pollution of leather industry

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POLLUTION OF LEATHER INDUSTRY AND ITS SOCIO-

ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFICACIES. A

EXPERIENCE FROM ERODE DISTRICT

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

The most critical environmental problems being by developing

countries include water air and oil pollution. At these due to its impact on a

large number of economic activities. It is universal understanding that large

scale industrial units generate more effluent and small-scale enterprises

causes loss damage to the environment. This is general myth. The ground

reality is that small scale units through production processing and

manufacturing generates pollution and impose damage to the environment.

Small Scale Industries are a special feature at state economy and these

play and important to be in pollution. This process is necessarily generated

effluent and discharged into the water bodies and agricultural lands. This is

main causes for negative externalities on human health, animal health and

plants. This is a grey area where there is death at study warranted to

investigate the problems pertaining to SSI pollution in general, the SSI lack

pollution control mechanisms, while the large industries are better organized

to adopt pollution control measure the SS sector is poorly equipped to handle

this problem. They have a very high aggregate pollution potential. Emission

discharged from industrial units irrespective at whether large or SS will cause

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damage to the receiving media not with standing the variation in the quantity

at discharge between large and small.

Sewage is not the only cause at water pollution: Industrial waste is also

significant polluter. Industrial pollution has been one at the most important

factors causing water pollution: Industries release into water effluent

containing chemical and biological matter that impose high demand polluted

water contains low levels at dissolved oxygen (DO). The result at heavy

biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD).

Apart from this industrial waste contains chemicals and heavy metals such as

arsenic, lead, mercury cadmium and zinc. Heavy concentration at chemical

and metals in both surface and ground water causes serious damage to the

ecology at river system. The consequences at water pollution due to heavy

discharge at industrial effluent are now being experienced by many at the

industrial boom town at India.

The leather Industry in Tamilnadu state stands first in India with more

than was units at small scale Tanneties and 75 large scale Tanneties providing

employment potential for more than one million population accounting for six

per cent at world leather production. These industries let out huge quantities

at effluent into the common and which had effected the land and water

sources heavily (Ramasamy 1997).

About 3000 Tanneties are operated in India at which 60% at the

Tanneties are in the state at Tamilnadu, Erode finds a place as a centre for

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leather manufacture in the leather map at the world for heavily a century. The

goat skins available in erode are considered to be at be at the best quality in

world and has the prestigious name as erode glaced of kids in the world

leather stock exchange in London. Though quality raw goat skins are still

available the tanning and cutting at goat skins are restricted and finally

banned by the government asset 1965.

Around so small and large tanneries are located along the year 600

year old Kalingarayan canal that runs parallel to the Cauvery River near

erode. Together these tanneries generates about 5000m3/d effluent a day

which is discharged into the canal. The Kalingarayan canal farmers

association is concerned that these effluent have polluted in yield reduction.

The information provided by the TV ground water board do indicate that

region. A sample at groundwater has been tested biannually since 1985 from

an observation well in an area of Erode.

More than 60 Tannery units are located in western part at Erode Town.

A majority at them carry out processing at hides which requires a

considerable amount at water over 90% at the waste is discharged as a waste

water, which amount to 2,800 m3/d. Future expansion at the cluster mix likely

generate waste water in the range at 7.500 M3/d at the 60 units. 40 adopt

vegetable tanning, 10 chrome tanning and other operations the daily BOD,

COD, TDS and TSS are estimated to be 3.5 tonnes. 14 tonnes, 50 tonnes and

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23 tonnes respectively. The daily chromium load in the waste water is about

10 Kg.

The Tannery industry concerned to have important environmental

effect on both water and air, primarily because at Toxic waste generated by

the large amounts at chemical employed during the various phases at the

tanning process. The main pollutants are being chromium III, Sulphur,

chlorides, solvents and organic wastes (Vicenza 1997).

The Tanning industries had been existing in Erode District for over 40

years mechanization and large scale production at the Tamilnadu. Although

the exact quantity varies widely between tanneries, a normal requirement of

around 50-60 liters at water per kilogram at hide is suggested.

With scarce and resources, pollution also effect large number at people

which live close to the tanneries. The effluent contaminates in the land water

supply and pollution at the water supply in turn the supply food in population.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The present research intends to raise issue pertaining to polluation and

its impact on the society, the exercise on a case study basis is undertaken with

a view make on to impact assessment on human animal and agricultural lands.

There exists divergent view point in this team. Mostly SSI units get situated

within the premises at city / corporation. All spin off effect would naturally be

borne by the local inhabitants. Another view is that hazards are due to

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Industries which produce, intermediate some would argue that small scale

units have little access to research and development results. This is no excuse

for non-adoption at pollution control measures. The whole idea is not to

develop prior impressions on SS units.

The socio economic problems relating to Industrial pollution and its

impacts on the society remain an unexploited area at research. Regarding

negative externalities on human health, animal health and agricultural crops

loss owing to Industrial pollution is yet to be assessed fully. So far, little effort

has taken to measure the damage cost due to Industrial pollution (IP). The

Environmental economic components of the study addressed the issue like

depletion at natural resources deterioration at potable water quality due to

industrial pollution, agricultural production loss in the rural areas, and

negative externalities on human health due to IP. Agricultural production loss

in the rural area and negative externalities on human health due to industrial

pollution.

NEED OF THE STUDY

Most of the rural people in India depend on natural resources at least to

meet part of their livelihood sustenance. All unsustainable exploitation or

pollution on natural resources takes place in such a way that the agricultural

productivity becomes zero over a time. If on agricultural filed has profound

influence on food sustainability at developing economics. Lack of water and

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deterioration at water quality due to If on human health gets sickness. This is

main causes for poor people have been exposed to high degree at risk and

uncertainty of their life. It is therefore, necessary to understand the IP on

human health, animal health and agricultural damage through measuring the

loss at opportunity cost. In this context the present study was designed to

assess socio damage cost due to Industrial pollution and how its impact on the

poors employment, health, income and their livelihood life. This damage

need to analyse in terms at their occurrence, impact and other related aspects.

The scientific aspect of pollution control alone can not possible to

solve any environmental problems but also incorporate the socio-economic

and environmental dimension at IP to find out the appropriate solution, The

solution may be helped to solve environmental problems in the

comprehensive manner.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

This study is concentrates only impacts at in industrial pollution,

impact such as the socio-economic and environmental related issues involved

are profound, as many at them still remain unresolved., issues like, what is the

loss at agricultural productivity die to IP. What extended the negative

externalities are imposed on human and animal health. A crucial quotations is

extended opportunity cost loss through man-day loss due to IP. Above set

question have to be addressed, through empirical research.

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OBJECTIVES

The present study proposes to set out the following objectives

Principal Objectives

To understand the socio-economic and environmental dimensions at IP

on natural resources with the help of secondary and primary sources at

information with respect to depletion at ground water resources, degradation

of water quality and health impact the real and loss of productivity.

SUPPLEMENTARY OBJECTIVES

To assess the socio-economic and environmental impact of Industrial

pollution on society owing to tannery industry.

To account the pattern of Industrial location in Tamilnadu with help of

secondary sources information

To elucidate the problem of industrial effluent from tanneries units in

Erode

To estimate the loss of productivity in agriculture, employment and

income of the responded.

To adopt the externalities theory of to evaluate the environmental

damage cost owing to industrial pollution.

To understand environmental dimension of Industrial pollution with

respect to deposing at ground water resources.

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HYPOTHESIS

Housing land value (Per cent), varies across the polluted & non-

polluted area and before and after pollution owing to Industrial pollution.

Agricultural and value (Per cent) varies across the polluted and non-

polluted regions and also land value differ from before of after pollution.

Impact of Industrial pollution on farm land in terms at poor water

quality, soil condition, farm and proximity at Industry, number at industry

located, No at acres affected. CPR proximity loss at productivity farm size are

the key determinants at farm land value.

Distance from Industry agricultural land, farm size and agricultural

land value per acre, suitable for cultivation 1. yes and 2.No (Due to water

pollution) depends and averting polluted crop land. No. of Industry. CPRS

promixity distance are key factor of determined the loss at productivity.

Number of days taken treatment drinking water quality, number of

children and loss at opportunity cost are the foremost parameters, which

influenced the health damage extensively.

Potable water feeding livestock, number of live stock death, drinking

water quality and livestock population declined are the foremost parameters,

which influenced the livestock damage cost extensively.

