parma eldalamberon 10 - archivotolkien.org eldalamberon 10.pdf · contain a wealth of previously...

., •• ~{ ~~ '"., ,~"", L.... "~ •••• , '-- )f"IJ'. ''\f';'' '-' ~~. " " ~'(,f~., {lr~.::\~~E"""'=:"'··"'i;7/~~~YiJr'~''£~'~!¥'~;·/ <;;Y'

:.~~~~}

I " " ':.

\ :J: .... \ ..... . " :.: '1( .

. .." : ,,~.". . "

.... : .... ~!~.

PARMA ELDALAMBERON THE BOOK OF EL VEN TONGUES

Number 10-1994

Parma is a journal of linguistic studies of fantasy literature, especially of the Elvish languages and names in the works of J.R.R. Tolkien. It is published whenever sufficient material becomes available. Submissions are welcome.

Editor - Christopher Gilson

TABLE OF CONTENTS

"The Death of Glorfindel" by Patrick Wynne Front Cover. From the Editor 2 . A Glossary of the Minor Languages in "The Etymologies"

by Taum Santoski 3.

"The Ring of Barahir" by Leonid Korablev 8.

Introduction to the Ilkorin Dialects by Lisa Star 9.

Runes - Letters to P a rm a 19. The Quenya Case System in the Later Writings of J.R.R. Tolkien

by Patrick Wynne 25.

"Nuin, Father of Speech" by Tom Loback Back Cover.

ARTISTS

Patrick Wynne: Front Cover, 37. Adam Christensen: 1. Leonid Korablev: 8. Tom Loback: 18, Back Cover. Silas Andrews: 19 .

• Copyright © 1994 by Christopher Gilson. Individual articles and artwork remain the property of their authors. Quotations from the works of J.R.R. Tolkien are © by their Publishers or the Tolkien Estate. Submissions should be sent to the Editor, 500-C North Civic Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94596.

I1rom the (1ditor • It has been far too long since Parma Eldalamberon, nwnber 9, came out. But meanwhile some exciting things

have been happening in the field of Elvish Studies. Christopher Tolkien has nearly completed The History of Middle-earth series. With Volwne IX, Saw-on Defeated, published in 1992, he came to the end of "The History of The Lord of the Rings," and now we can follow the emergence of the most familiar names and sentences of Elvish. The title Sauron Defeated serves double duty of a sort, for the volwne also includes writings that Tolkien undertook during a halt from The Lord of the Rings in 1945, writings such as The Drowning of AnadCme (a precursor of the AkallaMth), the destruction of NUmenor in which Sauron was overwhelmed. And closely tied to this is a fascinating manuscript called "Lowdham's Report on the Adunaic Language," the start on a grammatical description of that tongue that plays such a significant part in the Second-Age history behind the story of The Lord of the Rings, and is the source of the list of names in Appendix A I (i). There is also the story of The Notion Club Papers, in which Arundel Lowdham is a principal character, a sort of update of the Lost Road, in which Tolkien describes a time forty years in his future, from the point of view of a manuscript discovered in the 21st century. It records meetings of a group in some ways like the Inklings, whose members travel interstellar distances in their dreams, and backwards in time to a past that includes N-umenor and Elves. The story elaborates some intriguing ways that Tolkien perceived the languages he "invented."

In Volume X, Morgoth's Ring, published in 1993, Christopher Tolkien takes up the later development of the Silmarillion tradition, and includes some strictly cultural or philosophical pieces like Laws and Customs of the Ekhr and Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth 'The Debate of Finrod and (the Wise-woman) Andreth'. These later volumes contain a wealth of previously unpublished Sindarin and Quenya. For detailed linguistic reviews of the series, I highly recommend Vinyar Tengwar (see nos. 9, 14, 24, 25, 29, 31, 34 and 35), those bimonthly 'Newsletters' which Carl F. Hostetter has been publishing regularly for over four years now - quite remarkable, I think.l VT also continues to bring to light unpublished manuscripts, like the page found at Marquette containing two Quenya sentences, one about the Elves at Koivieneni, the other on the planting of the Two Trees (see nos. 14 and 27).

Another exciting development has been the occurrence of Annual Colloquia on the Languages of Middle-earth, which have been hosted by Bill Welden and Jo Alida Wilcox for four years running. 2 These are intense weekends of Elvish discussion and debate, and some of the fruits of those gatherings are presented in this issue of Parma. lisa Star's "Introduction to the llkorin Dialects" was first unveiled there in 1993, and Patrick Wynne's "Quenya Case System" in 1991, both in somewhat different versions, revealing (one hopes) the benefits of the group discussions that confronted them. The 1994 Colloquium included a new member, Leonid Korablev, an artist and Elvish calligrapher who hails all the way from Russia. I am pleased to include a sample of his work in Parma. This and the covers by Patrick Wynne and Tom Loback continue the tradition of publishing examples of original composition in the Elvish languages and written in Bvish script. The reader is invited to work out any or all of these texts, and send in your comments.

Finally I should acknowledge, somewhat belatedly, my sadness at the loss of Tawn Santoski, a gifted scholar of Tolkien's work, who organized the manuscript collection at Marquette University, and assisted Christopher Tolkien in determining the textual history of The Lord of the Rings. Tawn compiled a list of "Elvish linguistic Terms" and a categoriallist of all the Elvish vocabulary contained in The Letters of 1.R.R. Tolkien (sec VT nos. 15 and 20). Before he passed away in 1991, Taum sent me a "Glossary of the Minor Languages in The f.·f':.·mologies," which he had compiled, and I am pleased to present it here at last. Lfrisse hiruvalve Tirion yas elve ElendIllOn maruvar.

Christopher Gilson Walnut Creek, Califonua

1 For information about Vinyar Tengwar, write to its editor, Carl F. Hostetter, 2509 Ambling Circle, MD 21114. 2 For information about the next Colloquium, write to Bill Welden, 961 Lundy Lane, Los Altos, CA 94024-5934.

lP AID\&A 18LlDALAM1818lRON No. 10 - Page 2

fi Glossary of the Minor J:g,nguages in fJJze etymologies

Compiled by Taum Santoski

In The Etymologies published in The Lost Road are the vocabularies for several of the Elvish languages. Prominent among the entries are examples of Qenya and Noldorin, fonning most of the given examples. But there are also small but substantial vocabularies for some of the "minor" Elvish languages. These minor languages apparently were not in existence during the writing of the "Lost Tales" cycle in the late nineteen-teens nor formulated during the 1920s when the long Lays of Beleriand were composed. In the earliest Elvish vocabulary lists, the Qenya Lexicon and the Goldogrin Lexicon, only two languages appear, without any indication of minor languages.

Possibly with the writing of the Quenta in 1930 the impulse to ''flesh out" his fictional world moved Tolkien to create a family of Elvish languages. By this time Qenya and Noldorin « Goldogrin) were very highly developed. There is evidence by 1930 that Tolkien had developed at least one other Elvish tongue: the still-unidentified Elvish of the "Nebrachar" poem present in "A Secret Vice." By the mid nineteen-thirties, Tolkien apparently had worked out family trees and relationships for several of his languages. Besides Q(u)enya and Noldorin he had the rudiments at least of several related speeches: llkorin (a sort of Common Elvish in Beleriand), Doriathrin, Falathrin, Ossiriandeb and Danian.

This glossary is merely a first attempt to centralize information about these minor languages. More information probably does exist. For example, in the Bodleian library is a manuscript leaf bearing vowel-changes for Doriathrin through several historical periods. Such detailed work does not develop without other parts of the language being involved. So perhaps in the future we will have "An Introduction to Doriathrin."

[The abbreviations used are the same as those in The Etymologies. Dan. = Danian. Dor. = Doriathrin. EN = Exilic Noldorin. g.pl. = genitive plural. llk. = llkorin. N = Noldorin. ON = Old Noldorin. pI. = plural. Q = Quenya. T = Telerin. 3 sg. = third person singular. All page references are to The Lost Road and Other Writings, Boston, 1987.]

ILKORIN

adar, pI. edrin father. Hypocoristic adda. [AT A- Q alar, N cmr. 349.]

adu, ado double. [AT(AT)- Q aJwa. 348.] alch swan. [*alk-wa. ALAK- Q alqa, N alf. 348.] aman, pI. emuin mother. [AM- Q ami/, amme. 348.] ar- outside, beside. [AR- "In Q. this is purely local in

sense. So also in llkorin, cf. Argad place 'outside the fence' or Argador (in Falathrin dialect Ariad, Ariador) lands outside Doriath (in Ilkorin Eglador), especially applied to West Beleriand, where there was a considerable dwelling of Dark Elves." 349.]

Argad outside the fence, lands outside Doriath. [AR-349.]

Argador outside the fence. See Argad,ar-. [AR- 349.] am red. Cf. Aros. [Y AR- 400.] Aros name of river with reddish water. Cf. am. [Y AR

N iaros. 400.] ascar violent, rushing, impetuous. Cf. river-name

Askar. [SKAR- N asgar,ascar. 386.] Askar see ascar. [SKAR- 386.] ass cooked food, meat. [AP- Q apsa, N aes. 349.]

Balthor, pI. Balthorin 'Vala-king', Power, God. [*bal'tar-, BAL- Q Vala, Valatar. 350.]

basgorn loaf. [KOR- Q korna round, globed, N com. "Cf. Ilk. basgorn." (Christopher Tolkien: "sc. bastgorn 'round bread' , loaf: MBAS".) 365. MBAS- "N bast bread; basgorn loaf." 372.]

bel strength. [*bele, BEL- 352.] Beleg the Strong, name of llkorin bowman of Doriath.

[BEL- 352.] BeIthronding name of Beleg's yew bow. Also Bel

thron(d)-ding, Balthronding. See ding, thr{jn. [BEL- 352.]

benn husband. [BES- Q verno, EN benn. 352.] ber valiant man, warrior. [*bero, BER- 352.] bereth valor. [Struck out: "cf. Ilk. name El-bereth."

BER- 352.] boron, pI. burnin steadfast, trusty man, faithful vassal.

[Struck out: "Cf. also Ilk. boron in Dor. name Elboron." BOR- ON boron. 353.]

breth beech-mast. [*b'retlui, BERETH- 372.] bril glass, crystal. Cf. Brilthor. [MBIRIL- 372.] Brilthor glittering torrent. Cf. bril. [MBIRIL- 372.]

lPAlRMA ElLDAlLAM1813lRON No. 10 - Page 3

Taum Santoski - Ilkorin Glossary

brith broken stones, gravel. Cf. river name Brithon 'pebbly', whence is named Brithombar. [*b'ritte, BIRIT- (only in Dkorin); 353.]

broga bear. [MOR6K- Q morko. N brag. 374.]

celon river. And as proper name. [kelu + n, KEL- Q kelume. N ce/on. (The N. word was reidentified as llk. and a distinct N celw added.) 363.]

com sickness. [KWAM- Q qtime. N paw. 366.] coun, caun bowed, bow-shaped, bent. [*kogna, KU3-

Dan. cogn. 365.] cwess down (as in feathers). [KWES- Q qesse. 366.]

dair shadow of trees. Cf. Dor. dair. [DA Y - Q leo, laira, EN doe. 354.]

daum night-time, gloom. [D03. DO- Q lome, N daw. 354.]

dem sad, gloomy. [*dimbii. DEM- 354.] *Dilion theoretical llkorin form of river-name Gelion.

[GYEL- 359.] dim gloom, sadness. [*dimbe. DEM- 354.] dimb sad. Cf. Dimbar. [DEM- (llkorin root?) 354.] ding, dang sound. Cf. Bel- thron(d) - ding. [DING-

see TING , TANG. 354.] dol flat, lowlying vale. [DAL- EN dalalh. 353.] dorn oak. [D6RON- Q norno, N doron, Dor. dam.

355.] Dor-thonion Land of Pines. Name of a mountainous

forest north of Doriath and afterwards becoming Taurna-Fuin, a punning alteration of Dor-na-Thuin, Noldorin translation of Ilkorin Dor-thonion. [THON-392.]

dui water, river. Cf. Esgalduin and duil. [DUI- (Dkorin root?) 355.]

duil river. In Duilwen. (Cf. gwen.) [DUI- 355.] dum twilight. [DOMO- 355.]

Eglador Doriath. Cf. Dor. Eglador. [AR- 349.] Eglath = Eldar= I1korins. [GAT(H)- 358. LED- N

egledhron. 368.] Eglor Elf-river. name of a river in West Beleriand.

[ELED- 356.] Eglorest ghyll or ravine made by the river Eglor at its

mouth, name of town there. [RIS- 384.] erdh seed, germ. [*eredeseed, ERED- Q erde, N eredh.

356.] Ermab(r)i n one-handed. Used of Beren. [MAP- N

Erchamron. 371.] esg sedge. [ESEK- (Dkorin root?) 356.] esg rustle, noise of leaves. Cf. Esgalduin. [Struck out

entry: EZGE- Q eske. 357.] esgal screen, hiding, roof of leaves. [SKAL- Q halya-.

N hall. haltha-. Dan. sc(i)ella. 386.] Esgalduin 'River under Veil' (of [?leaves.]). [SKAL-

386.]

esgar reed-bed. Cf. Esgaroth 'Reedlake', because of reed-banks in west. [ESEK- 356.]

Esgaroth Reedlake. Cf. esgar. [356.]

gangel, pI. genglin a harp. [NGAN-, NGANAD- Q flande, N gandel. 377.]

gelion bright. Root GAL. Cf. with Noldorin river name Gelion. [GYEL- 360.]

go from. Used for patronymics, as go- Thingol. [30-Q ho. N o. 360.]

god dirtiness, filth. [W A3- N gwath. 397.] g6da- to soil, stain. [W A3- Q vahta. N gwatho. 397.] gor soiled, dirty. [W A3- Q vlira, N gwaur. 397.] gwath shade. [WATH- N gwath. 397.] gwau wind. [WA-, WAWA-, WAIWA- Q vaiwa, N

gwaew. 397.] gweO bond. [WED- N gwelJ. 397.] gwelu, gwelo air (as substance). [WIL- Q vilwa. N

gwelw. 398.] gwen girl. [WEN-, WENED- Q wende. vende, N

gwend, gwenn. 398.] gwen greenness. [GWEN- Q wen. 359.] gwene green. Cf. Duilwen ('green river'). [GWEN- Q

wenya. 359.] gwilwering butterfly. [WIL- Q wilwarin. N

gwilwileth. T vilverin. 398.] gwing spindrift, flying spray. [WIG- N gwing. 398.] gwini, gwine evening. [WIN-. WIND- Q winya,

vinya. N gwein. 399.]

laig keen, sharp. fresh, lively [laika blended with laikwa. LAIK- Q laike. N lhaeg. LAYAK- *laik-wii: Q laiqa, N lhoeb. 367,368.]

lalm, pI. lei min elm tree. [ALAM- Q alalme. lalme, N lal/. lalven, Dan. aim. 348.]

legol nimble, active, running free. Cf. Legolin, a rivername. [LEK - 368.]

Legolin a river-name. Cf. legol. [LEK- 368.] lind fair (especially of voice). [LIND- Q linda, N lhend.

369.] Lindon, Lhinnon name of Ossiriand, 'musical land',

so named because of water and birds. [*lindiin-d, LIN-369.]

line pool. [LIN- Q linya. N lhin. 369.]

mab hand. (Dor.) Cf. Ermab(r)in. Dor. Mablung. [*111l.l¢. MAP- 371.]

Mablosgen emptyhanded. [MAP- N Camlost. 371.] maig dough. [*mazge. MASAG- Q makse, N moeas.

371.] mor night. [MOR- Q more. 373.] murulind, (pi?) myrilind nightingale. Also spelled

mur(i)lind, myr(i)lind. [MOR- Q morilinde. 373. TIN- (in connection with the N. name Tinuviel 'daughter of twilight', nightingale): UN moerilind.

IP AlRMA ElLD AlLAMlBlBlRON No. 10 - Page 4

Taum Santoski - Ilkorin Glossary

merilin was Noldorinized from ilk. murilind. since mori did not = 'night' in N." 394.]

olg hideous, horrible. [OLUG- T ulga. 396.] or blood. [Y AR- Q yar. N ifir. 400.] oth war. [OKTA- Q ohta. N auth. 379.]

rant flow, course of water. [RAT- N rath. 383.] rest ravine, ghyll. Cf. Eglorest. [RIS- Q rista, N

rhest. 384.] rond domed roof. Hence Elrond (vault of heaven), name

of Barendel's son. [ROD- Q rondo, N rhond, rhonn. 384.]

saleh grass. [SAKAK-(WE) Q salqe, ON salape. 385.] saum drinking vessel. [*sukmd, SUK- Q sungwa.

388.]

tach firm, stiff, solid. [TAK- Q tanka, N tane. 389.] taga he fixes, constructs, makes. [TAK- Q take, N

taetho. 389.] taig deep. [A Y AK- Q aiqa. Blended with ttira, see

T AR-, whence tOr. 349.] tal, pI. tel foot. [T AL- Q tcil, N tal, pI. teil. 390.] talum, pI. telmin ground, floor, base. [T ALAM- Q

talma, N talaj. 390.]. tangol pin, brooch. [*tankla, TAK- Q tankil, N tachl,

tachol. 389.] tug tough, stiff. [*targd, T ARAG- Q tarya, N tara,

tar-. 390.] tass pin [*takse. TAK- Q takse, N taes. 390.] taum hasp, clasp. [*takma, TAK- Q tangwa, N taew.

390.] taur great wood, forest; wood (place and material).

[*taure, *tawar, TAwAR- Q taure, tavar, taurina, N taur, tawaren. 391.]

telf silver. [KYELEP- (and TELEP?) Q, T telpe, N celeb. 367.]

thall steep, falling steeply (of river). [*stalre, STAL(llkorin root?) 388.]

thalos torrent (also a proper name). Cf. river Thalos. [ST AL- 388.]

thavon carpenter, wright, builder. [*stabnO, STAB- Q samno, N thavron. 387-88.]

thind grey, pale. Thind name of Thingol. Cf. Dor. Thingol. [*thindi, THIN- Q sinde, N thind, thinn. Q Sindo. 392.]

thon pine-tree. ["N thaun pI. thuin is probably an early loan-word, with llk. (5 treated as ON (5 < a." THON(llkorin root?) 392.]

thorn, pI. thurin eagle. [THOR-, THORON- Q soran, some. N thor, thoran. 392.]

Thorntor King of Eagles = Torthurnion. [THOR-, THORON- Q Sorontar, N Thorondor. 392.]

thron stiff, hard. Cf. thron-ding in Belthronding. [*stardna, ST ARAN- (under ST AR-) Entry reads "Balthronding." 388.]

thtiren guarded, hidden. Cf. Garthurian Hidden Realm (= Doriath), sc. garO-thurian. (See Dor. garth.) [THUR- N Arthurien, Ar(d)thoren. llkorin root. 393.]

tim spark, star. [TIN- N tinw. 393.] tindum starlight, twilight; starry twilight. Cf. dum,

Tor Tinduma. [TIN-, DOMO- Q tin-dOme, N *tindumb, tindu, tinnu. 355,393.]

tingla- sparkle. [TIN- Q tintina. 393.] tiog thick, fat. [*tiuka, TIW- Q tiuka, N tug. 394.] toga he brings. [TUK- Q lukin, N tegi, 3 sg. tog.

395.] tolda he fetches. [*tultd, TUL- Q tulta-. N toltho.

395.] tor king. Only used of Thingol: Tor Thingol = King

Thingoi. pI. t6rin 'kings', used of the chief Valar. [*taro, TA-, TA3- Q ttir, N tour (poetic). 389. (BAL-350.)]

Tor Tinduma King of Twilight. Cf. lindum. [TINN Aran Dinnu. 393.]

t6ril = Melian. [*fin 'queen' survived in Ilk. only in this form. TA-, TA3- 392.]

Torthurnion King of Eagles. See Thomtor. [392.] tovon lowlying, deep, low. [*tubna. TUB- Q tumna,

N to/no 394.] trew fine, slender. [*terewa, TER-, TERES- Q tereva,

N trtw. 392.] trumb, trum shield. [*turlimbe, TURUM- Q turma, T

trumbe. 395.] ti~gh, to muscle, sinew; vigour, physical strength.

[*tugu, TUG- Q tuo, N tu. 394.] tund tall. [*twufa, TUN- Q twu1a, N tond, tonn. 395.] tung taut, tight (of strings, resonant). [*tungd, TUG

Q tunga, N tong. 394.] tuss thatch. [*tupse, TUP- Q tupse, N taus. 395.]

Uduvon Melko's vaults in the North. [*Utubnu, TUBQ Utumno, N Udun, Dan. Utum. 394.]

ulgund, ulgon, ulion monster, deformed and hideous creature. [*ulgundO, ULUG- Q ulum/o, N ulund, ulun. T ulgundo. 396.]

ungol darkness. [UNG- Q ungo. 396.] ungor black, dark, gloomy. [UNG- Q ungwe. 396.] Urthin (> N Eredwethion.) Above Urthin was written

Gwethion. Cf. gwath shade. [W ATH- 397.] usc smoke. [*us(u)k-we, USUK- Q usqe, N osp. 396.]

lPAlRMA ELDALAMlBlBlRON No. 10 - PageS

Taum Santoski - Doriathrin Glossary

DORIATHRIN

argad 'outside the fence', the exterior, the outside. Cf. gad. [GAT(H)- 358.]

Argador land outside, rest of Beleriand (outside Doriath). [GAT(H)- Fal. Ariador. 358.]

cwindor narrator. [*kwentro, KWEf - Q qentaro, N pethron. 366.]

dair shadow of trees. "Dor., llk. dair." Cf. Dairon, Nandoiron. [DAY - Q leo, laime, /aira, EN doe. 354.]

Dior successor (i.e. of Thingol). [*ndeuro, NDEW- Q neuro. 375.]

