planning for food access

Planning for Food Access CDC Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity & Obesity TeleconferenceNovember 19, 2009

Kimberley Hodgson, MURP, MS, RDManager, Planning & Community Health Research CenterAmerican Planning [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.planning.org

American Planning Association

Non-profit, professional membership & education organization

Over 44,000 members Advocates & encourages good planning practices

http://www.planning.org/nationalcenters/health

Planning & Community Health Research Center

Mission Integrate community health issues into every stage and

phase of urban and regional planning practice.

http://www.planning.org/nationalcenters/health

Planning & Community Health Research Center

Priority Areas: Physical activity and active

living Access to healthy food Aging population and people

with disabilities Community design Schools Environmental justice and

social equity Environmental health Future planners and health

professionals

Learning Objectives

Explain how urban planning related policies can influence the community food system.

Describe the role of the local comprehensive plan in improving food access at the local government level.

List 3 planning-related regulations that can be used to preserve community gardens and other forms of urban agriculture.

Community Planning & Food Access

Types Number Location Proximity

Changing the Food Environment

1. Partnerships & Consensus Building 2. Visioning & Goal Setting 3. Assessments4. Plan-Making5. Regulations 6. Site Design & Development 7. Public investment

COMMUNITY FOOD SYSTEM ASSESSMENT

Inventory, assessment and analysis of selected community food system characteristics

Conducted by Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission

Evaluation and analysis of the regional food supply Stakeholders Agricultural resources Production trends Natural resource constraints Origins and destinations of food imports and exports Economic significance of the food economy.

Source: http://www.dvrpc.org/Food/FoodSystemStudy.htm

Greater Philadelphia Food System Study

Source: http://www.dvrpc.org/Food/FoodSystemStudy.htm

PLAN-MAKING

Comprehensive or general plan Strategic plans Sub-area plans Functional plans

The comprehensive plan

Required by state statute (in most states) 10-30 year vision Goals, action items, and policies for the future of a

community Social, economic and environmental topical areas Legal foundation for local level regulations, policies and

ordinances Public and private decisions that affect the long-range

future of a community

Mandatory Elements Transportation Housing Land Use Natural Resources

Optional Elements Economic Development Parks & Open Space Water & Air Quality Health Agriculture Food

The comprehensive plan (cont.)

Comprehensive plan-making process

Image Source: http://www.cityofrichmondgeneralplan.org/docManager/1000000775/00_Introduction.pdf

Plan-making for food access

1. Community food access issues2. Public engagement and education3. Community goals & objectives4. Action steps & policies5. Long-term health of the community

Source: http://www.kingcounty.gov/property/permits/codes/growth/CompPlan.aspx

Goal Examples

Goal Examples (cont.)

http://www.cityofrichmondgeneralplan.org/

Source: http://www.migcom.com/projects/view/3

Source: http://www.cityofrichmondgeneralplan.org/Content/10020/preview.html

Source: http://www.co.marin.ca.us/depts/cd/main/fm/cwpdocs/CWP_CD2.pdf

Source: http://www.ci.baltimore.md.us/government/planning/sustainability/

REGULATIONS

Development regulations Design guidelines and standards Financial incentives and policies

Zoning

Divides land into different land use categories which determine how the land can be used:

Specifies what can or cannot be built on the land:

Source: http://citymaps10.phila.gov/ZoningOverlay/ and http://www.zoningmatters.org/facts/districts

Zoning for Food Access | Used-Based Zoning

Use-Based Zoning Regulations Permit location of healthy food outlets Conditionally permit or restrict certain food outlets Prohibit unhealthy food outlets

Zoning for Food Access | Other Zoning Regs

Other Zoning Regulations Incentive Zoning Performance Zoning Interim Zoning Restrictive Covenants

Zoning for Healthy Food Retail

New York, NY Chicago, IL

Source: http://www.nyc.gov/html/misc/html/2009/fresh.shtml

NYC Food Retail Expansion to Support Health

NYC FRESH Criteria

Who is eligible? What are the requirements to become a FRESH store? Why become a FRESH store? What are the incentives?

Grocery Store Operators

Developers|

|

|6,000 sq ft retail

space

30% perishable foods

8% fresh produce

NYC FRESH Zoning Incentives

Additional floor space Taller buildings Less parking

NYC FRESH Financial Incentives

Real Estate Tax Reductions Sales Tax Exemption Mortgage Recording Tax Deferral

Source: http://www.metroplanning.org/articleDetail.asp?objectID=2935

Limiting Restrictive Covenants | Chicago

Prevent competitors from using land Limits new store development Reduces access to fresh, affordable food Contributes to neighborhood blight

Source: http://www.metroplanning.org/cmadocs/Restrictive_covenants_issue_brief.pdf

Zoning for Urban Agriculture Boston, MA Minneapolis, MN Ann Arbor, MI Chattanooga, TN

Zoning for Unhealthy Food

Ban Concord, MA; San Francisco, CA; Newport, RI; Carlsbad,

Calistoga, and Solvang, CA Cap

Berkeley, CA Distance

Arden Hills, MN Moratorium

Los Angeles, CA

Source: Planning and Urban Design Standards, APA 2006

Design guidelines Provide guidance to urban designers, architects, landscape

architects, planners, civil and environmental engineers, and private developers involved in the planning and implementation of development and redevelopment projects.