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SCOPE OF STUDY

Primarily this study discusses the various aspects of pollution from

tanneties and pollution impact on the health at the people, live stock,

agricultural and drinking water quality in the selected area. The study also

discusses a brief account at the theoretical aspect connected with pollution

This might help in providi9ng a sound theoretical back ground to solve the

leather industries problems.

METHODOLOGY

In order to realize the set at objectives Erode District at Tamilnadu was

selected for the present study. A typical problem village where impact of

pollution is acute, was chosen for empirical study. The multistage sampling

methods viz., purposive proportionate random sampling methods have been

adopted to selected. The study village and the households problems faced by

village with respected to loss productivity, employment, income, health and

social damage cost vary related to proximity. A micro level investigation on a

case study basis will help understanding socio-economic and environmental

constraints will a village. 73 sample household have been chosen. The

important reason was that the tannety pollution problem in the district very

severe. One village was selected to collected detailed information regarding

the damage cost due to industrial pollution. Information was gathered with the

help of a structured questionnaire and also through participatory rural

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appraisal methods such as informal group discussion with the senior citizen at

the village. In this backdrop, a hypothesis are set and tested.

The secondary sources of information from the Tamilnadu pollution

control board was collected to analysed to understand the availability at

industries at the district level. The primary survey would address the issues

relating to quantity, quality reduction, loss productivity. Social cost in the

concerned village.

SAMPLING DESIGN

For the present study, one of the wayside village at Kalingarayan canal

was chosen where the polluted water from tanning industries in Erode imparts

to the Cauvery River. The primary survey was conducted in way side village

at Kalingarayan canal and analysis. The proximity at Industry and its

implications at social damage cost owing to Industrial pollution on society

with the help at interview schedule containing all relevant queries.

METHODS OF SAMPLE COLLECTION

The multistage sampling methods have been used. Specifically,

systematic stratified, purposive, proportionate random sampling techniques

were used for selection at study village and the households. Besides several

informal discussion are made with the native dwellers to elict historical

information regarding the loss occurred for the past decade and B.O.

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The criterion adopted to stratify the selected village in order to choose

75 households is based on proximity distance from industrial location along

with river basin and its implications. The Kalingarayan canal has been

selected as sample region. This Kalingarayan canal covers the important

village at Erode district at Tamilnadu. This district is well known for Taming

leather production. Norm the village 5 per cent at the sample households were

selected for investigation.

Data for the study were collected from sources. From the purpose at

discussing about study area profile data were collected from respective office

at the village administrative officer in the district.

The present study analyses the impact of pollution by comparing

certain factors in village, The factor analysed were land area cultivated

income, income from livestock, income from other sources, man days lost due

to sickness, human medical treatment cost productivity lose and cost incurred

for other damage. Generally and impact study analysed by comparing the

situation prior to the implementation at the project and after.

STATISTICAL TOOLS

Statistical tools such as analysis at variance hypothesis testing and

regression were considering the nature at the data. The Thrust at the analyses

were to empirically assess the magnitude at the damage at society. Regression

model were used to establish causl relationship between damage cost and

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socio-economic and environmental variables. Further, appropriate statistical

tools were used to analysed the environmental dimension at IP such as

depletion at ground water, loss at productivity, man-days loss opportunity

cost, degradation at water quality and the health impacts threat.

VARIABLE TO BE USED

Heaving identified the problem, the data on theoretical variables

relating to impacts of industrial pollution on society have been collected from

the sample village on the basis at systematic stratified and proportionate

random sampling methods. The household survey covering variable such as

productivity loss, yield loss, cropping pattern, man days loss, land value

reduction, ground water quality, soil quality, health damage cost loss at

opportunity cost, proximity from industry, drinking water quality, and

livestock population was conducted.

PRIMARY HOUSEHOLD SURVEY PERIOD

The primary survey was conducted through a prepared questionnarire

among the selected respondents during May and June 2006.

Data Source

The study used primary data, the primary data were collected from 75

household by using interview schedule method. For the purpose at collecting

primary data, the interview schedule was prepared in such a way that the

respondents were able to understand clearly and give their opinion freely and

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frankly. The interview schedule had been tested and validated so as to the

accuracy and liability.

ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMIC THEORY

Hedonic pricing theory was adopted for valuing the environmental

benefits and externality theory has been adopted to evaluate the social damage

cost owing to industrial pollution. These two theories have been incorporated

to find out solution to the environmental problems.

CHAPTERISATIONS

The present study has been derived into six chapter, The first chapter

deals with the statement at the problem. Objectives methodology, hypothesis,

collection of data and tools used. The second chapter defines the concepts and

reviews the related literatures. (3) Third chapter gives a brief profile of the

study area. The fourth chapter highlights the national and state level scenario

at Industrial pollution and its impacts. The primary data collected from the

sample respondents were analyzed in the fifth chapter. The last chapter

present some of the important finding and concluding found from the

analysis.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Bakyavathy et al (1986) in their work effect of Tannic acids on transport in

liver intro chrondria Arch stress the fact that the heavy concentration of

tanneries in the Ambur zone posses a serious health problem. According to

them the local doctors in Ambur and Vaniambadi reported that the tannery

workers had terrible skin related aliment and weak lower respiratory tract

infection are very common in children. This leads to primary complex x T.B.

it has been found that women working in the fameties get demerits while the

women engaged in sorting wool are chronic victims at fever skin irritation and

respiratory problem.

Venkataramani (1987) states in his article slow poisoning how effluent

from Tanneries in worth Arcot district, Tamilnadu rain land and people, two

decades ago Vaniyambadi was one of the Tamilnadus richest agricultural

area but due to Tannery pollution major land area has converted into vast

barren track. The number at families depended on agricultural was 24000decades ago, but bow it is reduced to 8000 cultivable lands in the Taluk has

declined from 6800 hectares to 22000 hectares besides and estimate 2000

drinking water wells in the Taluk have turned repugnantly brackish (only to

wells produce tolerable water). The tanneries negligence led to respiratory

disease and even menstrual problem from women.

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ERIK LICHTENBERG AND DAVID ZILBERMAN (1988)

Efficient Regulation of environmental health risk This paper

introduces a decision framework for regulating environmental health risk

which incorporate the characteristic uncertainty about the determination and

toxicological impact at environmental contaminates and the behavioral

restrictions commonly encounted. Analyses indicates that increase in

uncontrollable uncertainly will increase emphasis on average performance

that more potent or less controllable risk will be regulated more stringently

and that increasing aversion to uncertainly may result in poorer average

performance.

SINGRAM P AND POTHIRAJ (1989), carried out a study on soil health

care in Tannety pollution areas at North Arcot District on the Sai Health

Care in Tannety polluted areas at North Arcot District. The founded that the

location at 75 percent at Tanneties in North Arcot district has caused severe

damage to soil fertility and quality of water. The confirmed a fact of earlier

study that is the dynamic of harmful salt movement found in Tannety effluent

traversed a distance at 8Kmn from source and caused pollution to under

ground water sources. Among the field crop 3m co maize to 43 paddy, Co 771

sugar cane, Co 13 rage and BN2 grass were found suitable for the tannety

affected soil, reduction in land value due of degradation of soil fertility was

also observed.

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Ratna Reddy et al (2002)

Studies the effect of various diseases arising out water pollution

however it was observed that most of the diseases are water brone, such as

skin infection teeth corrosion, Joint pains, loss of appetite, detective vision

fever, abdominal pain, respiratory diseases and diarrhea general muscular

weakness, stunted growth chromic cold and cough among the middle age and

children are noticed in the village. The most important feature is that women

are the worst affected.

MENAKA GANDHI (2003)

Suggested that the benefits of Concessional sales Tax ($7) on inputs,

mainly chemical was made available only to those tanners who manufactured

fished leather from how hides. It was denied to those, tanners who took up

tanning from the stage of semi finished leather. Also he draws attention to the

levy of one percent additional tax on many tanneries who exported leather and

did not sell outside the state.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Thabaraj a. Jet al 1964, Tannety effluent reported stunted growth at Tomato

plants when they irrigated with Tannery effluents

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Raja Gopalan R. 1967 Tannery waste water need for agricultural purpose

found that the productivity at the soil decreased when tannery waste are

applied on field and some part of the land become completely.

According to Hariharan A.S. 1968 : leather Industrial waste discharge and

pollution at ground water and surface ground water has been found to be

affected where the waste water tanneries. The survey showed that the back

ground concentration at total dissolved solids increased from about 640-

40000 mg /lit and chlorides from 88 to 100 mg/lit about 8 kms from the

effluent falls.

