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POLLUTION OF LEATHER INDUSTRY AND ITS SOCIO-
ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFICACIES. A
EXPERIENCE FROM ERODE DISTRICT
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
The most critical environmental problems being by developing
countries include water air and oil pollution. At these due to its impact on a
large number of economic activities. It is universal understanding that large
scale industrial units generate more effluent and small-scale enterprises
causes loss damage to the environment. This is general myth. The ground
reality is that small scale units through production processing and
manufacturing generates pollution and impose damage to the environment.
Small Scale Industries are a special feature at state economy and these
play and important to be in pollution. This process is necessarily generated
effluent and discharged into the water bodies and agricultural lands. This is
main causes for negative externalities on human health, animal health and
plants. This is a grey area where there is death at study warranted to
investigate the problems pertaining to SSI pollution in general, the SSI lack
pollution control mechanisms, while the large industries are better organized
to adopt pollution control measure the SS sector is poorly equipped to handle
this problem. They have a very high aggregate pollution potential. Emission
discharged from industrial units irrespective at whether large or SS will cause
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damage to the receiving media not with standing the variation in the quantity
at discharge between large and small.
Sewage is not the only cause at water pollution: Industrial waste is also
significant polluter. Industrial pollution has been one at the most important
factors causing water pollution: Industries release into water effluent
containing chemical and biological matter that impose high demand polluted
water contains low levels at dissolved oxygen (DO). The result at heavy
biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD).
Apart from this industrial waste contains chemicals and heavy metals such as
arsenic, lead, mercury cadmium and zinc. Heavy concentration at chemical
and metals in both surface and ground water causes serious damage to the
ecology at river system. The consequences at water pollution due to heavy
discharge at industrial effluent are now being experienced by many at the
industrial boom town at India.
The leather Industry in Tamilnadu state stands first in India with more
than was units at small scale Tanneties and 75 large scale Tanneties providing
employment potential for more than one million population accounting for six
per cent at world leather production. These industries let out huge quantities
at effluent into the common and which had effected the land and water
sources heavily (Ramasamy 1997).
About 3000 Tanneties are operated in India at which 60% at the
Tanneties are in the state at Tamilnadu, Erode finds a place as a centre for
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leather manufacture in the leather map at the world for heavily a century. The
goat skins available in erode are considered to be at be at the best quality in
world and has the prestigious name as erode glaced of kids in the world
leather stock exchange in London. Though quality raw goat skins are still
available the tanning and cutting at goat skins are restricted and finally
banned by the government asset 1965.
Around so small and large tanneries are located along the year 600
year old Kalingarayan canal that runs parallel to the Cauvery River near
erode. Together these tanneries generates about 5000m3/d effluent a day
which is discharged into the canal. The Kalingarayan canal farmers
association is concerned that these effluent have polluted in yield reduction.
The information provided by the TV ground water board do indicate that
region. A sample at groundwater has been tested biannually since 1985 from
an observation well in an area of Erode.
More than 60 Tannery units are located in western part at Erode Town.
A majority at them carry out processing at hides which requires a
considerable amount at water over 90% at the waste is discharged as a waste
water, which amount to 2,800 m3/d. Future expansion at the cluster mix likely
generate waste water in the range at 7.500 M3/d at the 60 units. 40 adopt
vegetable tanning, 10 chrome tanning and other operations the daily BOD,
COD, TDS and TSS are estimated to be 3.5 tonnes. 14 tonnes, 50 tonnes and
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23 tonnes respectively. The daily chromium load in the waste water is about
10 Kg.
The Tannery industry concerned to have important environmental
effect on both water and air, primarily because at Toxic waste generated by
the large amounts at chemical employed during the various phases at the
tanning process. The main pollutants are being chromium III, Sulphur,
chlorides, solvents and organic wastes (Vicenza 1997).
The Tanning industries had been existing in Erode District for over 40
years mechanization and large scale production at the Tamilnadu. Although
the exact quantity varies widely between tanneries, a normal requirement of
around 50-60 liters at water per kilogram at hide is suggested.
With scarce and resources, pollution also effect large number at people
which live close to the tanneries. The effluent contaminates in the land water
supply and pollution at the water supply in turn the supply food in population.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The present research intends to raise issue pertaining to polluation and
its impact on the society, the exercise on a case study basis is undertaken with
a view make on to impact assessment on human animal and agricultural lands.
There exists divergent view point in this team. Mostly SSI units get situated
within the premises at city / corporation. All spin off effect would naturally be
borne by the local inhabitants. Another view is that hazards are due to
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Industries which produce, intermediate some would argue that small scale
units have little access to research and development results. This is no excuse
for non-adoption at pollution control measures. The whole idea is not to
develop prior impressions on SS units.
The socio economic problems relating to Industrial pollution and its
impacts on the society remain an unexploited area at research. Regarding
negative externalities on human health, animal health and agricultural crops
loss owing to Industrial pollution is yet to be assessed fully. So far, little effort
has taken to measure the damage cost due to Industrial pollution (IP). The
Environmental economic components of the study addressed the issue like
depletion at natural resources deterioration at potable water quality due to
industrial pollution, agricultural production loss in the rural areas, and
negative externalities on human health due to IP. Agricultural production loss
in the rural area and negative externalities on human health due to industrial
pollution.
NEED OF THE STUDY
Most of the rural people in India depend on natural resources at least to
meet part of their livelihood sustenance. All unsustainable exploitation or
pollution on natural resources takes place in such a way that the agricultural
productivity becomes zero over a time. If on agricultural filed has profound
influence on food sustainability at developing economics. Lack of water and
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deterioration at water quality due to If on human health gets sickness. This is
main causes for poor people have been exposed to high degree at risk and
uncertainty of their life. It is therefore, necessary to understand the IP on
human health, animal health and agricultural damage through measuring the
loss at opportunity cost. In this context the present study was designed to
assess socio damage cost due to Industrial pollution and how its impact on the
poors employment, health, income and their livelihood life. This damage
need to analyse in terms at their occurrence, impact and other related aspects.
The scientific aspect of pollution control alone can not possible to
solve any environmental problems but also incorporate the socio-economic
and environmental dimension at IP to find out the appropriate solution, The
solution may be helped to solve environmental problems in the
comprehensive manner.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
This study is concentrates only impacts at in industrial pollution,
impact such as the socio-economic and environmental related issues involved
are profound, as many at them still remain unresolved., issues like, what is the
loss at agricultural productivity die to IP. What extended the negative
externalities are imposed on human and animal health. A crucial quotations is
extended opportunity cost loss through man-day loss due to IP. Above set
question have to be addressed, through empirical research.
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OBJECTIVES
The present study proposes to set out the following objectives
Principal Objectives
To understand the socio-economic and environmental dimensions at IP
on natural resources with the help of secondary and primary sources at
information with respect to depletion at ground water resources, degradation
of water quality and health impact the real and loss of productivity.
SUPPLEMENTARY OBJECTIVES
To assess the socio-economic and environmental impact of Industrial
pollution on society owing to tannery industry.
To account the pattern of Industrial location in Tamilnadu with help of
secondary sources information
To elucidate the problem of industrial effluent from tanneries units in
Erode
To estimate the loss of productivity in agriculture, employment and
income of the responded.
To adopt the externalities theory of to evaluate the environmental
damage cost owing to industrial pollution.
To understand environmental dimension of Industrial pollution with
respect to deposing at ground water resources.
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HYPOTHESIS
Housing land value (Per cent), varies across the polluted & non-
polluted area and before and after pollution owing to Industrial pollution.
Agricultural and value (Per cent) varies across the polluted and non-
polluted regions and also land value differ from before of after pollution.
Impact of Industrial pollution on farm land in terms at poor water
quality, soil condition, farm and proximity at Industry, number at industry
located, No at acres affected. CPR proximity loss at productivity farm size are
the key determinants at farm land value.
Distance from Industry agricultural land, farm size and agricultural
land value per acre, suitable for cultivation 1. yes and 2.No (Due to water
pollution) depends and averting polluted crop land. No. of Industry. CPRS
promixity distance are key factor of determined the loss at productivity.
Number of days taken treatment drinking water quality, number of
children and loss at opportunity cost are the foremost parameters, which
influenced the health damage extensively.
Potable water feeding livestock, number of live stock death, drinking
water quality and livestock population declined are the foremost parameters,
which influenced the livestock damage cost extensively.
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SCOPE OF STUDY
Primarily this study discusses the various aspects of pollution from
tanneties and pollution impact on the health at the people, live stock,
agricultural and drinking water quality in the selected area. The study also
discusses a brief account at the theoretical aspect connected with pollution
This might help in providi9ng a sound theoretical back ground to solve the
leather industries problems.
