people of asian ethnicities a brief overview of the 2013 census data dr robert didham statistics nz...
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People of Asian Ethnicities
A brief overview of the 2013 Census data
Dr Robert DidhamStatistics NZ and Waikato University
What is ethnicity?Definition (from the NZ Standard of Ethnicity):
– Ethnicity is a measure of cultural affiliation, as opposed to race, ancestry, nationality or citizenship.
– Ethnicity is self perceived and people can belong to more than one ethnic group.
An ethnic group is made up of people who have some or all of the following characteristics:
• a common proper name [group identity]• one or more elements of common culture which need not be specified, but may include religion, customs, or language [functional connections - though this has since been shown to be seriously problematic]• unique community of interests, feelings and actions [“unique” is debateable]• a shared sense of common origins or ancestry, and [shared histories]• a common geographic origin. [this relates to imagined homelands]
What is ethnicity NOT?
So, if we don’t quite see what ethnicity is …
• … can we get some idea by thinking about what it is not
Not skin colour
• As this Scot will tell you
Not race (in the current sense)
• A concept this flawed needs no further explanation
• But people are hell-bent on EXPLAINING:Race is not firmly biologically based but rather is a “constructof human variability based on perceived differences in biology, physicalappearance, and behavior” (IOM, 1999).
Not citizenship
• NZ citizens, all, but none would necessarily describe themselves as “NZer”
Not a surrogate for “foreign”
Not “non-English speaking”
• Yes – these folks do all speak excellent English
Not religion
Around Christchurch – not new photos as the last one shows
And not food
• Such as this “ethnic” dish!
Why does this matter?
RW0 RW1
Data
PF 1
PF 2
PF 3
Where RW = real world and PF = policy field
Data
Census data
• 1851 to 1911 primarily used country of birth• Ethnicity first collected in 1916• Early collections tended to concentrate on full
blood and mixed blood• Terminology changed over time (e.g. race,
ethnic origin, ethnicity)
Broad region of birth(numbers)
18581864
18711878
18861896
19061916
19261945
19561966
19761986
19962006
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000NZ
Australia
Pacific
Asia
UK/Ireland
Europe
Nth America
Sth Africa
Rest of Africa
Middle east (including Turkey)
Sth America/Caribbean and other odds and sods.
nei
Broad region of birth (%)
18581861
18641867
18711874
18781881
18861891
18961901
19061911
19161921
19261936
19451951
19561961
19661971
19761981
19861991
19962001
20062013
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
NZ
Australia
Pacific
Asia
UK/Ireland
Europe
Nth America
Sth Africa
Rest of Africa
Middle east (including Turkey)
Sth America/Caribbean and other odds and sods.
nei
1916 EthnicityMale
Female
Note: pie charts show responses at lowest published level, not number of people (and generally pie charts are to be avoided)
European
1956 EthnicityMale
Female
European
2013 Ethnicity
New Zealand European
Male
Female
Birthplace mattersEuropean and Asian
Less than One YearSix Years12 Years18 Years24 Years30 Years36 Years42 Years48 Years54 Years60 Years66 Years72 Years78 Years84 Years90 Years96 Years
25 20 15 10 5 5 10 15 20 25
NZBMaleOSBMaleNZBFemaleOSBFemale
Less than One YearSix Years12 Years18 Years24 Years30 Years36 Years42 Years48 Years54 Years60 Years66 Years72 Years78 Years84 Years90 Years96 Years
30 20 10 10 20 30
NZB EuropeanOSB EuropeanNZB EuropeanOSB European
2013
2006
Less than One YearSix Years12 Years18 Years24 Years30 Years36 Years42 Years48 Years54 Years60 Years66 Years72 Years78 Years84 Years90 Years96 Years
6 4 2 2 4 6
NZBMaleOSBMaleNZBFemaleOSBFemale
Less than One YearSix Years12 Years18 Years24 Years30 Years36 Years42 Years48 Years54 Years60 Years66 Years72 Years78 Years84 Years90 Years96 Years
6 4 2 2 4 6
NZB AsianNZB AsianOSB AsianOSB Asian
Multiple EthnicitiesPeople of Asian Ethnicities 2013 Census
Less than One YearThree Years
Six YearsNine Years
12 Years15 Years18 Years21 Years24 Years27 Years30 Years33 Years36 Years39 Years42 Years45 Years48 Years51 Years54 Years57 Years60 Years63 Years66 Years69 Years72 Years75 Years78 Years81 Years84 Years87 Years90 Years
6 4 2 2 4 6 8
Female Asian and OtherFemale Asian OnlyMale Asian and OtherMale Asian Only
FemaleMale
Output and analysis of data
• Historic approaches:– Proportion of blood – reflects the views at the time– Combinations a common form of output 1916 onwards– Half or more – hides complexity– Prioritisation – only ever used if data sources dictate
