modelos computacionais de avaliação de riscos que podem estimar o risco de uma pessoa contrair câncer. Um exemplo seria o instrumento de avaliação de riscos que podem estimar o risco de uma mulher contrair câncer de mama. Alguns deles são informatizados.

Cancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part I

Breast Cancer Risk Assessment ToolBreast Cancer Risk Assessment ToolBreast Cancer Risk Assessment ToolBreast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool

This is an example of the Gail model. It is also called the Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool. In this assessment you can --- you can find this on the National Cancer Institute’s web page, but it is also on the breastcancerprevention.com web page. And, this model estimates a woman’s risk of developing breast cancer based on some identifiable factors, and these factors include age. They include the age of the first menstrual cycle. It also includes the age of the first live birth of a child, family history of breast cancer in first-degree relatives, and also the individual’s breast biopsy history [excuse me] including any biopsy identified as atypical hyperplasia. So, the model estimates a woman’s breast cancer risk for over the next five years and over her lifetime. Increased risk is defined as a five-year risk of 1.7 or greater.

Este é um exemplo do modelo de Gail. Também denominado Instrumento de Avaliação de Risco para Câncer de Mama. Nesta avaliação vocês podem... vocês podem encontrar isto na página da web do National Cancer Institute, mas também na página breastcancerprevention.com. E, este modelo estima o risco de uma mulher de contrair câncer de mama com base em alguns fatores identificáveis, entre os quais a idade. Nele se inclui a idade ao primeiro ciclo menstrual. Também inclui a idade ao primeiro parto de recém-nascido vivo, história familiar de câncer de mama em parentes de primeiro grau e também a história de biópsia de mama [desculpe], incluindo qualquer biópsia identificada como hiperplasia atípica. Então, o modelo estima o risco de a mulher contrair câncer de mama durante os próximos cinco anos e no decurso da sua vida. O aumento do risco é definido como o risco em cinco anos ser igual ou superior a 1,7.

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Cancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part I

Risk Reduction StrategiesRisk Reduction StrategiesRisk Reduction StrategiesRisk Reduction Strategies

• Health Promotion- Diet

- Lifestyle modification

• Prophylactic surgical interventions

• Chemoprevention

Once we have identified an individual’s risk, then we can provide them with strategies to reduce the risk of developing cancer.

Uma vez identificado o risco de uma pessoa, poderemos oferecer estratégias para reduzir o risco de contrair câncer.

Cancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part I

American Institute of Cancer Research GuidelinesAmerican Institute of Cancer Research GuidelinesAmerican Institute of Cancer Research GuidelinesAmerican Institute of Cancer Research Guidelines

1. Choosing mostly plant foods, limit red meat

and avoid processed meat.

2. Be physically active everyday in any way for

30 minutes or more.

3. Aim to be a healthy weight throughout life.

2007 World Cancer Research Fund/ American Institute for Cancer Research Expert Report: Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective

I am going to start out with what you can do to make lifestyle changes and I am going to be using the American Institute for Cancer Research information. Where they --- it is the most comprehensive research we have to date where they looked at over 7,000 studies. And they came up with about eight guidelines, two special recommendations. And then they --- this slide is a grouping of the main message from those guidelines, which includes choosing mostly plant-based foods and limiting red meat, avoiding processed meat, being physically active every day for 30 minutes or more, and aim for a healthy weight throughout life. And I am going to go into more detail.

Começarei com o que vocês podem fazer para mudar o estilo de vida e utilizarei as informações do American Institute for Cancer Research. Onde eles... é a pesquisa mais abrangente que temos até o momento em que eles observaram mais de 7.000 estudos. E propuseram cerca de oito diretrizes, duas recomendações especiais. E, depois, eles... este slide reúne a principal mensagem das diretrizes, que incluem escolher alimentos principalmente vegetais e limitar [o consumo de] carne vermelha, evitar carnes processadas, manter-se fisicamente ativo todos os dias por 30 minutos ou mais e procurar um peso saudável ao longo da vida. [Logo] entrarei em mais detalhes.

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Cancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part I

Summary of “Convincing” and “Probable”Judgements

World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research.Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective. Washington, DC: AICR, 2007

First of all, I would like to show you a summary of the research. And, this is a very good patient education tool. It has the cancer sites across the top. And then, on this left side, it has different elements, for example, in food and also physical activity, body weight. As you can see, colorectal cancer --- it is convincing that body fatness and abdominal fatness increases risk. And yet physical activity convincingly decreases risk. So, there are both things that we can do that can protect, but there also maybe things that can increase the risk of cancer. So, again, you can look at what an individual’s specific cancer risks are, maybe from family history, or their individual history, and give them specific guidelines on what they can do to be proactive and make some changes for reducing their risk of cancer.

Em primeiro lugar, gostaria mostrar um resumo da pesquisa. E esta é uma ferramenta muito boa para a educação da paciente. Os sites sobre câncer estão na parte superior. E, depois, neste lado esquerdo, estão elementos diferentes, por exemplo, alimentos e também a atividade física e o peso corporal. Como vocês podem observar, o câncer colorretal... é convincente que a gordura corporal e a gordura abdominal aumentam o risco. E, ainda, a atividade física diminui o risco de forma convincente. Então, há duas coisas que podemos fazer para proteger, mas, talvez, também há coisas que podem aumentar o risco de câncer. Então, vocês podem observar quais os riscos específicos de uma pessoa para contrair câncer, talvez da história familiar ou da sua história pessoal, e dar-lhe diretrizes específicas sobre o que fazer para ser proativo e fazer algumas mudanças para reduzir o risco de câncer.

Cancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part I

American Institute for Cancer Research American Institute for Cancer Research American Institute for Cancer Research American Institute for Cancer Research Guidelines Include:Guidelines Include:Guidelines Include:Guidelines Include:

• Maintain a healthy weight throughout life

• BMI 21-23

• Avoid weight gain and increases in waist circumference,

especially post-menopausal for females

The first guideline --- and this is the first for both the American Institute for Cancer Research and for the American Cancer Society, putting emphasis on the risk factor with cancer and obesity. So, the first one is maintaining a healthy weight throughout life. And one way to assess this with your patients is using body mass index. And typically the body mass index healthy range is 8.5 to 24.9. The American Institute for Cancer Research narrowed that to 21 to 23; and this is a reflection of if individuals, even ethnic populations, who are at higher risk of heart disease or diabetes with excess weight would also be at higher risk for the cancer sites that are associated with obesity. So, there are other ways to measure abdominal fatness, which we just saw was related to colorectal cancer. It is also related to increased risk with post --- with breast cancer for postmenopausal females. So weight gain, increase in waist

A primeira diretriz... e esta é a primeira para o American Institute for Cancer Research e a American Cancer Society, com ênfase no fator de risco para câncer e obesidade. O primeiro é manter um peso saudável ao longo da vida. E uma forma de avaliar isso com seus pacientes é por meio do índice de massa corporal. Normalmente, a faixa saudável do índice de massa corporal saudável varia de 8,5 a 24,9. O American Institute for Cancer Research reduziu essa faixa para uma variação de 21 a 23. Isso pode sugerir que pessoas, mesmo populações étnicas, com maior risco de contrair cardiopatias ou diabetes, com excesso de peso, também possam ter um maior risco de câncer em sítios associados à obesidade. Então, existem outras maneiras de medir a gordura abdominal, o que acabamos de ver estava relacionada ao câncer colorretal. Também está relacionada ao aumento do

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circumference, and even hip-to-weight --- waist-to-hip ratio can also be used to assess body fatness and risk.

risco com pós... com câncer de mama em mulheres na pós-menopausa. O ganho de peso, o aumento da circunferência abdominal e, até mesmo, a razão quadril-peso... cintura-quadril também podem ser utilizados para avaliar a gordura corporal e o risco.

Cancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part I

Obesity and CancerObesity and CancerObesity and CancerObesity and Cancer

Convincing Increased Risk

• Breast (among

postmenopausal women)

• Colon

• Endometrium

• Esophagus

• Kidney

• Pancreas

Probable Increased Risk

• Gallbladder

Limited-suggestive Increased Risk

• Liver

The American Institute for Cancer Research uses convincing, probable, and limited suggestive risks to determine severity. And for obesity right now, there are eight different cancer sites that are associated with obesity. And, you can see that there --- it is convincing that it increases the risk, again, breast (postmenopausal women), colon, endometrial cancer, esophageal cancer, kidney, and pancreatic cancer.

O American Institute for Cancer Research utiliza riscos sugestivos convincentes, prováveis e limitados para determinar a gravidade. E, neste momento, para a obesidade há oito sítios diferentes de câncer associados à obesidade. E, vocês podem ver que há... é convincente que ela aumenta o risco, novamente, de câncer de mama (mulheres na pós-menopausa), cólon, endométrio, esôfago, rim e pâncreas.

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Adopt a Physically Active Lifestyle

• Be moderately physically active for at least 30

minutes every day

• As fitness improves, aim for at least 60 minutes of

moderate activity or 30 minutes of vigorous activity

every day

The next guideline, again both for the American Institute for Cancer Research and the American Cancer Society, is being physically active. The guideline is be moderately physically active for at least 30 minutes every day and then, as fitness improves, aim for at least 60 minutes of moderate activity or 30 minutes of vigorous activity every day. There is --- there are some studies that are identified through the American Cancer Society that indicate 45 minutes of activity most days of the week can reduce the risk of both colon cancer and breast cancer.

Como vimos, a próxima diretriz do American Institute for Cancer Research e da American Cancer Society é manter-se fisicamente ativo. A diretriz indica realizar uma atividade física moderada pelo menos por 30 minutos todos os dias e, depois, à medida que melhora a forma física, realizar pelo menos 60 minutos de atividade moderada ou 30 minutos de atividade vigorosa todos os dias. Há... alguns estudos identificados pela American Cancer Society que indicam que 45 minutos de atividade na maioria dos dias da semana podem reduzir o risco de câncer de cólon e de mama.

Cancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part I

Consume a Healthy Diet with an Emphasis Consume a Healthy Diet with an Emphasis Consume a Healthy Diet with an Emphasis Consume a Healthy Diet with an Emphasis on Plant Sources and Limit Red Meatson Plant Sources and Limit Red Meatson Plant Sources and Limit Red Meatson Plant Sources and Limit Red Meats

• Eat 5 or more servings of vegetables and fruits per day

• Choose whole grains instead of processed grains and sugar

The next guideline focuses on dietary intake. And I think most of us have heard the Eat 5 a Day, which actually behaviorally that is the minimum amount of fruits and vegetables one would want to eat in a day. And it is split up: three vegetables and two fruits. And that is because typically most Americans have between three to four servings a day. So, the 5 a day is meeting the minimum amount. Sometimes you will hear seven. Sometimes you will hear nine. So, it is typically five to nine servings of fruits and vegetables a day --- is something you can do to be proactive in reducing your cancer risk. It is estimated that you can reduce your risk as much as 20% by just having the five fruits and vegetables per day. It is also important to choose whole grains instead of processed grains and sugars including avoiding sugary drinks.

A próxima diretriz foca a ingestão dietética. Acho que a maioria de nós já ouviu [a frase] "coma 5 por dia", que na verdade, do ponto de vista comportamental, é a quantidade mínima de frutas e hortaliças que deveríamos comer em um dia. E é dividida: três hortaliças e duas frutas. E isso é porque, normalmente, a maioria dos americanos tem entre três a quatro porções por dia. Então, os 5 por dia significa comer a quantidade mínima. Às vezes, dizem sete. Às vezes, dizem nove. Então, normalmente, varia de cinco a nove porções de frutas e hortaliças por dia... é algo que vocês podem fazer para ser proativo em reduzir seu risco de câncer. Estima-se que o risco pode ser reduzido em até 20% somente ingerindo cinco frutas e hortaliças por dia. Também é importante escolher cereais integrais em vez de grãos e açúcares processados, incluindo evitar bebidas açucaradas.

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Limit Intake of Red Meat and Avoid Processed MeatLimit Intake of Red Meat and Avoid Processed MeatLimit Intake of Red Meat and Avoid Processed MeatLimit Intake of Red Meat and Avoid Processed Meat

Public Health Goal

• Population average consumption of red meat* to be no more than 300 g (11 oz) a week, very little if any of which to be processed

Personal Recommendation

• People who eat red meat to consume less than 500 g (18 oz) a week, very little if any to be processed

* “Red meat refers to beef, pork, lamb, and goat…”USDA 2006 Average Per Capita Weekly Consumption: Red meat - 36 oz., Beef – 20 oz.

I wanted to give you one example of the --- how specific the guidelines are for the American Institute for Cancer Research. So, I chose to use the red meat as this example. They give a public health goal and then they give a personal recommendation. I am going to focus on the personal recommendation in the presentation, which indicates that people, who eat red meat --- and let us clarify what red meat is. It is beef. It is pork, lamb, and goat, for example. People should have just over or not more than just over a pound, 18 ounces a week and the very little of any of it to be processed. So, is this something that you should discuss with your patients? Well, I looked at the per capita consumption of red meat in the United States and actually just the beef alone is over what is recommended to take in weekly. Beef alone in the United States is estimated to be 20 ounces a week. Red meat total is 36 ounces a week. So, obviously, this is something you can address with your patients and could make a difference in reducing cancer risk.

Eu queria dar um exemplo de... como são específicas as diretrizes do American Institute for Cancer Research. Então, escolhi a carne vermelha como exemplo. Eles estabelecem uma meta para a saúde pública e, depois, oferecem uma recomendação pessoal. Minha apresentação se concentrará na recomendação pessoal, que indica que pessoas que comem carne vermelha... e vamos explicar o que é carne vermelha. É carne de vaca. É carne de porco, cordeiro, e cabra, por exemplo. As pessoas deveriam ingerir só um pouco mais do que uma libra de carne ou não mais do que isso, 18 onças por semana, e dessa quantidade, muito pouco ou nada deveria ser processada. Então, isso é algo que vocês devem discutir com seus pacientes? Bem, eu pesquisei sobre o consumo per capita de carne vermelha nos Estados Unidos e, na verdade, só de carne de vaca, está acima da quantidade recomendada por semana. Nos Estados Unidos, estima-se que [o consumo] de carne de vaca seja de 20 onças por semana. O total de carne vermelha é de 36 onças por semana. Obviamente, isto é um assunto que vocês podem discutir com suas pacientes e poderia fazer a diferença na redução dos riscos para contrair câncer.

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Meat and Cancer RiskMeat and Cancer RiskMeat and Cancer RiskMeat and Cancer Risk

Red Meat

• Colorectum *

• Endometrium ♦• Esophagus ♦• Lung ♦• Pancreas ♦* Convincing increased risk♦ Limited–suggestive increased risk

Processed Meat

• Colorectum *

• Endometrium ♦• Esophagus ♦• Lung ♦• Prostate ♦• Stomach ♦

If you look at the risk factors --- or if you look at the convincing increased risk for red meat, colorectal cancer is convincing and also for processed meat, colorectal is --- it is convincing. The others are limited suggested increased risks, but still the evidence is there that they play a role with cancer at a number of sites. They could not even come up with a limited amount of processed meats, which is why it says limit or avoid processed meats altogether. And this has to do with the heme iron that is in red meats that is associated with increasing the known carcinogen of N-nitroso compounds production. So, even if there are nitrates or nitrites in the food that is processed with the iron, you can still produce more of those in the gut, which increases risk. Also, red meat increases bile acids, which can irritate the colon and set the stage for cancer there.