METHODOLOGY
In order to realize the set at objectives Erode District at Tamilnadu was
selected for the present study. A typical problem village where impact of
pollution is acute, was chosen for empirical study. The multistage sampling
methods viz., purposive proportionate random sampling methods have been
adopted to selected. The study village and the households problems faced by
village with respected to loss productivity, employment, income, health and
social damage cost vary related to proximity. A micro level investigation on a
case study basis will help understanding socio-economic and environmental
constraints will a village. 73 sample household have been chosen. The
important reason was that the tannety pollution problem in the district very
severe. One village was selected to collected detailed information regarding
the damage cost due to industrial pollution. Information was gathered with the
help of a structured questionnaire and also through participatory rural
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appraisal methods such as informal group discussion with the senior citizen at
the village. In this backdrop, a hypothesis are set and tested.
The secondary sources of information from the Tamilnadu pollution
control board was collected to analysed to understand the availability at
industries at the district level. The primary survey would address the issues
relating to quantity, quality reduction, loss productivity. Social cost in the
concerned village.
SAMPLING DESIGN
For the present study, one of the wayside village at Kalingarayan canal
was chosen where the polluted water from tanning industries in Erode imparts
to the Cauvery River. The primary survey was conducted in way side village
at Kalingarayan canal and analysis. The proximity at Industry and its
implications at social damage cost owing to Industrial pollution on society
with the help at interview schedule containing all relevant queries.
METHODS OF SAMPLE COLLECTION
The multistage sampling methods have been used. Specifically,
systematic stratified, purposive, proportionate random sampling techniques
were used for selection at study village and the households. Besides several
informal discussion are made with the native dwellers to elict historical
information regarding the loss occurred for the past decade and B.O.
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The criterion adopted to stratify the selected village in order to choose
75 households is based on proximity distance from industrial location along
with river basin and its implications. The Kalingarayan canal has been
selected as sample region. This Kalingarayan canal covers the important
village at Erode district at Tamilnadu. This district is well known for Taming
leather production. Norm the village 5 per cent at the sample households were
selected for investigation.
Data for the study were collected from sources. From the purpose at
discussing about study area profile data were collected from respective office
at the village administrative officer in the district.
The present study analyses the impact of pollution by comparing
certain factors in village, The factor analysed were land area cultivated
income, income from livestock, income from other sources, man days lost due
to sickness, human medical treatment cost productivity lose and cost incurred
for other damage. Generally and impact study analysed by comparing the
situation prior to the implementation at the project and after.
STATISTICAL TOOLS
Statistical tools such as analysis at variance hypothesis testing and
regression were considering the nature at the data. The Thrust at the analyses
were to empirically assess the magnitude at the damage at society. Regression
model were used to establish causl relationship between damage cost and
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socio-economic and environmental variables. Further, appropriate statistical
tools were used to analysed the environmental dimension at IP such as
depletion at ground water, loss at productivity, man-days loss opportunity
cost, degradation at water quality and the health impacts threat.
VARIABLE TO BE USED
Heaving identified the problem, the data on theoretical variables
relating to impacts of industrial pollution on society have been collected from
the sample village on the basis at systematic stratified and proportionate
random sampling methods. The household survey covering variable such as
productivity loss, yield loss, cropping pattern, man days loss, land value
reduction, ground water quality, soil quality, health damage cost loss at
opportunity cost, proximity from industry, drinking water quality, and
livestock population was conducted.
PRIMARY HOUSEHOLD SURVEY PERIOD
The primary survey was conducted through a prepared questionnarire
among the selected respondents during May and June 2006.
Data Source
The study used primary data, the primary data were collected from 75
household by using interview schedule method. For the purpose at collecting
primary data, the interview schedule was prepared in such a way that the
respondents were able to understand clearly and give their opinion freely and
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frankly. The interview schedule had been tested and validated so as to the
accuracy and liability.
ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMIC THEORY
Hedonic pricing theory was adopted for valuing the environmental
benefits and externality theory has been adopted to evaluate the social damage
cost owing to industrial pollution. These two theories have been incorporated
to find out solution to the environmental problems.
CHAPTERISATIONS
The present study has been derived into six chapter, The first chapter
deals with the statement at the problem. Objectives methodology, hypothesis,
collection of data and tools used. The second chapter defines the concepts and
reviews the related literatures. (3) Third chapter gives a brief profile of the
study area. The fourth chapter highlights the national and state level scenario
at Industrial pollution and its impacts. The primary data collected from the
sample respondents were analyzed in the fifth chapter. The last chapter
present some of the important finding and concluding found from the
analysis.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Bakyavathy et al (1986) in their work effect of Tannic acids on transport in
liver intro chrondria Arch stress the fact that the heavy concentration of
tanneries in the Ambur zone posses a serious health problem. According to
them the local doctors in Ambur and Vaniambadi reported that the tannery
workers had terrible skin related aliment and weak lower respiratory tract
infection are very common in children. This leads to primary complex x T.B.
it has been found that women working in the fameties get demerits while the
women engaged in sorting wool are chronic victims at fever skin irritation and
respiratory problem.
Venkataramani (1987) states in his article slow poisoning how effluent
from Tanneries in worth Arcot district, Tamilnadu rain land and people, two
decades ago Vaniyambadi was one of the Tamilnadus richest agricultural
area but due to Tannery pollution major land area has converted into vast
barren track. The number at families depended on agricultural was 24000decades ago, but bow it is reduced to 8000 cultivable lands in the Taluk has
declined from 6800 hectares to 22000 hectares besides and estimate 2000
drinking water wells in the Taluk have turned repugnantly brackish (only to
wells produce tolerable water). The tanneries negligence led to respiratory
disease and even menstrual problem from women.
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ERIK LICHTENBERG AND DAVID ZILBERMAN (1988)
Efficient Regulation of environmental health risk This paper
introduces a decision framework for regulating environmental health risk
which incorporate the characteristic uncertainty about the determination and
toxicological impact at environmental contaminates and the behavioral
restrictions commonly encounted. Analyses indicates that increase in
uncontrollable uncertainly will increase emphasis on average performance
that more potent or less controllable risk will be regulated more stringently
and that increasing aversion to uncertainly may result in poorer average
performance.
SINGRAM P AND POTHIRAJ (1989), carried out a study on soil health
care in Tannety pollution areas at North Arcot District on the Sai Health
Care in Tannety polluted areas at North Arcot District. The founded that the
location at 75 percent at Tanneties in North Arcot district has caused severe
damage to soil fertility and quality of water. The confirmed a fact of earlier
study that is the dynamic of harmful salt movement found in Tannety effluent
traversed a distance at 8Kmn from source and caused pollution to under
ground water sources. Among the field crop 3m co maize to 43 paddy, Co 771
sugar cane, Co 13 rage and BN2 grass were found suitable for the tannety
affected soil, reduction in land value due of degradation of soil fertility was
also observed.
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Ratna Reddy et al (2002)
Studies the effect of various diseases arising out water pollution
however it was observed that most of the diseases are water brone, such as
skin infection teeth corrosion, Joint pains, loss of appetite, detective vision
fever, abdominal pain, respiratory diseases and diarrhea general muscular
weakness, stunted growth chromic cold and cough among the middle age and
children are noticed in the village. The most important feature is that women
are the worst affected.
MENAKA GANDHI (2003)
Suggested that the benefits of Concessional sales Tax ($7) on inputs,
mainly chemical was made available only to those tanners who manufactured
fished leather from how hides. It was denied to those, tanners who took up
tanning from the stage of semi finished leather. Also he draws attention to the
levy of one percent additional tax on many tanneries who exported leather and
did not sell outside the state.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Thabaraj a. Jet al 1964, Tannety effluent reported stunted growth at Tomato
plants when they irrigated with Tannery effluents
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Raja Gopalan R. 1967 Tannery waste water need for agricultural purpose
found that the productivity at the soil decreased when tannery waste are
applied on field and some part of the land become completely.
According to Hariharan A.S. 1968 : leather Industrial waste discharge and
pollution at ground water and surface ground water has been found to be
affected where the waste water tanneries. The survey showed that the back
ground concentration at total dissolved solids increased from about 640-
40000 mg /lit and chlorides from 88 to 100 mg/lit about 8 kms from the
effluent falls.