Dolmed 'Wet-head'. cr. med, Ndolmed. [MIZD- 373.] don back (noun). [NDAN- 375.] dom oak. [D6RON- Q norno, N doron, Ilk. dom.

355.] drog wolf. [*d'1iik, DARAK- Q rdka, EN draug. 354.] (Nan) Dungorthin Vale of Black Horror. Cf. nand,

dunn, ngorthin. Also Nandungorthin. [NAD-, DUN-, NGOROTH- N Nan Dongoroth. 355,374,377.]

dunn black. Cf. (Nan) Dungorthin. [DUN- Dan. dunna. N donn. 355.]

durgul sorcery. Cf. mor(n)gul. [NGOL- N g(U. 377. (Cf. 003,06- N dur. 354).]

Egla, Eglath Elf. Cf. Eglamar, Eglorest. [ELED- "In Dor. and Dan. transposed> edeI- whence Dor. Egla, ... Dan. Edel." 356.]

Eglador Land of Elves, Doriath. [ELED-, GAT(H)-356,358.]

el star. [EL- Q. poetical el. 355.] Eld, pI. Eldin Elf. These forms subsequently struck

through. See Eg/a. [ELED- 'Star-folk', Elf. Q Elda, N Eledh, Dan. Elda. 356.]

gad fence. [GAT(H)- 358.] galbreth beech. "The proper Dor. name was

galdbreth > galbreth." Cf. neldor, (Fal.) galbreth, llk. breth. [GALAD-, NEL- 357,376.]

gald tree. [GALAD- Q aida, N ga/adh. 357.] ganu male. [3AN- Q hanu, N anw. 360.] garm wolf. [Struck out entry: 3ARAM- N oraj. 360.] garon lord. [May come from 3AR- or GAR-. 360.] garth realm. [3AR- Q arda, N ardh. 360.] Garthurian Fenced Realm = Doriath. [3AR-, GARAT-

N Arthurien, Arthoren. 360.] gell sky. [3EL- Q helle, ON e/le. 360.] gelu sky-blue. [3EL- 360.] go I wise, magical. See ngol. gold one of the wise folk, Gnome. See (n)gold. Goldamir Silmaril. [NGOLOD-, MIR- Q Noldomire,

N Golo(lJ)viror Mfr in Geleidh. 373,377.] golo magic, lore. See (n)golo.

henu foggy, obscure, vague. [*khithwa, KHIS-, KHITH- N hethw. 364.]

istel, istil silver light (applied to starlight, probably learned from Melian). [SIL- 385.]

IstH Moon. [1- (intensive prefix in ITHIL-) Q lsil, N lthil. 361.]

lalm elm-tree. [LALAM- Q alalme, N lha/wen. 367.] laur gold (light). "Dor. Oss. laur." [*laure (light of the

golden tree Laurelin) gold, LAwAR- Q laure, N gZaur. 368.]

Hw fish. [*lifiwi, LIW- Q ling we, N lhim(b). 369.] 16m echo. [LAM- Q ldma. 367.] l6men echoing. [LAM- Q lamina. 367.] L6mendor 'Land of Echoes' (406). [LAM-

Noldorinized> Dor16men, pure N DorZamren. 367.] L6minorthin Echoing Mountains (117). [GLAM-,

LAM- Noldorinized> EredLOmin, pure N EredJemrin. 358,367.]

luin pale. [LUG2- Q lline, N lhun, Dan. lygn. 370.] Luithien enchantress. [LUK- N LhUthien. "The

etymology of LUthien changed," see Luthien. 370.] lung heavy. Cf. Mablung. [*Iunga, LUGl- Q lunga,

N Zhong. 370.] luth magic, enchantment. Whence Luthien. [LUK- Q

llike, N Ihuth. 370.] Luthien enchantress. [*Iuktibli, LUK- 370.]

mab hand. "Ilk. (Dor.) mab." [*ma¢, MAP- 371.] Mablost 'Emptyhand'. [KAB- N Camlost. 361.

(MAP-, LUS-).] Mablung (Heavy Hand). [MAP-, LUGl- 370,371.] med wet. (adj.) Cf. mId, Dolmed. [*mizda, MIZD-

373.] Menegroth the Thousand Caves. See roth. mid moisture. [*mizde, MIZD- Q miste, N midh, Dan.

meord. 373.] mor(n)gul sorcery. Cf. durgul. [NGOL- N gul. 377.] moth pool. Cf. umboth. [MBOTH- Q motto, N both.

372.] muil twilight, shadow, vagueness. [MUY- 374.] muilin secret, veiled. Cf. Umboth Muilin. [MUY - Q

muina, muile. 374.]

nand field, valley. [NAD- Q nanda, N nand, nann. 374.]

Nan Dungorthin, Nandungorthin Vale of Black Horror. See Dungorthin.

nass web. [NAT- Q natse, N nath. 375.] Nauglamir "is strictly Doriathric, in which genitive in

-~n) preceded." [NAUK-, MIR- 'The true N. idiom is mfr na Nauglin or Nauglvir > Nauglavir. 373,375.]

naugol dwarf. [NAUK- Q nauko, N nawag. 375.] Ndolmed, Dolmed = Wet Head, a mountain in Ered

lindon. Cf. med. [NOOL- ON ndolo, N dol. 376.]

]PARMA ElL.DAlL.AM1818RON No. 10 - Page6

Taum Santoski - Doriathrin Glossary

nef face. [NIB- N nif. 378.] neldor beech. "Cf. Neldoreth name of a forest in

Doriath, properly name of Hirilom the great beech of Thingol with three trunks = neld-om?" [NEL- "The proper Dor. name was gaJdhreth > galbreth." 352.]

ngol, gol wise, magical. [NGOL- 377.] (n)gold one of the wise folk, Gnome. [NGOLOD- Q

floldo, N golodh. T golodo. Dan. golda. 377.] (n)golo magic, lore. [NGOL- 377.] ngorth horror. [NGOROTH- N goroth. 377.] ngorthin horrible. Cf. Nan Dungorthin. [NGOROTH-

377.] nivon west, forward. [NIB-, RAD- 378,382.] nivra- to face, go forward. [NIB- 378.] Nivrim West-march. [NIB- 378.] Nivrost West-dales. [NIB- 378.] niw nose. [NEN-WI- Q nengwe, N nemb. nem. 376.]

orn tree. "In Doriath used especially of beech, but as suffix in regornetc. used of any tree of any size." [6RNI- high tree. Q orne. N orn. 379.]

orth, pI. orthin mountain. [6ROT - Q orto mountain top, N orod. 379.]

radhon east. [RAD- 382.] Radhrim East-march (part of Doriath). [RAD- 382.] Radhrost East-vale, land of Cranthir under Blue

Mountains. [RAD- 382.] Region forest name. Cf. regorn. [EREK- N Tam-nan

Erig. Eregion. 356.] regorn, pI. reg in, g.pI. region holly-tree. [EREK- Q

erkosse, N ereg. 356.] Regornion Hollin. [EREK- 356.] rim edge, hem, border. Cf. Nivrim. Radhrim. [Ri- Q

rima, N rhif. 383.] ring cold pool or lake (in mountains). [RING!- Q

ringe. N rhimb. rhim. 383-84.] rost plain, wide land between mountains. Cf. Nivrost.

Radhrost. [ROS2- 384.] roth, pI. rodhin cave. Cf. Meneg-roth. [rom> rodh >

roth. ROD- Q rondo. N rhond. rhonn. 384.]

Thingol i.e. Thind + go I wise. Cf. ngol. go I. Ilk. Thind. [THIN- 392.]

Thuringwethil (woman of) secret shadow. [N Dolwethil. THUR- 393.]

Torthingol King Thingoi. Cf. Uk. t{jr. [THIN- 392.] Tor Tinduma King of Twilight, Thingoi. [THIN- N

Aran Dinnu. 392.]

umboth large pool. [MBOTH- q.v. moth. 372.] Umboth Muilin veiled pool. [MBOTH-, MUY- N

Lhfn Uial. Eilinuial, Hithliniach ('pools of mist', KHIS-, KHITH-). 364,372,374.]

urch, pI. urchin goblin. [*6rku, 6ROK- Q orko. N orch. Dan. urC. 379.]

FALATHRIN

Ariad, Ariador outside the fence, lands outside Doriath. [AR- Uk. Argad. Argador. 349.]

galbreth beech. "Ilk. breth ... beech-mast, but the beech was called galbreth ... in Falasse, and neldor in Doriath." [BERErH-, GALAD- T bredele. 352.]

DANIAN

aIm elm-tree. [ALAM- Q alalme. N lalf, lalven. Ilk. lalm. 348.]

beom man. [This is probably a blending of *besno and *ber(n)o. BER-, BES- 352.]

cogn bowed. bow-shaped. bent. [KU3- N cun. Ilk. coun. caun. 365.]

cwenda Elf. [KWEN(ED)- Q qende. N penedh. 366.]

dunna dark (of colour), black. [DUN- N donn. Dor. dunn. 355.]

ealc swan. [*alk-wa. ALAK- Q alqa, N alf, T alpa, Ilk. alch. 348.]

Edel elf. [BLED- Dor. Egla. 356.] Elda elf. Subsequently struck through. See £del.

[BLED- Dor. Eld. 356.]

garma wolf. [3ARAM- Q harma, N araf, Dor. garm. 360.]

golda one of the wise folk, Gnome. [NGOLOD- Q floldo. N golodh. T golodo, Dor. (n)gold. 377.]

hrassa precIpIce. (Cf. Gochressiel < Gochrass.) [KHARAS- N rhass. 363.]

Iygn pale. [LUG- Dor.luin. 370.]

meord fine rain. [*mizde. MIZD- Q miste, N mfdh. Dor. mfd. 373.]

sc(i)ella shade, screen. [SKAL- Q halya-. N hall. haltha. Uk. esgal. 386.]

s nres spear-head. point, gore. triangle. [SNAS-. SNATQ nasta. N naith. 387.]

spenna cloud. [SPAN- Qfanya. T spania. 387.] swarn perverse, obstructive, hard to deal with.

[SKWAR- Q hwarin. 386.]

urc, pI. yrc goblin. [*6rku. 6ROK- Q orko, N orch. Dor. urch. 379.]

Utum name of Melko's vaults in the North. [*Utubnu. TUB- Q Utumno. N Udun. Ilk. Uduvon. 394.]

OSSIRIANDEB laur gold (colour). "Dor. Oss. /aur." [LA WAR- Q

laure. N glaur. 368.]

~~/a,

IPARMA ELDALAMlBlBRON No.lO - Page 7

'T------------ --------------

© L. Korablev 1994

Leonid suggests an alternative caption: 1 Ct"wn G(q,&t» pt»u t»g(121:tt»~·

JPlAlRMA IBLDALAM18l8lRON No. 10 - Page 8

By Lisa Star

This is the beginning of a project to present as much as is known about the llkorin dialects which J.R.R. Tolkien invented and described, chiefly in The Etymologies, which is a text in The Lost Road, as well as other material in Unfinished Tales, The Lord of the Rings, and The Shaping of Middle-earth. The first part describes the grammar of nouns, verbs, adjectives and miscellaneous particles, in these dialects. The second part describes the historical phonology of the Doriathrin dialect. l

Grammar of All IIkorin Dialects

This purports to be an introduction to the grammar of the Ilkorin dialects, namely llkorin, Doriathrin, Falathrin and Danian, taking them as a whole.

Nouns

ILKORIN shows the addition of an -in ending in the plural and subsequent i-umlaut of the vowels in a fairly regular pattern (based on such few examples). Also in some words that end in In! the In! is lost. Most two-syllable words lose the second vowel and similar sounds are elided.

The genitive singular shows an addition of an -a, and the genitive plural shows addition of -ion (similar to Quenya) with or without umlaut.

Singular

One-syllable words: lalm 'elm' gwath 'shadow'

thorn 'eagle' tor 'king' thOn 'pine-tree' tal 'foot'

Two-syllable words: adar 'man' aman 'mother' gangel 'haJp' talum 'floor' Glaurung

tindum 'starry twilight'

boron 'steadfast man' Balthor 'Vala-king'

Three-syllable words: murulind 'nightingale' mur(i)lind

Plural

lelmin

Urthin

Gen. sg.

(related to Dor. orth 'mountain') thurin t6rin

tel

Gen. pl.

Urthin Gwethion (form uncertain)

Torthurnion

-thonion, in Dorthonion

This form does not show the -in plural, but it may be a dual rather than a general plural.

edrin emuin2

genglin telmin

burnin BaIthorin

glaurunga 'of Glaurung' (language unsure)

Tor Tinduma (form in both llk. & Dor.)

(a compound of 2 one-syllable words, it does not drop a syllable or show umlaut.)

myrilind (see MOR- in Etym.) myr(i)lind (see TIN- in Etym.)

1 A version of this article was presented at the Elvish Linguistic Fellowship's Third Annual Colloquium on the Languages of Middle-earth, held in January 1993 in Los Altos, California. 2 As Corwin Benedickt pointed out at the 1993 E.L.F. Colloquium (during a telephone conference call with the author and members of the colloquium) the word emuin may actually be emnin. Tolkien's u's and n 's can be difficult to distinguish. If that is the case, it would eliminate an apparent complexity here.

lPAlRMA ElLDAlLAM18ElRON No. 10 - Page 9

Lisa Star - llkorin Grammar

These fonns obviously lack the -in plural ending. The umlaut extending to the third syllable preceding may perhaps be explained by the necessity of indicating plural in a word that otherwise contains IiI sounds which cannot be mutated in this way.3

The pattern of umlaut for one-syllable words is a very simple one-step umlaut.

a > e >

> 0 > 0 > u >

e ? ? u 0,6

Y

many words but no examples of the plural. many words but no examples of the plural.

in myrilind, as pI. of mirilind, and in Danian yrc. possibly, in myrilind, as pI. of murulind.

These explanations are a bit simplistic because they do not examine the older fonns of the words, e.g. *thorone 'eagle' > thorn,4 but they do give an idea of the range of material. The two-syllable words follow the same pattern of umlaut in the first syllable with the exception of emuin, but see footnote 2.

DORIATHRIN shows the -in ending in the plural but it does not show umlaut. This may be in keeping with its more conservative character. The source of the -in plural ending may possibly be found in the description under 30-5 in Etymologies: "This element is found in the old partitive in Q -on (30 + plural m)." This plural m may also be the source of Inl in -ion in the genitive plural found in the Dkorin dialects.

Note the final devoicing that occurs in roth, although the voiced fricative is maintained medially. I think this is entirely in keeping with the regular phonological shifts in this language.

Singular Plural Gen. sg. Gen. pl.

regorn 'holly-tree' Eld 'Elf orth 'mountain' roth 'cave' 16m 'echo' orn 'tree' urch 'orc'

regin Eldin (these fonns struck out) orthin rodhin (from older rod a) L6minorthin (possibly)

urchin

region

Regornion

Doriathrin also shows the -ion ending for the genitive plural with no umlaut, in region, as might be expected. There are also several examples of the genitive singular which are dealt with under Dkorin (dagnir glaurunga, because the language is uncertain, and Tor Tinduma, because it is indentified as both Dkorin and Doriathrin).

There is one other type of genitive singular fonn occurring in compounds that Christopher Gilson pointed out at the E.L.F. Colloquium (and which is described in an article by Patrick Wynne in Vinyar Tengwar #11, p. 4).

Nauglamir 'Jewel of the Dwarves' (see NAUK- in Etym.) Goldamir 'Jewel of the Noldor' (see NGOLOD- in Etym.)

As I understand it, they feel that the -a- in Naugl-a-mfr and in Gold-a-mir (my hyphens added) is an indication of the genitive (based on the note under NAUK- in Etymologies: "The name Nauglamir is strictly Doriathric, in which genitive in -a(n) preceded." But I am not confident of this interpretation. Among other difficulties is the question of whether Naugl(a)and Gold(a)-are plural or not. I think these words may represent simple compounds with the genitival relationship (if any; note the Doriathrin fonn Torthingol) indicated by the order of the elements. The note about "-a(n) preceding" may refer to other fonns, most typically the ones with the preceding particle I-vowel + nI which are very common in Noldorin. See NA lin Etymologies, with "N(oldorin) na 'with, by' prefix an-. Also used as a genitive sign."6

3 Tom Loback points out the possible plural fonns with Iyl in an article in Vinyar Tengwar #15 (pp. 8-10). Note however that he uses the abbreviation gen. pl. for "general plural" and identifies the fonns region and Dor-thonion as general plurals. I identify them as genitive plurals and use the same abbreviation. 4 Note that asterisked (*) words here are my unattested fonns, rather than Tolkien' s, except where explicit citation is given. S The symbol 3 represents a back spirant (LR:360). About the nearest thing in English would be a buzzing Z sound. 6 [But the phrase, "in which genitive in -a(n) preceded," although terse, refers unambiguously in its own sentence to the Doriathric character of the fonn Nauglamfr. Thus Tolkien is saying Doriathrin has genitives fonned with suffix -a or -an,

lPAlRMA lRlL.DAlL.AMB18lRON No. 10 - Page 10


There are also two examples of a collective plural in Doriathrin: Eglath with sg. Egla, and Neldoreth with sg. neldor, the last word probably borrowed from Quenya.

DANIAN shows umlaut in the plural without the -in or any other ending in the one example that I know of, and may perhaps be considered the most changed of the Dkorin dialects.

Singular Plural Gen. sg. Gen. pl.

urc 'goblin' yrc

There is also an example of the collective plural in Danian, specifically Danas which is apparently phonologically equivalent to Danath, a Noldorin word for all the Danians.

FA LA THRIN isn't addressed here because there is nothing to say about it.

However there are some additional words that may bear examination based on an -in plural ending.

Tunglin 'folk of the harp' refers to the elves living in Hisil6me, in an early conception of the tales. (The Shaping of Middle-earth, p. 4.)

Danrin seems to be identified as a Noldorin word meaning 'Danians'. The -in plural ending is rare in Noldorin and this could mean 'Danian language'. The word frllJrin shares with (Third Age?) Sindarin the development of n + r> /Jr.

Mir na Nauglin is identified as a Noldorin word. However several alternatives are also given, among them Nauglavir. Conin en Ann6n is an interesting phrase from among the cries at the Field of Cormallen in celebration of the victory

(and escape) of Frodo and Samwise. It is translated as 'Princes of the West' in Letters of l.R.R.T. (p. 308). It seems to consist of the form con (often -gon in compounds) from Quenya -Clinu, -edno 'master, commander' (UT:399). Given the typical Sindarin development ii > 0 then, it seems that the vowel is unmutated and the -in plural has been affIxed.

The form Hithaeglin appears on the map in The Lord of the Rings, as a name for the Misty Mountains. The form is later stated to be an error for Hithaeglir (in The Sitmarillion, p. 335).

Possibly Duil Rewinion 'Hills of the Hunters' from The Shaping of Middle-earth should be considered an llkorin form.

There is one exception to these patterns and that is the word naugla with the plural nauglar 'dwarves' (LR:405). From the context, it seems to me that this ought to be Doriathrin but it doesn't fit the pattern of any known language.

It may also be noted that there are two "feminine" forms:

t6riI 'queen' in llkorin Thuringwethil, in Doriathrin

Whatever its origin, it seems likely that the -it ending is indicative of femaleness. (Or it may be a diminutive, see gangel.) And last it may be pointed out that the use of an intensive vowel prefix seems to be active in these languages. It surely

occurs in the Doriathrin forms !stil, Istel (used for the Moon or for starlight) and it may occur in the llkorin word Uduvon 'Melko's vaults in the North', and in the Danian word Ulum, apparently an intensive of tuvon 'deep valley', based on *tubnii 'deep' (Tolkien's unattested form, listed underTUB-, LR:394).

Verbs

All the known examples are listed here so that we know what we are arguing about.

ll.KORIN g6da- 'to soil, stain' taga 'he fixes, constructs' toga 'he brings' tolda 'he fetches' thuren 'guarded, hidden' tingla- 'sparkles'

DORIA THRIN nivra- 'to face, go forward'

DANIAN and FALATHRIN - no examples

including the particular example of Dor. naugol'dwarf gen. *naugla(n), which precedes the noun it modifies in this instance, *naugla(n) + mlr = Nauglamfr. The rest is interpretation, but this much is certain. - Editor.]

]PARMA lBLDALAMlBl8RON No. 10 - Page 11


I divide them up this way.

Present indicative (presumably)

3rd sg. taga 'he fixes, constructs' 3rd sg. toga 'he brings' 3rd sg. tolda 'he fetches'

llkorin llkorin llkorin

These forms, in comparison with Noldorin and Quenya, seem to show that umlaut has occurred. For example Noldorin has the form tog 'he draws' as equivalent to toga. Quenya has tukin 'I draw' being etymologically related. Since Quenya is conservative in vowel mutation, we may expect an original *tuk- for all three forms (in fact, it is given as TUK- in Etymologies.) In the Beleriandic dialects all the unvoiced stops became voiced (medially and finally) so we would expect the IkJ to become Ig/. And for the third person present indicative in Quenya, *tuka is certainly a possibility (on the basis of sz1a, etc.). Thus we might expect forms *tuga in both llkorin and Noldorin. I think the final/aJ has caused mutation of lui to 101, which would be likely in these highly mutated languages. On this basis, a series of forms might be expected, showing the mutated vowel, voiced stop and fmal/aJ in the present indicative 3rd person in llkorin.

Past Participle thuren 'guarded, hidden' llkorin

This word has a form that is very commonly found in Noldorin, with a correspondent in Quenya, where the -en ending indicates a past participle, often used as an adjective. See *thdurbii (LR:393), precedent of Noldorin thoren. and N lhasbelin with precedent *lassekwelene 'leaf-fall'. (These last forms are from LAS C in Etymologies. p. 367.)

Other forms nivra- 'to face, go forward' g6da- 'to soil, stain' tingla- 'sparkles'

Doriathrin llkorin llkorin

These forms are all written with an a- ending. The hyphen indicates, I believe, that they are verb stems, and may be used with the appropriate endings to make complete words, although the manner of translating them varies.