Eye And Lawrence (1971): Treatment at waste from a sole leather tannery

reported that the tanneries industries tank first among the most polluting at all

industrial waste about 150 toxic chemical are freely used in tanneries to

obtain attractive leather product. The sanity of reservoirs have been increased

from 85 to 219 mg/1 and 96 to 686 mg /1.

Department at Industrial Development (1979) : in its report on leather

revealed that the chloride in the waste water from the Tannery Industry cause

colorize in the plant i.e., destruction at plant tissues.

Guruprasanda Rao and Nanda Kumar N.V. 1981 in their work Analysis at

irrigation reservoir contamined by tannery effluent reveals that an irrigation

reservoir was contaminated by the untreated.

Sreenivasan et al. (1984) report in their work ground water pollution due to

Tannery effluent in north Arcot District, Tamilnadu that the effluent discharge

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from the tanneirs located in North Arcot District have caused serious

disterioration in he quality at ground water.

Venkataramani (1987) states in his article Slow how effluent from Tanneirs

in North Arcot district, Tamilnadu rain land and people, two decades ago

Vaniyambadi was one at the Tamilnadu, richest agricultural areas but due to

tannery.

Erik Lichtenberg and David Zilberman (1988) Efficient Regulation at

environmental health Risk this paper introduces a decision frame work for

regulating environmental health risks which incorporates are characteristic

about the dissemination and toxicological impact at environmental.

Sharnya Rajan (1990) A survey who will Tame the errant Tanneries

Tanneries are not found in Development Nations because it is an ecologically

disastrous Industry. So strongest laws have passed for banning the

establishment of Tanneries. But the consumerism in the west has its

repercussion in the developing economics. To meet the galloping demand in

their consumerist society, western entrepreneurs have turned to countries for

their cheap labour and untapped natural resources and they have found willing

partner ness in the entrepreneurs and even government of the third world.

Amarvath, J.S. and K.N. Chinna Swami (1992): Impact of Tannery pollution

in Ambedkar District in Tamilnadu The discharge of huge volume of

effluent in the open land and Palar river basin polluted the cultivatable soil

and made them unsuitable for cultivation over the years the production of

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paddy, sugar and ground nut has been decreased, Due to Tannery pollution

the following effect are noticed in this region.

Shift cropping pattern

Decreased cropping intensities

Increased tallow land and decline in yield

Decline in crop income and land value

Decline in quality of natural resources increased averting of defensiveexpenditure for quality improvement in affected forms.

Migration of farm labour to urban centres.

D.C. Sharma et al (1996)

Environmental impact of Tannery effluents on heavy metal

phytotoxicity and health hazards an environmental impact assessment study

was carried out on Phytotoxicity and possible health hazards due to Tannery

effluent around Jammu are of Kanpur and Unnao district. The concentration

of Pb and Fe in the treated effluent at Jaimau were found to be some what

lower (1.60 and 1.51 ppm respectively) than in the undetated unnao effluent

(2.40 ppm Pb an Fe).

Mukul 1997

Polluting industries, Environmental and workers health. A case for

intervention the polluting expose both the workers and the environment to

hazardous substance. These industries are characterized by an insufficient and

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hazardous use of labour and an excessive use of natural resource. The

awareness regarding the inter linkage of workers interests occupation health

and environmental protection is increasing, as reflected in the some recent

initiatives and legal interventions.

Milenko Ro and Anton Gantar (1998)

Possibilities of reduction of recipient loading of Tannergy waste water

in solvenia the leather industry is well known as a high consumer of water (30

to 80m3 1 ton of proceesed raw skins). At the same times his industry is

known for the high specific pollution of waste water. The main characteristics

of Tannery waste water are : high salinity, high organic loading (COD, BOD),

high content of ammonia and organic nitrogen and presence of specific

pollutants.

O. Tuany, L. Kabdall, D. Orban and G. Consever (1999)

se and minimization of water in leather tanning processes

minimization of water use and rescue application within industry has recently

gained importance within the context of water conservation efforts. The

leather tanning industry is one of the subject Industries due to large amount of

water to be disposed together with a high pollution load. The leather tanning

industry has a complex structure in terms of materials processes and

manufacturing practices.

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CHAPTER III

PROFILE OF THE STUDY AREA - ERODE

ERODE DISTRICT:

Erode district was carved out from the erstwhile Coimbatore District

and its functions as a separate district from 24the September 1979, Erode

was named after the great social reformer and nationalist late

Thiru. E.V.Ramasamy Naicker Popularly as Thanthai Periyar and recently

renamed as Erode District. It consist at 539 revenue villages spread over 20

community development blocks located in 7 taluks. It has an area at 8,76,675

hectares.

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF THE DISTRICT:

Erode District is located on the banks of river Cauvery. The river flows

on the northern and eastern parts at the district, erode district is surrounded by

Karnataka state in north-west. Coimbatore District in the West. Dindugul and

Karur in the South, Salem and Namakkal district in the east. This district lies

between 10.35 and 1.60 at north latitude and 76.49 and 77.85 at East

Longitude and 171.91 meters above the sea level. The total geographical area

at the district is about 1209 sq.km with 7 taluk namely Erode, Perundurai,

Kangayam, Dharapuram, Bhavani, Gobi and Sathy the districts is divide in to

20 blocks erode is the head quarters in the district.

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SOIL AND RAINFALL

The soil at the district varies from red sandy to red gray. The district in

general has a dry climate with scanty rainfall. The normal rainfall at district is

717mm.

CLIMATE

The climate at Erode District varies from place to place but it is fairly

pleasant during the south-west monsoon. Bhavani and Other parts at Erode

Hectic Industrial activity adds to the heat and Erode town swats under very

hot spells during summer. By the end of August the south-west monsoon

becomes moderate and during September there is slight and variable wind.

The river at the district get their fresh supply mainly from the south-west

monsoon the maximum temperature observed is 39.9oC minimum.

ADMINISTRATORS SET UP

There are 9 taluks in this district Erode, Perundurai, Bhavani,

Kavundapadi, Dharapuram, Gobi, Sathy and three revenue division erode,

Gobi, Dharapuram, Erode is administrative headquarters at district. There are

53a village in the district spread over 20 community development blocks the

names at the blocks are follows.

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TABLE : THE NAME BLOCKS

S.No Block Name

1. Erode

2. Bhavani

3. Sathy

4. Nambiyur

5. T.N.Palayam

6. Anthiyur

7. Bhavanisagar

8. Gobi

9. Kavundapadi

10. Iyyampalayam

11. Chennimalai

12. Modakuruchi

13. Kodumudi

14. Kunnathur

15. Kundadam

There are five municipal towns, own township and 59 town Panchayat

in this district.

DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE AT ERODE DISTRICT

As per 2001 Census, the population at Erode District was 25,74,067

which constitute about 4.16 percent at the total population at the state the

density population is around 314 person per sq. km as against the 428 in the

state. The urban population at the total population at the district as per the

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2001 census. The occupational pattern at the district shows there are 2,76,824

cultivators and 3,83,574 agricultural labourers act at the Total 1,31,045

workers. 11850 have engaged in the allied agricultural activities and 5,17,692

workers and engaged in non-agri industries such as cottage and household

industries trade and commerce.

RIVERS

The agricultural activity in the district is well supported by some

perennial rivers. Cauvery and Bhavani are the two main rivers in the district.

The rivers Bhavani extensively benefits agricultural in Sathymangalam and

Gobi Taluks. The Bhavanisagar dam has been constructed below the

confluence at river Bhavani and moyal about 16 Km for Sathy. It extensively

benefits cultivation in all the taluks excepts, Bhavani is benefited by the

Mettur canal which takes water from river Cauvery.

Table Detail at area irrigated by various canal, crops grown etc are

given

Name of Irrigation Project Area covered crops grown

Thodapalli canal 6464

Arakkankottai Canala 2466Permugai Athani 420Old Amaravathi 3947Kalingarayan Canal 5296

New Amaravathi Canal 3851Mettur West Bank Canal 6117Lower Bhavani Project 36695Lower Bhvani Project II Turn 37762Parambikulam Aliyar 14613Vattamalaikkarai zone 1140

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Upper Dam 2424Cuniavi Pallam 989Varattupallam 1169

3.8 AGRICULTURAL

Agricultural is major occupation at the district. According to recent

agricultural census. The number at operational and holding wasa 3,01,471

covering an area of 494615.92 hectares. Total cultivated areas are 346100

hector. Out of which net area down is 308192 hector and an area at 37908

Hector is shown more than once. Details at major crops grown and their area

in hectares for the year 2003-2004 area shown in the Table.