Eye And Lawrence (1971): Treatment at waste from a sole leather tannery
reported that the tanneries industries tank first among the most polluting at all
industrial waste about 150 toxic chemical are freely used in tanneries to
obtain attractive leather product. The sanity of reservoirs have been increased
from 85 to 219 mg/1 and 96 to 686 mg /1.
Department at Industrial Development (1979) : in its report on leather
revealed that the chloride in the waste water from the Tannery Industry cause
colorize in the plant i.e., destruction at plant tissues.
Guruprasanda Rao and Nanda Kumar N.V. 1981 in their work Analysis at
irrigation reservoir contamined by tannery effluent reveals that an irrigation
reservoir was contaminated by the untreated.
Sreenivasan et al. (1984) report in their work ground water pollution due to
Tannery effluent in north Arcot District, Tamilnadu that the effluent discharge
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from the tanneirs located in North Arcot District have caused serious
disterioration in he quality at ground water.
Venkataramani (1987) states in his article Slow how effluent from Tanneirs
in North Arcot district, Tamilnadu rain land and people, two decades ago
Vaniyambadi was one at the Tamilnadu, richest agricultural areas but due to
tannery.
Erik Lichtenberg and David Zilberman (1988) Efficient Regulation at
environmental health Risk this paper introduces a decision frame work for
regulating environmental health risks which incorporates are characteristic
about the dissemination and toxicological impact at environmental.
Sharnya Rajan (1990) A survey who will Tame the errant Tanneries
Tanneries are not found in Development Nations because it is an ecologically
disastrous Industry. So strongest laws have passed for banning the
establishment of Tanneries. But the consumerism in the west has its
repercussion in the developing economics. To meet the galloping demand in
their consumerist society, western entrepreneurs have turned to countries for
their cheap labour and untapped natural resources and they have found willing
partner ness in the entrepreneurs and even government of the third world.
Amarvath, J.S. and K.N. Chinna Swami (1992): Impact of Tannery pollution
in Ambedkar District in Tamilnadu The discharge of huge volume of
effluent in the open land and Palar river basin polluted the cultivatable soil
and made them unsuitable for cultivation over the years the production of
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paddy, sugar and ground nut has been decreased, Due to Tannery pollution
the following effect are noticed in this region.
Shift cropping pattern
Decreased cropping intensities
Increased tallow land and decline in yield
Decline in crop income and land value
Decline in quality of natural resources increased averting of defensiveexpenditure for quality improvement in affected forms.
Migration of farm labour to urban centres.
D.C. Sharma et al (1996)
Environmental impact of Tannery effluents on heavy metal
phytotoxicity and health hazards an environmental impact assessment study
was carried out on Phytotoxicity and possible health hazards due to Tannery
effluent around Jammu are of Kanpur and Unnao district. The concentration
of Pb and Fe in the treated effluent at Jaimau were found to be some what
lower (1.60 and 1.51 ppm respectively) than in the undetated unnao effluent
(2.40 ppm Pb an Fe).
Mukul 1997
Polluting industries, Environmental and workers health. A case for
intervention the polluting expose both the workers and the environment to
hazardous substance. These industries are characterized by an insufficient and
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hazardous use of labour and an excessive use of natural resource. The
awareness regarding the inter linkage of workers interests occupation health
and environmental protection is increasing, as reflected in the some recent
initiatives and legal interventions.
Milenko Ro and Anton Gantar (1998)
Possibilities of reduction of recipient loading of Tannergy waste water
in solvenia the leather industry is well known as a high consumer of water (30
to 80m3 1 ton of proceesed raw skins). At the same times his industry is
known for the high specific pollution of waste water. The main characteristics
of Tannery waste water are : high salinity, high organic loading (COD, BOD),
high content of ammonia and organic nitrogen and presence of specific
pollutants.
O. Tuany, L. Kabdall, D. Orban and G. Consever (1999)
se and minimization of water in leather tanning processes
minimization of water use and rescue application within industry has recently
gained importance within the context of water conservation efforts. The
leather tanning industry is one of the subject Industries due to large amount of
water to be disposed together with a high pollution load. The leather tanning
industry has a complex structure in terms of materials processes and
manufacturing practices.
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CHAPTER III
PROFILE OF THE STUDY AREA - ERODE
ERODE DISTRICT:
Erode district was carved out from the erstwhile Coimbatore District
and its functions as a separate district from 24the September 1979, Erode
was named after the great social reformer and nationalist late
Thiru. E.V.Ramasamy Naicker Popularly as Thanthai Periyar and recently
renamed as Erode District. It consist at 539 revenue villages spread over 20
community development blocks located in 7 taluks. It has an area at 8,76,675
hectares.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF THE DISTRICT:
Erode District is located on the banks of river Cauvery. The river flows
on the northern and eastern parts at the district, erode district is surrounded by
Karnataka state in north-west. Coimbatore District in the West. Dindugul and
Karur in the South, Salem and Namakkal district in the east. This district lies
between 10.35 and 1.60 at north latitude and 76.49 and 77.85 at East
Longitude and 171.91 meters above the sea level. The total geographical area
at the district is about 1209 sq.km with 7 taluk namely Erode, Perundurai,
Kangayam, Dharapuram, Bhavani, Gobi and Sathy the districts is divide in to
20 blocks erode is the head quarters in the district.
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SOIL AND RAINFALL
The soil at the district varies from red sandy to red gray. The district in
general has a dry climate with scanty rainfall. The normal rainfall at district is
717mm.
CLIMATE
The climate at Erode District varies from place to place but it is fairly
pleasant during the south-west monsoon. Bhavani and Other parts at Erode
Hectic Industrial activity adds to the heat and Erode town swats under very
hot spells during summer. By the end of August the south-west monsoon
becomes moderate and during September there is slight and variable wind.
The river at the district get their fresh supply mainly from the south-west
monsoon the maximum temperature observed is 39.9oC minimum.
ADMINISTRATORS SET UP
There are 9 taluks in this district Erode, Perundurai, Bhavani,
Kavundapadi, Dharapuram, Gobi, Sathy and three revenue division erode,
Gobi, Dharapuram, Erode is administrative headquarters at district. There are
53a village in the district spread over 20 community development blocks the
names at the blocks are follows.
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TABLE : THE NAME BLOCKS
S.No Block Name
1. Erode
2. Bhavani
3. Sathy
4. Nambiyur
5. T.N.Palayam
6. Anthiyur
7. Bhavanisagar
8. Gobi
9. Kavundapadi
10. Iyyampalayam
11. Chennimalai
12. Modakuruchi
13. Kodumudi
14. Kunnathur
15. Kundadam
There are five municipal towns, own township and 59 town Panchayat
in this district.
DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE AT ERODE DISTRICT
As per 2001 Census, the population at Erode District was 25,74,067
which constitute about 4.16 percent at the total population at the state the
density population is around 314 person per sq. km as against the 428 in the
state. The urban population at the total population at the district as per the
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2001 census. The occupational pattern at the district shows there are 2,76,824
cultivators and 3,83,574 agricultural labourers act at the Total 1,31,045
workers. 11850 have engaged in the allied agricultural activities and 5,17,692
workers and engaged in non-agri industries such as cottage and household
industries trade and commerce.
RIVERS
The agricultural activity in the district is well supported by some
perennial rivers. Cauvery and Bhavani are the two main rivers in the district.
The rivers Bhavani extensively benefits agricultural in Sathymangalam and
Gobi Taluks. The Bhavanisagar dam has been constructed below the
confluence at river Bhavani and moyal about 16 Km for Sathy. It extensively
benefits cultivation in all the taluks excepts, Bhavani is benefited by the
Mettur canal which takes water from river Cauvery.
Table Detail at area irrigated by various canal, crops grown etc are
given
Name of Irrigation Project Area covered crops grown
Thodapalli canal 6464
Arakkankottai Canala 2466Permugai Athani 420Old Amaravathi 3947Kalingarayan Canal 5296
New Amaravathi Canal 3851Mettur West Bank Canal 6117Lower Bhavani Project 36695Lower Bhvani Project II Turn 37762Parambikulam Aliyar 14613Vattamalaikkarai zone 1140
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Upper Dam 2424Cuniavi Pallam 989Varattupallam 1169
3.8 AGRICULTURAL
Agricultural is major occupation at the district. According to recent
agricultural census. The number at operational and holding wasa 3,01,471
covering an area of 494615.92 hectares. Total cultivated areas are 346100
hector. Out of which net area down is 308192 hector and an area at 37908
Hector is shown more than once. Details at major crops grown and their area
in hectares for the year 2003-2004 area shown in the Table.