Adjectives

One typical adjective ending is the -in seen in muilin 'hidden, veiled' in Doriathrin, but the phrase Umboth Muilin Twilight Pools' is problematic. It is also interpreted with the meaning transposed, so that muilin becomes 'pools' (see LT2, p.225). The same ending occurs in Ermab(r)in 'One-handed', an llkorin word. in luin 'pale', and also in ngorthin 'horrible' beside ngorth 'horror' (in Doriathrin). These forms may possibly be old past participle (-en) endings used as adjectives. also seen in the -ina type of adjective that occurs in Quenya (especially Quenya of the Lexicons).

The Doriathrinform heftu 'grey, foggy. obscure' has precedent form *khithwa (LR:364, KHITH-), and so may have originally had the -wa ending common in many Quenya adjectives.

The Ilkorin form laig 'keen, sharp, fresh, lively' is said to be a blend of two forms, one possibly from *laik-wii « LAy AK-) and the other form with anoriginal-aending, cf. Q laika« LAIK-). The -a ending seems to correspond to the .a ending seen in ornii 'uprising, tall' described as an "ancient adjectival form" in Unfinished Tales, p. 266.

The Ilkorin form lind 'tuneful, sweet' may also have had an -a ending, based on the Quenya linda 'fair, beautiful' (see LIND-). The loss of the final vowels fits with what is known about the historical phonology of these languages.

It seems likely that a careful examination of other words in llkorin dialects will show the final elements from which they are formed, so that the grammatical elements may be reconstructed based on correspondences with the other languages.

ILKORIN

DORIATHRIN

FALATHRIN

Miscellaneous particles

adu 'double' in Adurant. ar- 'outside' in Argador.argad. go 'from, away, from among, out of', used in patronymics (c J! !?(I' Thmgol.)

-on 'agent ending' in thavon 'carpenter, wright'.7

ar- 'outside'.

-a(n) a genitive which precedes. See argument in the section on nouns. -or 'agent ending' in cwindor 'narrator'.

ar- 'outside' in Ariador.

7 An article by Tom Loback (Vinyar Tengwar #11, pp. 12-14) takes up this discussion, but the exact phonological derivation of these forms (including -or, below) remains unclear despite several precedent forms supplied by Tolkien.

]PARMA 18lLDAlLAMBlBRON No. 10 - Page 12

Lisa Star - Introduction to the llkorin Dialects

Doriathrin Phonology

Doriathrin is one of the languages invented by Tolkien. Most of the examples of it are given in Etymologies. a linguistic text that makes up part of The Lost Road and Other Writings and was published posthumously. A few words and other bits of information are given from other sources. All thanks go to Christopher Tolkien for his painstaking work in bringing this complex material to the light of day.

History of the Doriathrin Language

Doriathrin is apparently a dialect of Dkorin. and is probably a conservative form. There is an explicit reference to this in Unfinished Tales (p. 147). where Christopher Tolkien writes. "Elsewhere my father remarked that the speech of Doriath. whether of the King or others. was even in the days of TUrin more antique than that used elsewhere." It was spoken in the First Age and preceding times by Grey-elves who were followers of King Thingol of Doriath. which was a realm in Beleriand Doriathrin Elves were also called Ilkorindi (in Quenya) and by the Third Age they are classed together with other Elves of Beleriandas Sindarin Elves (also a Quenya word) meaning 'Grey-elves'.

Menegroth. the capital of Doriath. was destroyed before the end of the First Age. providing an end date for the common use of this language. However. survivors continued to speak it. no doubt. and many words were subsumed into Sindarin of Middle-earth. continuing into the Third Age. and into Goldogrin of Tol Eressea.

There are two main alphabets used for writing Doriathrin. a runic alphabet called the Certhas Daeron (of which there are several versions). and a cursive form of the same alphabet.

Phonological Charts of Doriathrin

These charts show the phonological shifts which occur between the roots in Etymologies and the later Doriathrin vocabulary. Each phoneme in the roots is identified with a capital letter (e.g. T) and then the phoneme that it develops into according to its environment is given. For example. initially (indicated in the chart by "Ii") T remains a Itl. medially ("1m") it becomes a Id!. and in final position ("If") there is no data to give an answer. Entries in brackets [ ] are from words identified as Dkorin. They are included to show the most likely forms in Doriathrin.

CONSONANfS

T Ii > t in Tor P Ii K [Ii > c] KY.TY KW Ii > cw [1m > d] 1m 1m > g KWH> cwindor If 8 If > b EREK > region 1m

MAP>mab If > g If DARAK > drag

T after a liquid P afteraliquid K after a liquid KW after a liquid 1m > tb 1m 1m

OROT > orthin 9 If > cb If If > tb OROK> urch

OROT> orth

D Ii > d B Ii > b G Ii > g GY.DY GW DARAK > dr6g BAL > BeleriaJuJ GALAD>gald

1m > db 1m > v 1m > gb > ~ RAD > raalwn, NIB> nivra LUG> /uin Radhrim If > f but> g III

ROD> rodhin NIB> neJ Argador If > tb [If> g. gb. ~]

ROD> roth (but> d in

MIZD> mid and in gakl)

8 [Perhaps T > Idl in final position is exemplified by GA T(H) > gad. Argad.listed below under TH. - Editor.] 9 Also -KT- becomes Ithl in Luthien.

lPAlRMA lELJDlALAMlBElRON No. 10 - Page 13

TH Ii > tb III

Thuringwethil 1m > tb in

Garthurian, Torthingol

If > tb in galbreth but> d in

GAT (H) > gad, Argad

ST [Ii> tb] 1m If > ? common in

Eglorest

TS If > ss NAT(S) > nass

S Ii 1m > st

(I)SIL> Istil If > st ?

ROS2> rost

N Ii > n NAT> nass

1m > n, ganu If > n

OORON> dom

ND Ii > d, nd NDAN > dOn NDEW> Dior NooL > Dolmed, Ndolmed

1m > nd in L6mendor,

but> d in Eglador If > nd in

Beleriand ?

R remains r Ii in radhrim 1m in Radhrim

< RI-If in Iaur

Lisa Star - Doriathrin Phonology

PH

SP [Ii> sp III

Danian] 1m If

[pS If > ss]

Z Ii 1m > ~

MIZD > mid, mid If

M Ii> m MIR> mlr MUY > muilin

1m > m, Goldamir (but> v in

Tinuviel) If > m

lalm, 16m

MB Ii > m MBOTH > moth

1m> mb MBOTH > umboth

but> m in Eg/amar

If

L Ii > I LAN> 16m

1m > 1 in lalm, golo

If > I, Istil

CHART OF CONSONANTS (Continued)

KH Ii > b KHIS > helJu

1m If

SK [Ii> esg] 1m If

[KS If > ss]

3 Ii > g 3AN > ganu 3AR > garth

[1m > r in tOri/] If > r in Tor 003> durgul

See also after the vowels

NG Ii > ng, g NGOROTH>

ngorth NGAR(A)M> _garm (struck) NGOLOD > ngol,

g61, ngolo [1m> ng] If

N occurs in Q. NG does not occur

initially NG/m NG If > ng

RING! > ring

KHY

SKY prob. > SK

SY prob. > S

[because Y > ~]

[Y > ~]

NY

GL Ii > I GLAM>

L6minorthin but gl III

Glaurung ? 1m, gl occurs medially, Egla

If

lPAlRMA lBlLDAlLAM18lBlRON No. 10 - Page 14

SKW,SW

W Ii > gw III

Thuringwethil 1m > ~ with affection of vowel

AWA>at LAwAR> Iaur NAUK,NAwAK

> naugol If

NW, NW do not occur initially

NW 1m NW If

NGW Ii

NGW/m NGW If

(Note the lack of symmetry in these phonemes with N)


VOWELS

The vowel shifts caused by temporary environmental features (e.g. umlaut caused by plural ending) are not included here.

ONE SYLLABLE:

A > 6 oro E > e I 0 > O,U U > u LAN> 16m EL> el om, orth, urth DUN> dunn NDAN> dOn LUG> luin

STRESSED:

A > a oro t > e [1 > i 6 > 0 U > u GALAD>gaJd DARAK > dr6g

BERErH > galbreth MBIRIL > bril] OORON>dom

UNSTRESSED:

A > ~ E>~ 1I > ~ O>~ U GALAD> gaJd DARAK > dr6g

BERErH > galbreth MBIRIL > bril] 6ROT> orth (prob. > ~]

LABIALIZED:

AW > au EW > io IW > tW, liw OW UW LAwAR> laJg NDEW> Dior

[WA > 0] WE > wi cwindor

PALATALIZED:

AY > ai EY IY OY UY > ui DAY> Dairon MUY> muil

[VA > 0, a]

A3 > or, or E3 13 03 > ur [U3 > ou, au, TA3 > Tor D03 > dur-in durgul coun, caun]

In comparing forms in Etymologies, I have generally assumed that the precedent form (whether actually given by Tolkien or not) for the Quenya reflex would also be the precedent form for the llkorin dialects. There is plenty of support for this but it is not absolutely certain.

Consonants

Unvoiced stops (T, P, K, KW). The original unvoiced stops remain unvoiced stops initially but become voiced medially and finally (thus T > It I initially, > Id/ medially and > Idl finally). There are only a few examples but the effect is widespread in the llkorin dialects and in Noldorin.

An exception to this is that any unvoiced stop following a liquid (L or R) becomes an unvoiced fricative (e.g. L T, R T > lth, rth). Two such sounds fall together fairly frequently with the loss of unstressed vowels. There are not many examples in Doriathrin but again it is widespread in the llkorin dialects and Noldorin. This change is described in Unfinished Tales (p. 265).

It is not perfectly clear whether unvoiced stops remain unvoiced stops following a nasal such as In! or Iml (as they do in Noldorin). The only example is cwindor. It is also possible that unvoiced stops remain after a sibilant lsI in Doriathrin, as they do in llkorin (based on the one example usc 'smoke') and in Noldorin (many examples). See below, S + stop.

Voiced stops (D, B, G, GW) remain voiced stops initially but they become voiced fricatives medially and unvoiced fricatives finally. G becomes gh and then ~ so that it disappears medially "between vowels" and finally, as described in Note 2regardinggasdilin 'The Appendix on Runes" in The TreasonofIsengard, p. 462. (This is the only likely place that gasdil might be used in writing the llkorin dialects since g remains initially. Also see LR, pp. 298,354.) This effect is fairly widespread in the llkorin dialects, but there are exceptions such as gald, in which D remains d, and Argador in which G > g. It may be observed that both sounds follow a liquid.

UnvoicedaspiraJes(TH, PH, KH) become unvoiced fricatives initially (and perhaps medially and finally), except that PH becomes a labio-dental If I and KH falls to IhI. The evidence is certainly not conclusive.

lPA1!n~[A J8lLDAlLAMlBllBlRON No. 10 - Page 15


S + unvoiced stops (ST, SP, SK) would not normally be considered original phonemes but this type of combination behaves consistently in most of the languages under consideration, and so I treat them as a group. They are not very consistent here though. In llkorin, S T becomes Ithl initially. In Doriathrin it may remain finally in words such as Eglorest (from older *rista) and Mablost, but the etymology of these words is not certain. With regard to S P, there is a note under the entry PHAL-, pHALAS- in Etymologies: "with variant SpALAS seen in espalass 'foaming [?fall], followed by T[elerin) spalasta- 'to foam, froth' ."1 0 In Danian S P remains Ispl initially. Initially S K picks up an epenthetic initial vowel in llkorin and becomes esg with final voicing. This doesn't fit any pattern. Even Doriathrin retains Isk! finally in usc 'smoke' which is typical of Noldorin anyway (that is maintenance of unvoiced stop after lsi).

Unvoiced stop + S (TS, PS, KS) combinations appear to behave consistently based on several examples in different dialects. Occurring medially and finally, these seem to go to Iss/.

Sibilants (S, Z and 3) vary in their changes. Presumably S remains lsi but note that it picks up a It! medially in Istil aOO perhaps finally in rost from ROS2. I don't know of any comparable examples of this in other (say Indo-European) languages. Original phoneme Z goes to 0 in the few words in which it appears and it may affect the vowel. The original phoneme 3 (the "back spirant") becomes Igl initially but Irl medially and finally. It seems to affect the vowel that precedes it in a variety of ways.

Nasals(N, M, NG, Nw) remain initially with NG > ng. The nasal stops ND, MB, NG, and NGW generally go to the nasal initially although there is some hesitation with the combination sometimes remaining. Medially and finally these combinations are probably retained (cf. Nand. Beleriand). One exception, in which Doriathrin specifically differs from llkorin is that MB becomes Iml in Doriathrin but Ibl in llkorin. There are not many examples so I list them.

MBAR MBOfH MBIRIL

Doriathrin Ilkorin

Eglamar Brithombar moth (but also umboth) ,

bril

In this regard it is interesting to observe the forms in Noldorin of bereth 'feast, festival' and beren 'festive, gay. joyous'. These are listed under the root MBER- in Etymologies, with the following note: 'This stem was first MER and the N. words mereth, meren ... but MER was changed to MBER, the N. words becoming bereth, beren. The name MerethAderthadwas never changed in the texts."

Liquids (L, R) seem to remain in all positions. GL seems to fall to III in such words as 16m and laur, but the original form of these words is never certain; that is, gl- in Noldorin may include an epenthetic g- added for emphasis. There was "an augmentative g- in S[indarin) often prefixed to 1-" (R:70), and the assumption of an original phoneme GL may be incorrect (keeping in mind that all roots are actually constructs).

Vowels

One syllable vowels maintain themselves except that original A sometimes becomes 10/. This certainly occurs under the influence of the bilabial glide so that both W A and A W become 0. However, the reason for the form drog 'wolf is not clear to me. It may be an element of the wider shift found in Sindarin (possibly occurring where lal is long) and referred to in Etymologies underTHON 'pine' thus: "llk[orin) than, N[oldorin) thaun ... is probably an early loan-word with Ilk. 0 treated as O[ld) N[oldorin) 0 < a." Among the words where Ial is maintained there is gad 'fence' ,etc.

Stressed vowels in a two syllable root behave just as the one syllable vowels (described above) do.

Unstressed vowels routinely go to 0, although there are no examples of unstressed I or U. An exception (the only one in Doriathrin, I believe) is erdh. where the unstressed vowel is maintained and the other vowel is dropped.

A labial glide affects other vowels in contact with it. Thus W A> 0, EW > io. or wi, and IW remains iw. There are no examples of OW or UW.

A palatal glide in contact with a vowel also results in diphthongs, but I am not certain exactly how to characterize this. Examples are A Y > ai. and U Y > ui.

Vowels followed by 3 (back spirant) show some changes (with 3 going to r). Apparently the vowel is lifted and backed; it may be lengthened. The effect is not the same in llkorin, but it may not be possible to draw conclusions from so little evidence.

10 It's possible that "[?fall)" identifies the language, either F alassian, Falathrin (different names for llkorin elves of the Falas) or Fallinelli, a Telerin name for Telerin elves.

JPAlRMA 18LDALAMlBlBlRON No. 10 - Page 16


Rhyming List for Doriathrin

Egla Umboth lalm ngolo Tor Tinduma moth 16m Eglamar

nivra- roth garm dair mab garth Garthurian Goldamir

orth Luthien Nauglamir gad ngorth 16men Eglador argad luth orthin neldor Dolmed Ndolmed ngorthin L6mendor

med el Nan Dungorthin cwindor

mid Tinuviel N andungorthin Denithor

gald istel L6minorthin Dior

Eld Thuringwethil muilin laur

gold is til Umboth Muilin nass ngold Is til luin

Beleriand muil dunn Eglorest

nand gell radhon Belegost Mablost

nef gal Region rost Regornion

ring ngol

garon Radhrost

lung Thingol

Dairon Nivrost Torthingol

Mablung naugol Nan-dairon heOu drag morngul nivon gelu

urch morgul don ganu

durgul orn IIw Eglath dom galdbreth rim niw

regorn galbreth Radhrim

golo Neldoreth Nivrim

Notes on Orthography and Transcription

There are a number of minor questions about orthography in Doriathrin. In some cases it is not clear whether certain letters are phonologically significant or not.

1. cw As can be seen in the very consistent demarcation in the earliest languages Qenya and Gnomish, the Qenya glottal stop is written k Oabialized, it is q) but the Gnomish glottal stop is written c Oabialized, it is written cw). This is most probably significant and it is likely that the Icl in Doriathrin is more open and probably more forward than the IkI in Qenya. The distinction is very broadly maintained in Etymologies also (the exception in Quenya of cassa 'helmet' stands out), ·so that the Dkorin dialects and Noldorin have a c (and where it occurs cw) but Quenya is written with k and q. I believe this is independent of the later transcription described in Appendix Eof The Lord o/the Rings (p. 487), in which Tolkien states that he has altered all k's to c' s "to produce words and names that do not look uncouth in modem letters."

2. ' A The contrast between accent I and circumflex A over vowels may be significant. As Tolkien comments in Appendix E (p. 491), "In Sindarin long vowels in stressed monosyllables are marked with the circumflex, since they tendedin such cases to be specially prolonged." I do not know what historical or phonological event would result in these differences in Doriathrin, seen in 11 w but n iw, however. It is possible that they are just orthographic variants.

3. 0, dh I do not know of any phonological significance to these variants occurring in such words as heOu and radhon.11

4. f, v There is some question about the sound of these letters. Tolkien states in Appendix E (p. 487), "F represents f except at the end of words, where it is used to represent the sound of v as in English of." Moreover, Tolkien maintains this orthographic idiosyncracy (absorbed from Anglo-Saxon) sporadically throughout his work. It appears in The Road Goes Ever On in the discussion of the Elbereth Gilthoniel poem (p. 71), where he states that "F finally (as in ne/) is used for v (as in

II [It may be significant the 0 here represents the voicing of earlier voiceless spirant th, while dh represents the lenition (with spirantization) of earlier voiced stop d. Whether the difference in transcription means that the sounds had not yet merged (and if not, how they were distinguished phonetically) remains Mclear. - Ed. ]

lPAlRMA ELlDALAM1818lRON No. 10 - Page 17


E[nglish] aj)." It is difficult then to determine the actual phonemes in Doriathrin words which are spelled with! and v. If the forms follow the apparent pattern of sound change (which however is not definite, because there are few examples) one might expect the medial form to be Ivl (voiced fricative) and the final form to be If I (unvoiced fricative) which is how they are actually spelled in Doriathrin at least. Herewith is a list of the words in question:

With v: With f:

nivon 'west, forward' nivra- 'to face, go forward' Nivrim 'West-march' Nivrost 'West-dales' Tinuviel

nef 'face'

Acknowledgements

Once again, thanks go to Christopher Tolkien, literary heir and executor of his father's estate, for making this material available.

For their helpful advice and criticism at the 1993 Elvish Linguistic Fellowship Colloquium, and for their continued work in the field, additional thanks must go to the attendees at the meeting: Carl Hostetter, editor of Vinyar Tengwar, Bill Welden andJo Wilcox, hosts of the colloquium, Patrick Wynne, Christopher Gilson, editor of Parma Eldalamberan, Arden Smith, and Corwin Benedikt; and to Tom Loback for his articles in Vinyar Tengwar.

Also thanks are due to Dr. Andrew Mariani for his patience and advice, and to Dr. Zakir Bengali, especially for technical help. And thanks to everyone for their interest and encouragement.

JFilAlRMA lElLDAlLAMBlBlRON No. 10 - Page 18

Jenny Coombs Ruddington, Nottinghamshire

Thank you again for another absorbing, and beautifully presented, Parma. You were right that I was suggesting that "the locative in Q. only 'refers to physical situation' ," [PE 8: 45-46]. This is what I thought at the time. After you pointed out lumesse (auresse, etc.) I changed my mind. But r d still go for the instrumental to translate "in Quenya"! Many languages do not distinguish between position, etc., in time and in space (mahalmasse, lumesse); the gap between "in a boat" and "in Quenya" seems somewhat greater. 1

I enjoyed Craig Mamock's Itarille Quete [PE 8: 6-7]. He has found some most ingenious ways of expressing the sense. Needless to say, 1 have a few "comments &c." to offer!

1 liked the first sentence: "I shall lament, for my father sees the coming of his doom upon his hightest tower." [Nainuvan, an atarinya cena i umbarihyo tulie anto.ra mindonihyasse.] 1 wonder though, whether it would be possible to translate the English more literally ["Woe is me whose father awaiteth doom ... "], and avoid the repetition of an, without sacrificing the grammar. "Whose" might be rendered by the genitive of the relative pronoun, which might plausibly be yo: Nainuvan, yo alar cena ... Or, more elegantly (and more than a little hypothetically), might -ya be the possessive suffix for the relative pronoun, as -nya for the Ist person: Nainuvan, atarya cena ... ?

1 [There are situations where the phrase in Quenya is clearly not instrumental, e.g. in the sentence: Most nouns in Quenya have seven cases. Here the language Quenya is a domain in which its individual words are 'located'. And this easily extends to any item of grammar or speech: The 'Ring Poem' in Quenya will display no more than seven cases. From the Elvish point of view one probably has a choice of saying Quenyanen 'in Quenya' = 'by means of the language' or Quenyasse 'in Quenya' = 'within the linguistic scope of the langage' , according to what one wishes to express. - Editor.]

Minor points: even though it involves taking words from (the dreaded!) Early Writings, why not translate the opening "then" by san (as in san ninqeruvisse lutier, in A Secret Vice) and the "but" by nan (Lost Road, base NDAN -). As far as 1 am aware, neither contradicts later work.

I like termahtala 'through-fighting', 'fighting to the end'. 1 assume that the alternative, NIB- version was nivrala 'facing'.2 1 agree with Craig in preferring termahtala. "Before Melko" in the text seems to me to imply 'before Melko's forces', since Melko was not actually present, so 'facing Melko' is perhaps inappropriate (although it could be justified as being likewise metaphoric).