One regional agricultural research station at Tamilnadu Agricultural

university is also functioning in the district at Bhavanisagar. Vegetables like

Brinjal, tomato, ladies finger and onions, are also grown in considerable area

at district in Anthiyur blocks at Bhavani Taluk.

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TABLE 3.3

TYPES AT CROPS GROWN

S.No Name of CropArea Hectares

31.03.2004

Production LMT

31.03.2004

1. Paddy 1614 0.66

2. Millet Other Cereals 123354 1.00

3. Cotton (Sales) 3271 0.080

4. Pulse 35006 0.17

5. Sugarcane 13889 1.60

6. Groundnut 34445 0.619

7. Gingelly 10345 0.08

8. Sunflower 881 0.009

9. Castor 1853 0.009

Brinjal and Tomato are grown extensively and the produces is sent to

Chennai market regularly. Flower cultivation is also pocking up in Sathy

block, Request market committee are functioning in all taluk head quarters.

The market committees arrange for storage at produce in their godowns also.

3.9 ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

The Animal husbandry department has contributed immensely to live

stock development in Erode district. Erode district is highly rich in cattle

wealth and poultry development activities. This district is famous for the

Kangeyam breed burgur Breed, Kollegal breed and other albodies, the

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Tamilnadu milk products federation has a milk collection centre and

processing plant at Erode from where milk is transported to different parts at

the state every day.

3.10 TRADE AND INDUSTRY

Trade and industry naturally occupy a place of prominence in the

economy at the district. Industries that flourished in early days in the areas

were hand 100m weaving, carpet, manufacturing oil pressing, brass vessel

manufacturing, Tannery screen printing, oil refinery, plastic, chemical electric

industry etc.,

The industry which has been able to totally with stand the on slaughter

at modernization has been the hand 100m weaving Erode, Chennimalai, etc.,

still hold their way and the district is noted for handloom products, which

include cotton sarees, bedspreads, towels furnishing fabrics and also power

loom products two other important production centers Bhavani and Jambai.

It is reported that more than 52000 looms are functioning in Erode

district. There are also important dye works in Erode, Chennimalai, and

Bhavani. A number of factories engaged in cotton fabric printing are

functioning in Erode.

These are a number if leather tanneries in Erode area large quantities of

leather are brought here for tanning and leather are exported to foreign

countries.

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The government has also come foreward to provide incentive to small

entrepreneurs etc., declaring, blocks of the district as industrially backward

Industrial estates have been set up at Erode, Perundurai and other places

where full facilities are offered to small unit have been setup note for the

manufacture of steel furniture etc.,

Both manufacture items as well as agriculture commodities are include

in the Trade item. Major items at export from the district etc. While the items

imported are mostly oil seeds coal leather etc.

The following table no shows the type of Industry, number at industry

and number at workers in the study area.

TABLE NO 3.4

INDUSTRIES IN THE STUDY AREA

Serial

No Industries GroupNo. of

Industries

No. of

Workers

1 Food & Beverage 1345 5977

2 Textile ( Spinning weaving Textile product) 2530 27843

3 Wood products 147 741

4 Paper Products 336 1927

5 Leather Product 532 3732

6 Petroleum product and chemical 420 1682

7 No metal & Mineral product 269 4302

8Basic Metal & Metal product machinery

product846 3457

9 Electrical & Electronic 221 717

10 Automobile, Transport equipment 214 684

11 Other 389 1202

Total 7249 53286

PROGRESS OF THE LEATHER INDUSTRY IN ERODE:

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Tanning Industry is one of the oldest Industries in the world. During

olden time, the tanning activities were handled only to meed the local

demands of leather footwear, drum and musical instruments with the change

in time and growth of population. The increasing demand at leather and

leather goods let to establishment of large commercial tanner.

Tanning at raw hide/skin to get the leather is done by 2 methods

namely vegetable tanning and mineral tanning was introduced more than 100

year ago. Today chrome tanning accounts for 90 percent global leather

production by vegetable tanning which is thousand at years old, still retains a

significant place in tanning for which global production at vegetable tanning

extract is about 0.3 million tones annually. Vegetable tanning is particularly

significant in china, italy, CIS and India. ( sykes 1997 )

Global output at leather has risen by about 55 percent over the past 30

years. Expansion has taken place in the developing of in many cases, newly

industrialized countries rather than in the other developed economics. Four

countries namely Italy, Korea, China and India now account for 40 percent at

the global leather production India also occupies a predominant position.

Erode finds a place as a centre for leather manufacture in the leather

map of the world for nearly a century. The goat skins available in erode are

considered to be of be at the best quality in world and has the prestigious

name as Erode glaced of Kids in the world leather stock exchange in

London though quality raw goat skins are still available the tanning and

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curing at goat skins are shifted from erode other centre particularly after the

export at raw goat skins was hardly does and tanners concentrated mainly a

tanning at cow hides, cow calf puff calf skins and buffalo hides all the tanners

were engaged, only the manufacturing at east India tanned leather for the

exported and indigenous sole leather from buffalo hides.

The restriction in the export of EI tanned leather implemented by

government on India was a big on slaught on the tanning industry at the area.

Over the last few years only very few bug tanners have credited the

infrastructured for.

The restriction in the exported of EI tanned leather implemented by the

government at India was a big onslaught on the tanning industries at this area.

Over the last few years only very few big tanneries have credited in

infrastructure for the manufactures at finished leather from low hides and calf

skins with great efforts many at the tanneries are in the small scale and

cottage sector and small tanners do not have the capacity to convert the

production from EI leather to finished leather making finished leather from

low hides require heavy and costly machineries like splitting from 1950s and

60 as erode tanners concentrated more in bovine hide ( cow & ox ) and partly

buffalo EI tanning owing to several favorable factor like climate water

recourse. Industries human resourses heatness to national highway bearness to

railway station, proximate to kerela oriented hides, geographical location etc.,

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1960s very few local tanners with great enterprise awareness and

foresighted introduced chrome tanning in erode. Which higher to was

unknown here. A tanner with leather technology base nade to work extremely

hand to convince and introduce chrome tanning at a time when the highly

illiterate work force was scared and unwilling to open a sulphuric acid jar, in

1950s but it gained pace in erode in 1962 because of the local tanners who

introduced valued added product like industrial / textile after leather double

oak tanned picking band compressed sole leather from buffalo national

chrome split leather glazed Katter leather etc.

One very significant reason for its growth and good image is the

establishment of leather finishing centre by goat in India in 1960s. the land

which houses LFC was offered to government at India at a very cheap price

by a local tanners. This was the foresightedness of vertex supreme who

calculated in 1960, what would be the phase of Erode leather in 1990.

Another important reason for the good and rapid growth is the restrictions

imposed by government of India in 1972 on the exported at semifinished

leather (Ei Tanned / chrome Named) the government offered all facilities in

1970 for making value added product and this policy worked well, thus

finished leather and leather product government good incentives in Tamilnadu

and such trends passed on to Erode.

In 1996 all tanneries in Erode were closed along with other tanneries in

Tamilnadu as a measure to constract ETP either individually or collective by

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tanneries. This was done to check the polluting effluents from Tannery whose

soiled waste, waste discharge badly affected infrastructure which are very

sophisticated and very expensive construction of ETP also are very expensive

and in many cases it is expensive than the Tannery itself. No Govt. assistance

has imparted knowledge, finance and assistance etc., to the Tanners. There are

uniform policy among govt. offices, no communications from judiciary to

offices to the tanners and hence the fall prevailed in 1996, 97, 98.

Some erode Tanners have put up ETP in their tanneries and obtained

temporary constent from Govt. offices to run the Tannery could permanently

run or not. Inspite of having spent huge amount on ETP. Erode Tanners and

leathers producing businessman are panicky about their future about their

assets, about their welfare so much so the working class allied mass and

society as a whole in Erode.

Twenty five are awaiting the green signal of high court for starting

operation in SIPCOT at Perundurai. The Tannery form the Perundurai leather

Industries eco security Private Ltd. 25 Tanneries had purchased 35 acres in

the lather zone and granted five acre site forth installation of common effluent

treatment plan, the building construction for the leather industries would be

started soon and machineries be erected within three months.

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TABLE 3.5

LEATHER TANNERIES IN ERODE DISTRICT

Place Small Scale Medium Scale Total

B.P. Agraharam 18 1 19

Maravapalayam 11 - 11

Sunampu Odai 5 - 5

Marippallam 5 - 5

K.N.Pudur 1 - 2

Asokapuram 1 - 1

Nasiyanur 1 - 1

Total 42 2 44

There are nearly 42 small scale and 2 medium scale tanneries in Erode.