One regional agricultural research station at Tamilnadu Agricultural
university is also functioning in the district at Bhavanisagar. Vegetables like
Brinjal, tomato, ladies finger and onions, are also grown in considerable area
at district in Anthiyur blocks at Bhavani Taluk.
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TABLE 3.3
TYPES AT CROPS GROWN
S.No Name of CropArea Hectares
31.03.2004
Production LMT
31.03.2004
1. Paddy 1614 0.66
2. Millet Other Cereals 123354 1.00
3. Cotton (Sales) 3271 0.080
4. Pulse 35006 0.17
5. Sugarcane 13889 1.60
6. Groundnut 34445 0.619
7. Gingelly 10345 0.08
8. Sunflower 881 0.009
9. Castor 1853 0.009
Brinjal and Tomato are grown extensively and the produces is sent to
Chennai market regularly. Flower cultivation is also pocking up in Sathy
block, Request market committee are functioning in all taluk head quarters.
The market committees arrange for storage at produce in their godowns also.
3.9 ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
The Animal husbandry department has contributed immensely to live
stock development in Erode district. Erode district is highly rich in cattle
wealth and poultry development activities. This district is famous for the
Kangeyam breed burgur Breed, Kollegal breed and other albodies, the
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Tamilnadu milk products federation has a milk collection centre and
processing plant at Erode from where milk is transported to different parts at
the state every day.
3.10 TRADE AND INDUSTRY
Trade and industry naturally occupy a place of prominence in the
economy at the district. Industries that flourished in early days in the areas
were hand 100m weaving, carpet, manufacturing oil pressing, brass vessel
manufacturing, Tannery screen printing, oil refinery, plastic, chemical electric
industry etc.,
The industry which has been able to totally with stand the on slaughter
at modernization has been the hand 100m weaving Erode, Chennimalai, etc.,
still hold their way and the district is noted for handloom products, which
include cotton sarees, bedspreads, towels furnishing fabrics and also power
loom products two other important production centers Bhavani and Jambai.
It is reported that more than 52000 looms are functioning in Erode
district. There are also important dye works in Erode, Chennimalai, and
Bhavani. A number of factories engaged in cotton fabric printing are
functioning in Erode.
These are a number if leather tanneries in Erode area large quantities of
leather are brought here for tanning and leather are exported to foreign
countries.
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The government has also come foreward to provide incentive to small
entrepreneurs etc., declaring, blocks of the district as industrially backward
Industrial estates have been set up at Erode, Perundurai and other places
where full facilities are offered to small unit have been setup note for the
manufacture of steel furniture etc.,
Both manufacture items as well as agriculture commodities are include
in the Trade item. Major items at export from the district etc. While the items
imported are mostly oil seeds coal leather etc.
The following table no shows the type of Industry, number at industry
and number at workers in the study area.
TABLE NO 3.4
INDUSTRIES IN THE STUDY AREA
Serial
No Industries GroupNo. of
Industries
No. of
Workers
1 Food & Beverage 1345 5977
2 Textile ( Spinning weaving Textile product) 2530 27843
3 Wood products 147 741
4 Paper Products 336 1927
5 Leather Product 532 3732
6 Petroleum product and chemical 420 1682
7 No metal & Mineral product 269 4302
8Basic Metal & Metal product machinery
product846 3457
9 Electrical & Electronic 221 717
10 Automobile, Transport equipment 214 684
11 Other 389 1202
Total 7249 53286
PROGRESS OF THE LEATHER INDUSTRY IN ERODE:
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Tanning Industry is one of the oldest Industries in the world. During
olden time, the tanning activities were handled only to meed the local
demands of leather footwear, drum and musical instruments with the change
in time and growth of population. The increasing demand at leather and
leather goods let to establishment of large commercial tanner.
Tanning at raw hide/skin to get the leather is done by 2 methods
namely vegetable tanning and mineral tanning was introduced more than 100
year ago. Today chrome tanning accounts for 90 percent global leather
production by vegetable tanning which is thousand at years old, still retains a
significant place in tanning for which global production at vegetable tanning
extract is about 0.3 million tones annually. Vegetable tanning is particularly
significant in china, italy, CIS and India. ( sykes 1997 )
Global output at leather has risen by about 55 percent over the past 30
years. Expansion has taken place in the developing of in many cases, newly
industrialized countries rather than in the other developed economics. Four
countries namely Italy, Korea, China and India now account for 40 percent at
the global leather production India also occupies a predominant position.
Erode finds a place as a centre for leather manufacture in the leather
map of the world for nearly a century. The goat skins available in erode are
considered to be of be at the best quality in world and has the prestigious
name as Erode glaced of Kids in the world leather stock exchange in
London though quality raw goat skins are still available the tanning and
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curing at goat skins are shifted from erode other centre particularly after the
export at raw goat skins was hardly does and tanners concentrated mainly a
tanning at cow hides, cow calf puff calf skins and buffalo hides all the tanners
were engaged, only the manufacturing at east India tanned leather for the
exported and indigenous sole leather from buffalo hides.
The restriction in the export of EI tanned leather implemented by
government on India was a big on slaught on the tanning industry at the area.
Over the last few years only very few bug tanners have credited the
infrastructured for.
The restriction in the exported of EI tanned leather implemented by the
government at India was a big onslaught on the tanning industries at this area.
Over the last few years only very few big tanneries have credited in
infrastructure for the manufactures at finished leather from low hides and calf
skins with great efforts many at the tanneries are in the small scale and
cottage sector and small tanners do not have the capacity to convert the
production from EI leather to finished leather making finished leather from
low hides require heavy and costly machineries like splitting from 1950s and
60 as erode tanners concentrated more in bovine hide ( cow & ox ) and partly
buffalo EI tanning owing to several favorable factor like climate water
recourse. Industries human resourses heatness to national highway bearness to
railway station, proximate to kerela oriented hides, geographical location etc.,
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1960s very few local tanners with great enterprise awareness and
foresighted introduced chrome tanning in erode. Which higher to was
unknown here. A tanner with leather technology base nade to work extremely
hand to convince and introduce chrome tanning at a time when the highly
illiterate work force was scared and unwilling to open a sulphuric acid jar, in
1950s but it gained pace in erode in 1962 because of the local tanners who
introduced valued added product like industrial / textile after leather double
oak tanned picking band compressed sole leather from buffalo national
chrome split leather glazed Katter leather etc.
One very significant reason for its growth and good image is the
establishment of leather finishing centre by goat in India in 1960s. the land
which houses LFC was offered to government at India at a very cheap price
by a local tanners. This was the foresightedness of vertex supreme who
calculated in 1960, what would be the phase of Erode leather in 1990.
Another important reason for the good and rapid growth is the restrictions
imposed by government of India in 1972 on the exported at semifinished
leather (Ei Tanned / chrome Named) the government offered all facilities in
1970 for making value added product and this policy worked well, thus
finished leather and leather product government good incentives in Tamilnadu
and such trends passed on to Erode.
In 1996 all tanneries in Erode were closed along with other tanneries in
Tamilnadu as a measure to constract ETP either individually or collective by
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tanneries. This was done to check the polluting effluents from Tannery whose
soiled waste, waste discharge badly affected infrastructure which are very
sophisticated and very expensive construction of ETP also are very expensive
and in many cases it is expensive than the Tannery itself. No Govt. assistance
has imparted knowledge, finance and assistance etc., to the Tanners. There are
uniform policy among govt. offices, no communications from judiciary to
offices to the tanners and hence the fall prevailed in 1996, 97, 98.
Some erode Tanners have put up ETP in their tanneries and obtained
temporary constent from Govt. offices to run the Tannery could permanently
run or not. Inspite of having spent huge amount on ETP. Erode Tanners and
leathers producing businessman are panicky about their future about their
assets, about their welfare so much so the working class allied mass and
society as a whole in Erode.
Twenty five are awaiting the green signal of high court for starting
operation in SIPCOT at Perundurai. The Tannery form the Perundurai leather
Industries eco security Private Ltd. 25 Tanneries had purchased 35 acres in
the lather zone and granted five acre site forth installation of common effluent
treatment plan, the building construction for the leather industries would be
started soon and machineries be erected within three months.
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TABLE 3.5
LEATHER TANNERIES IN ERODE DISTRICT
Place Small Scale Medium Scale Total
B.P. Agraharam 18 1 19
Maravapalayam 11 - 11
Sunampu Odai 5 - 5
Marippallam 5 - 5
K.N.Pudur 1 - 2
Asokapuram 1 - 1
Nasiyanur 1 - 1
Total 42 2 44
There are nearly 42 small scale and 2 medium scale tanneries in Erode.