Nwalmesse : is this locative? Surely the instrumental, nwalmenen, would be better, as below: 6rehyarucina nainienen.3

Ea seems to be a verb 'to be' (as in Ea and i Eru i or ilye mahalmar ea lennoio), but if we take it as identical in usage to nO., the "to be" class becomes a little overcrowded, with nO. and «.l, and ye from The Lost Road (possibly surviving in the perfect suffix -ie)!

Tulta: yes, -ta does seem to be a causal suffix in Quenya. Tula = 'come', tulta = 'make to come' (TUL-), therefore 'fetch'; *hora = 'to rush' (cf. h6re 'impulse'), horta= 'to make rush' (KHOR-); tina = 'to spark', tinta = 'make to spark, kindle' (TIN-). Using this suffix could increase our vocabulary.

It could also explain Tintalle. Sindarin gilthoniel seems from the notes in The Road Goes Ever On to be a present participle: 'the kindling one', 'who kindles' (*gilth6niel would be 'who has kindled'). The present participle of Q tinta would be tintala 'who kindles'. Perhaps tintalle is an active past participle, 'who has kindled'. (N.B. My purely hypothetical -lie past participle is not contradicted by the note in A Secret Vice, "ro.kina past participle of rak- 'break' ," because -ina is the passive past participle ending, as is clear from the translation 'broken'.) It would be odd that Q tintalle should be past, whereas S gilthoniel is present. Another explanation could be that -lie is the feminine present participle ending. The examples of -Ia all, I think, occur with biologically genderless objects, in the SV poems. Quenya does distinguish gender in its nouns (e.g. Vala,

2 [The stem nivra- is Doriathrin rather than Quenya (LR:378). Some theoretically possible Q. stems from base NIB- might be niv-, nimb- or nipta-, but the absence of citations probably indicates that it dropped out of use in in this language. - Ed.] 3 [Still it seems stylistically reasonable to try and convey the difference between "distraught with the agony," and "maddened by the grief." Especially since the two adjectives are translated by the same word. The difference in case between rucina nwalmesse (lit. 'confused in, i.e. amidst, the torment') and rucina nainienen (lit. 'confused by the lament') may serve this purpose. - Ed.]

lPAlRMA 18LDALAMl8llBlRON No. 10 - Page 19

Letters - JennyCoombs

Valie) , and might do so in adjectives (including participles) used substantively.

Sinome is 'here', 'in this place'. It is locative in sense. "Hence" is 'from this place', i.e. ablative. I can only suggest sinallo 'from this (place)', though this would go with sinasse 'in this (place)', not the rather odd form sinome. Any suggestions?

When I saw nais, I objected to it on several counts. To begin with, I think the -s suffix is unnecessary. Nai in Galadriel's Lament is said (RGEO) to mean 'be it that', i.e. the 'it' is understood and does not need to be expressed. Secondly, it means 'be it that' and is followed by a clause (nai hiruvalye, nai tiruvantes), not 'be it' plus phrase; but this is a minor point since the usage could probably be extended from one to the other. What I really take issue with is note 8: "Purely a SUbjunctive, of course; no optative force." At first I thought that nai must occur as a subjunctive somewhere I had forgotten. But if that is so, the note is unnecessary. I can only think of two examples of nai, quoted above, and they are both optative. Where is the evidence that tultuvan atarilya sin( ome), nai( s) Melcoro Mardissen does not mean' I shall fetch thy father hence, may it be in Melko's halls'? I think the confusion stems from the fact that "be it" in English has two meanings, an optative (not to say jussive) (e.g. "be it that they shall guard it," cf. "hallowed be thy name") and a subjunctive (e.g. " ... be it in the Halls of Melko"). Then I reasoned that both uses of English be it were from the English subjunctive, and if English could develop this way, why not Quenya? But I should like more convincing than a casual "of course"!4

By the way, in my copy of The Book of Lost Tales, it is "the Hells of Melko," not "the Halls" (vol. 2, p. 187). U tumnollon? I've put it in the ablative, rather than the locative, because it is "from the Hells of Melko."

I'm not sure that I understand the sentence Ar vanes undu i ambo erve, nicina orehya i indiro nainienen. Does

4 [I think Craig's note was simply intended as a hint to the reader that his form nais was not derived from nai in its optative function. Note that the it in Galadriel's 'be it that thou shalt find' is different from the it in Tuor's 'be it from the Hells of Melko'. The former it refers to the situation in general, things as they are or might be, really just a grammatical filler in a sentence without a subject (like it is raining). But in the latter case it refers back to the previous word hence. Tuor says in the text, I will get thy father hence, be it from the Hells of Melko (LT2: 187). Expanding the grammatical ellipsis yields something like: 'I will get him from this place, (should the case turn out to) be that it (the place I get him from) is from the Hells of Melko'. This it serves a logistic function and needs to be expressed. Craig uses the pronominal ending -s 'it', which seems plausible. The combination na-i-s 'be-that-it', with the following locative connected to -s by an implied (second) copula, could thus be understood as '(should the case) be that it (is) in the Halls of Melko'. - Ed.]

it mean' And he went down the hill alone, his heart broken by the lament of his wife'? If so, the latter part ('his heart ... his wife') is surely in an absolute construction, not bearing any relation to the rest of the sentence. The problem is that it is difficult to predict what case an absolute will use in a given language (if indeed such a construction exists in Quenya; I can't think of any examples). In Latin the ablative case is so used, probably an ablative of manner or of circumstance, what might be called an instrumental ablative. There is a genitive absolute in Greek, while in Sanskrit the locative is regularly so used, sometimes the genitive, rarely the ablative. The dative is used in Lithuanian, as sometimes in Greek, and was apparently also found in Old English. So there is plenty of variety!

But perhaps this is not intended to be an absolute construction. Rucina could be interpreted as describing Tuor, 'broken in his heart by the lament'. If this is so, what case would be best to render 'in his heart'? Craig (under this intrepretation) has used the accusative, which is reminiscent of the accusative of respect in Latin. (E.g. Virgil describes an ash-tree as tremefacta comam 'made to tremble in respect of its hair, i.e. leaves', JEneid 2:629.) This is "escaping goblins to be caught by wolves," since we do not know the Quenya case for this function, or even whether one exists. There seems to be the same problem in the next sentence: 'Now, her whole heart in a storm of weeping, she seized ... ' [SI, iluvea orerya nain;eo raumosse maperye ... ]5

I've saved my longest comment till last. Yes, I'm going to muddy the already troubled waters of the Pronoun Question. I wasn't entirely happy with Craig's ne for the 1st person pronoun, not least because it is identical to ne the past of na. This led me to think about the pronouns, stimulated by Bill Welden's article on Quenya pronouns [PE 8:8-14] and all the other pronoun discussion in Parma. I've ended up rather drastically changing my ideas. I had assumed, with Bill, that elye was not an emphatic variant of the 2nd singUlar pronoun, but was made emphatic by its position in the sentence. Now I (may) have changed my mind.

It is obvious that the object cases are built on a slightly different base from the subject and adjecti val stems. If by analogy with -lye. elye we can deduce -lme, elme from laituvalmet, then the (presumably accusative) met in imbe met has obviously lost an I. Elye has lost a y in its

5 [There are Quenya examples reasonably parallel to these sentences of Craig's. At the beginning of the last version of Oilima Markirya we have Men kenuva fane kirya metima hrestallo klra, i fain neke nnga sumaryasse 'Who shall see a white ship leave the last shore, the pale phantoms in her cold bosom' (MC:214, 221-2). Indeed we have something similar in Galadriel's Lament: laurie Ian tar lassi surinen, yeni un6time ve ramar aldaron 'like gold fall the leaves in the wind, long years numberless as the wings of trees'. - Ed.]

lPAlRMA lElLlDAlLAMlBlBlRON No. 10 - Page 20


transition to Sindarin Ie (and it is worth remembering that Ie is Sindarin; RGEO says that its use shows the influence, not the presence, of Quenya). Subject -nte becomes te when it is the object, as in laita te.6

This would seem to suggest a sUbject/object contrast, as Bill presents in his article: Nominative elme, elye, ente, Accusative me, Ie, teo This would be unusual, because Quenya, apart from Book Quenya, usually has the same form for both nominative and accusative. It's certainly not inconceivable that the pronouns are exceptions; they are in English, for instance. But in the early manuscript Bill quotes, ni is nominative? and it therefore seems likely to me that the forms Ie, me, etc., can be nominative too. It could be argued that this is not valid, since ni shows a different vowel, which could be a marker of the nominative. However, inye (LR:61) vs. elye suggests that the 1st person is unusual in having an i.

You will probably see now where I am heading. I have got myself two sets of nominative pronouns: inye, elye, *etye (familiar), *erye, *elme, *elve, *elte, *ente and ni, Ie, tye, *se, *me, *ve, *te. I suggest that the difference between the two may have been the emphasis. Perhaps ni, Ie, etc., were the usual forms, and inye, elye, etc., slightly more emphatic. I can think of only two examples where we come across the latter breed, and both times they are emphatic: nai elye hiruva 'may it be even thou shalt fmd it' and a yonya inye tye-mela 'and I too, my son, I love thee'.

A similar distinction might be made in the verbs. Perhaps hiruvalye is slightly more emphatic/poetic/archaic than *hiruval. However, the longer form is used when another suffix is to follow, presumably because it is easier to pronounce and clearer; so utuvienyes instead of **utuviens.

There is another possibility that there could be an "inbetween" inflection where the Ie form is suffixed, e.g. *hiruvale. This resembles the -ale class of nouns, and was perhaps avoided; it certainly seems unnecessary. I've brought it up only to attempt an explanation of the strange form meltine (LR:70). The i of the 1st person pronoun is overridden because the correct verb-ending is -e

6 [But it is hardly obvious that the direction of derivation is -lme > me, or -nte > teo The additional consonants in the subject forms could come from originally separate elements that have merged with the pronoun base. Thus tiruvante might analyze etymologically as tir-uva-n-te, with the -n- perhaps from an old plural ending. Of course, this does not contradict the rest of your theory. - Ed.] 7 [It should be noted that the sentence Bill cited, En ni tuviet (PE 8:9), has now been published by Christopher Tolkien with the hesitant reading, En f?in]tuviet 'I have found it' (SauronDefeated,p. 57). Your point, however, is supported by other draft forms now published, like nilendie 'I have come' and nimaruva 'I shall abide' (SD:56), and of course the oft-cited Arctic ni vela tye 'I see you', from The Father Christmas Letters. -Ed.]

in this mood, in this aspect, or at this stage of Tolkien's glossopoeia. The only problem now is the long vowel.

You may think it a little excessive to have five levels of emphasis (or some other distinction, e.g. formality):

Quenya Latin English

1. hiruval invenies thou wilt find 2. hiruvale invenies thou wilt find 3. hiurvalye invenies thou shalt find 4. lehiruva ttl invenies thou shalt fmd 5. elyehiruva et ttl invenies even thou shalt find

ttl ipse invenies thou thyself shalt find

Could even the Eldar cope with that level of subtlety? Perhaps the variants were used at different times, in different places. A quick survey: 1. maruvan, Elendil, Man (Elf-friend), Middle-earth, c.

S.A. 3320, no emphasis on person. 2. meidne, Elendil's son, Man (reluctant Sf-friend),

Numenor, c. S.A. 3200s, slight emphasis on person (or is this wishful thinking?)

3.a. hiruvalye, Galadriel, Noldo, Lothl6rien, T.A. 3019, possibly poetic style.

b. utuvienyes, Aragom, Man brought up in Imladris, T.A. 3019, long form used because of suffix.

c. tiruvantes, Cirion, Man, T.A. 2510, ditto. 4. en ni tUviet, Aragom, early form of3.b. 5.a. elye hiruva, as 3, heavy emphasis on person.

b. inye tye-mela, Elendil, Man, Numenor, c. S.A. 3320, heavy emphasis on person.

The short forms do not appear to occur in the nouns, possibly because the case inflections are easier to attach to the long forms.

I do not know what you will make of this! Some people will object to it because 1 have used early material. The greatest weakness of the argument is certainly lack of evidence. The idea of progression of emphasis form 1 to 5 is rather shaky; for instance why should Aragom use "level 4" vs. "level 3" (assuming I have put them in the right order)? Still, it seems to explain some bizarre forms better than I have managed before, without just dismissing them as "rejected". 8

8 [I take it that by a change in typeface ("thou" vs. "thou') you mean increased vocal stress on the subject pronoun, accompanied also by a different vowel length, unemphatic [()rew] vs. emphatic [()re:w]. In Quenya verbs the stress is dependent on word-shape, but note how it moves closer to the pronoun in emphatic tye-meldne, utUvienyes compared to unemphatic maruvan, utulien, tirin, etc. The second kind of difference you point out in English is the use of emphatic auxiliary verbs. Thus unemphatic thou wilt find, I came, he fetches contrast with the emphatic thou shalt find, I did come, he does fetch. Note how in the present tense the 3rd person verbal suffix -es shifts position from the main verb fetches to the emphasizing word does, in much the same way that

1P AlRMA 18LD ALAMlBl8lRON No.1 0 - Page 21


I enjoyed Parma 9 as much as its predecessors. Once again it is beautifully produced and adorned by lovely artwork. I still don't understand its title, though; I should have expected Parma Eldalambion. Is it based on the Q(u)enya where the plural of lasse is !asser? 9

Tom Loback's article about -e vs. -ne [PE 9:2-4] was interesting, though I am not sure if I followed all the arguments. To begin with I was surprised that he unequivocally accepted -e as the 3rd singular present, when The Lord of the Rings and Quenta Silmarillion Quenya has -a. He did say that the -e inflection came "from the data in Etymologies, " which might have implied that he was restricting his discussion to early Qenya. He ends his article with: "It is clear that -ne has its functions in Quenya through Etym. and Me. What impact this has on the so-called late Quenya of LotR and afterwards is unclear to me as I have not tried to apply it to anything beyond RGEO." This confuses me, as for a start Tom uses the evidence of ortane, which is this "late Quenya."l 0

Anyway, this set me to thinking about the two extant forms of the 3rd singular present. One solution is to say that Tolkien originally had this as -e, and then changed it to -a. However, I am not convinced that the evidence supports this. In Etymologies Tom has found the following 3rd sg. presents in -e: mere, take, tape, teke, tine. There is also elen sHe (RS:380), the early version of elen sila. In LotR we have sila, unmpa and kaita, in

Quenya -lye shifts position between hiruvalye and elye hiruva. Perhaps a parallel relationship exists with maruvan and nimaruva, but Tolkien's hesitation between them makes it hard to pin this down. Also note that in the English list "level 2" th6u wilt find, and "level 3" thou shalt find, are not different degrees of emphasis, but rather different kinds of emphasis. One expresses more certainty that the subject will be involved, the other more certainty that the event will take place. - Ed.] 9 [Parma Eldalamberon was first published in 1971, and the grammar of the title was based on the Quenya in The Lord of the Rings, where the plural forms tier 'paths', enquier 'weeks' (App. D), and tyeller 'grades' (App. E) are all attested. Doubtless there is more than one way to explain how these plurals in -er occur side-by-side with lassi 'leaves', etc. But given their existence it seems as likely as not that *Eldalamber 'Elven-tongues' is grammatically possible. - Ed.] 10 [fom's meaning seems to be that he has considered the evidence up to and including The Lord of the Rings, but nothing "beyond RG EO." Thus in retrospect he may not haveaccepted-e as a present tense ending to the exclusion of present tense in -a. Tom's subject being the past tense, his concern with the present centered around how the past would be distinguished from it, which requires further anlaysis of the stems when each ends in the suffix -e, but is comparatively straightforward where the present tense in -a has matching past tense in -ane. - Ed.]

QS auta(i lome). But there are two or three early forms which show the -a ending. These are anta (SV: yar i vilya anta miqilis 'to whom the air gives kisses'), titina (Etym., translated 'it sparkles '), and iii ta (Narqelion: IiIta lie noldorinwa, if this is a finite verb). This seems to me to imply that the -a and -e forms coexist. It is just possible, as some doubtless will argue, that Tolkien started with -e and alternated between -e and -a before finally settling on -a, but I think the immediate juxtaposition of tine 'it glints' and tintina 'it sparkles', under the same base TIN- in Etymologies, makes this unlikely. Tolkien would probably not have contradicted himself quite so immediatel y .11

This pair suggests an explanation of the variant forms. The distinction between 'it glints' and 'it sparkles' seems to be that the former refers to a one-off action, the latter to a repeated one. And tintina has a recognisably frequentative form, as exemplified in sisilala and fiJirula (SV): it uses some sort of reduplication of the stem, even though **titina would have followed more exactly the pattern seen in the other two. 12 The change of final vowel, then, may also have some significance. You suggested (in Quettar 33) that Quenya may distinguish aspect, with a short-vowel form referring to the "complete state." and the long-vowel form to a continuing "process." As a variant on this theme. perhaps -e implies instantaneous action, -a a continuous one, and -a is therefore the natural inflection for frequentative verbs. which by their nature are continuous. The distinction between -e and -a would be similar to that between the English simple and continuous presents: teke 'he writes', *teka 'he is writing'. Actual usage, though. is almost certainly different from the English, and, if our language is anything to go by, will be very hard to establish. I should be hard put to it to write a set of rules for a foreigner explaining when to use the simple and when the continuous, even though as a native speaker I am keenly sensitive to the nuances implied by each. The situation is probably similarly subtle in Quenya.

In these circumstances, it may seem somewhat pointless to try and derive any sort of rules from such limited data. Still, I had a go. The forms mere, take. tdpe. teke,

11 [Another clearly 3rd sg. pres form in Etym. is tuia 'sprouts, springs' (LR:395). And note the citation "Q lendewent,departed(linna go)"' 06X). where the gloss of the second form is technicall} Inflrull\·e. but clearly the .a ending is associated with the present tense. - Ed.] 12 [Also note taUa-taltal. in the same late version of Oilima Markirya, rendering "the old darkness beyond the stars falling upon fallen towers" (MC:21S, 222), where repitition of the stem talta- 'slip, slide down, collapse' is probably frequentative. And it seems as likely as not that tintilar in Galadriel's Lament is derived from tintina by phonetic dissimilation of the second D (with influence perhaps from til-, sil-, il-, etc.), and so counts as frequentative, too. - Ed.]

lPA~MA 18LlDlALAMlBl18~ON No. 10 - Page 22


tine are merely given as vocabulary, and so it is impossible to determine their aspect from context. Untiipa and kaita both have the sense of action extending over a long period of time: 'darkness has been lying over the waves since the time when Varda uplifted her hands ... ', so they fit the suggestion. A uta i 16me fits very nicely too: 'Day has come! Night is passing,' with the idea of a continuing process. Frodo's greeting to Gildor is ambiguous. I could argue in support of either form. Under the above interpretation, elen sile would place emphasis on the fact that 'a star shines' now, while elen stla would emphasize the continuity of the star's shining, 'a star is shining' now and in the past and will continue to shine. And 10, both forms appear - equally valid, but with different nuances. Is this at all convincing, or have I imposed my preconceived ideas in the data? As you commented in your Quettar article, "I suppose one can find what one looks for when the evidence is sketchy. "13

It would be neat if the -el-ne distinction in the past tense could be similarly explained, but here I have no evidence at all to play with. I liked Tom's transitiveintransitive idea a lot, and share his disappointment that kdreputs a spanner in the works. It is especially strange, since in the Etym. under KAR we find karin, kame 'I make, build'. In yoUr Quettar 33 article you treat the latter word as a present, as the translation suggests; however, from its form and the fact that the stem "was very roughly rewritten," I agree with Tom that it is more likely to be a past-tense form. The kdrelkarnedistinction could be aspectual, though it is hard to argue with so little to compare it with.

13 [fwo points may corroborate at least your thesis that sila is a distinctively continuative verb form. First if all, in the manuscript versions of Frodo's greeting the case of the accompanying temporal noun is also different: Eleni sUir lumesse omentiemman, and Elen silif lumesse omentiemman (RS:324), where literally the star or stars shine 'in the time' of our meeting. The locative says (metaphorically) that the time-frame of the meeting encompasses the shining(s), which would be conceptually momentary by comparison. When Tolkien later altered sile to sfla he also changed the case of the noun lumesse to allative lumenna. This renders more closely the metaphor in the English 'shine on', as though the light of the star were actually directed toward and illuminating the meeting. As such the latter becomes the conceptually momentary event encompassed by the time-frame of the shining of the star. The second point of corroboration is even more direct. In The Letters Tolkien explains that the word "Palantir is Q. < paJantiwi with continuative stem of TIR watch, &,aze at, etc." (p. 427). From this we can deducethat*sili is the continuative stem of SIL 'shine', and this would be the primitive form from which Quenya sila is derived. -Ed.]

I am puzzled by Tom's table giving the intransitive form of onta- 'beget' [PE 9:2]. As far as I am concerned this verb is transitive only. I do not know what distinction is implied by 6nelontane, or whether they are simply alternatives, but an intransitive-transitive distinction seems to me impossible.

I disagree with Tom that the -ne words in the textual version of Oilima Markirya are past tenses. This assumption involves Tom in some rather complex explanation of the fact that (as he points out) "in ondoli losse karkane and veafalastane the subject does not agree with the verb," and is in any case (it seems to me) unjustified by the grammatical structure of the sentence. We do not know the rules of Quenya tense sequence, but it seems unlikely that man tenuva suru laustane can be interpreted along the lines of 'who shall hear the wind roared', 'who shall hear that the wind has roared', or something similar. This is a pity, because it appears that the past tense stem (at this stage of Tolkien's conception) would have been laustane (plus subject suffix, as in Earendel: i suru laustaner). However, one of the remarkable things about Quenya, and Qenya in particular, is its lack of concern about having one morpheme to cope with about six functions. Having said that, I must confess myself unable to isolate any distinguishing feature shared by the apparently non-finite -ne words in Oilima Markirya. So, since I am unable to suggest a better explanation, perhaps I should accept Tom's treatment of them as past tenses.