Provide guidance on the design and placement of buildings and the open space, streets, sidewalks, and plazas between and around buildings: Building setbacks Architectural style Parking Streetscapes Signage Materials Sustainability Open space Public space

Source: http://vancouver.ca/ctyclerk/cclerk/20090120/documents/p2.pdf

Urban Agriculture Design Guidelines | Vancouver

Urban Agriculture Design Guidelines | Vancouver

Overall Guidance Siting and access Co-location with other amenities

to facilitate and encourage social interaction

Design Support facilities

Form-based codes

Sources: http://www.transect.org; http://www.smartcodecentral.com/. Image: http://www.transect.org/rural_img.html

Regulates physical form of the built and natural environment Building and street types, civic space, open space

Provides for a variety and mix of land uses Housing, retail, commercial

Regulates the intensity of mixed-uses and interconnections Density, design, lot sizes, transportation network

Agric

ultu

ral U

rban

ism

Adapted from: http://www.newurbannews.com/13.4/jun08newest_files/FoodTransect-leveled.jpg

Contiguous & Disjointed Urban Farms

RURAL AG PERIURBAN AG URBAN AG

Forgeable Land

Large Farms

Specialty Farms

Community, Institutional, and Private Produce Gardens

Edible Landscaping

Roof Gardens / Balcony Boxes / Window Boxes

FOOD PROCESSING, RETAIL & DISPOSAL

Supermarkets / Grocery Stores / Farmers’ Markets or Stands / Community Supported Agriculture

Mobile Vending / Community Kitchens

Restaurants / Neighborhood Corner Stores or Markets

Food Composting / Food Processing Facilities

Image Source: http://vancouver.ca/commsvcs/southeast/documents/pdf/designingUA.pdf

Image Source: http://vancouver.ca/commsvcs/southeast/documents/index.htm#gbs

Image Source: http://www.agriculturalurbanism.org/

Source: Community Food Security Coalition

PARTNERSHIPS | Food Policy Council

Coalition of food system stakeholders Public, private, governmental, non-governmental

Duties Convene, research, assess, advise

Examples Portland/Multnomah Food Policy Council Toronto Food Policy Council Chicago Food Policy Advisory Council Vancouver Food Policy Council

Source: http://www.portlandonline.com/bps/index.cfm?c=42290

Portland/Multnomah County FPC

Composition Authorized by local government Citizen-based advisory council

Mission To bring together a diverse array of stakeholders to integrate

the aspects of the food system (production, distribution, access, consumption, processing and recycling) in order to enhance the environmental, economic, social and nutritional health of the City of Portland and Multnomah County.

Some Accomplishments Land inventory for urban agriculture County corrections department food purchasing policy

Source: APA PAS Report 554; http://www.toronto.ca/health/tfpc_index.htm

Toronto FPC

Composition Subcommittee of the Toronto Board of Health

Mission To partner with business and community groups to develop

policies and programs promoting food security. Our aim is a food system that fosters equitable food access, nutrition, community development and environmental health.

Some Accomplishments City of Toronto’s Official Plan Food Charter Hospital Food Purchasing Policies

Implications for Public Health & Nutrition Professionals

Does your community have a comprehensive plan? Other plans? When is your community scheduled to update its comprehensive

plan? What is the public participation process? What mechanisms and strategies will be used to implement the

plan? How are grocery stores, corner stores, fast-food restaurants,

farmers markets, community gardens, and urban agriculture referenced in your community’s zoning code? design regulations?

What is the process for amending your community’s zoning code? How can you partner with your community’s planning dept? Does your community have a food policy council or coalition?

Resources American Planning Association – Planning & Community Health

Research Center, http://www.planning.org/nationalcenters/health/ A Planners Guide to Community and Regional Planning:

Transforming Food Environments, Facilitating Healthy Eating, http://www.planning.org/apastore/search/Default.aspx?p=3886

Create and Implement Healthy General Plans, http://healthyplanning.org/toolkit_healthygp.html

General Plans and Zoning, http://healthyplanning.org/toolkit_gpz.html

Healthy Planning Policies: A Compendium from California General Plans, http://www.phlpnet.org/healthy-planning/products/healthy-planning-policies

Kimberley Hodgson, MURP, MS, RDManager, Planning & Community Health Research Center

American Planning [email protected]

planning for food access

Documents