7 Tanneries processing Tradition vegetable Tanned EI leather, Tannery and
remaining 36 tanneries have adopted chrome tanning process.
3.12 Summary of Observation
(i) Demographic Details
The population growth Rate in Erode District has been in an increase at
about 2.40% per annum (between 1981-1991) the literacy rate in Erode
District has marginally increased and it is encouraging to note that the female
literacy rate has significantly increased for the past 20 years.
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Land Resources
Utilization of land area in Erode District I up to 56.8% only. There is a
considerable increase in the consumption at biofertilizer. The use at chemical
fertilizer and pesticides has increased considerably. The trends in the
production at total cereals is more when compared to pulse and oilseeds. Red
loam soil 78.9 per cent, sandy Alluvium 4.7 per cent, Red Sandy Soil 15.1 per
cent and other 1.3 per cent are the soil type of the Erode district. Generally
there have been about 92 new construction at wells, 35 percolation ponds and
3 check dams.
Forest Resources
The extend of forest area is about 240895 Ha. The different types are
tropical semi-evergreen, moist deciduous, dry deciduous, dry deciduous, dry
thorn, tropical hill forest and dry tropical forest. The vellode bird sanctuary
records about 20 migratory birds. The man made forest plantations have been
restricted to the existing forest area in the district the main sources at
irrigation in the district canals. Tanks wells, and other sources on an average
18 about 40 percent of the total cropped area is irrigated from these sources.
There have been 7 tourist places in the district only domestic tourist visited
the district and no record at foreign Tourist visit.
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URBANISATION
Process in Erode district has been taking place at a higher rate.
However, Certain needs at urban areas like drinking water, public
convenience drainage, roads, health centre etc., have not been increased,
keeping the peace with the process of urbanization.
(2) The sum population in the district decreased considerably due to
several poverty alleviation programmes undertaken by Government
gastroenteritis, Dysentery and meningitis are the most commonly reported
water borne, disease.
TRANSPORTATION
There has been a significant growth of two, three and four wheelers in
the district over the 10 year. Thus resulting in an increased quantity in the
emission at suspended air particles.
INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
The Red and orange categories of Hazardous Industries are identified
by TNPCB, However, orange category industry are more in the district.
ENVIRONMENTAL INSTITUTION
There is only 6 environment education institute in the district. There
were 20 environmental NGOs which may be involved in environmental
protection of the district.
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CHAPTER - IV
POLLUTION OF LEATHER INDUSTRY IN INDIA
INTRODUCTION
The tanning industry is known to be very polluting especially through
effluents high in organic and inorganic dissolved and suspended solids
content accompanied by propensities for high oxygen demand and containing
potentially toxic metal salt residues. Disagreeable odour emanating from the
decomposition of protein solid waste, presence of hydrogen sulphide,
ammonia and volatile organic compounds are normally associated with
tanning activities. A significant part of the chemical used in the leather
processing is not actually absorbed in the process but is discharged into the
environment.
Liquid effluent from light leather processing contains organic matter,
chromium, sulphide, and solid waste includes fleshing, wet blue splits,
trimmings and shavings, buffing dust etc. The substantial relocation of leather
production from the industrialized countries to the developing countries
which occurred between the 1960s and the 1980s (known as "The Big Shift")
in effect moved the most highly polluting part of the process away from the
OECD countries.This occured under the pressure of increasing cost of labour
and cost of effluent treatment installations and operations. This process was
accelerated by a combination of restrictions in exports of raw hides and skins
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and various incentives for higher processing levels provided in developing
countries.
Since over 80 per cent of the organic pollution load in terms of BOD
comes from early wet processing, this is the primary target of most pollution
control measures. Low waste technologies, generally speaking, require better
skilled personnel and closer technical control than conventional processing.
Thus, the lack of properly trained staff at different levels remains one of the
crucial constraints. The main barriers to the adoption of more environmentally
acceptable methods of leather processing and effluent treatment are the
additional costs as follows: specialty chemicals required in reducing or
eliminating the use of the main polluting chemicals; the cost of purchase and
installation of water conservation devices, wastewater collection and reuse
equipment; effluent treatment chemicals and process and effluent monitoring
equipment; extra personnel and training to maintain technical control of low
waste technologies and effluent treatment. Another factor is the traditional
conservatism derived from hesitation over process alterations especially when
satisfactory leather is being currently produced. This is particularly the case in
small to medium scale semi-mechanized family owned units. Another barrier
is the frequent remoteness of government-backed R & D facilities from
everyday practicalities of leathermaking, together with reluctance on the part
of traditional tanner groups where resistance to change is compounded by
political influence.
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Environmental Impact of Leather Industry
The leather sector is well known for its effluent problems. The
polluting nature of tanneries is evident from the notorious odour that
characterizes tanneries and tannery zones. While local populations are daily
aware of the air pollution, local authorities are equally, if not more concerned
about tanneries' liquid effluents which tend to be high in organic and
inorganic suspended solids content accompanied by propensities for high
oxygen demand and containing potentially toxic metal salt residues.
Treatment technologies in effect reduce pollutants in the liquid form and
convert them into semi-solid or solid forms. Threat is being transferred from
receiving waters to receiving land. Because sludge can affect the quality of
soil and groundwater, it is understandable that local authorities and
governments should be concerned that the disposal of sludge to soils and dry
wastes to landfill should not adversely affect the fertility of soil, nor that
metal salt residues, such as chromium, should inhibit crop growth in any way.
CHALLENGES
Technical Barriers
By nature, tanners are very conservative. This is not simply obstinacy
against change; it is because the quality and character of leather is prone to
change when the parameters of processing are altered. Changes in the length
of processes, process temperatures, float volumes, uptake of chemicals etc.
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influence the ultimate character of the leather. Leather being produced from a
complex, non-uniform natural protein material still requires considerable craft
in its manufacture. The adoption of low waste technology often requires a
radical alteration of most tannery processes while, at the same time, ensuring
that the ultimate product retains its marketable properties. Therefore if a
tanner is producing consistent quality of leather which satisfies his customers
using a process which may be wasteful in water, energy and chemical
utilization, he may resist altering his operations to comply with environmental
demands.
Small and Medium Enterprises
In most developing countries tanning operations is a family business,
carried out in small to medium scale semi-mechanized units, very frequently
grouped tightly in clusters which used to be outside residential areas. Tanners
in such units have no formal education and have little or no understanding of
the complexities of the leather processing, their skills acquired from their
elders with hardly any perception of environmental protection Low waste
technologies, generally speaking, require better skilled personnel and closer
technical control than conventional processing. Thus, lack of properly trained
staff at different levels remainsone of the crucial constraints.
Economic Barriers
In developing countries, leather industry suffers from economic
constraints. They suffer the often inordinately high cost of capital or inflation
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rates. Amount of capital tied up in work in-progress has increased along with
the necessity to keep higher inventories of chemicals, machinery spares, etc.
Because of problems with poor infrastructure in many developing countries,
the tanneries have always kept higher stocks of chemicals than their
counterparts in developed countries, against the contingency of delays in
delivery from ports. Another disadvantage is the imposition of import duties
on chemicals and machinery. Few specialty chemicals for tanning are
produced in developing countries, although basic chemicals such as salt, lime,
sulphuric acid, sodium sulphate or sodium carbonate may be available
indigenously. Most tanning materials, dyes, fat liquors, special auxiliaries and
finishes need to be imported.
Major production Centres
The major production centers for leather and leather products are
located in Tamil Nadu -Chennai, Ambur, Ranipet, Vaniyambadi, Trichy,
Dindigal; West Bengal Kolkata; Uttar Pradesh - Kanpur, Agra and Noida;
Maharashtra Mumbai; Punjab Jallandhar; Karnataka Bangalore; Andhra
Pradesh Hyderabad; Haryana - Ambala, Gurgaon, Panchkula and Karnal
and Delhi.