You and Patrick Wynne in your article (p. 19) interpret these -ne forms, along with -la and -me, as "verbal substantives," which I take it is what I'd call the present participle. (The term suggests also what I'd call gerunds, but I cannot see at the moment how the -la forms, at least, can be gerunds.) It is possible that these three forms could have identical import, but it seems wasteful, to say the least. 14

14 [patrick and I did not mean to suggest that the verbal substantive consists of only one category in Quenya. The term includes participles, gerunds, and infinitives. We used it to avoid any misleading connotations from a more specific term, because the categories do not necessarily correspond in usage from language to language. It is certainly true, however, that the functions of the endings infalastane, tine, ulmula, tuma, and qalume must overlap sufficiently for each to be translated by '-ing' in the text version of Oilima Markirya. But we also know that' -ing' marks both participle and gerund in English, and that a nonfinite verb dependent on another finite verb can be expressed by either participle or infinitive. In Quenya these take a singular (really a stem) form even when the noun is plural, as in ramar sisilala, karkar yarra, or lumbor na-hosta. Perhaps falastane and tine are indeed past-tense verb stems used similarly as infinitives. If the syntactic force of Man kiluva 16mi sangane were something like 'who will see the clouds to have gathered', the significance could be that it refers to seeing the actual

lPAlRMA 18lLDAlLAMlBl18lRON No. 10 - Page 23


I tum now to Patrick's and your epic on Narqelion. I was amazed by the amount you managed to get out of it. You give the adjective "ingenious" a new dimension! I must say the article brought back painful memories at times: bits of it read as if someone were trying to translate The Odyssey equipped only with an inadequate knowledge of Attic grammar, the wordlists of "A Basic Greek Vocabulary for Schools Certificate", and the paradigms given in "Thrasymachus". (I know this feeling.)

Anyway, congratulations on a splendid job with a paucity of information. You have certainly led me to appreciate this poem, which I would otherwise have been inclined to dismiss as too unintelligibly early Qenya. When I first read the article I was unconvinced by some of your reconstructions, but they have been "growing on me," and I am now tending to agree with them.

Your interpretations of n·alalmino are suitably ingenious, though I think there is so little evidence to go on we cannot really know what the phrase is meant to mean. The same applies to umeai, though I think your explanation is convincing.

I agree that the direresis in oi"kta probably indicates the presence of the collective prefix 0-. I am less happy with your gloss of ikta < * itka 'jewel'. It's nice though.

I am still less happy with sinqi = 'jewels'. Your explanation is once again very good, and yet the evidence is so tenuous ... ! Similarly with amaldar. And I think it would be better just to admit that ematte is completely inexplicable, though I was almost won over by your explanation of the underlying metaphor: the swallow leaving leaves, the Noldoli leaving their jewels. 1 5

completion of the event, but Tolkien would naturally translate this more smoothly as 'who shall see the clouds gather'. And similarly if ondoli losse karkane is literally 'white rocks to have snarled', this would not only explain why subject and verb do not seem to "agree" in number, but again would have led naturally to Tolkien's idiomatic translation, 'the white rocks snarling' - Ed.] 15 [At the time we wrote "Bird and Leaf" (PE 9:6-32), we knew that the Qenya Lexicon contained the words sink 'mineral, metal, gem' and sinqevoite 'gemmed', but were not in a position to publish that fact. Hence our appeal to the various later words that must relate to these, since we were actually quite certain the line V'ematte sinqi Eldamar does draw some sort of comparison involving gems and Eldamar. We have since seen the full text of QL, and there is nothing there to confirm our interpretation of oi·kta or ematte. And for several words in the poem there is clearly a much better interpretation than the one we offered. There is a word omea 'large', so the line Ve sangar voro umeai means 'like throngs ever large'. (This is ironic because Patrick had actually inferred a similar meaning by comparison with uvea 'abundant, in very great number, very large', LR:396, but I had remained unconvinced.) There is a word amalda 'tender', so the line Omalingwe liT' amaldar means something like 'voices

All in all, a super article; it must have taken a prodigious amount of work. I admire the imagination and deep knowledge of even the obscurest bits of Qenya which you display. Patrick's pictures were lovely, and made a good visual commentary on the text. I also appreciated the meticulous way in which you indicated the source of each piece of evidence, giving book and page.

I enjoyed Jorge Quifi6nez's I Tyel Ehteliono aT Cosmoco [PE 9:33]. Doom is ambarrather than amba, isn't it? (The latter means 'upwards'.) But that is about the only "correction" I could suggest.

To answer Craig's challenge to Unifists to explain the variant texts of Oilima Markirya: I do not claim to be a Unifist (seeking as ever to follow the Aristotelian mean; 1l1lBEV ayav and all that), and of course there are many grammatical differences between the two poems. But an awful lot of the drastic rewriting, in which scarcely three words of the original are retained, is clearly due more to poetic motives than linguistic ones. Tolkien replaces ninqe with jane, ondoli losse ('snow-fblossom-white rocks', poetic adj.) with ninqui karkar ('white fangs'), nina 'moon' with isilme 'moonlight', silda- with ilka-, kalma 'lamp' with likuma 'candle', sanga- (,gather, throng'; the stem was not abandoned, cf. Sangahyando) with host a(,gather, assemble', which at the least is not incompatible with the earlier attested meaning of hosta 'to gather, count, reckon up'), telume with menel, and so on and so on. Here we know that each earlier word survives. The later replacement in the poem does not indicate that the earlier word was replaced in the language. When other words then are replaced, which do not reappear later, we ought to be careful of assuming that they have been excised from the language; and similarly too with grammatical constructions. I am stating the obvious, and for once 1 am sure everyone agrees with me - the problem is in deciding how far one should take this principle. Few people would wish to retain everything; few would argue that every word replaced in Oilima Markirya and other writings was necessarily abandoned altogether. But there is a very broad church in between!

sing tenderly'. The words torwa 'baked: dark (rich) brown' and. tarasse 'hawthorn' occur, so that the line Torwa pior ma tarasse has a rather different meaning from what we proposed. The word Iindorea means 'singing at dawn (esp. of birds)', while there is a verb minty- 'to remind', with impersonal sense 'it reminds me' = 'I remember', and related adjective mintya 'reminding', "memoryful". Thus the last lines of the poem, Ai lind6rea Lasselanta / Nierme mintya nare qanta, actually express how the singing of swallows in the Autumn dawn fills the memory of the poet. But here and elsewhere in the poem there still remain obscurities. Hopefully a fuller reexamation of the piece will be possible when the whole of the Qenya Lexicon, along with Tolkien's contemporary grammatical notes, has been published. - Ed.]

1P' A]g.MA lBlLlD AlLAMl8l1EmON No. 10 - Page 24

Thr Qumya Qasr ~ystrm in th[ Lat[f «[ritings of J.B.B. Tolki[n

by Patrick Wynne

Introduction To date, two different charts of Quenya noun declensions have been published, written some thirty years apart. The earliest

of these charts, the "Bodleian declensions" of c. 1936, was found among lR.R. Tolkien's manuscripts at the Bodleian Library in Oxford (Ms. Tolkien A26/2 fol. 95v), written on the back of a page from a late version of Beowulf and the Critics, the essay from which Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics was derived.} The Bodleian declensions were published in Vinyar Tengwar 28 (March 1993).

The second and later document is commonly referred to as the "Plotz declensions", after Richard Plotz, founder of the Tolkien Society of America, who on Nov. 1, 1966 visited Tolkien at his home in Oxford to interview him for Seventeen magazine. After the interview, Tolkien promised to send Plotz "the conjugation of a regular verb and the declension of a noun in Elvish."2 The verb conjugation never arrived, but between November 1966 and early 1967 Tolkien sent Plotz a chart of two Quenya noun declensions along with a page of explanatory notes. [See page 27 for a transcription of this document.] Plotz shared this information with other Quenya enthusiasts, and in 1974 both the declension chart and the notes appeared in Jim Allan's Tolkien Language Notes 2, a newsletter privately distributed among those working on An Introduction to Elvish. In 1989 Nancy Martsch received permission from the Tolkien Estate to publish the chart in the March issue of BeyondBree, and in July of that same year Jorge Quiii6nez received permission to publish both the chart and notes in Vinyar Tengwar 6.

While the Bodleian declensions were analyzed in some detail at the time of their first publication in VT 28,3 a similar indepth discussion of the Plotz declensions has, until now, been lacking. The following article will examine the Plotz chart and its notes, demonstrating how their contents are exemplified in contemporary Quenya material and in the process presenting a grammatical description of the basic structure and functions of the Quenya case system as it existed from c. 1937 onwards. (For the significance of this date, see below.)

This article is divided into two main parts. Part 1 is a discussion of the identity and arrangement of the cases and numbers on the Plotz chart, their morphology and etymology, as well as differences with earlier versions of the case system. The relationship between the spoken and written forms of Quenya is also explored in detail. Part 2 is an account of the grammatical functions and syntax of the individual cases based on their use in the post-1937 corpus, as well as a description of their use as derivational rather than inflectional suffixes.

For convenience, the Plotz declension chart and its notes will usually be referred to hereafter simply as the Chart and Notes.

Part I

The Plotz Declensions We should begin by clarifying where the Plotz declensions stand in relation to the Quenya corpus as a whole, for Tolkien

worked on Quenya over a 6O-year period during which the language was constantly altered and refined. In the earliest known Quenya poem, Narqelion, written 191>'16, the case endings familiar from The Lord of the Rings are largely absent, and most of the nouns appear to be in the nominative, i.e. uninflected, form.4 Fifteen years later, in the "Secret Vice" poems of 1931. at least nine cases are evident. The Bodleian declensions of 1936 present a Quenya case system very similar to that of the "Secret Vice" poems. and not unlike that of The Lord of the Rings and later writings. However. the Bodleian declensions and

1 The chart appears to have been composed at the same time as the late Beowulf and the Critics draft. Since Tolkien read Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics to the British Academy as the Sir Israel Gollancz Memorial Lecture on 25 Nov. 1936 (MC: 1). the chart must have been written sometime before then.

2 Cf. "J.R.R. Tolkien talks about the discovery of Middle-earth. the origins of Elvish". Seventeen. January 1967. p. 118. 3 Cf. "The Bodleian Declensions", by Patrick Wynne. Christopher Gilson, & Carl F. Hostetter. VT 28:8-34. . 4 Cf. "The Growth of Grammar in the Elven-tongues" by Christopher Gilson & Patrick Wynne, a mon~graph dehvered

Aug. 20. 1992 at the J.R.R. Tolkien Centenary Conference. Keble College. Oxford (publication forthcommg).

lPAl!WIA IElLlDAlLAMlBlBlRON No. 10- Page 25

Quenya Case System - Patrick Wynne

the "Secret Vice" poems still differ from the later material in several key respects, most notably in the form of the instrumental singular and allative case endings, as well as in the use of a nominative or "subjective" ending -no

When Tolkien wrote the Plotz declensions in 1966, he clearly intended them to be consistent with Quenya as it appears in The Lord of the Rings, and the declensions are also in accord with Tolkien's post-Lord of the Rings writings. In fact, the Plotz declensions seem to be in general agreement with Quenya texts going as far back as the story The Lost Road, written c. 1937 (cf. LR:8). There, for example, in the poem Ffrie['s Song (LR:72), the instrumental singular suffix -nen and the allative -nna(r) of the Plotz declensions appear for the first time, in contrast to the instrumental singular -in and allative -ndd.r) of the Bodleian chart of 1936, and the allative -nta of the "Secret Vice" poems (points that will be discussed in greater detail in the sections on the individual cases). Thus the Quenya corpus from 1937 onward will be the chief concern of this analysis, although reference will occasionally be made to earlier material when this sheds light on the later corpus.

Spoken and Written Quenya

According to the Notes, Quenya had two closely related but distinct forms: "Classical" or Book Quenya (BQ), the form used in writing; and "colloquial" or Spoken Quenya (SQ), the form used in daily speech.5 The Chart gives the declensions of Book Quenya, and the Notes present the main phonological and grammatical differences between Book and Spoken Quenya.The historical divergence of these two forms of Quenya is also discussed briefly, and this account can be further fleshed out by reference to Tolkien's other writings. Over the years Tolkien's accounts of the history of Quenya varied in detail, bnt here we need only consider the final version, as far as it can be pieced together from information in The Lord of the Rings and later texts.

Before the invention of writing, Quenya of course existed only as a spoken language. During the bliss of the Noontide of the Blessed Realm in the First Age, the Noldorin loremaster RUmil. of Tirion "first achieved fitting signs for the recording of speech and song" (S:63). Feanor was born at that time, and in his youth he improved on the Tengwar ('letters') of RUmil. and devised the Tengwar of Feanor, "which the Eldar used ever after" (S:64). Thus of all languages Quenya was "the first to be recorded in writing" (III:405), and it seems probable that the declensions of Book Quenya largely preserve the ancient language as it was spoken in Eldamar during the Noontide of the Blessed Realm, when writing was first invented. This archaic nature of Book Quenya is alluded to in the first paragraph of the Notes:

These are the forms of' Oassical' or Book Quenya. As far as Q. was known to Men - to the Nt1menorean scholars, and such of these as survived in Gondor in T.A. -these were the forms used in writing. Q. was never a "spoken language" among Men. Among the Elves, espec. those of Noldorin origin it was preserved as [a] 'second language' (in the T.A. in Rivendell and L6rien), preserved only in ancient books of lore descending from days of old.

While Book Quenya achieved a fixed form (to the extent it was learned from ancient books recording the ancient speech), Quenya as spoken by the Noldor continued to change. This was partly due to the linguistic inventiveness of the Noldor, who were "changeful in speech, for they had great love of words, and sought ever to find names more fit for all things that they knew or imagined" (S:59-60). But an equally important factor in this continuing change was the return of the Noldor to Middle-earth to wage war on Morgoth. A language tends to change least rapidly when its speakers live a peaceful, agricultural existence in isolation from other speech communities, and while the Noldor dwelt in Valinor the peace and isolation of that land acted to stabilize their language. But when the Noldor fled from the Blessed Realm, they entered into a period of upheaval conducive to linguistic change. The nomadic life of the Noldorin Exiles (according to the Lhammas their flight from Valinor lasted 100 years; LR: 176-7), followed by centuries of warfare in Beleriand and contact with other speech communities there, including Moriquendi, Men, Dwarves, and Orcs, all acted as destabilizing influences on their language6 How much change took place is only suggested in the second paragraph of the Notes [continued on page 28]:

5 The concept of distinct spoken and written forms of Quenya probably existed long before 1966. Such a distinction is implied in The Lhammas, written some 30 years earlier, in which two of the names for Quenya arc IaTquesta 'high-speech' andparmalambe" the book-tongue' (LR: 172).

6 These same causes of linguistic change in Elvish are mentioned in the Lhammas (contemporary with the Quenta Silmarillion of c. 1937), which notes that "the Elves love the making of words, and this has ever been the chief cause of the change and variety of their tongues." (LR: 168) It is also said there that "The daily tongue of the Noldor changed therefore much in Beleriand, for there was death and destruction, woe and confusion and mingling of peoples; and the speech of the Gnomes was influenced also much by that of the Ilkorins of Beleriand, and somewhat by tongues of the eldest Men, and a little even by the speech of Angband and of the Orcs." (LR: 177) It is important to note that in this passage from the Lhammas the "daily tongue" of the Noldor in Valinor was Kornoldorin (not Quenya), and the greatly changed Noldorin speech that developed from it in Middle-earth was (in external terms) the same language that would become Sindarin in The

1P' AlEWIA lBLDALAM18lBlRON No. 10 - Page 26

(a) N

A

G

I

(b) All

Loc

Abl

(c)

(a) [N]

[A]

[G] [I]

(b) [All]

[Lac]

[Abl]

(c)

ThE Plotz DEClrnsions

[Chart]

S PI. 1 2

cirya ciryar ciryali

cirys ciryai "

ciryo -aron -alion

ciryanen -ainen -alinen

ciryanna -annar -alinna(r) (ciryan) ( -ain) ( -alin)

ciryasse -assen -alisse(n) (ciryas) (-ais) ( -alis)

ciryallo -allon -alillo(n)

ciryava -aliva

lasse lassi lasseli

-e " as for

lasseo lassion kiryali ,

-enen -men

-enna -ennar (-en) (-in)

-esse -essen (-es) (-is)

-ello -ell on

-eva

[Notes]

Dual

ciryat

"

ciryato

ciryanten

ciryanta (ciryant)

ciryatse

ciryalto

lasset

as for

kiryat

These are the forms of 'Classical' or Book Quenya. As far as Q. was known to Men - to the Numenorean scholars, and such of these as survived in Gondor in T.A. - these were the forms used in writing. Q. was never a "spoken language" among Men. Among the Elves, espec. those of Noldorin origin it was preserved as a 'second language' (in the T.A. in Rivendell and L6rien), preserved only in ancient books of lore descending from days of old.

Quenya as a spoken language had changed to a certain extent among the Noldor before it ceased to be a birth tongue and was maintained only as [a] 'second language' learned in youth. In this "colloquial" form it continued to be spoken among Elves of Noldorin origin, but was preserved from further change since it was learned anew from writing by each generation.

The differences between SQ and BQ were these: all long vowels were reduced to short vowels finally and before final cons. in words of two or more syllables. Thus kirya acc. > kirya. (kiryo > kiryo) The diphthong oj was reduced to li > e > e. The difference between nom. and acc. was abandoned - it was adequately expressed by word order. So NA kirya pI. kiryar, kiryali.

[Chart and Notes © 1989 The Tolkien Trust]

lP ARMA IBlLDAlLAMBlBlRON No. 10 - Page 27


Quenya as a spoken language had changed to a certain extent among the Noldor before it ceased to be a birth tongue am was maintained only as [a] 'second language' learned in youth. In this "colloquial" form it continued to be spoken among Elves of Noldorin origin, but was preserved from further change since it was learned anew from writing by each generation.

As noted in this paragraph, Quenya eventually "ceased to be a birth tongue" among the Noldor. Spoken Quenya as a living language received its death-blow at the hands of Thin go I, who banned its use in his realm, c. Year of the Sun 70.7 From that point on the Exiles used Sindarin as their daily speech, and Quenya "was spoken only by the lords of the Noldor among themselves" (S: 129). Quenya continued as a birth tongue for some time after the ban; Unfinished Tales (pg. 55, note 26) says that "Quenya was in daily use in Turgon's house, and was the childhood speech of Earendil" (born Year of the Sun 504). But by the end of the First Age (c. Year of the Sun 600), save for Galadriel the lords of the Noldor were either slain or had returned to the West to dwell in Tol Eressea, and Quenya became a dead language. In 1972 Tolkien wrote in a letter to Richard Jeffery (L:425): "At the time of the L.R. ... Quenya had been a 'dead' [language] (sc. one not inherited in childhood, but learnt) for many centuries (act. about 6,000 years)." According to "The Tale of Years" in Appendix B of The Lord of the Rings, the interval between the end of the First Age and the beginning of LotR in Third Age 3001 was 6,442 years.

The Dual

The Chart gives Book Quenya paradigms for the nouns cirya 'ship' and lasse 'leaf'. There are four numbers: a singular, two plurals, and a dual marked by an element - t : sg. cirya, lasse ; dual ciryat, lasset. A dual inflection denotes two of something, and in the letter to Richard Jeffery cited above, Tolkien also gives an example of a Quenya dual, "ciriat 2 ships" (equivalent to dual ciryat on the Chart), to which he adds a footnote:

Original[ly] the Q. duals were (a) purely numerative (element ata) and pairs (element u as seen in Aldio/l); but they were normally in later Q. only usual with reference to natural pairs, and the choice of t or u [was] decided by euphony (e.g. u was preferredafteflUt in stem. (L:427)

The numerative element ata, appearing simply as -(a)t in the forms on the Chart, is probably related to atta 'two' (ibid). The resemblance to atta is even greater in the variant dual ending - tta in aJdatta *' the Two Trees' in the Two Trees Sentence of c.I937-41.8 The only other t-duals to appear in published material are nuiryat 'her two hands' and met 'us two', both in Namariif (R:67).

The element u might be related to yiiyo 'both' < YV- 'two, both' (LR:400). AldUya means *'(Day) of the Two Trees' (fourth day of the Eldarin week, III:388), apparently an adjective derived from *aJdU, dual of citb 'tree' (111:401).9 The final form of the Two Trees Sentence has akhru *' the Two Trees' , replacing earlier aJdatta (VT 27:23). This -ru is a combination of pI. -r and dual-u. (A dual ending -aru also appears on the Bodleian chart but was struck out.) Duals were sometimes formed by adding -u directly to a base rather than to a noun stem. Thus the "old dual" *lasu 'ears' was formed directly from LAS2- 'listen' + -u, rather than from *lasse 'ear' (LR:368). Dual veru 'husband and wife, married pair' was formed similarly from the base BES- 'wed' + -u, when derivation from either verno 'husband' or vesse 'wife' (LR:352) seems possible instead. (Cf. Adunaic uriyat' sun and moon', which is simply the dual of ure 'sun' with n'ilt5' moon' understood; SD:426, 428).

The Chart only lists t-dual forms for cirya and /osse. The absence of u-dual forms could be due to the rule of euphony, since "u was preferred after dlt in stem" and neither cirya nor lasse have stems with d or t as the last consonant. This rule is said to be a feature of "later" Quenya, in which the dual was "only usual with reference to natural pairs". Paired leaves (lasset) are common in nature; and if by "natural pairs" Tolkien simply meant "two things naturally associated with one another, whether man-made or organic", then such a pair of ships (ciryat) is not inconceivable. However, it is also possible that Book Quenya, being more archaic grammatically than Spoken Quenya, retained the early distinction between the t-dual 'two' and

Lord of the Rings. This is markedly different from the linguistic situation presented in The Silmarillion, where the daily tongue brought by the Noldor from Valinor was Quenya, which they then abandoned in favor of Sindarin, the native speech of the Grey-elves, which shared a distant common origin with Quenya but was not directly descended from it. For a further discussion of this point, see "Morgoth's Ring: A Linguistic Review - Part II" by Carl F. Hostetter & Patrick Wynne, VT 35: 8-10.