7 Tanneries processing Tradition vegetable Tanned EI leather, Tannery and

remaining 36 tanneries have adopted chrome tanning process.

3.12 Summary of Observation

(i) Demographic Details

The population growth Rate in Erode District has been in an increase at

about 2.40% per annum (between 1981-1991) the literacy rate in Erode

District has marginally increased and it is encouraging to note that the female

literacy rate has significantly increased for the past 20 years.

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Land Resources

Utilization of land area in Erode District I up to 56.8% only. There is a

considerable increase in the consumption at biofertilizer. The use at chemical

fertilizer and pesticides has increased considerably. The trends in the

production at total cereals is more when compared to pulse and oilseeds. Red

loam soil 78.9 per cent, sandy Alluvium 4.7 per cent, Red Sandy Soil 15.1 per

cent and other 1.3 per cent are the soil type of the Erode district. Generally

there have been about 92 new construction at wells, 35 percolation ponds and

3 check dams.

Forest Resources

The extend of forest area is about 240895 Ha. The different types are

tropical semi-evergreen, moist deciduous, dry deciduous, dry deciduous, dry

thorn, tropical hill forest and dry tropical forest. The vellode bird sanctuary

records about 20 migratory birds. The man made forest plantations have been

restricted to the existing forest area in the district the main sources at

irrigation in the district canals. Tanks wells, and other sources on an average

18 about 40 percent of the total cropped area is irrigated from these sources.

There have been 7 tourist places in the district only domestic tourist visited

the district and no record at foreign Tourist visit.

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URBANISATION

Process in Erode district has been taking place at a higher rate.

However, Certain needs at urban areas like drinking water, public

convenience drainage, roads, health centre etc., have not been increased,

keeping the peace with the process of urbanization.

(2) The sum population in the district decreased considerably due to

several poverty alleviation programmes undertaken by Government

gastroenteritis, Dysentery and meningitis are the most commonly reported

water borne, disease.

TRANSPORTATION

There has been a significant growth of two, three and four wheelers in

the district over the 10 year. Thus resulting in an increased quantity in the

emission at suspended air particles.

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

The Red and orange categories of Hazardous Industries are identified

by TNPCB, However, orange category industry are more in the district.

ENVIRONMENTAL INSTITUTION

There is only 6 environment education institute in the district. There

were 20 environmental NGOs which may be involved in environmental

protection of the district.

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CHAPTER - IV

POLLUTION OF LEATHER INDUSTRY IN INDIA

INTRODUCTION

The tanning industry is known to be very polluting especially through

effluents high in organic and inorganic dissolved and suspended solids

content accompanied by propensities for high oxygen demand and containing

potentially toxic metal salt residues. Disagreeable odour emanating from the

decomposition of protein solid waste, presence of hydrogen sulphide,

ammonia and volatile organic compounds are normally associated with

tanning activities. A significant part of the chemical used in the leather

processing is not actually absorbed in the process but is discharged into the

environment.

Liquid effluent from light leather processing contains organic matter,

chromium, sulphide, and solid waste includes fleshing, wet blue splits,

trimmings and shavings, buffing dust etc. The substantial relocation of leather

production from the industrialized countries to the developing countries

which occurred between the 1960s and the 1980s (known as "The Big Shift")

in effect moved the most highly polluting part of the process away from the

OECD countries.This occured under the pressure of increasing cost of labour

and cost of effluent treatment installations and operations. This process was

accelerated by a combination of restrictions in exports of raw hides and skins

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and various incentives for higher processing levels provided in developing

countries.

Since over 80 per cent of the organic pollution load in terms of BOD

comes from early wet processing, this is the primary target of most pollution

control measures. Low waste technologies, generally speaking, require better

skilled personnel and closer technical control than conventional processing.

Thus, the lack of properly trained staff at different levels remains one of the

crucial constraints. The main barriers to the adoption of more environmentally

acceptable methods of leather processing and effluent treatment are the

additional costs as follows: specialty chemicals required in reducing or

eliminating the use of the main polluting chemicals; the cost of purchase and

installation of water conservation devices, wastewater collection and reuse

equipment; effluent treatment chemicals and process and effluent monitoring

equipment; extra personnel and training to maintain technical control of low

waste technologies and effluent treatment. Another factor is the traditional

conservatism derived from hesitation over process alterations especially when

satisfactory leather is being currently produced. This is particularly the case in

small to medium scale semi-mechanized family owned units. Another barrier

is the frequent remoteness of government-backed R & D facilities from

everyday practicalities of leathermaking, together with reluctance on the part

of traditional tanner groups where resistance to change is compounded by

political influence.

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Environmental Impact of Leather Industry

The leather sector is well known for its effluent problems. The

polluting nature of tanneries is evident from the notorious odour that

characterizes tanneries and tannery zones. While local populations are daily

aware of the air pollution, local authorities are equally, if not more concerned

about tanneries' liquid effluents which tend to be high in organic and

inorganic suspended solids content accompanied by propensities for high

oxygen demand and containing potentially toxic metal salt residues.

Treatment technologies in effect reduce pollutants in the liquid form and

convert them into semi-solid or solid forms. Threat is being transferred from

receiving waters to receiving land. Because sludge can affect the quality of

soil and groundwater, it is understandable that local authorities and

governments should be concerned that the disposal of sludge to soils and dry

wastes to landfill should not adversely affect the fertility of soil, nor that

metal salt residues, such as chromium, should inhibit crop growth in any way.

CHALLENGES

Technical Barriers

By nature, tanners are very conservative. This is not simply obstinacy

against change; it is because the quality and character of leather is prone to

change when the parameters of processing are altered. Changes in the length

of processes, process temperatures, float volumes, uptake of chemicals etc.

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influence the ultimate character of the leather. Leather being produced from a

complex, non-uniform natural protein material still requires considerable craft

in its manufacture. The adoption of low waste technology often requires a

radical alteration of most tannery processes while, at the same time, ensuring

that the ultimate product retains its marketable properties. Therefore if a

tanner is producing consistent quality of leather which satisfies his customers

using a process which may be wasteful in water, energy and chemical

utilization, he may resist altering his operations to comply with environmental

demands.

Small and Medium Enterprises

In most developing countries tanning operations is a family business,

carried out in small to medium scale semi-mechanized units, very frequently

grouped tightly in clusters which used to be outside residential areas. Tanners

in such units have no formal education and have little or no understanding of

the complexities of the leather processing, their skills acquired from their

elders with hardly any perception of environmental protection Low waste

technologies, generally speaking, require better skilled personnel and closer

technical control than conventional processing. Thus, lack of properly trained

staff at different levels remainsone of the crucial constraints.

Economic Barriers

In developing countries, leather industry suffers from economic

constraints. They suffer the often inordinately high cost of capital or inflation

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rates. Amount of capital tied up in work in-progress has increased along with

the necessity to keep higher inventories of chemicals, machinery spares, etc.

Because of problems with poor infrastructure in many developing countries,

the tanneries have always kept higher stocks of chemicals than their

counterparts in developed countries, against the contingency of delays in

delivery from ports. Another disadvantage is the imposition of import duties

on chemicals and machinery. Few specialty chemicals for tanning are

produced in developing countries, although basic chemicals such as salt, lime,

sulphuric acid, sodium sulphate or sodium carbonate may be available

indigenously. Most tanning materials, dyes, fat liquors, special auxiliaries and

finishes need to be imported.

Major production Centres

The major production centers for leather and leather products are

located in Tamil Nadu -Chennai, Ambur, Ranipet, Vaniyambadi, Trichy,

Dindigal; West Bengal Kolkata; Uttar Pradesh - Kanpur, Agra and Noida;

Maharashtra Mumbai; Punjab Jallandhar; Karnataka Bangalore; Andhra

Pradesh Hyderabad; Haryana - Ambala, Gurgaon, Panchkula and Karnal

and Delhi.