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TABLE 4.1
TOP 8 STATES IN TERMS OF MANUFACTURING UNITS
StatesFootwear
Units
Leather
GarmentsTotal
Tamil naud 160 598 758
West bengal 230 436 666
Uttar pradesh 268 22 290
Haryana & Punjab 163 8 171
New delhi 112 43 155
Andhra Pradesh 128 10 138
Karnataka 48 40 88Maharashtra 20 48 68
Export Performance of Leather Products
TABLE 4.2
INDIAS EXPORT OF LEATHER AND LEATHER PRODUCTS FOR
SIX YEARS
2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09
Finished Leather 416.78 455.8 477.2 543 605.39 505.03
Footwear 575.8 683.08 783.93 927.68 1117.01 1150.24
Leather Garments 225.81 247.08 249.98 232.43 259 319.61
Leather Goods 404.4 439.29 495.13 529.71 600.34 654.98
Saddlery &Harness 39.53 46.28 58.14 61.75 79.64 69.11
Total 1662.32 1871.53 2064.38 2294.57 2661.38 2698.97
% Growth 18.20% 12.58% 10.30% 11.15% 15.99% 1.41%
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The Problem
Over the years the groundwater in the areas where the tanneries are
located, has become intolerably polluted. The industry is highly water-
intensive. Each tonne of hide/skin tanned requires over 40,000 liters of water.
Hence even a small tannery with a capacity to process 3 to 4 tonnes a day uses
up well over 100,000 liters of water a daythe daily household requirement
of at least 2,500 people. The pollution control authorities have been following
their routine procedures in bringing the pollution from the tanneries under
control.
The industry has been making the plea that available technology does
not permit it to adhere to the legal requirement. Process economics do not
allow them to treat their effluents adequately. This is particularly so as the
units are very small. The investment in pollution abatement systems as a
proportion of the investment in the plant is very high.
Some parts of the local community have taken the issue to court and
the matter is the subject of an intense legal battle. The industry has been using
to advantage the fact that the legal processes in India are slow and it could
take years before the Government can act. In the meantime, the problem
persists.
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The Issue of Water
The availability of water has become another worry for the industry.
Earlier, the River Palar in North Arcot provided enough water for the process.
Failing this, the plentiful availability of groundwater had been sufficient to
meet their needs. Now, over the years, the surface water sources have dried
up. The increasing population competes with the growing industry for this
scarce resource. The groundwater table in most places has been going down
with overexploitation. The available groundwater is polluted with effluents
and highly saline.
The industry most often brings in water by truck from distant places,
where the well water is still of acceptable quality. The industry can still afford
the cost of transporting water, but ordinary citizens, who are often from the
poor sections of society, face the brunt of the scarcity of water.
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CHAPTER V
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
5.1 SOCIO ECONOMIC DIMENSION OF INDUSTRIAL
POLLUTION ON SOCIETY
Small scale Industrial pollution and its effect on human, animal and
plants have been taken into the account in the present study. However, over
the years a different picture emerges on the nature and extent of damages
caused by Industrial effluent / emissions. Water pollution from tannery
industries and their devastating impact on the entire environment is a case in
point intensive field survey has been conducted for two months and so many
issues about the impact of pollution on the society were assessed.
They include the estimation of social damage cost due to Tannery
industries in Erode district. To assess the damage cost Suriyapalayam village
has been selected. The question is there any loss of agricultural productivity
due to Industrial Pollution. To what extent the negative externalities are
imposed on human and animal health. A crucial question is that is their any
loss of opportunity cost through measuring man-day due to Industrial
pollution.
In this backdrop, This chapter intends to analyse the primary data for
understanding the various aspect to socio-economic and environmental
implication of industrial pollution and its effect on human, animal and plants.
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To understand the above views. The socio-economic and
environmental variables such as family size, land use pattern, income earned
from farm activities and non-farm activities, externalities on human health,
animal health. Agricultural land owing Industrial pollution, water quality
cropping pattern changes, housing land value. Shift over form farm business
to non farm business, opportunity cost loss due industrial pollution were
analysed in this section. The result of the analysis are reported below.
Table 5.1 Distribution of family size and composition of population
Farm Size Family
Size
Male
adult
member
Male
children
member
Female
adult
member
Female
child
member
Landless Mean 3.7059 1.8824 0.2353 1.2353 0.3529
Sum 63.00 32.00 4.00 21.00 6.00% Sum (21.2) (22.2) (16) (19.8) (27.2)
Marginal Mean 3.9655 1.8966 0.4138 1.4138 0.2759Sum 115.00 55.00 12.00 41.0 8.00
% Sum (38.8) (38.1) (48) (38.6) (36.3)Small Mean 3.9231 1.9615 0.3077 1.4615 0.2308
Sum 102.00 51.00 0.3077 38.00 6.00% Sum (34.4) (35.4) (32) (35.8) (27.2)
Large Mean 5.3333 2.0000 0.3333 2.0000 0.6667Sum 16.00 6.00 1.00 6.00 2.00
% Sum (5.4) (4.1) (4) (5.6) (9.0)Total Mean 3.9467 1.9200 0.333 1.4133 0.2933
Sum 296.00 144.00 25.00 106.00 22.00% Sum (100) (100) (100) (100) (100)
The average family size and composition of family size by farm
holding size are presented in the table.1. These factor are determining the
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farm size. In general, land less people have family members in higher number
to collected the scare resource and earn money. And children population also
are greater in number. Because children are having economic values in term
of earning and assists their family in household activities. This is myth.
Dagupta and Maller (1995) shared a similar reasoning and developed further
theoretical arguments. According to them, the children are devoted to that part
of family income which is derived from the exploitation of natural resources
for which the primary cost is in the time required to collect the goods. Hence,
as the implict price of those goods goes, up the marginal value product of
children relative to adults rises, parents, Then may have the incentive to have
more children in spite of the worsening environmental conditions and in spite
the fact that an additional child might further worsen these conditions for all
other families. But the presented analysis shows a different picture. There is
positive relationship between family member and farm size, the average
family size of these responded is 3.9 among the four categories. It is less than
the all India average. While large landholders are greater all India average.
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TABLE NO. 5.2 : DISTRIBUTION OF LANDHOLDING BY
CASTE WISE
CasteFarm Size
Landless Marginal Small Large Total
SC(86.6) 6.6 6.6 0.0 100.0
(76.4) (3.4) (3.8) (0.0) (20.0)
BC(6.6) (46.6) (41.6) (5.0) (100.0)
(23.5) (96.5) (96.1) (100.0) (80.0)
Total (22.6) (38.6) (34.6) (4.0) (100.0)(100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0)
The above table portraits the community wise landholding pattern.
Only 20 percent of the respondents belong to SC in Suriyampalayam. Among
them, 76.4 percent are landless, 7.2 percent are landholders and no one is a
large farm holders, About 80 percent of the respondents belong to the
backward class. Among them 93.2 percent of the respondents own the
agricultural land. More than 5 percent of responded are large farmers and 6.6
percent of them are landless.
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TABLE 5.3 : RESPONDENT OCCUPATION
Farm
size
Farm
Employment
Non-form
employment
Total
Farm
Employment
Non-form
employment
Total
Landless
17 0 17 1 16 17
100.0 0.00 100.0 5.9 94.1 100.0
23.6 0.00 22.7 2.0 64.0 38.7
Marginal
26 3 29 23 6 29
(89.7) (10.3) (100.0) (76.3) (2.07) (100.0)
(36.1) (100.0) (38.7) (46.0) (24.0) (38.7)
Small
26 0 3 3 0 3
(100.0) (0.00) (100.0) (100.0) (0.00) (10.0)
(36.1) (0.00) (34.7) (6.0) (0.00) (4.0)
Large
3 0 3 3 0 3
(100.0) (0.00) (100.0) (100.0) (0.00) (100.0)
(4.2) (0.00) (4.0) (6.0) (0.00)( (4.0)
Grand
total
50 3 75 50 25 75(96) (4.0) (100.0) (66.7) (33.3) (100.0)
(100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0)
% change from farm to Non-farmDue to pollution (1) 94.7 (2) 13.4 (3) 11.5 (4) 0.00 (5) 29.3
The Table 5.3 The respondents occupational between before and after
pollution and shifted from farm to non-farm employment due to Industrial
pollution, land less people were mainly depends on the farm employment
before pollution (100 percent) and after pollution they are shifted over to non-
farm employment (94.1) percent, Among the respondents 23 percentage of
landless are employed before pollution while, after pollution it goes down
roughly 2 percent. The land holder are engaged in farm employment range
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from 100 by large farmers and 100 percent by small farmers followed by
medium farmer (89 percent) before pollution. In the case of after pollution,
these groups switch over to business and non-form employment from farm
work except large farmers.
In these 95 percent of the landless respondents switchover from farm
to non-farm where as landhold are shifted only 25.9 percent, except large
farmers. This is because landless laboures received higher salary in the non-
form employed this is due to loss of productivity in the agricultural sector.
Moreover, irrigation system are worsening due to pollution as a result low
productivity.