7 This and the other dates in this section are taken from Appendix A of Robert Foster's Complete Guide to Middle-earth. 8 Cf. "Trees of Silver and of Gold: a Guide to the Koivieneni Manuscript" by Patrick Wynne & Christopher Gilson in VT

27:22-23. 9 Aldudinie' Lament for the Two Trees' (S:314), "that Elemmire of the Vanyar made" (S:76), should also be mentioned

here, though this is probably a Vanyarin form, since Quenya only retained medial .<J- in the combinations -nd-, .f'd-, -Id(III:399). -dime may be the Vanyarin cognate of Q nainie" lament' (R:66).

lP'AlRMA J8lLlDAlLAM1B1l8lRON No. 10- Page 28


the u-dual 'a pair', in which case ciryat and lasset on the Chart are numerative: *'two ships' (in accord with ciriat '2 ships' cited above) and *'two leaves'. If so, the absence of u-dual forms on the Chart remains a mystery.

The Plurals

• The particular plural & general plural. The Chart lists two plurals, labelled "PI. 1" and "2". The PI. 1 forms are marked by ·r (sg. cirya, pI. ciryar) or ."j (sg. lasse, pI. lassi), and the Pl. 2 forms are formed with an element· Ii (sg. cirya, pI. ciryali).10 The distinction between these two plurals is given in a letter Tolkien wrote to Naomi Mitchison, dated 25 April 1954:

The Eldarin languages distinguish in forms and use between a 'partitive' or 'particular' plural, and the general or total plural. Thus yrch 'orcs, some orcs, des orques' occurs in vol. I pp. 359,402; the Orcs, as a race, or the whole of a group previously mentioned would have been orchoth. In Grey-elven the general plurals were very frequently made by adding to a name (or a place-name) some word meaning 'tribe, host. horde, people'. So Haradrim the Southrons: Q. rimbe. S. rim, host; Onod-rim the Ents. (L: 178)

Although Tolkien only cites examples from Sindarin, as an Eldarin language Quenya must also distinguish "in forms and use" between a particular plural and a general plural, which accounts for the presence of two kinds of plural on the Chart. Assuming that the the particular and general plurals perform essentially the same functions in Quenya as they do in Sindarin, then Pl. 1 must be the general or total plural, for one of the characteristic uses of the general plural in Sindarin is to form the names of races. e.g. orchoth 'the Orcs, as a race', and from c. 1937 onwards virtually all Quenya race-names, both in the narratives and in the Quenya texts themselves, are PI. 1 forms in -r and·j : Ainur. Va/ar, Ekbr, Noldor; Quendi, Atani, Avari. etc. 11

PI. 1 is also the "general" plural in the sense that in the post-1937 material it is the plural form most commonly used. In Namdrie, for example, there are twelve PI. 1 forms, two duals, and only one PI. 2 form in -Ii. In fact, in the entire post-I937 corpus only six or seven Pl. 2 forms occur. The predominance of the general plural is probably due in large part to its related function of indicating "the whole of a group previously mentioned." This must have given the general plural a wide range of application, since "the whole of a group" might consist of any number of people or objects, even as few as two, e.g. Cormacolindor 'The Ring-bearers', Frodo and Samwise (III:231). The general plural's anaphoric12 sense of "a group previously mentionelf' seems to indicate that it could perform a function similar to that of the definite article in English; e.g. I saw some birds (an indefinite number of birds), and the birds (the whole group of birds just mentioned) were red-breasted. This may partially explain why the definite article is used less frequently in Quenya than in English.

This leaves Pl. 2 as the particular or partitive plural by default. The etymological origin of the ending ·1 i further supports this conclusion, since according to the Etymologies "-Ii pI. suffix" is a derivative of the base LI- 'many' (LR:369), with which compare the literal translation ofJalmalinnar as 'foaming waves-many-upon' in the "prose" version of Namtirie (R:67). Thus the particular plural in -Ii denotes 'some' or 'many' of something, but not 'all' or 'the whole' of something. For example, in Treebeard's description of L6rien as lindelorendor malinornelion *'music-dream-Iand of mallom-trees' (11:70, L:308-9), the use of the genitive particular plural malinornelion may have been motivated by the fact that L6rien was the land 'of many (but not all) mallom-trees', for malinorni also grew in Tol Eressea, and in earlier ages had also grown in Ntimenor and Gondolin (UT:56, 167). However, it must be admitted that the rules determining the use of the general plural versus the particular plural are not al ways readily apparent from the published texts, and a comprehensive exploration of this matter cannot be made here. 13

10 Pl. 1 -i and PI. 2 -Ii were shortened in Spoken Quenya to -i, -Ii. For further discussion of the shortening of final vowels, see below under "Differences Between Spoken Quenya and Book Quenya".

11 This means that while both Sindarin and Quenya had particular and general plurals, the plural morphemes used to express them were applied differently in each language. In Sindarin, the particular plural is formed by vowel affection, caused by an original plural marker -i, which was later lost. Thus the Sindarin particular plural yrch 'orcs' is etymologically equivalent to Q Orqui, but the Quenya form is a general plural, not a particular plural.

12 The following definition of anaphora appears in The Cambridge EncyclopediaoJlAnguage by David Crystal, p. 415: "A feature of grammatical structure referring back to something already expressed; the pronoun in When Mary saw John, she waved is 'anaphoric' ."

13 The identification of -Ii as the particular plural is not without its difficulties. The entry for TELES- 'elf, sea-elf, third tribe of the Eldar' in the Etymologies gives the following forms: "Q Teler, pI. Teleri ; Telerin Telerian; general pI. Telelli, Telellie 'Teler-folk'." Here Telelli and Telellie are specifically identified as general plurals. Telellie 'Teler-folk' is clearly a general plural compound made in the Grey-elven manner by adding a noun meaning 'people' to another noun: Teler + lie 'people' (LR:369) > Telellie. The general plural Telelli might be similarly analyzed as consisting of Teler + pI. -Ii, and

JPl.A.RMA lBlLDAlLAMl8lB~ON No. 10 - Page 29


Plural forms in -Ii occur with much greater frequency in the pre-1937 material. In the 1931 "Secret Vice" poems, for example, all the plurals are formed with -Ii or -i, plurals in -r being entirely absent. In comparing the 1931 version of Oilima Markirya (OM2) with the much later version of that poem written in the last decade of Tolkien's life (OM3), we find that plurals in -li in OM2 are often replaced by plurals in -r in OM3, e.g. rcimaJi 'wings' > ramar, ondoli 'rocks' > ondor, etc. Also, Noldoli is the usual Quenya name for the Gnomes in the narratives from the Lost Tales until the early 1930s, when it is fmally replaced by Noldor, which first occurs in the second version of the Annals of Vatinor, c. 1930-1937 (LR: 121). The evidence as a whole suggests that in these earlier texts the application of the various plural endings was different than in the later, and the concept of a distinction between particular and general plurals may not yet have existed.

• The application of general plural- i and -r. As noted above, the general plural has two markers, -r (cUyar) and -i (lassi) , and the variation between -r and -i in the nominative and genitive is the main difference between the two declensions. The Chart shows the most frequent application of these endings, i.e. nouns ending in -a usually take pI. -r and those ending in -e take pI. -i. However, there are several exceptions to this in the post-I937 writings, e.g. noa, pI. n6wi 'conception' (LR:378); malle, pI. maller 'road' (SD:31O); pI. tyeller 'grades', presumably *tyelle in the singular (III:397); and ldmatyave'individual pleasure in wordforms', pI. ltimatyaver (MR:471). The reasons underlying such variation, whether historic or purely aesthetic, are at present unclear, although one example seems motivated by the desire to avoid homophony - quende '(Elvish) woman' has the pI. quender (MR:229), perhaps because pI. **quendi '(Elvish) women' would risk confusion with Quendi 'Elves' as a race (S:346). 14

With some nouns both endings were used. RUmiI notes in The Book of Lost Tales (LTI :58): " ... these are they whom we now call the VaJar (or the Vali, it matters not)." The Etymologies s.v. BAL- also gives both VaJar and Vali as plurals of Vala, noting that pI. Vali is the first element in Valinar 'land of the Valar' (LR:350). Valimar 'dwelling of the Valar' also begins with this -i plural form, and both Valinor and Valimar with prefixed pI. Vali- occur beside pI. VaJar in The Lord of the Rings and later writings.

• The historical relationship of -i and -r. Of the two general plural endings, -i may be the more ancient. No Primitive Quendian plurals in -r occur in the published material, but there are several examples of PQ plurals in -i e.g. primitive Elvish *eLen 'star', pI. *eleni (cited in Tolkien's 1958 letter to Rhona Beare, L:281). The Etymologies gives PQ *Ixilii 'Power, God', pI. *bal-i *'Gods', with the plural "formed direct from stem" BAL- (LR:350). In The Notion Club Papers of 1946, Lowdham notes that Q orne 'tree' is from "Primitive Western" (i.e. primitive Eldarin) orne, pI. orne;. The diphthong ei became i in later Quenya (e.g. *neiti- > nite 'moist, dewy', LR:376), so primitive ornei must have become *omi in BQ, which in turn became omi with the shortening of long final vowels in Spoken Quenya (cf. malinorni *'mallorn-trees', lIT: 167-68). The development of pI. lassi on the Chart probably followed the same pattern: *lasse 'leaf' (LR:367) > pI. *lassei > BQ lassi, SQ lass;.

Further evidence of the greater antiquity of pI. -i appears in The Drowning of Anadflne (1946). which says of the Elves: 'TheHedai they were named in their own tongue of old" (SD:358). Sketch III of The Drowning of Anadflne also mentions "Ekhr (*EletJiii)" as the name of the Elves (SD:401). In these texts it seems clear that Eledfii or * EIedili is the ancient plural of Primitive Elvish elaJii 'an Hf, whence laterQ F1da (L:281); and it follows that the plural form in -r. EJihr, must have been a later development. 1 5

The etymological derivation of pI. -i and -r is uncertain. Some connection with the demonstrative bases 1- 'that (deictic particle)' andS- in the Etymologies is possible. given the anaphoric sense of the general plural. On the early "World Ship"

this has previously led to the assumption that PI. 2 on the Chart must be the general plural. as proposed in "The Bodleian Declensions" (VT 28:9 n.2). However, another interpretation is possible: the form TeleUi mi~ht also be the PI. 1 form of a noun Telellii. This word does in fact appear in the Lost Tales material. According to QL. both Teler and Telellii mean 'little elf, and the plural Telelli was applied to "young Elves of all clans who dwelt in Kor to perf eel their arts of singing and poetry" (LT1:267). Elsewhere in QL the term Telellin appears to be used instead of Telerin for the dialect of the Teleri. who in the Lost Tales were equivalent to the later Vanyar (ibid). Thus the names Teler. pI. Teleri. and Telel/if. pI. Telelli from the Lost Tales appear to have survived in the Etymologies, though given new meanings and applications.

14 Such plurals in -er also occur in the early material, e.g. Narqelion (1915-16) gives the plurals of lasse 'leaf and raISe 'pipe' (LT2:347) as /asser and raISer.

15 Indirect evidence for the predominance of pI. *-i in Primitive Quendian is provided by Adunaic. In Lowdham's Report, Tolkien notes that ancient Adunaic was partly derived from "primeval Nimrian [primitive Quendian] ... in a later stage, but still older than the Avallonian [Quenya]" (SD:414). In Adunaic, number is marked by elements clearly derived from Hvish. The Adunaic dual suffix -at must be cognate with the Elvish dual element ata, and the Adunaic plural is always marked by 1 « original YI), cognate with PQ pI. *-1. That Adunaic derived pI. 1 « YI) from 'Late Primitive Quendian' rather than -r seems to indicate that -i was the dominant plural marker in the latter language.

lPAl!WlA IBlLDAlLAM1818R.ON No. 10- Page 30


map associated with the Lost Tales (LT 1:84-85), two Quenya forms appear with a plural ending -s : i aldas 'The Trees' and 1 oros valinoriva 'the Mountains of Valinor'. A primitive pI. *-s could result in -r via rhotacism; in the Etymologies, rhotacism of original final -s > -roccurs regularly in Quenya, e.g. *solos > Q solor 'surf, 6LOS- > Q alar 'dream' (LR:387, 379).

Quenyaimpersonal16 verbs also form their plurals in -r, e.g. lassilantar 'leaves fall' (R:66). This verbal pI. -r might be related to pI. -r in nouns. In Quenya the substantive and verbal derivatives of a base are often identical, e.g. lanJa 'a fall' and lanIa- 'to fall', erka 'prickle, spine' and erka- 'to prick', and talta 'an incline' and talta- 'to slope' (LR:354, 356, 390). This may have led to the analogical spread of pI. -r from verbs to nouns, with plural nouns such as lanJar 'the falls' being modelled after plural verbs such as lanJar 'they fall'.

The Syntactic Cases - Subgroup (a)

The two declensions on the Chart are each arranged into ten rows, and in the first declension (cirya) seven of the rows are labelled with case names. The rows of each declension are divided into three subgroups marked (a), (b), and (c). These subgroups are based on the functions of the cases, and there is also a correspondence between the subgroups and structural order of stem, case ending, and plural markers.

The four cases in subgroup (a) are are labelled N, A, G, 1, that is the nominative, accusative, genitive, and instrumental. In general terms, these cases indicate the basic syntactic elements of a sentence: subject, object, and instrument. The nominative indicates the subject: Sauronlende 'SauroD came' (LR:56). The accusative indicates the direct object of a transitive verb: numeheruvi arda sakkante *'the Lords of the West rent the Earth' (SD:246). The instrumental expresses the means by which, or the manner in which, a verbal action is performed: turun' ambartanen 'by doom mastered' (UT: 138). The function of the genitive is less easy to express succinctly. Besides its possessive sense, as in Vardo tellumar 'vaults of Vania' (1:394), the genitive can indicate the logical subject or object of a verbal noun. For example, in vanimalion nostari 'begetters of fair ones', the genitive pI. of vanima 'beautiful' indicates the object of the verbal action nosta 'beget' (Ill:259, SD:73 n.16). The full range of functions for each of these cases is detailed in the Part ll.

The Nominative and Accusative

In Book Quenya, the nominative and accusative singular are distinguished by the length of the final vowel, which is short in the nominative (cirya, lasse) and long in the accusative (cirya, lasse).17 The mechanism underlying this variation is uncertain. The long vowel in the accusative might result from the assimilation of a primitive accusative suffix, either consonantal or vocalic, comparable to the development of a < *If: in mOra 'good' < *magrii (LR:371), or 0 < *w in gen. ciryo < *cirya-o (see below under "The Genitive"). On the other hand, the variation in vowel length between the nominative and accusative might be a quantitative gradation, independent of any suffixion, that is employed grammatically. A similar variation in vowel length seems to occur in a number of monosyllabic nouns ending in a consonant, given in the Etymologies. These nouns have a long vowel in the nom. sg. and a short vowel in the inflectional stem, e.g. klir (kas-) 'head', nen (nen- ) 'water', and tal gen. sg. talen 'foot' (LR:362, 376, 390). Whatever its grammatical use (if any), quantitative variation in nouns of this type had its origin in the primitive language, for the Etymologies also gives PQ *miiJ (maJ-) 'hand', whenceQ mii (LR:371).18

There are also examples of primitive dissyllabic nouns ending in a long vowel that occur in early compounds with this final vowel shortened. For example, *lasse 'leaf' appears with a short final vowel in *lassekwelene *'leaf-fading' (> N lhasbelin 'autumn', LR:367), and *tuile 'spring-time' appears with a short final vowel in *tuilelindO 'spring-singer' (> Q tuilindo 'swallow', LR:395). In *lassekwelene *'leaf-fading' the first element *lasse- serves as the de Jacto subject of the verbal stem *kwel- 'fade', as also in the Quenya compound lasselanta 'leaf-fall'. Eventually Subject + Verb (+ Object)

16 Impersonal in the sense that no pronominal suffix is present; e.g. the verb mila 'love' is impersonal, in contrast to meltine 'I love', which has a personal pronoun suffix -ne 'I' (LR:61).

17 Tolkien indicates long vowels on the Chart in two different ways: with a macron (as in cirya, ciryali) or with an acute accent (as in ciryal{nen). This variation is not haphazard but based on stress patterns. Words in which a long vowel falls in a syllable receiving the main stress are marked with an acute accent: ciryalinen, ciryal(va, lass(nen. Words in which a long vowel falls in an unstressed syllable (or syllable receiving only a light secondary stress) are marked with a macron: ciryii, ciryo, ciryali; lasse, lass!, lassen.

1 8 Variation of vowel length is also employed in the conjugation of certain Quenya verbs. The verbal base TUL- 'come' , for example, appears with a short vowel in tulin 'I come' (LR:395) and future entuluva 'shall come again' (S: 195), but with a long vowel in pa.t. lUle 'came' (SD:246) and perfect utulien 'I am come' (1lI:24~).

lPAlRMA lBJL.DAJL.AM18ElRON No. 10- Page 31


became the normal word order in a simple Quenya sentence, and perhaps it was the tendency of compounds such as lasselanta 'leaf-fall' to resemble simple sentences-Iasse lanta 'the leaf falls' -that led to the generalization in Book Quenya of shortvowel forms like cirya, lasse as a specifically nominative case, leaving the long-vowel forms as accusative by default.

In PI. 1 (the general plural), the nominative and accusative are not distinguished by vowel length. Instead, in the declension of cirya the nominative of PI. 1 is marked by ~ (cUyar), while the accusative is marked by -i (ciryai). In the declension of lasse, however, the nominati ve and accusati ve of PI. 1 are identical (lassi), and this is also true of the PI. 2 and dual forms in both declensions, e.g. no~.lacc. PI. 2 ciryali, nom.lacc. dual ciryat. Thus the morphological distinction between nominative and accusative in Book Quenya was incomplete, and in Spoken Quenya the distinction was lost entirely (see below under "Differences Between Spoken Quenya and Book Quenya").

• The subjective and normal cases. The distinction between subject and object is handled differently in the "Secret Vice" poems (1931) and the Bodleian declensions (1936). In brief, in these earlier texts there is a nominative or "subjective" case marked by -n in the singular and by -in or -lin in the plural: e.g. Yean falastanero 'The sea was loud with surf' (MC:220), I oromandin eller tande 'The wood-spirits came thither' (MC:215-16), ondolin ninqaneron 'the rocks lay white' (MC:220). The use of this case as the subject was not mandatory, and the unsuffixed or "normal" form of the noun, with short final vowel, could serve as either subject or object. For example, Idrya is the subject in kirya kalliire 'the ship shone' (ibid.) and the object in Man kiluva kirya ninqe 'Who shall see a white ship' (MC:213). For a detailed discussion of this matter, cf. "The Bodleian Declensions" in VT 28, pp. 13-18.

The Genitive

The genitive singular on the Chart is marked by - 0, which is short in gen. lasseo but long in gen. ciryo. The long vowel in the latter form is probably due to assimilation of the final vowel of the noun stem with the genitive marker: *cirya-o > ciryo. Genitive -0 is also used in dual ciryato, and in Pl. 1 and 2 the genitive takes the form -on, with the addition of a plural suffix - n : ciryaron, ciryalion.

The genitive marker -0 perhaps originated from the base wO- 'together', whence the prefix 6- 'together' as in olassie 'collection of leaves, foliage' < lasse 'leaf' (L:282).19 The original meaning of the genitive may thus have been 'together with', and from this the various later senses developed, for example the possessive Vardo tellumar 'the vaults of Varda' (1:394), i.e. *'the vaults with Varda'; and attributive lindeiorendormalinornelion 'a land of music and dreams; there are yellow trees there' (11:70, L:309), i.e. *'music-dream-Iand with yellow trees'. A similar logic seems to underlie the use of N III 'with, by' as a genitive sign (cf. LR:374 S.v. NAl_), as in Dor-na-Thuin 'Land of Pines' (LR:392 s.v. THON-), i.e. the *'Land with Pines'.

However, additional [actors were involved in the historical development of the Quenya genitive. According to the Etymologies, the base 30- 'from, away, from among, out of "is found in the old partitive in Q -on (30 + plural m)."20 This "old partitive" pI. -on is identical to the genitive pl.-on, and it seems likely that the old partitive merged with the genitive at an early period. This may have occurred before Book Quenya was first committed to writing, for there is no separate partitive case given on the Chart. The later genitive case still retained the old partitive function, as in Aiya Eiirendil Elenion Ancalima 'hail Earendil brightest of Stars' (L:385), meaning that Earendil is the brightest from among all the stars there ere.

Tolkien does not mention the existence of an old partitive singular suffix equivalent to pI. -on. However, old partitive -on does appear to have had a cognate singular suffix -0 with an ablative sense 'away from'. Like its plural counterpart, this "old ablative" -0 must have merged with the homophonous genitive -0, and this would account for the ablative sense of gen. Oiolosseo in Oiolosse·ovefanyarmdryatElentdriortane'the Queen of the Stars, from Mount Everwhite has uplifted her hands like clouds' (1:394).

In the Etymologies, The Lost Road, The Notion Club Papers, and early drafts of The Lord of the Rings (c. 1937-46) the genitive sg. is usually marked by the suffix -{e)n instead of -0 ; see below under "The Dative".

19 The conjunction 0 'and' in 0 sauron rule nukumna 'and [Sauron] came humbled' (SD:246) must also be a derivative of wO- 'together' .

20 Original *m became n in Quenya in word-final position, e.g. T ALAM > talon 'floor, ground' (LR:390), but it was preserved medially, as in lalami, pI. of talon. The pI. -n in old partitive -on is probably the same morpheme as in genitive pI. -on, locative pI. -ssen, and ablative pI. -lion.