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TABLE 4.1

TOP 8 STATES IN TERMS OF MANUFACTURING UNITS

StatesFootwear

Units

Leather

GarmentsTotal

Tamil naud 160 598 758

West bengal 230 436 666

Uttar pradesh 268 22 290

Haryana & Punjab 163 8 171

New delhi 112 43 155

Andhra Pradesh 128 10 138

Karnataka 48 40 88Maharashtra 20 48 68

Export Performance of Leather Products

TABLE 4.2

INDIAS EXPORT OF LEATHER AND LEATHER PRODUCTS FOR

SIX YEARS

2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09

Finished Leather 416.78 455.8 477.2 543 605.39 505.03

Footwear 575.8 683.08 783.93 927.68 1117.01 1150.24

Leather Garments 225.81 247.08 249.98 232.43 259 319.61

Leather Goods 404.4 439.29 495.13 529.71 600.34 654.98

Saddlery &Harness 39.53 46.28 58.14 61.75 79.64 69.11

Total 1662.32 1871.53 2064.38 2294.57 2661.38 2698.97

% Growth 18.20% 12.58% 10.30% 11.15% 15.99% 1.41%

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The Problem

Over the years the groundwater in the areas where the tanneries are

located, has become intolerably polluted. The industry is highly water-

intensive. Each tonne of hide/skin tanned requires over 40,000 liters of water.

Hence even a small tannery with a capacity to process 3 to 4 tonnes a day uses

up well over 100,000 liters of water a daythe daily household requirement

of at least 2,500 people. The pollution control authorities have been following

their routine procedures in bringing the pollution from the tanneries under

control.

The industry has been making the plea that available technology does

not permit it to adhere to the legal requirement. Process economics do not

allow them to treat their effluents adequately. This is particularly so as the

units are very small. The investment in pollution abatement systems as a

proportion of the investment in the plant is very high.

Some parts of the local community have taken the issue to court and

the matter is the subject of an intense legal battle. The industry has been using

to advantage the fact that the legal processes in India are slow and it could

take years before the Government can act. In the meantime, the problem

persists.

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The Issue of Water

The availability of water has become another worry for the industry.

Earlier, the River Palar in North Arcot provided enough water for the process.

Failing this, the plentiful availability of groundwater had been sufficient to

meet their needs. Now, over the years, the surface water sources have dried

up. The increasing population competes with the growing industry for this

scarce resource. The groundwater table in most places has been going down

with overexploitation. The available groundwater is polluted with effluents

and highly saline.

The industry most often brings in water by truck from distant places,

where the well water is still of acceptable quality. The industry can still afford

the cost of transporting water, but ordinary citizens, who are often from the

poor sections of society, face the brunt of the scarcity of water.

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CHAPTER V

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

5.1 SOCIO ECONOMIC DIMENSION OF INDUSTRIAL

POLLUTION ON SOCIETY

Small scale Industrial pollution and its effect on human, animal and

plants have been taken into the account in the present study. However, over

the years a different picture emerges on the nature and extent of damages

caused by Industrial effluent / emissions. Water pollution from tannery

industries and their devastating impact on the entire environment is a case in

point intensive field survey has been conducted for two months and so many

issues about the impact of pollution on the society were assessed.

They include the estimation of social damage cost due to Tannery

industries in Erode district. To assess the damage cost Suriyapalayam village

has been selected. The question is there any loss of agricultural productivity

due to Industrial Pollution. To what extent the negative externalities are

imposed on human and animal health. A crucial question is that is their any

loss of opportunity cost through measuring man-day due to Industrial

pollution.

In this backdrop, This chapter intends to analyse the primary data for

understanding the various aspect to socio-economic and environmental

implication of industrial pollution and its effect on human, animal and plants.

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To understand the above views. The socio-economic and

environmental variables such as family size, land use pattern, income earned

from farm activities and non-farm activities, externalities on human health,

animal health. Agricultural land owing Industrial pollution, water quality

cropping pattern changes, housing land value. Shift over form farm business

to non farm business, opportunity cost loss due industrial pollution were

analysed in this section. The result of the analysis are reported below.

Table 5.1 Distribution of family size and composition of population

Farm Size Family

Size

Male

adult

member

Male

children

member

Female

adult

member

Female

child

member

Landless Mean 3.7059 1.8824 0.2353 1.2353 0.3529

Sum 63.00 32.00 4.00 21.00 6.00% Sum (21.2) (22.2) (16) (19.8) (27.2)

Marginal Mean 3.9655 1.8966 0.4138 1.4138 0.2759Sum 115.00 55.00 12.00 41.0 8.00

% Sum (38.8) (38.1) (48) (38.6) (36.3)Small Mean 3.9231 1.9615 0.3077 1.4615 0.2308

Sum 102.00 51.00 0.3077 38.00 6.00% Sum (34.4) (35.4) (32) (35.8) (27.2)

Large Mean 5.3333 2.0000 0.3333 2.0000 0.6667Sum 16.00 6.00 1.00 6.00 2.00

% Sum (5.4) (4.1) (4) (5.6) (9.0)Total Mean 3.9467 1.9200 0.333 1.4133 0.2933

Sum 296.00 144.00 25.00 106.00 22.00% Sum (100) (100) (100) (100) (100)

The average family size and composition of family size by farm

holding size are presented in the table.1. These factor are determining the

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farm size. In general, land less people have family members in higher number

to collected the scare resource and earn money. And children population also

are greater in number. Because children are having economic values in term

of earning and assists their family in household activities. This is myth.

Dagupta and Maller (1995) shared a similar reasoning and developed further

theoretical arguments. According to them, the children are devoted to that part

of family income which is derived from the exploitation of natural resources

for which the primary cost is in the time required to collect the goods. Hence,

as the implict price of those goods goes, up the marginal value product of

children relative to adults rises, parents, Then may have the incentive to have

more children in spite of the worsening environmental conditions and in spite

the fact that an additional child might further worsen these conditions for all

other families. But the presented analysis shows a different picture. There is

positive relationship between family member and farm size, the average

family size of these responded is 3.9 among the four categories. It is less than

the all India average. While large landholders are greater all India average.

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TABLE NO. 5.2 : DISTRIBUTION OF LANDHOLDING BY

CASTE WISE

CasteFarm Size

Landless Marginal Small Large Total

SC(86.6) 6.6 6.6 0.0 100.0

(76.4) (3.4) (3.8) (0.0) (20.0)

BC(6.6) (46.6) (41.6) (5.0) (100.0)

(23.5) (96.5) (96.1) (100.0) (80.0)

Total (22.6) (38.6) (34.6) (4.0) (100.0)(100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0)

The above table portraits the community wise landholding pattern.

Only 20 percent of the respondents belong to SC in Suriyampalayam. Among

them, 76.4 percent are landless, 7.2 percent are landholders and no one is a

large farm holders, About 80 percent of the respondents belong to the

backward class. Among them 93.2 percent of the respondents own the

agricultural land. More than 5 percent of responded are large farmers and 6.6

percent of them are landless.

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TABLE 5.3 : RESPONDENT OCCUPATION

Farm

size

Farm

Employment

Non-form

employment

Total

Farm

Employment

Non-form

employment

Total

Landless

17 0 17 1 16 17

100.0 0.00 100.0 5.9 94.1 100.0

23.6 0.00 22.7 2.0 64.0 38.7

Marginal

26 3 29 23 6 29

(89.7) (10.3) (100.0) (76.3) (2.07) (100.0)

(36.1) (100.0) (38.7) (46.0) (24.0) (38.7)

Small

26 0 3 3 0 3

(100.0) (0.00) (100.0) (100.0) (0.00) (10.0)

(36.1) (0.00) (34.7) (6.0) (0.00) (4.0)

Large

3 0 3 3 0 3

(100.0) (0.00) (100.0) (100.0) (0.00) (100.0)

(4.2) (0.00) (4.0) (6.0) (0.00)( (4.0)

Grand

total

50 3 75 50 25 75(96) (4.0) (100.0) (66.7) (33.3) (100.0)

(100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0)

% change from farm to Non-farmDue to pollution (1) 94.7 (2) 13.4 (3) 11.5 (4) 0.00 (5) 29.3

The Table 5.3 The respondents occupational between before and after

pollution and shifted from farm to non-farm employment due to Industrial

pollution, land less people were mainly depends on the farm employment

before pollution (100 percent) and after pollution they are shifted over to non-

farm employment (94.1) percent, Among the respondents 23 percentage of

landless are employed before pollution while, after pollution it goes down

roughly 2 percent. The land holder are engaged in farm employment range

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from 100 by large farmers and 100 percent by small farmers followed by

medium farmer (89 percent) before pollution. In the case of after pollution,

these groups switch over to business and non-form employment from farm

work except large farmers.

In these 95 percent of the landless respondents switchover from farm

to non-farm where as landhold are shifted only 25.9 percent, except large

farmers. This is because landless laboures received higher salary in the non-

form employed this is due to loss of productivity in the agricultural sector.

Moreover, irrigation system are worsening due to pollution as a result low

productivity.