Se vocês prestarem atenção aos fatores de risco... ou ao risco maior e convincente de ingerir carne vermelha, o câncer colorretal é convincente, bem como para a carne processada, [o câncer] colorretal é... é convincente. Os outros são riscos maiores, sugestivos e limitados, mas mesmo assim, as evidências de que eles desempenham um papel no câncer em muitos sítios estão aí. Eles não puderam propor uma quantidade limitada de carnes processadas; por isso indicam limitar ou evitar completamente o seu consumo. E isso tem a ver com o ferro heme que está na carne vermelha e está associado ao aumento da produção de conhecidos compostos cancerígenos formados por N-nitroso. Assim sendo, mesmo havendo nitratos ou nitritos no alimento processado com ferro, a pessoa ainda pode produzir mais desses compostos no intestino, aumentando o risco. Além disso, a carne vermelha aumenta os ácidos biliares, que podem irritar o cólon e criar as condições para o câncer [se estabelecer] lá.

Cancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part I

If you Drink Alcoholic Beverages, If you Drink Alcoholic Beverages, If you Drink Alcoholic Beverages, If you Drink Alcoholic Beverages, Limit ConsumptionLimit ConsumptionLimit ConsumptionLimit Consumption

• Women - 1 drink/day

• Men- 2 drinks/day

• 1 Drink means:

– 12 ounces of regular beer

– 5 ounces of wine

– 1.5 ounces of liquor

• Convincing increased risk for: mouth, pharynx, larynx,

esophagus, breast, colorectum (men)

• Probable increased risk for: liver, colorectum (women)

Alcohol is --- also needs to be discussed. And typically the guidelines for cancer risk reduction mesh very well with the recommendations for heart disease and diabetes, but this is one place where they deviate. So, you would need to look at your patient’s individual risk factors. If cancer is more of a risk factor, then you would want to talk specifically about limiting consumption of alcohol if they drink at all. The recommendations are not more than one drink per day for women and not more than two drinks per day for men. And then it is also important to discuss portion sizes. The convincing risk is associated with head and neck cancers, breast cancer. It is convincing that alcohol increases the risk for colorectal cancer in men, and then probable increased risk for liver cancer with alcohol, and then

O álcool é... também precisa ser discutido. E, normalmente, as diretrizes para a redução do câncer combinam muito bem com as recomendações para cardiopatias e diabetes, mas a partir daqui elas se separam. Então, vocês precisariam considerar os fatores de risco individuais da paciente. Se o câncer for mais do que um fator de risco, vocês deveriam falar especificamente sobre limitar o consumo de álcool, caso bebam. As recomendações são tomar não mais de um drinque por dia para as mulheres e não mais de dois drinques por dia para os homens. Além disso, é importante discutir as porções. O risco convincente está associado aos cânceres de cabeça e pescoço e ao câncer de mama. É convincente que o álcool aumenta o risco de câncer

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probable increased risk with colorectal cancer with women.

colorretal em homens e que, provavelmente, aumenta o risco de câncer colorretal em mulheres.

Cancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part I

Tobacco CessationTobacco CessationTobacco CessationTobacco Cessation

Health Care Professionals Role in Smoking Cessation:

• Ask patients if they smoke

• Assess patients attitude towards smoking and quitting

• Advise cessation clearly and unequivocally

• Assist with a cessation plan

• Arrange follow up to support choice of cessation

I am now going to talk to --- address another lifestyle behavior that you --- your patients have control over and this is tobacco cessation. Health care professionals often don’t realize the important role. We take it for granted that patients know that they shouldn’t smoke, but you really need to ask the patients. A lot of my patients have said. “Well, no one has ever told me that I needed to stop before.” So, first of all, asking. These are actually the 5 A’s. Asking and then discussing with the patient what their attitude is towards smoking at this time. Giving advice to the patient on how you can quit, helping them develop a plan, and then finally arranging support. This can be from you or your staff or a follow-up phone call.

Agora, falarei sobre... abordarei outro comportamento [ou] estilo de vida sobre o... qual suas pacientes têm controle, bem como a cessação do tabagismo. Muitas vezes, os profissionais não percebem a importância da sua intervenção. Tomamos por certo que as pacientes sabem que não devem fumar, mas vocês realmente precisam perguntar. Muitas das minhas pacientes disseram. "Bem, mas ninguém me disse antes que eu precisava parar [de fumar]". Então, antes de tudo, perguntar. Estas são realmente as "5 As". Perguntar e, depois, falar com a paciente a respeito da sua disposição para deixar de fumar nesse momento. Dar conselhos à paciente sobre como parar de fumar, ajudando-a a desenvolver um plano e, finalmente, conseguir apoio. Isso, vocês ou a sua equipe podem fazer [diretamente] ou dar acompanhamento por telefone.