TABLE NO. 5.4
DISTRIBUTION OF MAN-DAYS
Farm Size Male Mandays
FemaleMan days
Total Mandays
PercapitaMan days
Landless
Mean 36.4118 16.6471 53.0588 21.5590
Sum 619.00 283.00 902.00 366.50
% of Total Sum (20.8) (29.6) (22.9) (20.9)
Marginal
Mean 39.3448 13.8966 53.2414 23.4397
Sum 1141.00 403.00 1544.00 679.75
% of Total Sum (38.4) (42.1) (39.3) (38.8)
Small
Mean 39.2692 8.5385 47.8077 24.3045
Sum 1021.00 222.00 1243.00 631.92
% of Total Sum (34.3) (23.2) (31.6) (36.1)
Large
Mean 15.6667 15.6667 78.3333 23.9167
Sum 47.00 47.00 235.00 71.75
% of Total Sum (4.9) (4.9) (5.9) (4.1)
Total
Mean 39.5867 12.7333 52.3200 23.3223
Sum 2969.00 955.00 3924.00 1749.92
% of Total Sum (100) (100) (100) (100)
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The Table 5.4 shows that distribution of man days. The average per capita
man-days by landless is 21.5 days per month at the same time the average
man-days of employment by householders range from 24.3 days (Small
farmer) followed by large and medium 23.9, 23.4 days respectively. Moeover
the percentage of the male man-days is higher than that of female workforce.
Landless female is mostly engaged in non-farm employment so that they have
more man-days when compare to the landholder working women. They are
engaged in the both farm business and non-farm business. Large handholder
with respect to male man-days are higher when compared with other. But
large farmers have 62.66 days of man days they are engaged in the both farm
business and non-farm business.
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TABLE 3.5
DISTRIBUTION OF MAN DAYS OF EMPLOYMENT RECEIVED FROM FARM AND NON-FARM BUSINESS
Farm
size
Working
populations
Man
days S.Nf
P/M p /
hhs
Man
days s.f.
P/M
p/ hhs
Man
days S-
Total
P/M
p/hhs
Man days
ply from
Non-farm
employmen
t
Man
days ply
total
employed
Man days
ply total
employed
Per
capita
man days
p/y NFE
Per
captia
man days
play from
FE
Per Man
days play
from TE
Landless 2.4706 46.6471 6.4118 53.0588 559.7647 76.9412 636.7059 226.5882 32.1176 116.470642.00 793.00 109.00 902.00 9516.00 1308.00 10824.00 3852.00 546.00 1980.00(24.7) (41.3) (5.4) (23.1) (41.3) (5.4) (23.1) (42.0) (4.6) (17.6)
Marginal 2.2759 24.0690 28.4828 52.5517 288.8276 341.7931 630.6207 113.8966 165.3103 147.112166.00 698.00 826.00 1524.00 8376.00 9912.00 18288.00 3303.00 4794.00 4266.25(38.8) (36.3) (41.6) (39.0) (36.3) (41.6) (39.0) (36.0) (40.6) (38.0)
Small 2.0000 13.8077 34.0000 47.8077 165.6923 408.000 573.6923 66.5000 225.1538 180.458352.00 359.00 884.00 1243.00 4308.00 10608.00 14916.00 1729.00 5854.00 4691.92(30.5) (18.6) (44.5) (31.8) (18.6) (44.9) (31.8) (18.8) (49.6) (41.8)
Large 3.3333 23.3333 55.0000 78.3333 280.0000 660.0000 940.00000
92.0000 195.0000 97.7500
10.00 70.00 165.00 235.00 840.00 1980.00 2820.00 276.00 585.00 293.25
(5.8) (36.5) (8.3) (6.0) (3.6) (8.3) (6.0) (3.0) (4.9) (2.6)Total 2.2667 25.6000 26.4533 52.0533 307.2000 317.4400 624.6400 122.1333 157.0533 149.7522170.00 1920.00 1984.00 3904.00 23040.00 23808.00 46848.00 9160.00 11779.00 11231.42(100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0)
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TABLE 5.6
DETAILS OF INCOME FROM FARM AND NON-FARM
Farm
Size
Income from
Non-farm
(Per year)
Income
from Farm
(PE)
Total
income
Per month
Monthly
income
Percapital
income
per month
Landless 69434.1176 0.000069434.117
65786.1765 1534.9650
1180380.00 0.001180380.0
098365.00 26094.40
(34.2) (0) (25.6) (25.6) (25.06)
Marginal 37315.8621 4441.844841757.706
9 3479.8089 846.5772
1082160.00 128813.501210973.5
0100914.46 24550.74
(31.4) (11.1) (26.3) (26.3) (23.5)
Small 39489.2308 21140.76960630.000
05052.5000 1562.7316
1026720.00 549660.001576380.0
0131365.00 40631.02
(29.8) (47.6) (34.3) (34.3) (39.0)
Large 51200.0000 158126.67 209326 17443.89 4280.6296
153600.00 474380.00 627980.00 52331.67 12841.89
(4.4) (41.1) (13.6) (13.6) (12.3)
Total 45904.8000 15371.38061276.180
05106.3483 1380.2407
3442860.00 1152853.54595713.5
0382976.13 104118.05
(100) (100) (100) (100) (100)
It is clearly observed from the table 5.6 that the respondents has been
receiving income from various sources. The per capital income of the large
farming community is Rs.4280.62 followed by small and holder and marginal
Rs.1562.73, Rs. 846.57 respectively. The respondents have generated income
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from farm and Non-farm activities such as employment from leather industry
and other non-farm employment like shop keeper, weaving nad teacher. The
income from non-farm is greater than the farm income. Landless farmers are
not earning from farm employment. Their income from non-farm is greater
than the other, because they are working as an Industrial labour, in order that
the land less people as affected by industrial pollution and there is high risk
like occupation hazard which lead to health problem. Agri are engaged both
non-form and farm activities but they are not willing work as Industrial labour
per capita income of large landholder are greater analysis of variance was
used to understand the per capital income earned by the farmer groups. It was
proved through ANOVA test that per capital income has been varied among
the respondents. Specifically Duncan Test was grouped as two categories.
Land less people, Marginal and small farmers consist as a one group land and
large farm holder on the other group.
The result implies that the large landholder are earning high income of
Rs.4280.62 and when compare to other income earner. The ANOVA result
suggest that there is a significant difference in variation between Two groups
(Table 5.6)
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5.7 ANOVA RESULT PERCENTAGE
DESCRIPTIVE
N MeanStd
DeviationStd Error
LowerBound
UpperBound
Minimum Maximum
Landless 16 1565.9003 1029.97224 257.49306 1017.0668 2114.7338 587.50 4437.50
Marginal 29 846.5772 866.65830 160.93.441 516.9180 1176.2364 -266.46 2500.00
Small 26 1562..7316 2868.73890 562.60599 404.4403 2721.4403 -901.39 12114.98
Large 03 4280.6296 4059.35792 2343.671 5803.374514364.633
71500.00 8938.89
Total 14 1392.9467 2062.763.79 239.76379 915.0981 1870.7952 -901.39 12114.58
ANOVA
PERCAPITA
Sum of
SquaresDf Mean Sqaure F Sig
Between groups 34901313 3 11633771.05 2.954 0.038
With groups 2.76E + 08 70 3937738.470
Total 3.11 E + 08 73
PER CAPTIA
WALLER DUNCAN
FARM SIZE NSubset for alpha = 0.05
1 2
Marginal 29 846.5772
Small 26 1562.7316
Landless 16 1569.9003
Large 3 4280.6296
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means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed
(a) used Harmonic Mean sample size = 8.533
(b) The group size are unequal. The harmonic mean on the group size
is used. Type error level are not guaranteed.
(c) Type 1 / type 2 Error Seriousness Ratio = 100.
TABLE : 5.8 POVERTY LINE
Landless Below Above Total
Marginal(23.52) (76.4) (100.0)
(11.1) (33.3) (22.6)
Small58.6 41.3 100.0
(41.6) (30.7) (38.6)
57.6 42.3 100.0
(41.6) (28.2) (34.6)
Large(100.0) (100.0)
(7.6) (4.0)
Total
48.0 52.0 100.0
(100.0) (100.0) (100.0)
The Table 5.8.1, 5.8.2 clearly shows that poverty lime. Poverty line is
defined on the basis of calories intake and expenditure on food & non-food
mohan.
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In contrast, the landless respondents are going above poverty line in
greater extend while expect large farmer. Small and medium farmers are
living below poverty line in considerable proportion. i.e., marginal 58 percent
and 57.6 small among the relevant categories. This is because, landless labour
are mostly belong SC people those who are working in the non-farm activities
particularly tanners industry as a labour. But the field survey confirms that
there is health risk as a result at occupational hazards.