]PARMA lELIDALA~JBRON NO.I0-Page32


The Instrumental

The instrumental case on the Chart is marked by -nen, as in sg. ciryanen, lassenen. The plural forms also end in -nen, with plurality indicated by - i- placed between the noun stem and the case ending: cirya-i-nen. The instrumental plural of lasse was probably *lasse-i-nen originally, becoming lassinen with the shift of *ei > I.

The derivation of instrumental -nen is far from obvious. There are however two suffixes with which it might be related. The dividing line between an instrumental phrase and a locative phrase is often blurry, and in English a preposition can simultaneously have both an instrumental and a locative sense. For example, in Bilbo rode to Rivendell on a pony, the phrase on a pony not only describes the means by which Bilbo rode, but also his physical location during the journey. It is not surprising then that Tolkien often translates the Quenya instrumental as 'on' or 'in', e.g. rdmainen 'on wings' (OM3) and surinen 'in the wind' (1:394). The latter form in Namdrii! shows the same ambiguity as the English example just cited; in laurii!lantar lassiswinen 'like gold fall the leaves in the wind', the wind is both the means by which the leaves are made to fall, as well as the phySical location of the leaves as they fall. Sometimes the locative case -sse also exhibits a blending of instrumental and locative senses. For example, in ninqeruvisse lutier ... Earendil 'upon a white horse sailed Earendel' from the 1931 poem Earendel (MC:216), Earendel's ship or "white horse" was the pm where he stood as he sailed, but it also was the means by which he sailed. It's no wonder then that Tolkien aficionados attempting to write new works in Quenya often seem at a loss whether to use the locative or instrumental.

Given this connection between instrumental and locative senses, there is some justification for proposing a connection between instrumental -nen and the locative suffix one seen in nuruhuine mine lumna 'death-shadow on-us is-heavy' (SD:31O), a phrase dating from 1946 (cf. me 'us' in LR:56; the reason for its lengthened vowel in mene is unclear). The same suffix appears in simone 'here' in an early version of Aragom's coronation oath (SD:56),later replaced by sinome 'in this place' . In both examples, -ne 'in, on' appears to be an enclitic postposition rather than a true case ending; at any rate no such inflection appears in either the Bodleian or Plotz declensions.21 If -ne and -nen are related morphemes, the variation in the presence of final -n tnay be analogous to that found in other paired forms in the Etymologies, e.g. ro, ron 'but, on the contrary, on the other hand' (LR:375) andsi, sin 'now' (LR: 385).

The ending -ne may also be related to the ending -me seen in leneme 'with leave, by leave' in Lowdham's Quenya fragments of 1946 (SD:247, 310). This apparently contains a noun *lene 'leave, permission', though this is not recorded elsewhere and its etymology is obscure. The ending -me, like -ne, appears to be an enclitic postposition, with an instrumental orcomitative22 sense. It is clearly cognate with the Adunaic postposition ma, as in siiibeth-mii 'with assent', the Adunaic equivalent of Q leneme in Lowdham's fragments (SD:247). In the earlier conception of the Adunaic case system described by Christopher Tolkien in SD:438-9, -rna was the instrumental case ending, and this is said to have been "in origin an agglutinated post-position meaning 'with', and expressing an instrumental or comitative relation." The same suffix may appear in sinome 'in this place', which as mentioned above replaced earlier simane 'here' in Aragom's coronation oath. In fact, the suffix -ne might be in origin a dissimilated form of -me, with *meme > mene and *sfmame > simone in order to avoid the clumsy repetition of m. It is also possible that -me might be related to men 'place, spot' (LR:36), with the pair -me, men exhibiting the same variation noted above in -ne, -nen ; Iii, ron; and sf, sin.

• The early instrumental morpheme -in. The instrumental morpheme -nen apparently did not exist before 1937. In the 1936 Bodleian declensions the instrumental singular is -in, as in kiryain. The plural of instrumental sg. kiryain on the Bodleian chart is kiryainen, in which the ending -inen must consist of the instrumental marker -in plus a plural suffix -en, probably a form of the plural -n seen in other cases: -on, -ssen, -lion. Thus while instrumental pi. ciryainen on the Plotz chart appears phonetically identical with instrumental pI. kiryainen on the Bodleian chart, the underlying structures of the two forms are quite different - Plotz ciryainen consists of cirya + pi. -i- + instrumental -nen, whereas Bodleian kiryainen consists of kirya + instrumental -in + pi. -en. For a more detailed discussion, cf. "The Bodleian Declensions" in VT 28, pp. 22-23.

The instrumental singular -in apparently fell from favor soon after the writing of the Bodleian declensions, for the first occurrence of the instrumental singular -nen is in the poem Firiel's Song, in the story The Lost Road of 1937-1lqainen an1aT

annarlestanen Illivatdren 'To all they gave in measure the gifts of lluvatar' (LR:72)-and -nen was the singular form used exclusively thereafter.

21 This agglutinative tendency was characteristic of Quenya, in which there are numerous examples of independent grammatical particles also being added as prefixes. Thus the article i is separate in ifalmalinnar 'on the foaming waves' (1:394) but prefixed in ikilyanna 'into chasm' (SD:247). Similarly, the preposition nu 'under' is separate in nufanyare rnkina 'under ruined skies' (OM3) but prefixed in nuhuinenna 'under shadow' (SD:246).

22 A comitative case or inflection indicates 'with', as She was walking with her dog.

]PARMA 18LlDALAMBlBRON No.10-Page33


Differences Between Spoken Quenya and Book Quenya

• Loss of the nominative-accusative distinction. In the final paragraph of the Notes, Tolkien succinctly lists the differences between the colloquial and Classical forms of Quenya:

The differences between SQ and BQ were these: all long vowels were reduced to short vowels finally and before final cons. in words of two or more syllables. Thus kiryii acc. > kirya. (kiryo > kiryo) The diphthong ai was reduced to Ii > e > e. The difference between nom. and acc. was abandoned-it was adequately expressed by word order. So NA Idrya pI. kiryar, kiryali.

It has been noted earlier (see ''The Nominative and Accusative") that in Book Quenya the morphological distinction between nominative and accusative was incomplete, the two forms being identical in the dual (nom.lacc. ciryat, /asset), PI. 2 (nom./acc. ciryaJi, lasseli), and PI. 1 in -i (nom.lacc. lassi). In the BQ singular the distinction was indicated by vowel length - nom. cirya, lasse, acc. ciryii, lasse - but when "all long vowels were reduced to short vowels finally" in Spoken Quenya, this distinction was lost in the singular as well: acc. ciryii, lasse> nom.lacc cirya, losse.

In Book Quenya the Pl. 1 accusative ending of a-stem nouns was -ai : nom. ciryar, acc. ciryai. The Notes state that "The diphthong ai was reduced to Ii > e> e." This reduction must only have affected final -ai in words of two or more syllables, since Spoken Quenya retained ai in monosyllables (nai 'be it that'), in final syllables followed by a consonant (eldain 'for Elves', LR:72), and in nonfinal syllables (rdmainen 'on wings', MC:222). With the change of final -ai > -e the PI. 1 accusative ending of a-stem nouns became -e : nom. ciryar, acc. *cirye.23 This last vestige of a separate accusative was eventuaUy discarded, and the accusative became an obsolete case in Spoken Quenya.

• Shortening of long vowels before final consonants. The Notes also say that long vowels became short "before final cons[onants] in words of two or more syllables," but this does not apply to any form in the Chart. If this statement concerns Quenya in general rather than the Chart in particular, then it may mean that words like Anar 'the Sun' , from primiti ve stem *an:ir- (LR:348), still had a long vowel in the Book Quenya nominative or accusative, so that BQ * Anar > SQ Anar. There are a few seeming exceptions to the rule: palant{r 'far-seer, seeing-stone' (III:439) and Erusen 'the Children of God' (R:74). These could be archaic or "bookish" words. The formpalantir 'a far-seeing stone', with a short vowel in accordance with the Notes, appears in the Etymologies s.v. PAL-, as well as in the personal name Tar-Palantir 'He who looks afar', twenty-third king of N6menor (S:350); and senya *'dearchild' (*sen 'child' + hypocoristic suffix -ya) with a short vowel appears in The Disaster of the Gladden Fields (UT:274). Alternatively, the long vowels in paJantfr and Erusen might be analogical, modelled after the regularly preserved long vowels in the Pl. 1 forms paJantiri (UT:403) and Eruseni (MR:423 n.l).

• Shortening or loss offinal vowels. Tolkien further discusses the shortening of final vowels in Quenya in his notes on Namdriihn The Road Goes Ever On. There he writes that while final vowels in Quenya were normally short, "they had nearly all formerly been long vowels (or they would have disappeared)." There is an abundance of these earlier forms with long final vowels in the Etymologies: *akrii, *lasse, *bal-i, *adnO, *bedU, etc. Tolkien's comment points out two processes that occurred to final vowels during the transition from early Quenya to later Quenya: (1) long final vowels were shortened, and (2) short final vowels disappeared. The process of shortening long vowels was not complete when Book Quenya became fixed in writing, for although most of the final vowels on the Chart are already short, vowel length was retained in the accusative singular (ciryii, lasse), PI. 1 -i, PI. 2 -Ii, and genitive ciryo. It was only in the later transition to Spoken Quenya that "all long vowels were reduced to short vowels finally". 24 On the other hand, since the numerous final short vowels on the Chart were not subsequently lost in Spoken Quenya, the disappearance of final short vowels must have already taken place by the time of Book Quenya.25

• Word order. According to the Notes, with the abandonment of distinct nominative and accusative forms in Spoken Quenya the difference between subject and object "was adequately expressed by word order." Most languages allow for several orders in which the subject, verb, and object of a transitive sentence can be placed, with one of these orders being dominant. Determining the dominant word order in Quenya is problematic in that most Quenya sentences available to us occur in poetry, in which normal word order has been modified for metrical purposes. As Tolkien notes of Namarii/, "the word-order .. , is 'poetic,' and it makes concessions to metre" (R:58). However, Tolkien also provides a "prose" version of Namtirie in The

23 The change of final -ai > -e may also be observed in the formation of plural adjectives, e.g. morna 'dark' (L:382), pI. morne (MC:222) < *mornai.

24 Nouns retaining a long final vowel are extremely rare and probably insignificant: olassie 'collection of leaves, foliage' (L:282) and Martan(o) 'Earthbuilder' (LR:372). The adj. narwii 'fiery red' also occurs (LR:374).

25 Loss offinal short vowels was not universal. Original short *-u and *-i were often retained, although lowered to -0 and -e. Thus *ranku> Q ranko 'arm' (LR:382) and *karani > Q kame 'red' (LR:362).

lP AR.MA 18]('DA]('AMlBlB~ON No. 10 - Page 34


Road Goes Ever On arranged "in a clearer and more normal style", and it is evident from this version that the normal word order in a declarative sentence was Subject -Verb-Object (SV 0):

• Elen-tiui ortane ma-rya-t *' EJentan uplifted her hands' • lumbule undu-lave ilye tier *'heavy shadow drowned all paths' • hisie· un-tUpa Calaciryo miri 'mist covers the jewels of Calacirya'

SVO is the most common word order among the world's languages. It is the norm in almost all European languages, including the Romance, Germanic, and Slavic languages, Modem Greek, and (not surprisingly) Finnish.

In prose sentences appearing in The Lost Road (1937) and The Notion Club Papers (1946), the order Subject-abject-Verb (SOV) predominates:

• inye tye-mela 'I love thee' (LR:61) • tarkalionohtawe *'Tarkalionmade war' (SD:frontispiece) • mimeheruvi ardasakkante *'the Lords of the West rent the Earth' (ibid.)

In other versions of the phrase tarkalion ohta we the object and verb are joined together as ohtakire, and there are also several variant versions of numeheruviardasakkante which differ in vocabulary but maintain the order SOY (cf. LR:47, 56; SD:31O). Among the world's languages SOY is a common word order, though it is less frequent than SVO. SOY languages include Basque, Hungarian, Hindi, Turkish, Armenian, Persian, Korean, and Japanese. The predominance of SOY sentences in The Lost Road and The Notion Club Papers may mean that the later preference for SVO in the prose Namdrii! represents a change in the conception of Quenya syntax. There are, however, Quenya prose sentences with the order SVO written before The Lord of the Rings, notably the Two Trees Sentence of c. 1937-41 (Valarempannenaldaru *'The Gods planted the Two Trees', VT 27:27), and earlier still the sentence of "Arctic" in The Father Christmas Letters (Mara mesta an ni vela tye ento 'Goodbye till I see you next').26 The three examples of SOY sentences cited above all occur in texts associated with Nt1menor, but SOY word order in Quenya cannot be easily explained away as a mere peculiarity of Nllinen6rean usage, since there seems to be no plausible reason why the Numen6reans would have thus altered the normal syntax of the language. In fact, the native tongue of the Nt1men6reans, Adunaic, was itself SVO, which is a major counterargument to an explanation of the SOY sentences as dialectal.

• The Spoken Quenya corpus. At present, the Chart and Notes are our sole source of examples of Book Quenya; no actual sentences in the Classical tongue, let alone texts, have come to light. Thus all Quenya texts from 1937 onward are in Spoken Quenya, in that they all share two salient characteristics of the colloquial language: (1) final vowels are short in nouns of two or more syllables, and (2) there is no distinct accusative case.

There are no notes accompanying the Bodleian chart of 1936 to explain whether it presents wri tten or spoken Quenya. If it is Book Quenya, then it differs from the Plotz chart in that all final vowels on the Bodleian chart are short, e.g. Plotz cirya, ciryo, cirya!i = Bodleian kirya, kiryo, kiryali. On the other hand, the Bodleian declensions do possess distinct subject and object cases, a characteristic oflater Book Quenya, and the Bodleian "subjective" and "normal" plural forms kiryar, kiryai are identical to the Plotz nominative and accusative plurals ciryar, ciryai, although the equivalent singular forms are different on the two charts, Bodleian subj. kiryan, norm. kirya in contrast to Plotz nom. cirya, acc. cirya.

In the earliest Quenya poem Narqelion (1915-16), there are several forms ending in -ai, e.g. malinai *'golden' and rimeai * 'abundant' , which resemble Book Quenya accusative plurals in -ai (as in ciryai) on the Plotz chart. However, these appear to be plural adjectives rather than nouns, and it is clear from unpublished material in the Lost Tales manuscripts at the Bodleian that at that time -ai was simply a plural adjectival ending. For example, on a list giving the heraldic emblems of the houses of the Gondothlim in both Quenya and Goldogrin (Tolkien mss. SI (xii), fol. 12v), the emblem of the house of Glorfindel is Loter Kuluinai, clearly *'Golden Flowers' -cf. LT2: 173: "the house of the Golden Flower who bare a rayed sun upon their shield, and their chief Glorfmdel. "27 The pattern of a plural noun in ~ modified by a plural adjective in -ai also appears in Narqelion, e.g. sangarumeai *'abundant throngs'.

• Additional changes in the pronunciation of Spoken Quenya. The Notes only enumerate some of the phonetic changes that took place in the development of Spoken Quenya from Book Quenya, concentrating on those that led to the loss of a distinct accusative case. Besides those mentioned in the Notes, further minor but noteworthy innovations in Spoken Quenya

26 No date is provided for the Arctic sentence in The Father Christmas Letters, but the original letter in which it appears, now in the Bodleian (Mss. Tolkien Drawings 83, fol. 15r), is dated Nov. 1929.

27 Most of the emblems given as singular in the text of The Fall ofGondolin-Harp, Pillar, Swallow, etc.-appear on this list as plural Quenya forms. QL gives lote 'flower (LTl:259); kuluina 'golden' appears in Parma Kuluina the 'Golden Book' on the title page of the 1930 QentaNoldorinwa (SM:78).

lP MWrA 18LDALAM1818RON No. 10 - Page 35


pronunciation are revealed by changes made in the names of the Tengwar. As described in Appendix E (111:400-01), each letter of the Tengwar had a "full name" which was "an actual word in Quenya that contained the letter in question. Where possible it was the first sound of the word; but where the sound or the combination expressed did not occur initially it followed immediately after an initial vowel." Some of these full names had to be modified or completely replaced to reflect "certain changes that affected Quenya as spoken by the Exiles." These changes include:

1) th > s ; thus thUle> sule 'spirit'. 2) "Spirant ch", i.e. ch as in German Bach (IPA £l]), became breath h in initial position; thus harma [xarma)'treasure'

> [harma]. 3) t) (ng as in singer) > n in initial position; thus ngoldo > noldo 'one of the kindred of the Noldor'. 4) t)w (ngw as in springwood) > nw in initial position; thus ngwalme > nwalme 'torment'. 5) w > v in initial position; thus wi/ya > vi/ya 'air, sky' . 6) Intervocalic z > r ; thus d:u:? > lit? 'sunlight' .

A few other minor pronunciation changes are also mentioned in Appendix E: Original voiceless I (written hI) was in the Third Age usually pronounced as a voiced I (III:392). The diphthong iu was originally a falling diphthong, stressed on the i, but in the Third Age it was "usually pronounced as a rising diphthong as yu in English yule" (111:394).

• Quenya as spoken by Men. The Notes state that "Q[uenya] was never a 'spoken language' among Men", and this is reiterated in a contemporary note to AldarionandErendis (c. 1965): "Quenya was not a spoken tongue in N6menor." (UT:226 n.19) This concept is a late one, for in earlier writings Quenya is portrayed as the daily speech of N6menor. In the second text of The Fall of Numenor (c. 1937 or earlier) it is said that the N6men6reans "took on the speech of the Elves of the Blessed Realm, as it was and is in Eressea" (LR:25 §2). The closely associated story The Lost Road also portrays Quenya ("Eressean") as the language of N6menor, as in this exchange between Herendil and his father Elendil: "Yet now I hear that some counsel us to abandon the old tongue. They say we should leave Eressean, and revive the ancestral speech of Men." (LR:68)

Even in The Lord of the Rings and other late narratives there are examples of Men making brief utterances in Quenya, e.g. Cirion's Oath (UT:305) and Aragorn's coronation oath (III:245), so the late statements that Quenya was "never a 'spoken language' among Men" must simply mean that Men did not use Quenya as a language of everyday conversation, reserving it instead for formal utterances and ceremonial occasions. The Notes say that Men were familiar with Book Quenya, and they must also have been conversant with the forms of Spoken Quenya as these are always the forms used. For example, in Cirion's Oath there is SQ genitive Vorondo rather than BQ *VorondO, and SQ direct object voronwe 'faith' rather than BQ acc. *voronwe.

According to Appendix E, the pronunciation of Quenya by Men was influenced by sounds native to Westron, their everyday language. The following pronunciations peculiar to Men are mentioned in III:391-93: (1) "Except at the end of words and before t "spirant ch [x] "was weakened toh in the speech of Gondor." (2) "The sound of English ch ltD, which was frequent in Westron, was usually substituted for [ty] by speakers of that language." (3) "The sound of English sh, which was common in Westron, was often substituted [for hy] by speakers of that language." The sound hy [~] is similar to that in hew, huge. (4) There was a "fairly widespread pronunciation oflong eand 6 as ei and ou, more or less as in English say no, both in Westron and in the renderings of Quenya names by Westron speakers".

The Local Cases - Subgroup (b)

Subgroup (b) contains three cases labelled All., Loc., Abl., that is allative, locative, and ahlaln'e. These cases express spatial relationships, either stationary or involving motion, and they can be conveniently referred to as the local cases. The allative can indicate motion toward (e.g. Endorenna 'to Middle-earth', III: 245), the ab\all\'C mollon away from (e.g. sindan6riello 'out of a grey country', 1:394), and the locative situation at (e.g. LOriendesse 'in l.1men', R:58). Beneath the aUative and locative are what appear to be shorter forms of those cases placed in parentheses. The short form -n of allative -nna is elsewhere referred to as the dative. The short form -s of locative -sse will be referred to here as the short locative. The dative can indicate the indirect object, as in Jlyain antalto annar 'To all they gave the gifts' (LR:72), with a metaphorical suggestion of movement of the gifts toward their recipients. The short locative appears to function like the locative: yas 'wherein'.

The Allative

• External history. The form of the allative case ending underwent several changes in the course of its external history. In its earliest occurrences in the "Secret Vice" poems of 1931 it has the form -nta, as in tollalinla rusle 'upon crumbling hills'

JPl AlRMA lELDALAMl8lBlRON No. 10 - Page 36

( I

;r i

I

I

I I

!

(I I I

\~~\

JPlAm&A JC lO-Page37 'Il7LDALAM18ElRON No.


andkaivo i sapsanta 'as a corpse into the grave' (MC:214, 221).28 On the Bodleian chart of 1936 the allative ending is -nda, pI. -ndar; thus kiryanda, pI. kiryandar. There are no examples of this form of the allative in a sentence or poem, although the ending -nile in tanJe 'thither' in the 1931 poem Nieninquif (MC:215-16) appears related. Another possibly related suffix appears in the Lost Tales material. Among the derivatives of the root NUHU 'bow, bend down, stoop, sink' in QL are the verbs mimeta-, numenda- 'get low (of the Sun)' (LT1:263), and the latter seems to consist of mime 'West' (ibid.) plus a suffix -tda *'go towards' possibly related to the allative case ending -tda.

The allative ending -nna on the Plotz chart first occurs in 1937 in the draft text of Alboin's Eressean fragments in The Lost Road: Ar Sauron lende numenorenna 'And Sauron came to-Ntimenor' (LR:56). From 1937 onward allative -nna is the form used exclusively.

• Etymology. The three forms of the allative, -nta, -tda, -nna, all share the same structure of -n- followed by a dental element -ta, .az, -na. These dental elements can be associated with similar morphemes with an allative sense appearing elsewhere in the corpus. For example, -ta could be the same element used as an inchoative suffix in the early verb numeta'get low (of the Sun)': nume 'West' > numeta- *'to wester, become westerly'. This verb actually appears in the 1931 "Secret Vice" poems along with allative -nta : Kaivo i sapsanta Rana numetar 'As a corpse into the grave the moon went down in the West' (MC:221). Another example of inchoative -ta appears in the Etymologies: ninqe 'white' > ninqita- 'shine white', perhaps literally *'become white' or *'move toward whiteness' (LR:378). The element -da may be an extended form of the primitive allative suffix *-<1 in *taJ 'thither' (Q tar), lit. *'toward that' < ta 'that, it' (LR:389). And the element -na is most likely derived from the base NA 1_ (> m 'to, towards') or its variant form ANA 1_ 'to, towards'.

