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Human evolution

Waikato university site

http://sci.waikato.ac.nz/evolution/HumanEvolution.shtml

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Main pointsRapid changes as new fossils are found and re-evaluated every yearHuman and chimp diverged about 7mya inAfrica

Put lineage is bushy, with many differentspecies in existence at the same timeAncestors of modern humans evolved in AfricaHomo erectuspopulations left Africa about 1.5

mya and moved rapidly across Europe and Asia(out of Africa theory)

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Early (Miocene) apes

Apes evolved in Africa 20 mya (proconsul)Monkey-like traits backbone, pelvis and forelimb17mya land bridges to Eurasia allow migration out ofAfrica and divered into at least eight groups

13 mya major climate change in Eurasia.Apes that survived in SE Asia (ancestors of Urang-utan) and in Africa (ancestors of African apes)human evolution\human_odyssey.pdf

http://e/human%20evolution/human_odyssey.pdfhttp://e/human%20evolution/human_odyssey.pdfhttp://e/human%20evolution/human_odyssey.pdfhttp://e/human%20evolution/human_odyssey.pdf

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proconsul

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Earliest hominins already bushylineage

Orrorin tugenensis6mya, Kenya,bipedal, ape-like canines

Sahelanthropus tchadensis6-7 mya,Chad, might not be bipedal, ape-likeskull and dentition, forest environment

Ardipithecus ramidusEthiopia, 4.4-5.8mya, forest environment,

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Orrorin

femur-head6 mya

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Sahelanthropus tchadensis

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Australopithecines- gracile

A. anamensis4.2-3.9 mya. Probably bipedal,ape jaw and teeth

A afarensis(Lucy, foot prints) 3.9-3 mya,

fully bipedal, intermediate human-apedentition, face and cranium ape like, cranialcapacity 375-550cc

A garhi2.5 mya, Ethiopia, 450cc cranialcapacity,

A. Africanus3.2-2 mya, bipedal, 420-500cc

cranium,

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A. anamensis

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Lucy

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Laetoli footprints

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Australopithecinesrobust(Paranthropus)

All have sagittal crest, large jaw, heavy skull,thick enamel on molars

P. robustus 2-1.5 mya, 530cc cranium, tough,

coarse food, might have used tools

P.aethiopicus 2.6-2.4 mya, heavy face, largecrest, 410cc cranium,

P. boisei huge molars, massive built face andjaw, highly specialised hard food diet

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Cut marks on bones evidence foranimal butchering using a tool

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Trends in human evolution

Cranial capacity

Bipedalism

Skull dental arcade

facial angle

Sexual dimorphism

Rib cage

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Cranial capacity

Gradual increase in cranial capacity

Early Australopithecinessimilar to modern

chimp (Around 400cc)

Later australopithecinesabout 550cc

Homo erectus 510-1225cc (within modern

range)Neanderthal(1450cc) larger than Homo

(1350cc) reflect difference in body size.

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Skull morphology

Dental arcade from U (chimp) [with cheekteeth parallel] to V (human)

Decrease in size of teeth (molars )

Decrease in crest and ridges (sagital diet,nuchal posture)

Facial angle becoming flatter (to vertical in

Homo)

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Other trends

Reduce sexual dimorphism

Rib cage size and shape:Funnel (A. afarensis)

Barrel shape (Homo)Funnel shape accommodates the large gut needed for

a herbivore (eg gorilla). Barrel shape and hips indication of meat in diet.

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Out of Africa

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Homo floresiensis

Discovered 2004, in Indonesia18,000yo remains

Tiny adult female 1 m tall, cranial capacity380cc,

Tool maker and user

Mix of traits:Primitive low cranium, brow ridges, bipedal

(narrow pelvis)Advance - flat face,

Theory a dwarf form of H. erectus, a caseof dwarfism on islands

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Homo neanderthalensis

230,000-30,000 ya, ice age, in Europe andmiddle east

Robust and heavily built

Cranial capacity 1450ccSkull elongated, receding forehead, weakchin, large nasal cavity

Complex tools (Moustarian)mDNA evidence not closely related to Homosapiens

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Cultural evolution

Tools

Fire

Shelter

ClothingArt

Cooperative behaviour (hunting)

Domestication of plants and animals

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Tools (I)

Only stone tools survive

Chimps modified twigs and rocks, learntbehaviour, regional culture, pre-meditation

A. gahri 2.5 myaH. habilis - Oldowan culture [cobble stones,one or more flakes knocked of one side]

H. erectus Acheulean culture[sharper,straighter edges, smaller flakes removed,worked from many sides, range of uses]

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Acheulian tools

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Tools (II)

H. sapiens (archaic)and H. neanderthalensis -Mousterian toolsStone core is shaped before flakes are removed

Range of uses

Some have tang at the end that suggests a wood orbone handle

M t i t l

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Mousterian tools

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Moustarian tool

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Upper palaeolithic industry

Modern H sapiens

Africa 40,000 12,000ya

Wider range of material, regional variation

Uses fishhooks, harpoon points, needles

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N d th l d i

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Neanderthal cave drawings

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