TABLE NO. 5.4

DISTRIBUTION OF MAN-DAYS

Farm Size Male Mandays

FemaleMan days

Total Mandays

PercapitaMan days

Landless

Mean 36.4118 16.6471 53.0588 21.5590

Sum 619.00 283.00 902.00 366.50

% of Total Sum (20.8) (29.6) (22.9) (20.9)

Marginal

Mean 39.3448 13.8966 53.2414 23.4397

Sum 1141.00 403.00 1544.00 679.75

% of Total Sum (38.4) (42.1) (39.3) (38.8)

Small

Mean 39.2692 8.5385 47.8077 24.3045

Sum 1021.00 222.00 1243.00 631.92

% of Total Sum (34.3) (23.2) (31.6) (36.1)

Large

Mean 15.6667 15.6667 78.3333 23.9167

Sum 47.00 47.00 235.00 71.75

% of Total Sum (4.9) (4.9) (5.9) (4.1)

Total

Mean 39.5867 12.7333 52.3200 23.3223

Sum 2969.00 955.00 3924.00 1749.92

% of Total Sum (100) (100) (100) (100)

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The Table 5.4 shows that distribution of man days. The average per capita

man-days by landless is 21.5 days per month at the same time the average

man-days of employment by householders range from 24.3 days (Small

farmer) followed by large and medium 23.9, 23.4 days respectively. Moeover

the percentage of the male man-days is higher than that of female workforce.

Landless female is mostly engaged in non-farm employment so that they have

more man-days when compare to the landholder working women. They are

engaged in the both farm business and non-farm business. Large handholder

with respect to male man-days are higher when compared with other. But

large farmers have 62.66 days of man days they are engaged in the both farm

business and non-farm business.

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TABLE 3.5

DISTRIBUTION OF MAN DAYS OF EMPLOYMENT RECEIVED FROM FARM AND NON-FARM BUSINESS

Farm

size

Working

populations

Man

days S.Nf

P/M p /

hhs

Man

days s.f.

P/M

p/ hhs

Man

days S-

Total

P/M

p/hhs

Man days

ply from

Non-farm

employmen

t

Man

days ply

total

employed

Man days

ply total

employed

Per

capita

man days

p/y NFE

Per

captia

man days

play from

FE

Per Man

days play

from TE

Landless 2.4706 46.6471 6.4118 53.0588 559.7647 76.9412 636.7059 226.5882 32.1176 116.470642.00 793.00 109.00 902.00 9516.00 1308.00 10824.00 3852.00 546.00 1980.00(24.7) (41.3) (5.4) (23.1) (41.3) (5.4) (23.1) (42.0) (4.6) (17.6)

Marginal 2.2759 24.0690 28.4828 52.5517 288.8276 341.7931 630.6207 113.8966 165.3103 147.112166.00 698.00 826.00 1524.00 8376.00 9912.00 18288.00 3303.00 4794.00 4266.25(38.8) (36.3) (41.6) (39.0) (36.3) (41.6) (39.0) (36.0) (40.6) (38.0)

Small 2.0000 13.8077 34.0000 47.8077 165.6923 408.000 573.6923 66.5000 225.1538 180.458352.00 359.00 884.00 1243.00 4308.00 10608.00 14916.00 1729.00 5854.00 4691.92(30.5) (18.6) (44.5) (31.8) (18.6) (44.9) (31.8) (18.8) (49.6) (41.8)

Large 3.3333 23.3333 55.0000 78.3333 280.0000 660.0000 940.00000

92.0000 195.0000 97.7500

10.00 70.00 165.00 235.00 840.00 1980.00 2820.00 276.00 585.00 293.25

(5.8) (36.5) (8.3) (6.0) (3.6) (8.3) (6.0) (3.0) (4.9) (2.6)Total 2.2667 25.6000 26.4533 52.0533 307.2000 317.4400 624.6400 122.1333 157.0533 149.7522170.00 1920.00 1984.00 3904.00 23040.00 23808.00 46848.00 9160.00 11779.00 11231.42(100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0)

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TABLE 5.6

DETAILS OF INCOME FROM FARM AND NON-FARM

Farm

Size

Income from

Non-farm

(Per year)

Income

from Farm

(PE)

Total

income

Per month

Monthly

income

Percapital

income

per month

Landless 69434.1176 0.000069434.117

65786.1765 1534.9650

1180380.00 0.001180380.0

098365.00 26094.40

(34.2) (0) (25.6) (25.6) (25.06)

Marginal 37315.8621 4441.844841757.706

9 3479.8089 846.5772

1082160.00 128813.501210973.5

0100914.46 24550.74

(31.4) (11.1) (26.3) (26.3) (23.5)

Small 39489.2308 21140.76960630.000

05052.5000 1562.7316

1026720.00 549660.001576380.0

0131365.00 40631.02

(29.8) (47.6) (34.3) (34.3) (39.0)

Large 51200.0000 158126.67 209326 17443.89 4280.6296

153600.00 474380.00 627980.00 52331.67 12841.89

(4.4) (41.1) (13.6) (13.6) (12.3)

Total 45904.8000 15371.38061276.180

05106.3483 1380.2407

3442860.00 1152853.54595713.5

0382976.13 104118.05

(100) (100) (100) (100) (100)

It is clearly observed from the table 5.6 that the respondents has been

receiving income from various sources. The per capital income of the large

farming community is Rs.4280.62 followed by small and holder and marginal

Rs.1562.73, Rs. 846.57 respectively. The respondents have generated income

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from farm and Non-farm activities such as employment from leather industry

and other non-farm employment like shop keeper, weaving nad teacher. The

income from non-farm is greater than the farm income. Landless farmers are

not earning from farm employment. Their income from non-farm is greater

than the other, because they are working as an Industrial labour, in order that

the land less people as affected by industrial pollution and there is high risk

like occupation hazard which lead to health problem. Agri are engaged both

non-form and farm activities but they are not willing work as Industrial labour

per capita income of large landholder are greater analysis of variance was

used to understand the per capital income earned by the farmer groups. It was

proved through ANOVA test that per capital income has been varied among

the respondents. Specifically Duncan Test was grouped as two categories.

Land less people, Marginal and small farmers consist as a one group land and

large farm holder on the other group.

The result implies that the large landholder are earning high income of

Rs.4280.62 and when compare to other income earner. The ANOVA result

suggest that there is a significant difference in variation between Two groups

(Table 5.6)

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5.7 ANOVA RESULT PERCENTAGE

DESCRIPTIVE

N MeanStd

DeviationStd Error

LowerBound

UpperBound

Minimum Maximum

Landless 16 1565.9003 1029.97224 257.49306 1017.0668 2114.7338 587.50 4437.50

Marginal 29 846.5772 866.65830 160.93.441 516.9180 1176.2364 -266.46 2500.00

Small 26 1562..7316 2868.73890 562.60599 404.4403 2721.4403 -901.39 12114.98

Large 03 4280.6296 4059.35792 2343.671 5803.374514364.633

71500.00 8938.89

Total 14 1392.9467 2062.763.79 239.76379 915.0981 1870.7952 -901.39 12114.58

ANOVA

PERCAPITA

Sum of

SquaresDf Mean Sqaure F Sig

Between groups 34901313 3 11633771.05 2.954 0.038

With groups 2.76E + 08 70 3937738.470

Total 3.11 E + 08 73

PER CAPTIA

WALLER DUNCAN

FARM SIZE NSubset for alpha = 0.05

1 2

Marginal 29 846.5772

Small 26 1562.7316

Landless 16 1569.9003

Large 3 4280.6296

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means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed

(a) used Harmonic Mean sample size = 8.533

(b) The group size are unequal. The harmonic mean on the group size

is used. Type error level are not guaranteed.

(c) Type 1 / type 2 Error Seriousness Ratio = 100.

TABLE : 5.8 POVERTY LINE

Landless Below Above Total

Marginal(23.52) (76.4) (100.0)

(11.1) (33.3) (22.6)

Small58.6 41.3 100.0

(41.6) (30.7) (38.6)

57.6 42.3 100.0

(41.6) (28.2) (34.6)

Large(100.0) (100.0)

(7.6) (4.0)

Total

48.0 52.0 100.0

(100.0) (100.0) (100.0)

The Table 5.8.1, 5.8.2 clearly shows that poverty lime. Poverty line is

defined on the basis of calories intake and expenditure on food & non-food

mohan.

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In contrast, the landless respondents are going above poverty line in

greater extend while expect large farmer. Small and medium farmers are

living below poverty line in considerable proportion. i.e., marginal 58 percent

and 57.6 small among the relevant categories. This is because, landless labour

are mostly belong SC people those who are working in the non-farm activities

particularly tanners industry as a labour. But the field survey confirms that

there is health risk as a result at occupational hazards.