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Tobacco CessationTobacco CessationTobacco CessationTobacco Cessation

The quit plan involves:

• Identifying daily triggering behaviors

• Uncovering motivation for the behaviors

• Adopting alternative coping strategies

• Tobacco cessation medications

• Social Support

Quitting involves a plan of, you know, starting out with identifying daily triggers. These are habits that they have formed with smoking. An example may be having a cigarette with the first cup of coffee in the morning and talking to them about how they can start working on breaking that habit, for example, using a different mug or having tea instead of coffee, as they work on changing that behavior. Uncovering motivation for the behaviors; are they using nicotine for stress? Are they using it for depression? Giving them alternative coping strategies. And we also have tobacco cessation medications that can ease the withdrawal symptoms. Also, discussing social support: what can help them? What can hurt them? And how to ask for social support from family members and people that they work with and from you as the

Parar de fumar implica planejar, vocês sabem, começar identificando os fatores desencadeantes no dia a dia. Esses são os hábitos formados com o tabagismo. Um exemplo poderia ser quando fumam o primeiro cigarro com a primeira xícara de café da manhã e dizer que poderiam começar a quebrar esse hábito, por exemplo, servindo café noutra xícara ou tomando chá ao invés de café durante esse período em que tentam mudar de comportamento. Descobrir motivações para os comportamentos. Usam a nicotina para o estresse? Usam-na para a depressão? Oferecer-lhes estratégias alternativas para enfrentar [a situação]. Também temos medicamentos para cessação do tabagismo que podem aliviar os sintomas de abstinência. Além disso, discutir sobre apoio social: o que pode ajudar? O que pode prejudicar? E como

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healthcare provider. pedir apoio social de familiares e colegas de trabalho e de vocês mesmos, como provedores de cuidados da saúde.

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Cessation CounselingCessation CounselingCessation CounselingCessation Counseling

• Assess readiness to change

• Provides problem-solving guidance to develop

a plan to quit and overcome common barriers

• Provides social support

• Motivational interviewing

• The 5 R's (relevance, risks, rewards,

roadblocks, repetition)

Cessation counseling can come from a trained counselor where they can address the readiness to change. What all is going on with this individual in their life right now? Is this a good time to have them quit or are we just going to be setting them up for yet another failure? So helping provide problem-solving guidance to develop a plan to quit, to overcome some of the common barriers; looking at where their social support is; and then helping with motivational interviewing; looking at the 5 R’s. Is this relevant? What are the risks? Coming up with rewards, identifying roadblocks, and then repeating the positive behaviors, so that they replace the other habits for smoking.

O aconselhamento para a cessação pode ser realizado por um conselheiro capacitado, que poderá abordar a prontidão para mudar. O que está acontecendo agora na vida desta pessoa? É este um bom momento para que parem de fumar ou apenas as estamos levando para mais um fracasso? Então, proporcionar diretrizes de como solucionar os problemas para criar um plano para deixar de fumar, superar algumas das barreiras comuns, ver onde se encontra o apoio social e, depois, ajudar por meio de entrevistas motivacionais, analisar as "5 Rs". Isso é relevante? Quais são os riscos? Sugerir recompensas, identificar barreiras e, depois, repetir os comportamentos positivos para substituir o hábito de fumar com os outros hábitos.

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MedicationsMedicationsMedicationsMedications

• Nicotine replacement therapy

– Nicotine substitutes (gum, patches, lozenges, inhalers)

– Reduce nicotine levels gradually

• Antidepressants

– Bupropion reduces withdrawal symptoms

• Nicotine blocking drugs – Varenicline

– Activates nicotine receptors in the brain to reduce severity

of cravings and withdrawal symptoms

– If patients smoke while taking Varenicline, reduces the

sense of satisfaction from smoking

The medications now to --- first of all to gradually decrease nicotine, would be nicotine replacement therapy. And you work with the patient individually. You may have to try a number of these before you find out what works. They may try the patch and then have an allergy reaction to it. The lozenges may work better. There actually is some research identifying different types of the --- of characteristics in a person’s personality that may make the inhaler more successful for them. Again, this is where cessation counselors can help you. They can actually lessen the severity of the withdrawals by reducing nicotine levels gradually. Also, there is research with Zyban that helps --- shows that this antidepressant can reduce withdrawal symptoms associated with smoking cessation. And a newer drug on the market is ChantixTM. This drug actually works in two ways. It activates the nicotine

Os medicamentos que agora... em primeiro lugar, reduzir gradualmente a nicotina seria por meio da terapia de reposição de nicotina. E vocês têm que tratar a paciente individualmente. Talvez tenham que tentar várias [alternativas] antes de descobrir a que funcione. Elas podem tentar usar o adesivo e depois ter uma reação alérgica a ele. As pastilhas podem funcionar melhor. Atualmente, há pesquisas que identificam diferentes tipos de... de características da personalidade de uma pessoa para que o inalador surta mais efeito. Novamente, é aqui em que os conselheiros de cessação tabágica podem ajudar. Na realidade, eles podem diminuir a gravidade da abstinência ao reduzir gradualmente os níveis de nicotina. Além disso, a pesquisa com Zyban® ajuda... demonstra que este antidepressivo pode reduzir os sintomas de abstinência associados à cessação do tabagismo. E um novo fármaco no

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receptors in the brain to reduce the severity of cravings with withdrawal symptoms. And then, if the patient smokes while they are taking ChantixTM, they do not get the fix that they are used to because the nicotine receptors in the brain have already been activated by the drug, so they don’t get that reward. So it is looking at these different medications and in combination individually to help the patient with cessation.

mercado é o Chantix™. Na verdade, este fármaco funciona de duas maneiras. Ativa os receptores de nicotina no cérebro para reduzir a gravidade dos desejos com sintomas de abstinência. E, depois, se a paciente fumar enquanto toma Chantix™, não receberá a dose usual porque os receptores de nicotina no cérebro já foram ativados pelo fármaco, por isso não receberá a recompensa. É utilizando individualmente estes medicamentos diferentes e em combinação que podemos ajudar a paciente a deixar de fumar.

Cancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part I

When Smokers QuitWhen Smokers QuitWhen Smokers QuitWhen Smokers Quit…………....

• 20 minutes after quitting: heart rate and blood pressure drop

• 12 hours after quitting: CO level in blood drops to normal

• 2 weeks to 3 months after quitting: circulation improves

• 1 to 9 months after quitting: coughing and shortness of

breath decrease

• 1 year after quitting: risk of CHD is half that of a smoker's

• 5 years after quitting: stroke risk is reduced to that of

a non-smoker

• 10 years after quitting: lung cancer death rate is half that

of a smoker

• 15 years after quitting: risk of CHD is that of a non-smoker's

When smokers quit, it is important for them to know that they immediately start the healing process. Twenty minutes after quitting, their heart rate and blood pressure drops, but you can see this continues on out 5, 10, 15 years from stopping smoking. A lot of the people that I have worked with will keep this type of information in their pocket or in their purse. And when they are having a craving they can pull this out to remind them why they are going through this difficult activity.

É importante que os fumantes saibam que, quando param de fumar, iniciam imediatamente o processo de cura. Vinte minutos depois de parar de fumar, a frequência cardíaca e a pressão arterial caem, mas observa-se que isso continua por 5, 10, 15 anos a partir da cessação. Muitas das pessoas de quem tratei guardam este tipo de informação no bolso ou na bolsa. E quando sentem desejos, podem tirá-la para lembrar por que estão passando por todo esse sacrifício.

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Cancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part I

Preventing Skin CancerPreventing Skin CancerPreventing Skin CancerPreventing Skin Cancer

• Avoid the sun between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m.

• Cover up with protective clothing

• Cover head with wide-brimmed hat, shading face,

ears, neck

• The shorter your shadow, the more damaging the

sun rays

• Use sunscreen, at least SPF 30

So, next, on to another lifestyle behavior that you can change is reducing your risk of skin cancer. Skin cancer is the number one cancer among Americans and there are some simple behaviors that you can practice that can reduce your risk. One of them is avoiding the sun between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. That is particularly when the sunrays are the most intense in the Southern climate as well. Covering up with protective clothing is a difficult one to sell to patients often. But with the new synthetics that are breathable, these --- this clothing can actually be more comfortable then having the sun hit their skin directly. Baseball caps are still very popular for both males and females, but you need to remind them that this does not cover their ears or their necks, and a wide brim hat would be more appropriate. One way to tell how intense the rays are is looking at your shadow and, if your shadow --- the more shorter it is, the more damaging the rays are. We recommend that you use a minimum of sunscreen of 30.

Depois disso, abordar outro comportamento que se pode mudar [visa] reduzir o risco de câncer de pele. O câncer de pele é o número um entre os tipos de câncer que acometem os norte-americanos, e adotar alguns comportamentos simples pode reduzir o risco. Um deles é evitar o sol entre as 10h e as 16h. Sobretudo quando os raios solares são também mais intensos no sul. Cobrir-se com roupas para proteção não é uma medida muito popular entre as pacientes. Mas com os novos [produtos] sintéticos que deixam [a pele] respirar, essas... essa roupa pode realmente ser mais confortável do que receber o sol diretamente na pele. Bonés de beisebol ainda são muito populares para homens e mulheres, mas é preciso lembrá-los que não cobrem nem as orelhas nem o pescoço e um chapéu de aba larga seria mais adequado. Uma maneira de explicar a intensidade dos raios [solares] é olhando para a própria sombra... quanto menor for, mais prejudiciais os raios serão. Recomendamos usar um protetor solar 30, como mínimo.

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Sun Protection Factor (SPF)Sun Protection Factor (SPF)Sun Protection Factor (SPF)Sun Protection Factor (SPF)

• Measures the effectiveness of a sunscreen in

filtering out UV rays

• SPF 30 means that if you are exposed to noonday

summer sun, the sunscreen protected skin

would take 30 times longer to burn than the

unprotected skin

• Choose a sunscreen with UVA and UVB protection

• Generously apply sunscreen 20 to 30 minutes before

going outside

• Reapply as indicated

So this sunscreen, the SPF, is the sun protective factor, and this measures the effectiveness of a sunscreen in filtering out ultraviolet rays. So, for example, a SPF of 30 would mean that, if you are exposed to noonday summer sun, the sunscreen-protected skin would take 30 minutes longer to burn than the unprotected skin. So, what ideally you would want to choose the sunscreen that protects both UVA now and UVB. So generously apply, which is actually about an ounce or two tablespoons, if you are covering your entire body with sunscreen. And to help get it absorbed to the skin, you need to apply it at least 30 minutes before going out and then repeat as indicated. And the type that you are using will let you know if it is water-resistant, water-repellent, and how often it needs to be reapplied.