• Total response data– Simplest - tends to hide complexity
• Combinations of ethnicities– Does add to PopTotal, richest in information– Many categories (64 at L1, 2.1million at L2, and 2.1*1068 at L4)
Key points to remember
• Always check the questionnaire– Can often explain apparently strange things (next slide)
• Multiple responses:– Data does not add to the total– Always use the number specified as denominator– (i.e. exclude not specified and residual counts)
• Ethnicities can change– A person may change their ethnic identification– People may report different ethnicities in different
contexts
Tickbox tyranny• Example: Indian
– There is a tickbox labelled “Indian”– Out of 156,500 people of an Indian ethnicity, 143,500 ticked “Indian”
NZ born Asia born Pacific born Total OSBpercent
Indian nfd 24.0 47.6 24.1 76.0Bengali 17.7 77.4 0.0 82.3Fijian Indian 17.0 0.2 82.4 83.0Gujarati 22.7 59.1 18.2 77.3Indian Tamil 23.7 72.0 0.0 76.3Punjabi 27.6 71.2 0.0 72.4Sikh 23.9 68.1 3.8 76.1Anglo Indian 28.3 53.6 0.0 71.7Indian nec 10.1 21.9 0.7 89.9
Avoid prioritised data
• Multiple responses:– People may have more than one ethnicity– A person’s ethnicities may change over time
• Avoid prioritised data whenever possible– Not a valid treatment of ethnicity– No information on relative strength of affiliations– Groups, including Maori, may be disadvantaged– Hides diversity and complexity
Problem with prioritisationPercentage losses to groupings
Census 2013
Male Female Male Female Male Female Male FemaleEuropean Pacific Asian MELAA
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
0-4 Years - 10-14 Years15-19 Years20-24 Years25-29 Years30-34 Years35-39 Years40-44 Years45-49 Years - 100 Years and Over
Growth of ethnic groupings1916-2013
1916 1921 1926 1936 1945 1951 1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 20130.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
MaoriPacificAsian
Percent of population
Note scale not strictly linearCensus year
Asian births and deaths1998-2012
19981999
20002001
20022003
20042005
20062007
20082009
20102011
20120
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
AucklandRest of NZ
19981999
20002001
20022003
20042005
20062007
20082009
20102011
20120
100
200
300
400
500
600
AucklandRest of NZ
Births (Asian ethnicity of child)
Deaths (Asian ethnicity)
People of Asian Ethnicities 2013
New Zealand
Auckland
Old Auckland City (approximately central Auckland)
City of Migrants – old Auckland City area
Total and Total Asian NZ Born Total and NZ Born Asian
Chinese and Indian EthnicitiesAuckland Urban Zones
Census 2013
Chinese Indian0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
Northern Urban ZoneWestern Urban ZoneCentral Urban ZoneSouthern Urban Zone
Selected Asian EthnicitiesAuckland Urban Zones
Census 2013
Filipino Korean Japanese Sri Lankan Cambodian Thai Other Asian0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Northern Urban ZoneWestern Urban ZoneCentral Urban ZoneSouthern Urban Zone
Percent NZ BornSelected Asian Ethnicities
Census 2013
New Zealand Northern Urban Zone Western Urban Zone Central Urban Zone Southern Urban Zone0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
ChineseIndianFilipinoKoreanJapaneseSri LankanCambodianThaiOther Asian
What are the changes?
• Age structure.• Birthplace• Language• Qualifications• Families and interethnic partnering
Age Structure Changing
2006 Census 2013 Census % Change Number of people with one or more Asian ethnicities:
354,552 471,711 Up 33%Number of Asian 65 years and over: 16,071 27,309 Up 70%Number of Asian under 5 years: 23,913 35,898 Up 50%
Birthplacepeople with ethnicities in the Asian grouping
Population 2006 2013 %• Born in NZ: 70,650 105,728 50• Born in Overseas: 281,044 360,893 28• Born in Asia: 240,537 306,202 27• Born in Pacific: 31,338 43,738 40
• Ten years or more in NZ and specified born overseas: 79,458 162,599 105
Languagepeople with ethnicities in the Asian grouping
• Speaks English: 393,237 (83%)– Compared with 2006: 290,469 (82 %)
• Speaks one or more other languages: 325,677 (69%)– Compared with 2006: 254,763 (72 %)
Languagespeople with ethnicities in the Asian grouping
• Top languages other than English:
Asian(including
Asian NZB) Total NZChinese (nth and nfd) 92,142 9,951 95,013Hindi 64,314 6,585 66,312Cantonese 43,977 8,433 44,625Tagalog 28,467 831 29,016Korean 25,722 2,250 26,376Panjabi 19,578 2,961 19,752Gujarati 17,271 4,146 17,505Japanese 12,279 2,364 20,151
Other Languagespeople with ethnicities in the Asian grouping
Other languages in the top 40 (of over 170) include: • Other important languages of Asia:
– Tamil, Telegu, Kannada, Malayalam, – Sinhala, Marathi, Bengali– Thai, Khmer, Bahasa Malay, Vietnamese– Min, Tieu-Chow, Hakka, Wu
• Colonial and local languages– French, Spanish, Maori, Samoan, Fijian
• With increasing number of speakers of:– Lao, Burmese, Cebuano, Pashto, etc
Percent not speaking EnglishSelected ethnicities 2013
Filipino
Cambodian
Vietnamese
Burmese
Indonesian
Laotian
Malay
Thai
Chinese
Indian
Sri Lankan
Japanese
Korean
Afghani
Bangladeshi
Nepalese
Pakistani
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
FemaleMale
Percent not speaking Englishpeople aged 65 years and over
Filipino
Cambodian
Vietnamese
Burmese
Indonesian
Laotian
Malay
Thai
Chinese
Indian
Sri Lankan
Japanese
Korean
Afghani
Bangladeshi
Nepalese
Pakistani
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
FemaleMale
QualificationsPercent Distribution 2013
No Quali
fication
Level
1 Certificat
e
Level
2 Certificat
e
Level
3 Certificat
e
Level
4 Certificat
e
Level
5 Diploma
Level
6 Diploma
Bachelo
r Deg
ree an
d Leve
l 7 Q
ualificati
on
Post-gra
duate an
d Honours Deg
rees
Masters
Degree
Doctorat
e Deg
ree
Overse
as Se
condary
School Q
ualificati
on0
5
10
15
20
25
30
NZ BornOverseas BornPacific IslandsAsia
QualificationsPeople of Asian Ethnicities 2013
No Quali
fication
Level
1 Certificat
e
Level
2 Certificat
e
Level
3 Certificat
e
Level
4 Certificat
e
Level
5 Diploma
Level
6 Diploma
Bachelo
r Deg
ree an
d Leve
l 7 Q
ualificati
on
Post-gra
duate an
d Honours Deg
rees
Masters
Degree
Doctorat
e Deg
ree
Overse
as Se
condary
School Q
ualificati
on0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
NZ BornOverseas BornPacific IslandsAsia
Percent University GraduatesSelected ethnicities by sex 2013
Filipino
Cambodian
Vietnam
ese
Burmese
Indonesian
Laotian
Malay
Thai
ChineseIndian
Sri La
nkan
Japan
ese
Korean
Afghan
i
Bangla
deshi
Nepale
se
Pakist
ani
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
MaleFemale
Percent Older University GraduatesSelected ethnicities by sex, 65plus, 2013
Filipino
Cambodian
Vietnam
ese
Burmese
Indonesian
Laotian
Malay
Thai
ChineseIndian
Sri La
nkan
Japan
ese
Korean
Afghan
i
Bangla
deshi
Nepale
se
Pakist
ani
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
MaleFemale
Families and interethnic partneringBoth partners born overseas (93,015 couples)
Female Asian Female not AsianMale Asian 92% 2%Male Not Asian 6%
Male born overseas, female born in NZ (4,545 couples)Male Asian 27% 59%Male Not Asian 14%
Male born in NZ, female overseas (14,796 couples)Male Asian 11% 3%Male Not Asian 86%
Both partners born in NZ (6,279 couples)Male Asian 18% 36%Male Not Asian 46%
Total (121,026 couples)Male Asian 76% 6%Male Not Asian 18%
Opposite-sex couples, 2013 Census
Families and interethnic partneringOpposite-sex couples, 2013 Census
Both partners born overseas (22,524 couples)Female Pacific Female not Pacific
Male Pacific 90% 4%Male Not Pacific 6%
Male born overseas, female born in NZ (8,502 couples)Male Pacific 40% 50%Male Not Pacific 11%
Male born in NZ, female overseas (5,373 couples)Male Pacific 27% 20%Male Not Pacific 54%
Both partners born in NZ (17,454 couples)Male Pacific 22% 45%Male Not Pacific 33%
Total (55,191 couples)Male Pacific 54% 26%Male Not Pacific 20%
Key themes to take to the workshops1. Treating the “Asian Ethnic Group” as if homogenous can be misleading and prejudicial
2. High level of diversity with the grouping of ethnicities.
3. Among people of the same ethnicity there is substantial diversity1. Age and gender differences2. Educational differences3. Health histories4. Migration histories and family connectedness5. Transnational connections6. Language skills and settlement outcomes
4. Ethnicity may not be the best way to distinguish need groups or to define health or education delivery
1. Birthplace and years in NZ may be bigger factors2. Location within NZ and intercommunity connections influence uptake of facilities3. Age may be a key factor
5. Mental health, diabetes and HIV risks vary across groups1. Migration histories and local exposure to racism2. Economic well-being3. Access to health care and education varies4. Specific groups have different risk factors and support requirements
6. Intersecting policy fields1. In particular immigration, education and health policies need to interface more openly2. Access to social assistance becoming less transparent and less flexible3. Eligibility for education assistance influences settlement and personal development4. Link between skills as a factor in migration process alongside real world employment opportunities and flexibility is
career development