TABLE 5.9 DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSING LAND VALUE

Farm

Size

Size of

the

housing

plot

Before

and

value

per cen

Present

land

value

per cen

Land

value non

polluted

area

Present

house

value

Landless

Sum 48.75 105500 231500 505000.00 1889000

Mean 2.8676 6205.88 13617.6529705.882

4 111117.65

% Total sum (15.8) (17.2) (20.9) (12.1)

Marginal Sum 121.30 255500 4430009580000.0

06040000

Mean 4.1828 8810.34 15275.8633394.482

8208275.86

% Total sum (39.3) (41.7) (40.1) (39.6) (38.8)

Small Sum 118.10 228300 391000 104000.00 5920000

Mean 4.5423 8780.77 15030.46 34666.6667

227692.31

% Total sum (38.3) (37.3) (35.4) (4.3) (38.0)

Large Sum 20.00 22000 38000 850000.00 1700000

Mean 6.666 7333.33 12666.6732692.307

7566666.67

% Total sum (6.4) (3.5) (3.4) (35.1) (10.9)

Total Sum 308.15 611300 11035002417000.0

015549000

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Mean 4.1087 8150.67 14713.3332226.666

7207350.00

% Total sum (100) (100) (100) (100) (100)

Average housing land value which varies in the polluted and non

polluted regions are presented in the table 5.9. Its observed that the housing

land value is Rs.14713.33 per cent polluted regions whereas in non-polluted

regions. The housing land value is 32226.66 per cent. It implies that the

higher housing land in non-polluted regions when compared to polluted

regions,

The housing land value is Rs.8150 per cent before pollution and after

pollution it is 14713 per cent. This is because there is a high demand for land

to establish and developing the new industry for the purposes. The industrial

owners are willing to purpose housing land which are available in and around

the industry. As result that the above said factor cash push up the housing

land value. It is not uncommon to learn that land value will be higher in non-

polluted areas. Hypothesis testing too confirms this phenomenon with respect

to polluted & non-polluted and before & after pollution.

HYPOTHESIS I

Housing land value (per cent) varies across the polluted and non-

polluted area and before after pollution owing to IP

The following are the null and alternative hypothesis

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Null hypothesis : There are no significant difference between the polluted

& non polluted area and before and after pollution with

respect to housing land value percent

Alternative hypothesis H1: There is a significant difference between the

polluted and non-polluted area and before after

pollution with respect to housing land value

percent.

Analysis of paired t test was used to verify the hypothesis. The paired

t results suggest that there is a significant difference between two means.

The implies that the housing land value are varying across the polluted and

non-polluted regions in the village. And also housing land value varies

between before and after pollution. This test has confirmed that the land value

has been affected due to Industrial Pollution from leather industry. In polluted

region, the housing land value Rs.14713 percent whereas in non-polluted

area, the land value Rs.32226 percent in addition, before pollution. It was

Rs.8150 percent. This implies that the land value has increased considerably

between before and after pollution, the marginal rate of escalation of land

values in the polluted area is comparably less in non-polluted region. And

also the polluted water soil conditions and odor are the key factor to

determine the housing land value.

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TABLE : 5.10 PAIRED T TEST RESULT-HOUSE LAND VALUE IN

POLLUTED AND NON-POLLUTED AND BEFORE AFTER

POLLUTION

PAIRED SAMPLE STATISTICS

Mean NStd.

Deviation

Std. Error

Mean

Before polluting-housing land valueper cent

8150.67 75 6244.660 721.071

After pollution- Housing land value

percent14713.33 75 6710.305 774.839

Present land value percent 14713.33 75 6710.305 774.839

Land value in non-polluted area (Rs.) 32226.67 75 2269.50008 262.05930

PAIRED SAMPLE TEST

Mean Std

Deviation

St

Error

Lower Upper T Df Sig

Before-housing landvalue percent. AfterHousing land value percent

-6562.67 4769.973 550.789 -7660.14

-5465.20 -11.915 74 0.000

Present land valuepercent land value innon-polluted area (Rs.)

-17513.3 6817.5911 -19081.9 -19081.9

-15944.7 -22.247 74 0.000

ESTIMATION OF AGRICULTURAL DAMAGE COST

5.2 Negative Externalities on agriculture productivity

The damage function links to the functional relationship between

industrial pollution and its impact on agricultural yield. The agricultural

damage function were estimated the degrees of damage caused by industrial

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pollution. The presented studied focus the loss of agricultural production in

rupees term due to deterioration of the Kalingarayan canal and

5.11 EXTERNALITIES ON AGRICULTURAL, HUMAN HEALTH

ANIMAL HEALTH AND WATER QUALITY

Farm Size AgriculturalHuman

Health

Animal

Health

Water

Qualify

Landless

0 14 12 17

(0.00) (82.4) (70.6) (100.0)

(0.0( (51.9) (17.4) (22.7)

Marginal

29 4 29 29

(100.0) (13.8) (100) (100.0)

(50.0) (14.8) (42.0) (38.7)

Small

3 1 3 3

(100.0) (33.3) (100.0) (100.0)

(5.2) (3.7) (4.3) (4.0)

Total

58 27 69 75

(77.3) (36.0) (92.0) (100.0)

(100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0)

The respondents were facing the problem at externalities since late

eighties. Though it had been functioning from seventies itself. The

externalities had also affected the socio-economic conditions of inhabitants in

the village. Table 5.10 responded the externalities on agriculture productivity

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loss, human health, animal health and drinking water quality, externalities at

leather industries have also created and changes in socio-economic and

environmental conditions of inhabitations. The benefit may be either positive

or negative.

TABLE 5.12

AVERAGE AGRICULTURAL LAND VALUE PER ACRE

Farm sizeBefore

pollution

Land Value per acre

After

pollution

In Non

polluted

area

Difference

from polluted

and non

polluted area

Marginal

Sum 9025000.00 15025000.0 32350000 20325000.00

Mean 311206.89 518103.44 1218962.52 700862.06

N 29 29 29 29

SD 110918.68 110981.12 121312.608 181939.29

%Total (51.2) (49.1) (49.6) (49.7)

Small

Sum 7685000.0013675000.0

032250000 18575000.00

Mean 295576.92 325961.53 1240384.62 714423.07

N 26 26 26 26

SD 115622.89 118683.94 84875.47 165253.30

%Total 43.6 (44.9) (45.2) (45.4)

Large

Sum 900000.00 1725000.00 3700000 1975000.00Mean 300000.00 57500000

12333333.33

658333.33

N 3 3 3 3

SD 0.0000 108972.47 57735.02 150692.84

%Total (5.1) (5.7) (5.2) (4.8)

GrandTotal

Sum 17610000.00

30425000.00

71300000 40875000.00

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Mean303620.689

7524568.96 1229310.34 704741.3793

N 58 58 58 58

SD 109391.43 110866 103039 170876.02

%Total (100) (100) (100) (100)

It is absolutely understood through earlier discussion that the entire

irrigation system are most affected due to Industrial pollution in the study

area. As a result, the agricultural land value drastically changes in the polluted

area comparised with non-polluted area. It is observed that the land value

Rs.5,24,568.96 per acre in polluted areas. This is some what greater than the

before pollution whereas in non-polluted are it is Rs.12,29,310.34. Regarding

average agricultural land value difference between polluted and non-polluted

is Rs.704741.37. Most of the leather Industries are located proximity to

agricultural land where the Industrial wastes are discharged.

HYPOTHESIS 2

Agricultural land value (per cent) vary across the polluted and non-

polluted regions and also land value differ from before and after pollution

Null Hypothesis Ho : There is no significant difference between the before

pollution and after pollution and polluted regions and non-polluted regions

with respect to the value at farm land.

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Alternative Hypothesis : There is significant difference between the before

pollution and after pollution and polluted regions and non polluted regions

with respect to the value at farmland.

The paired sample T Test procedure compare the means of two variables for

a single group. It computes the difference between values of the two variables

for each cash and test whether the average differs from zero. It is strongly

supported the arguments. The negative externalities due to pollution on

agricultural land value statistically tuned significance in general and

particularly pollution from leather industries.

Table 5.13 : Paired T Test Agricultural land value before and after

pollution and polluted and Non-polluted region

Paired sample Statistics Mean N Std

Deviation

Std Error

MeanPair 1 Before Pollution land

value per acre303620.7 58 109391.4310

114363.80

After pollution landvalue per acre

5245

pollution of leather industry

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