Portanto, esse protetor solar, o FPS, é o fator de proteção solar, e mede a eficácia de um protetor solar em filtrar a radiação ultravioleta. Assim, por exemplo, um FPS de 30 significa que, se ficarmos expostos ao sol do meio-dia no verão, a pele protegida por filtro solar levaria 30 minutos a mais para ser queimada do que a pele desprotegida. Então, o ideal seria escolher o filtro solar que protegesse contra a radiação UVA e a UVB. Deve-se aplicar bastante quantidade, que na verdade é cerca de uma onça ou duas colheres das de sopa, se quiser cobrir todo o corpo com protetor solar. E para favorecer a sua absorção pela pele, deve ser aplicado pelo menos 30 minutos antes de sair e, depois, repetir conforme a indicação. O tipo [do protetor solar] usado indicará se for resistente ou repelente à água e quantas vezes precisa ser reaplicado.

Cancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part I

UV ExposureUV ExposureUV ExposureUV Exposure

UVA rays

• Contribute to skin cancer formation (tanning beds)

• Penetrate skin layers more deeply

• Remain intense throughout the year

• Contribute to premature aging, harmful to eyes and immune system

UVB rays• Cause damage to DNA of skin cells, increasing risk

• Most likely to cause sunburns

• Primary contributor to premature aging and wrinkling

• Vary in intensity throughout the seasons

There are different ultraviolet rays. We now know that UVA rays also contribute to skin cancer formation. This is the ray that is most common in tanning beds, which is why you want to tell your patients to avoid tanning beds. It penetrates skin layers more deeply. It remains intense throughout the year and it contributes to premature aging, which mentioning this is actually a motivation factor for a lot of people. It is also harmful to eyes and the immune system. The UVB rays, we have known for a long time, cause damage to DNA of skin cells, increasing the risk of skin cancer. It is the one that is most likely to cause sunburns. It is the primary contributor to premature aging and wrinkling, and this is the one that varies with intensity being more intense during the summer seasons.

Existem diferentes raios ultravioleta. Hoje sabemos que os raios UVA também contribuem para a formação de câncer de pele. Este é o raio mais comum em camas de bronzeamento, e é por isso que vocês devem dizer a seus pacientes para evitar as camas de bronzeamento. Ele penetra mais profundamente as camadas da pele. Permanece intenso durante todo o ano e contribui para o envelhecimento precoce, cuja menção já serve de motivação para muita gente. Também é prejudicial para os olhos e o sistema imunológico. A radiação UVB, que conhecemos há muito tempo, causa danos ao DNA das células da pele, aumentando o risco de câncer de pele. É a que tem mais probabilidade de causar queimaduras. É a principal contribuinte para o envelhecimento precoce e rugas e é a única que varia com a intensidade, sendo mais intensa durante o verão

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UVA UVA UVA UVA and and and and UVB ProtectorsUVB ProtectorsUVB ProtectorsUVB Protectors

• UVA and UVB – titanium dioxide, zinc oxide,

Photoplex with avobenzone, benzophenones

(oxybenzone)

• UVA – ecamsule

• UVB – PABA, salicylates (ocytl salicylate)

So, looking at the physical and chemical ingredients in your sunscreen is important. Telling your patients, if they only have the PABA or the MexorylTM, they are getting protection for only UVB or UVA. So what they want to look for is one that provides titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, and they have changed these physical components. They don’t leave --- they are not just white now. So, they’re --- they are --- more people will use them now than just the lifeguards with the zinc oxide on their nose. The Photoplex with Parsol protects for UVA and UVB, as does oxybenzone. So, what is most important is that you get a sunscreen that has both UVA and UVB protectors.

Por isso, é importante observar os ingredientes físicos e químicos do protetor solar. Dizer às pacientes, caso só usem PABA ou Mexoryl™, que estarão protegidas somente contra os raios UVB ou contra os UVA. Por isso, devem escolher os que têm dióxido de titânio, óxido de zinco e eles mudaram esses componentes físicos. Eles não deixam... agora, não são só brancos. Eles são... eles são... mais pessoas os usam agora do que os salva-vidas com óxido de zinco no nariz. O Photoplex com Parsol protege contra os raios UVA e UVB, bem como a oxibenzona. Então, o mais importante é começar [a usar] um protetor solar que proteja contra os raios UVA e os UVB.

Cancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part I

ABCDEFABCDEFABCDEFABCDEF’s for Skin Self Exams for Skin Self Exams for Skin Self Exams for Skin Self Exam

• Asymmetry

– One half unlike the other half

• Border

– Irregular or poorly defined border

• Color

– Varied from one area to another

– Shades of tan, brown, black, red

• Diameter

– The mole is larger than 6 mm across

– (about 1/4 inch the size of a pencil eraser)

• Elevation

– The mole is raised

• Feeling

– The sensation around the mole has changed, itchy, painful

We commonly hear about the ABCs for skin self-exam. Now they have been expanded to the ABCDEF and I would like to go over these. The A is asymmetry. It means there is not a mirror image; one half of the mole does not look like the other half of the mole. The B is border: irregular or poorly defined border. Color: the color is not the same; it varies. It goes from shades of tan to brown to black to red. Diameter: if the diameter of the mole becomes larger than the size of a pencil eraser. Or elevation: if the mole is flat and it raises. Or if, all of a sudden, there is feeling in the mole and there has not been before, such as itching or it becomes painful. These would be of concern and these are things that you can teach your clients about. And they can --- the patient can be taught these and look for these between clinical exams and then schedule an appointment or bring them to the provider’s attention at their follow-up visit.

