phonet and phono 1

8/14/2019 Phonet and Phono 1

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Phonetics:

The study of speech sounds

(the physical aspects of speech

production)

Phonology:

The study of sound patterns oflanguage


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Phonetics

Involves three aspects: How our speech sounds are

produced (articulatory phonetics)

How these sounds are transmitted

(acoustic phonetics)

How the sounds are perceived(auditory phonetics)


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ArticulatoryPhonetics

Relatively easy to observe

It involves:

Speech organs & Speech sounds

production

Sounds description and their properties


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Phonology Phonemic principles:

minimal pair ( man - pan ), / minimal set (man pan, ban, tan, ran), mean moan, men, mine,

Allophone [p] [ph], distinctive features

Alternations (variation/alternant in words):receive ~ reception

Phonological Rules: assimilation/dissimilation,

deletion, addition Syllable structure: explicit

Suprasegmentals: intonation, stress


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Phonetics

SPEECH SOUNDS PRODUCTION :

Speech organs and speech mechanism

Speech sound is produced when air is set or

manipulated in motion

The production of a speech sound may bedivided into fourseparate but interrelated

processes:

the initiation process

the phonation process

the oro-nasal process

the articulation process


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Fig. 3.5. The human vocal organs. (1) Nasal cavity, (2) Hard palate, (3)

Alveolar ridge, (4) Soft palate (Velum), (5) Tip of the tongue (Apex), (6)

Dorsum, (7) Uvula, (8) Radix, (9) Pharynx, (10) Epiglottis, (11) False vocal

cords, (12) Vocal cords, (13) Larynx, (14) Esophagus, and (15) Trachea.


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The Initiation Process

The basic source of power(source of airflow): the pushing

air out ofthe lungs for speech(via trachea).

In English, all speech soundsrequire pulmonic egressive airstream for their production.


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The Phonation Process

The air stream then passes through thelarynx through the operation of the vocal

folds (vocal cords) or vocal bands

The gap between the vocal folds is calledglottis.

Positions of altering the shape of glottis:

closed glottis

narrow glottis

open glottis


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closed glottis


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closed glottis

The speech sound resulting fromthis closure of the glottis is

called glottal stop

In many accents of English, the

glottal stop can replace [ t ] in the

words football, bottle, bit, not


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narrow glottis


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narrow glottis

When the vocal cords are apart, only anarrow gap is left for the air stream topass through.

The passage of air makes the vocal

folds (vocal cords) vibrate. Soundsproduced when the vocal cords arevibrating are said to be voiced.

All vowel sounds are voiced, as areconsonant sounds like [b],[d],[g],[m],[l],[v], [z],[n], etc.


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open glottis


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open glottis

The vocal folds are spread and do not

vibrate

The glottis is sufficiently wide open so as to

allow the air stream to pass through

without obstruction.

This is the state that the glottis assumes in

normal breathing as well as in the

production ofvoiceless sounds.

Voiceless sounds are, for example, [st]

sequence in stone, [k] in kill, etc.


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The Oro-nasal Process

In normal breathing, the air stream will usually

pass through the nasal cavity.

In many speech sounds, the nasal cavity is

blocked offin the back of the throat and the

air stream is directed into the oral cavity. Thisis done by the velum.

The velum can be manipulated.

Two linguistically significant positions :

raised velum

lowered velum


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raised velum

Raised and pressed against the backof pharynx, the velum prevents the

entry of air into the nasal cavity.

Speech sounds produced with araised velum are called oral sounds.

Examples: English vowels as well as

sounds such as [v],[f],[l], etc.


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lowered velum

When the velum is not raised against theback of the pharynx, the air stream has

access to the nasal cavity.

If at the same time the oral cavity is

blocked somewhere further forward in the

mouth the entire air stream passes

through the nose - the result will be a

nasal sound.

Examples: [m] , [n] , []


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The Articulation Process

Most of the differentiation of thevarious speech sounds of a

language takes place in the mouth.

The mobility of the lips and the

tongue, the size and shape of the

oral cavity as well as of the exit

passage of the air stream can be

greatly modified.


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Vocal organs

The air passages above the larynx are

known as the vocal tract.The air passages that make up the vocal

tract may be divided into:

1. Oral tract (within the mouth and pharynx):

> Upper surface

>Lower surface

2. Nasal tract (within the nose)

The parts that can be used to form soundsare called articulators.


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Oral tract

Upper surface:

upper lip, upper teeth, alveolar ridge, hard

palate, soft palate (velum), uvula, pharynx wall

Lower surface:

lower lip, tongue (tip, blade, front, center,

back, root), epiglottis


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Manners of Articulation

Stop Fricative

Approximant

Lateral (approximant)

Trill (Roll)

Tap / Flap

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