TABLE 5.9 DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSING LAND VALUE
Farm
Size
Size of
the
housing
plot
Before
and
value
per cen
Present
land
value
per cen
Land
value non
polluted
area
Present
house
value
Landless
Sum 48.75 105500 231500 505000.00 1889000
Mean 2.8676 6205.88 13617.6529705.882
4 111117.65
% Total sum (15.8) (17.2) (20.9) (12.1)
Marginal Sum 121.30 255500 4430009580000.0
06040000
Mean 4.1828 8810.34 15275.8633394.482
8208275.86
% Total sum (39.3) (41.7) (40.1) (39.6) (38.8)
Small Sum 118.10 228300 391000 104000.00 5920000
Mean 4.5423 8780.77 15030.46 34666.6667
227692.31
% Total sum (38.3) (37.3) (35.4) (4.3) (38.0)
Large Sum 20.00 22000 38000 850000.00 1700000
Mean 6.666 7333.33 12666.6732692.307
7566666.67
% Total sum (6.4) (3.5) (3.4) (35.1) (10.9)
Total Sum 308.15 611300 11035002417000.0
015549000
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Mean 4.1087 8150.67 14713.3332226.666
7207350.00
% Total sum (100) (100) (100) (100) (100)
Average housing land value which varies in the polluted and non
polluted regions are presented in the table 5.9. Its observed that the housing
land value is Rs.14713.33 per cent polluted regions whereas in non-polluted
regions. The housing land value is 32226.66 per cent. It implies that the
higher housing land in non-polluted regions when compared to polluted
regions,
The housing land value is Rs.8150 per cent before pollution and after
pollution it is 14713 per cent. This is because there is a high demand for land
to establish and developing the new industry for the purposes. The industrial
owners are willing to purpose housing land which are available in and around
the industry. As result that the above said factor cash push up the housing
land value. It is not uncommon to learn that land value will be higher in non-
polluted areas. Hypothesis testing too confirms this phenomenon with respect
to polluted & non-polluted and before & after pollution.
HYPOTHESIS I
Housing land value (per cent) varies across the polluted and non-
polluted area and before after pollution owing to IP
The following are the null and alternative hypothesis
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Null hypothesis : There are no significant difference between the polluted
& non polluted area and before and after pollution with
respect to housing land value percent
Alternative hypothesis H1: There is a significant difference between the
polluted and non-polluted area and before after
pollution with respect to housing land value
percent.
Analysis of paired t test was used to verify the hypothesis. The paired
t results suggest that there is a significant difference between two means.
The implies that the housing land value are varying across the polluted and
non-polluted regions in the village. And also housing land value varies
between before and after pollution. This test has confirmed that the land value
has been affected due to Industrial Pollution from leather industry. In polluted
region, the housing land value Rs.14713 percent whereas in non-polluted
area, the land value Rs.32226 percent in addition, before pollution. It was
Rs.8150 percent. This implies that the land value has increased considerably
between before and after pollution, the marginal rate of escalation of land
values in the polluted area is comparably less in non-polluted region. And
also the polluted water soil conditions and odor are the key factor to
determine the housing land value.
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TABLE : 5.10 PAIRED T TEST RESULT-HOUSE LAND VALUE IN
POLLUTED AND NON-POLLUTED AND BEFORE AFTER
POLLUTION
PAIRED SAMPLE STATISTICS
Mean NStd.
Deviation
Std. Error
Mean
Before polluting-housing land valueper cent
8150.67 75 6244.660 721.071
After pollution- Housing land value
percent14713.33 75 6710.305 774.839
Present land value percent 14713.33 75 6710.305 774.839
Land value in non-polluted area (Rs.) 32226.67 75 2269.50008 262.05930
PAIRED SAMPLE TEST
Mean Std
Deviation
St
Error
Lower Upper T Df Sig
Before-housing landvalue percent. AfterHousing land value percent
-6562.67 4769.973 550.789 -7660.14
-5465.20 -11.915 74 0.000
Present land valuepercent land value innon-polluted area (Rs.)
-17513.3 6817.5911 -19081.9 -19081.9
-15944.7 -22.247 74 0.000
ESTIMATION OF AGRICULTURAL DAMAGE COST
5.2 Negative Externalities on agriculture productivity
The damage function links to the functional relationship between
industrial pollution and its impact on agricultural yield. The agricultural
damage function were estimated the degrees of damage caused by industrial
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pollution. The presented studied focus the loss of agricultural production in
rupees term due to deterioration of the Kalingarayan canal and
5.11 EXTERNALITIES ON AGRICULTURAL, HUMAN HEALTH
ANIMAL HEALTH AND WATER QUALITY
Farm Size AgriculturalHuman
Health
Animal
Health
Water
Qualify
Landless
0 14 12 17
(0.00) (82.4) (70.6) (100.0)
(0.0( (51.9) (17.4) (22.7)
Marginal
29 4 29 29
(100.0) (13.8) (100) (100.0)
(50.0) (14.8) (42.0) (38.7)
Small
3 1 3 3
(100.0) (33.3) (100.0) (100.0)
(5.2) (3.7) (4.3) (4.0)
Total
58 27 69 75
(77.3) (36.0) (92.0) (100.0)
(100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0)
The respondents were facing the problem at externalities since late
eighties. Though it had been functioning from seventies itself. The
externalities had also affected the socio-economic conditions of inhabitants in
the village. Table 5.10 responded the externalities on agriculture productivity
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loss, human health, animal health and drinking water quality, externalities at
leather industries have also created and changes in socio-economic and
environmental conditions of inhabitations. The benefit may be either positive
or negative.
TABLE 5.12
AVERAGE AGRICULTURAL LAND VALUE PER ACRE
Farm sizeBefore
pollution
Land Value per acre
After
pollution
In Non
polluted
area
Difference
from polluted
and non
polluted area
Marginal
Sum 9025000.00 15025000.0 32350000 20325000.00
Mean 311206.89 518103.44 1218962.52 700862.06
N 29 29 29 29
SD 110918.68 110981.12 121312.608 181939.29
%Total (51.2) (49.1) (49.6) (49.7)
Small
Sum 7685000.0013675000.0
032250000 18575000.00
Mean 295576.92 325961.53 1240384.62 714423.07
N 26 26 26 26
SD 115622.89 118683.94 84875.47 165253.30
%Total 43.6 (44.9) (45.2) (45.4)
Large
Sum 900000.00 1725000.00 3700000 1975000.00Mean 300000.00 57500000
12333333.33
658333.33
N 3 3 3 3
SD 0.0000 108972.47 57735.02 150692.84
%Total (5.1) (5.7) (5.2) (4.8)
GrandTotal
Sum 17610000.00
30425000.00
71300000 40875000.00
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Mean303620.689
7524568.96 1229310.34 704741.3793
N 58 58 58 58
SD 109391.43 110866 103039 170876.02
%Total (100) (100) (100) (100)
It is absolutely understood through earlier discussion that the entire
irrigation system are most affected due to Industrial pollution in the study
area. As a result, the agricultural land value drastically changes in the polluted
area comparised with non-polluted area. It is observed that the land value
Rs.5,24,568.96 per acre in polluted areas. This is some what greater than the
before pollution whereas in non-polluted are it is Rs.12,29,310.34. Regarding
average agricultural land value difference between polluted and non-polluted
is Rs.704741.37. Most of the leather Industries are located proximity to
agricultural land where the Industrial wastes are discharged.
HYPOTHESIS 2
Agricultural land value (per cent) vary across the polluted and non-
polluted regions and also land value differ from before and after pollution
Null Hypothesis Ho : There is no significant difference between the before
pollution and after pollution and polluted regions and non-polluted regions
with respect to the value at farm land.
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Alternative Hypothesis : There is significant difference between the before
pollution and after pollution and polluted regions and non polluted regions
with respect to the value at farmland.
The paired sample T Test procedure compare the means of two variables for
a single group. It computes the difference between values of the two variables
for each cash and test whether the average differs from zero. It is strongly
supported the arguments. The negative externalities due to pollution on
agricultural land value statistically tuned significance in general and
particularly pollution from leather industries.
Table 5.13 : Paired T Test Agricultural land value before and after
pollution and polluted and Non-polluted region
Paired sample Statistics Mean N Std
Deviation
Std Error
MeanPair 1 Before Pollution land
value per acre303620.7 58 109391.4310
114363.80
After pollution landvalue per acre
5245