Comumente, ouvimos sobre os ABCs para o autoexame da pele. Agora, foram ampliados para ABCDEF e eu gostaria de discorrer sobre eles. O "A" é de assimetria. Isso significa que não há uma imagem especular; a metade de um sinal não se parece com a outra metade do sinal. O "B" é de borda: bordas irregulares ou mal definidas. Cor: a cor não é a mesma; varia. Vai de tons de bege ao marrom ao preto para vermelho. Diâmetro: se o diâmetro do sinal ficar maior do que o tamanho de uma borracha de lápis. Ou elevação: se o sinal for achatado e se elevar. Ou se, de repente, houver sensibilidade no sinal e não havia antes, como prurido ou dor. Tudo isso preocupa e é o que vocês podem ensinar a seus clientes. E elas podem... ser ensinadas à paciente para que as observe entre um exame clínico e outro e, depois, agendar uma consulta ou falar a respeito com o provedor durante a consulta de acompanhamento.

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Risk Reduction: Reduce Risk of HPV InfectionRisk Reduction: Reduce Risk of HPV InfectionRisk Reduction: Reduce Risk of HPV InfectionRisk Reduction: Reduce Risk of HPV Infection

• Reduce risk of human papilloma virus infection

- Delay onset of sexual activity

- Maintain a monogamous relationship

- Use barrier contraception

Next, I am going to switch to what you can do to reduce the risk of cervical cancer and cervical dysplasia. This can be done by delaying the onset of sexual activity, as the cervix is more susceptible to HPV at younger ages. Maintaining a monogamous relationship; well, that would reduce exposure. And barrier contraception may also reduce the transmission of HPV infections.

A seguir, vou passar para o que se pode fazer para reduzir o risco de câncer cervical e displasia cervical. Isto pode ser feito atrasando o início da atividade sexual, já que o colo do útero é mais suscetível ao HPV em idades mais jovens. Manter um relacionamento monogâmico; bem, isso reduziria a exposição. E a contracepção de barreira também pode reduzir a transmissão de infecções por HPV.

Cancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part I

Risk Reduction:Risk Reduction:Risk Reduction:Risk Reduction:Hormone Hormone Hormone Hormone Therapy Therapy Therapy Therapy ((((HTHTHTHT))))

• Prior to starting HT, women should be

counseled regarding risk vs. benefits of therapy

and non-hormonal alternatives

• If HT is initiated, use minimum dose needed to

control menopausal symptoms

• Consider occasional trials off of HT to reassess

benefits derived

For individuals who are considering hormone therapy, we want them to fully understand the risks and benefits of therapy and also understand that there are non-hormonal alternatives. What we recommend is, particularly for people who are at high risk for breast cancer, that they consider these other options. And, if they are going to start hormone --- hormone therapy, that it be initiated with minimum doses needed to control menopausal symptoms. And then, from time-to-time challenge the hormone therapy. So, take a --- what is considered a trial off of the hormone therapy to re-assess if the individual is getting the benefits that they are hoping to get from the medication.

Para as pessoas que estão considerando usar terapia hormonal, queremos que entendam completamente seus riscos e benefícios e também que existem alternativas não hormonais. O que recomendamos é, principalmente para as pessoas com alto risco para câncer de mama, que considerem essas outras opções. E, se começarem o hormônio... a terapia hormonal, que seja iniciada com doses mínimas necessárias para controlar os sintomas da menopausa. E, depois, de vez em quando, desafiar a terapia de reposição hormonal. Fazer uma... o que se conhece como retirada da terapia de reposição hormonal para reavaliar os benefícios que a pessoa esperava receber com o medicamento.

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Risk Reduction StrategiesRisk Reduction StrategiesRisk Reduction StrategiesRisk Reduction Strategies

• Health Promotion

- Diet

- Lifestyle modification

• Prophylactic surgical interventions

• Chemoprevention

This concludes my presentation. This is Part I of Cancer Prevention. I have addressed health promotion, diet, lifestyle modifications.

Com isto concluo a minha apresentação. Esta é a primeira parte da prevenção do câncer. Os assuntos abordados foram a promoção da saúde, dieta e mudanças no estilo de vida.

Cancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part ICancer Prevention: Part I

SummarySummarySummarySummary

Being proactive about health choices can

significantly reduce the incidence of cancer

through diet and lifestyle modifications!

And, in summary, there are things that you can do to be proactive about health choices. You can significantly reduce the incidence of cancer through diet and lifestyle modification. Thanks for your attention. I hope this gave you new information. Please let us know how we are doing with this part of the program. And please contact us if you have any questions. Thanks.

E, em resumo, existem coisas que podemos fazer para ser proativo nas escolhas de saúde. Vocês podem reduzir significativamente a incidência de câncer modificando a dieta e o estilo de vida. Agradeço a atenção. Espero ter trazido novas informações. Por favor, expressem sua opinião sobre nosso desempenho nesta parte do programa e entrem em contato conosco se tiverem alguma dúvida. Obrigada.