The -n- in -nta and -tda may be the result of nasal infixion, a highly productive means of derivation in Quenya,29 used in the formation of nouns (ID- > indo 'heart, mood', LR:361), adjectives (SED- 'rest' > senda 'resting, at peace', LR:385), and verbs (BAT- 'tread' > vanta- 'to walk', LR:352). Similarly, tanJe 'thither' may be an infixed form of *taJ 'thither'. Nasal infixion may also account for the -nn- in the later allative -nna, but there are several other possible explanations as well; see below under "Gemination in the Local Cases".

The Dative

The short form in - n of allative -nna is referred to as the dative in Tolkien's notes on Cirion's Oath in Cirion and Eorl, a late narrative written well after the publication of The Lord of the Rings (cf. UT: 10): "enyalien: en- 'again', yal- 'summon', in infinitive (or gerundial) form en-yalie, here in dative 'for the re-calling'" (UT:317). The term dative derives from Latin daiivus 'concerned with giving', and in Latin the dative was commonly used to indicate the indirect object, e.g. Poefa puellae rosiis dat 'The poet gives roses to the girl'. The Quenya dative also serves this function: Ilyain antalto annar 'To all they gave the gifts' (LR:72). In Cirion's Oath, dative enyalien 'for the re-calling' indicates the purpose for which the oath will stand (for recalling the glory of the Land of the Star). Use of the dative to express purpose is also found in Latin, e.g. Iln nobis auxilio ver,erunt 'They came as an aid (i.e. for an aid) to us'.

• The relationship between the dative and al/ative. The placement of the dative in parentheses beneath the allative emphasizes the close semantic and etymological relationship between these two cases. Dative -n, like allative -nna, must derive from the base NA 1_ (ANA 1_) 'to, towards', which is also the probable source of the Sindarin prefix (1/-, am- seen in dative pronouns such as anim 'for myself' (III:342) and ammen 'for us' (1:320, RS:463 n.14). Although the dative and allative serve distinct functions in Quenya, their close semantic ties are also apparent, particularly when used with the verb anta- 'give', itself a derivative of ANA1- 'to, towards'. In Ilyain antalto annar 'To all they gave the gifts' there is the metaphorical suggestion that the gifts moved towards, and ultimately into the possession of, their recipients. This movement of a gift into the possession of its recipient is expressed more concretely in the allative phrase antar6tamannar Valion 'he gave it into the hands of the Lords' (LR:72). Modem Finnish lacks a dative case and uses the allative to express indirect objects, as in Isaantaaleipiiiipojalle The father gives bread to the boy'.

The variation ciryanna, ciryan is reminiscent of the substantial number of Quenya nouns that have two forms, one with a final vowel and one without, e.g. Valin6re, Valinor (R:70) and Bltarda, Entar 'Thither Lands, Middle-earth' (LR:356). In at least some instances such pairs are due to variation in the length of the fmal vowel in the primitive form. In the Etymologies there are some primitive nouns with the final vowel marked as either short or long, such as *dXirJ 'refuser' > Q Avar, Avaro

28 The Chart gives the allative dual ending as -nta, as in ciryanta. This consists of the dual marker t plus allative -{n)na, with *-tna > -nta via metathesis. It is clear from context that allative -nta in the "Secret Vice" poems is not a dual ending, and its etymological origin must be distinct from dual -nta on the Chart.

29 Cf. Lowdham's Report (SD:433 n.4): "Nasal-infixion is of considerable importance in Avallonian [i.e. Quenya]. .. this element in Adunaic structure may be due to A vallonian influence in the prehistoric period."

]PARMA ElLDAlLAMlBl18IRON No.10-Page38


(LR:347), and *Tulrl > Q Tun, Tuna, the name of the Elf-city (LR:395). In these names the loss of the final short vowel and shortening of the final long vowel led to alternate forms in Quenya, i.e. *Tunl> Tun and *Tulii > TUna. A similar variation in the length of the final vowel of the primitive allative suffix may have resulted in the paired allative and dative cases of Quenya: *-nd> allative -{n)na, dative -no

• The genitive in -no In the Etymologies there are numerous examples of a Quenya genitive singular in - n, e.g. "Q ambaron (g.sg. amlxu6nen)", and "Q ailin (g.sg. ailinen)" (LR:34S-49). Other examples occur in Tolkien's writings of the late '30s and early '4Os, including the early drafts of The Lord of the Rings, where the first version of Frodo's Elvish greeting is Eleni silir lumesse omentiemman, 'The stars shine on the hour of our meeting' (RS:324). This genitive -n is probably a special function of the dative case, as in Latin, which has a dative of possession in certain constructions, as mihi nomen est lUlius 'my name is Julius', literally 'for me the name is Julius'.

In genitives such as (Ar) Manwen * '(Day) of Manwe' (LR: 368) and Nyarna Valin6ren 'The Annals of Valinor' (LR:202), the ending -en consists of the final -e of the noun stem + genitive -n : Manwe-n, Valin6re-n. Genitive -en also appears in consonant-stem nouns such as lllivatar, gen. /luvatdren (LR:72), and huan, gen. hUnen 'hound' (LR:365). In these forms, however, the e in genitive -en is not part of the noun, since these had no final vowel even in their primitive forms: PQ *atar, *khugan (LR:349, 365). It appears that the genitive -en in consonant-stem nouns was an analogical borrowing from the estern nouns. This process was undoubtedly aided by the frequent occurrence in e-stem nouns of paired forms with and without the final vowel, e.g. Valin6re, Valinor (R:70); EndOre, Endor (III:393, S:89); ambar6ne, Ambaron (LR:348); Altarielle, Altariel (UT:417, MR: 182). Thus a genitive form such as Valin6ren, etymologically Valin6re + gen. -n, was easily reinterpreted as Valinor + gen. -en.

The analogical spread of genitive -en was not restricted to the consonant stems. In (Ar) Veruen '(Day) of the Spouses' (LR:368) genitive veruen < vern 'married pair' occurs (LR:352) when *verun might reasonably be expected, given (Ar) Ulmon *'(Day) of Ulmo' (LR:368) and (Ar) Manwen. Similarly, heru 'lord' (S:359) appears in the genitive form heruen 'of the lord' in an early version of Lowdham's cry in The Notion Club Papers of 1946: Soroni numeheruen ettuler! *The Eagles of the Lord of the West are at hand!' (SD:290 n.62).

Tolkien altematedbetween a preference for genitive sg. -0 and genitive -no Genitive sg. -0 is used throughout the "Secret Vice" poems of 1931, e.g. urio kalmainen 'in the lights of the sun' (MC:216). In the Etymologies, The Lost Road, The Notion Club Papers, and early drafts of The Lord of the Rings (1937-46), genitive -n is preferred. In The Lord of the Rings as published and in subsequent writings, only genitive sg. -0 appears.

1be Etymologies gives genitive forms in both -0 and -n for Tulkas: Tulkatho, Tulkassen (LR:395), which shows that genitive -n and -0 were not considered mutually exclusive. Furthermore, genitive -n was only used in the singular and regularly occurs side by side with genitive plurals in -on. For example Ffriel's Song (LR:72) has genitive sg. Illivatdren and genitive pI. Valion. In Ffriel's Song. -n is also used in its dative function in both the singular and plural: Man tdreantava nin /luvatar 'What will the Father give me', and flu /llivatar en Wi! eldain The Father made the World for Elves'. Context and word order must have been sufficient to distinguish between the genitive and dative functions of -n in singular forms.

The Locati ve

• External history. The locative ending -sse first occurs in 1931 in the earliest version of Oilima Markirya (OMl): veasse lunelinqe 'upon the blue streams of the sea' (MC:220-21); cf. vea 'sea' (MC:213). The plural form -ssen also appears in that poem: alkarissen 'in rays of light'. In addition to the locative plural in -ssen, identical to that on the Chart (ciryassen), there are also two examples in OMI of an alternate locative plural -sen without a double consonant: Kairelaiqa'ondoisen kirya 'the white ship lay upon the rocks', and ailissen oilimaisen 'upon the last beaches'. In the latter phrase, oilimaisen is the adjective oilima 'last', inflected to agree with the locative plural noun ailissen 'upon the beaches'. 30 This locative -sen with a single consonant appears nowhere else.

• Etymology. As with the allative, the locative case is paired on the Chart with a parenthetical short form: ciryasse, ciryas. One might suppose then that both cases trace back to an original locative morpheme *-s~, with the variation in vowel length resulting in locative -(s)se and short locative -s, parallel to the theory that primitive allative *-nd produced both allative -{n)na and dative -no The source of this primitive locative *-s~ may have been the base SI-, which had a local sense 'here' (cf. s{

30 Throughout the corpus adjectives generally agree with their noun in number. However, the inflection of adjectives for case to agree with the noun is rare in later Quenya (see Part II, §V.3, footnote), and it is clearly not mandatory even in this early poem, which also has the phrase alkarissenoilimain 'in the last rays of light', in which the adjective agrees in number but not in case.

!PARMA 18lLDAlLAMlBlBRON No.10-Page39


'here', LR:72), as well as demonstrative and temporal senses 'this, now' (cf. sina 'this', UT:305; sf, sin 'now', LR:385). Similarly, locative -sse can indicate both spatial location 'here', e.g. L6riendesse 'in L6rien' (R:58), and temporal location 'now', e.g. auresse 'in the morning' (MC:222). The demonstrative stem S-, source of various pronominal forms such as s8 'he' and s~ 'she' (LR:385), is probably closely related to SI- 'this, here, now' and is another possible source for locative -(s)se, -so

The allative, locative, and ablative case endings all share a double consonant as a common characteristic: -nna, -sse, -110. These were probably originally all singular consonants, a supposition that is strongly supported by the alternate locative plural ending -sen in OMl, probably an archaic (and therefore poetic) form. It has been noted above that the -n- in the early alIative endings -nta and -ma might be a nasal infix, and nasal infixion might also be the source of the double consonant in later allative -nna. It is possible that nasal infixion produced the double consonants in the locative and ablative as well: *-n-se > -sse and *-n-lo > -110. The assimilation of ns > ss occurs in the name Numessir 'West-stream' (LTl: 155), from *Numensir, name of the dale in Valinor where the Noldoli dwelt (replaced by Sirnumen with the elements reversed). Similarly, the assimilation of nl > II occurs in Numelloti! 'Hower of the West' (UT:227), from numen 'west' + loti! 'flower' (LR:370, 376).

The Short Locative

It has been shown above that the etymological relationship of short locative ciryas to locative ciryasse parallels that of dative ciryan to allative ciryanna. The semantic relationship between the short locative and locative may have been even closer than that of the dative and allative, judging from our sole example of the short locative used in a sentence. This occurs in one of the early drafts of Namdrii! in the archives at Marquette University. In this draft, the phrase equivalent to yassen tinti/ar i eleni 'wherein the stars tremble' in the published text appears as elli yas atintilar, with the short locative singular yas *'in which, wherein' performing the same function as locative plural yassen in the published text.31

On the Bodleian chart, the short locative appears as !dryas, pI. kiryais, with an alternate plural ending (aisi). There, however, the short locative is not placed beneath the locative in the local cases, but between the genitive and instrumental in the syntactic cases. The implications of this are discussed at length in "The Bodleian Declensions" in VT 28, pp. 19-21.

• The short locative in -T. In the "Secret Vice" poems of 1931 there are several examples of a locative suffix or. Phonological and grammatical evidence suggests that this may simply be a form of the short locative in -so Rhotacism of original final *-s > ~ commonly occurs in the Etymologies, e.g. *solos > solor 'surf' (LR:387). Thus it is possible that primitive locative *-se > *-s > ~. Alternately, since rhotacism also occurred to original *s in medial position (e.g. *As(i) > Ar(i), MR:380, 385 n.15), rhotacism might have occurred before the loss of the final vowel, i.e. *-se > *~e > ~. Also, the grammatical function of locative ~ seems to match that of locative-sse. For example, in OM2 (1931) we find lunelinqe vear 'in the flowing sea', silda-ranar, minga-ranar, lanta-ranar 'in the moon gleaming, in the moon waning, in the moon falling' , andringa ambar 'in her cold bosom' (MC:213-14). In OM3, the post-Lord of the Rings version of this poem, theequivalent phrases are rendered by locative -sse(n) with no change in meaning: ear-kelumessen 'in the flowing sea'; isilme ilkalasse, isilme pfkalasse, isilme lantalasse 'in the moon gleaming, in the moon waning, in the moon falling', and ringasUmaryasse 'in her cold bosom' (MC:222).

Other than those in OM2, clear examples of the short locative in ~ are in short supply. None appear in The Lord of the Rings or later writings, suggesting that earlier ~ was later supplanted by -s as on the Chart. This minor change was perhaps broUght about by some rethinking of the phonetic environments in which rhotacism occurred. For example, a late note on the Istari (c. 1972) gives the Common Elvish form olo-s 'vision, phantasy', becoming in Quenya olos 'dream, vision', with rhotacism only occurring medially in the plural olozi/olori, while in another note the singular form is given as olor (UT:396). It is also possible than analogical processes may have worked to counteract rhotacism. the perception that ciryas was a shortened form of ciryasse acting to maintain the -s in the short locative. Pairs of nouns in ·.He, -s such as Mandosse, Mandos 'Dread Imprisoner' (LR:371) and nisse. nis 'woman' (LR:375) may have also had an influence

• The old allative in -T. In the Quenya writings of the '30s there are a few instances in which the ending -r is used in a dative or allative sense 'to, towards'. In the poem Nieninqui! (1931) there is p 'to whom' (MC:215). from the relative stem ~- 'which' seen in yassen, yas 'wherein, in which'. The Etymologies gives mir 'to the inside. inlo' (= minna) < mi 'in. within' (LR:373), and tar 'thither' < fa 'that, it' (LR:389). As previously noted, tar 'thither' is from primitive *ta1, and this primitive allative *4 might also appear in p and mir, < *yal, *mid. This same element might be the basis for the allative

31 A color xerox of this manuscript was on display at the Tolkien Centenary Conference in Oxford, August 1992. The phrase elli yas atintilar was struck out, and two other versions of this line appear on the manuscript, both allowed to stand: yassen elli atintillinar and yasse tintilar if n} eleni.

lP Aru&A lBlL1DlAlLAMIBl18~ON No. 10 - Page 40


-nia on the Bodleian chart, so it is not surprising that the Etymologies gives allative minna as an equivalent to mir. This "old allative" -r was thus distinct in etymology and grammatical function from the short locative in -r, which was probably from primitive *-sk and indicated static location, rather than motion toward.

The Ablative

The ablative suffix -110 first occurs in 1931 in OM2: ailinello *'from the shore' (MC:213). Its etymology remains elusive. Some connection with genitive -0 is possible, especially in light of the genitive's ablative sense in Oiolosseo 'from Mount Everwhite' (1:394), but this leaves the -ll- unexplained. Given the probable etymologies of the allative and locative, one might expect the ablative to derive from a primitive element *16 'out of, away from'. There is indirect evidence for the existence of such an element. QL gives a root OLO 'tip' (LT1:258) with extended forms LOHO (> lokta- 'sprout, put forth leaves or flowers') and LO'O (> 16ti! 'a flower'). The connecting sense of these roots is 'to come out'; a tip is something that sticks out from something else, and leaves and flowers sprout out of the stems of a plant. OLO 'tip' is also the likely source of olto 'cliff, seaward precipice' (LT1:252), a geological feature that juts out from the mainland. Bases beginning with 10- and having similar connotations appear in the Etymologies, e.g. LOT(H) 'flower', and LOKH- (> lokse 'hair'; as leaves and flowers sprout out of a plant, so hair sprouts out of the head). LONO-, source of 16na 'island, remote land difficult to reach', may also be related in the sense that an island is land that comes out of the sea or stands away from the mainland. A probable cognate in the late material is loa 'growth', Eldarin name for the solar year "when the seasonal changes in vegetation were primarily considered." (III:385) While ablative -110 cannot be shown to derive from any specific one of these roots, it may fall in with the group as a whole, all marked by an element *10 'out of, away from'.

Plural Markers in the Local Cases

PI. 1 and 2 of the aUative are marked by final -r : -annaT, -alinna{r), whereas the plurals of the locative and ablative have final-n: -assen, -alisse(n) and -allon, -alillo(n). Final -r and -n are placed within parentheses in the Pl. 2 forms, indicating their use was optional since plurality was already indicated by the morpheme -li-. Retention or omission of this non-essential -r or -n was apparently left to the discretion of the speaker, since no rules are discernible from the extant examples.32 The presence of a consonant or vowel at the beginning of the following word was not a factor-cf. ondolisse marne (MC:222) versus ondolissen nu (MC:214).

On the Bodleian chart, the PI. 1 forms of the locative and ablative are marked by -r, with -n given as an alternate: locative kiryasse, pI. (-asser) ·n ; ablative kiryallo, pI. (-allor) ·n. The allative plural, as on the Plotz chart, is marked by -r alone: kiryanda, pI. (-<UJdar). In this regard, it is interesting to note that while the Plotz chart gives the ablative plural ending as -llon, the ablative plural elenillor appears in OM3 with final -r instead of -no No misreading is involved, for a letter from Rayner Unwin published in the March 1986 Beyond Bree states that according to Christopher Tolkien OM3 exists in "two distinct texts, both typewritten, and both carefully corrected, and both have elenillor." Apparently the concept of alternate plural endings for the ablative case survived. As Rumil might say, "elenillor or elenillon, it matters not." So far no late examples of an alternate locative plural in -r have come to light.

Gemination in the Local Cases

It has been proposed above that the double consonants characteristic of the allative, locative, and ablative are the result of assimilation of a nasal infix with the primitive case ending: *-n-nii > -nna, *-n-se > -sse, *-n-16 > -110. However, there are other possible explanations which should be mentioned.

It has been noted in the discussion of the nominative and accusative that Quenya employs quantitative gradation of vowels for grammatical purposes; thus nom. cirya and acc. ciryii, future entuluva 'shall come again' and pa.t. lUle 'came', and so on. Lengthening of consonants was also employed as a grammatical device in the primitive language. One of the functions of such gemination was to form affectionate names, for example alto, hypocoristic form of alar 'father' < AT A- 'father' (LR:349). Another use of consonant lengthening was to form frequentatives. According to the Etymologies, the base BAT'tread' appears in primitive *battf,- "with medial consonant lengthened in frequentative formation" (LR:351). This frequentative doubling might also account for such Quenya verbs as nurru- 'murmur, grumble' (MC:223), perhaps the frequentative fonn of nziru- 'growl (of dogs), grumble' (LT 1 :263). Lengthening of the medial consonant of a verb stem may also have had an intensive effect. The base STAK- 'split, insert' appears in sanka 'cleft, split' (LR:388) and probably in sahta 'marred' (MR:405), and it might also appear with medial consonant lengthened for intensive effect in the pa.t. verb sakkante

32 tollalinta (OM2) and ondolisse (OM3) with omission; ondolissen (OM2), falmalillon (TI:285), and falmalinnar (1:394) with retention.

JPlA~MA ELDALAMlB13~ON No.10-Page41


'rent' (SD:246), i.e. 'split thoroughly'.33 The double consonants in the local cases might be the result of this same dynamic strengthening or lengthening of consonants, perhaps intended to impart a continuative or emphatic sense to the local endings. 34

Another possibility is that the double consonants are analogical in origin. Many Quenya nouns are consonant-stems which lack a final vowel, e.g. nen 'water', elen 'star', aJar 'father', etc. When case endings are added to such nouns, a vowel (usually e in the singular, i in the plural) sometimes appears between the stem and case ending, e.g. iiI 'sea', abI.sg. earello 'from the sea' (III: 245-46) , and mindon 'lofty tower' (S:341) > alI.pl. mindoninnar (MC:222). However, the case ending could also be added directly to the stem, often resulting in assimilation of the stem's final consonant, for example mindon > all.pl. mindonnar (ibid.); numen 'west' > loc.sg. *numesse (in nUmessier 'They are in the West' with copular suffix -ier, LR:72); romen 'east' > abI.sg. romello (1:394). Thus even though the primitive local case endings probably had only a single consonant, *-trl, *-se~ *-10, when added directly to consonant-stem nouns they would have often produced double consonants, either via composition or assimilation: *mindon-nii > *mindonna, *nitmen-se > *numesse, *romen-Io > romello. Some consonant-stem nouns had related forms without the final consonant, e.g. besides mindon 'lofty tower' there is mindo 'isolated tower' (LR:373), and besides numen 'west' there is nume 'West' (LTl:263), the latter perhaps making a late appearance in the constellation name Soronume (MR: 160). This may have promoted the reinterpretation of forms such as mindon-na and nUmes-se as mindo-nna and mime-sse, with the new geminate case endings subsequently spreading to other classes of nouns by analogy.

The Adjectival Case - Subgroup (c)

Subgroup (c) consists of a single case marked by -va (ciryava). This has a PI. 2 form (ciryaliva) but no PI. 1 or dual forms. Over the years many names have been proposed for this case, including "compositive", "partitive", "objective genitive", and "associative".3 5 It appears, however, that the term adjectival case best describes both its function and origin.

In the Lost Tales there are many examples of a suffix -va used to derive adjectives from nouns, e.g. huiva 'murky' < hui 'fog, dark, murk, night', koiva 'awake' < koi 'life', U11iva 'like fire' < urn 'fire' (LTl:253, 257, 271), and kanuva 'leaden' < kanu 'lead' (LT1:268). Examples are less frequent in the later corpus but include tereva 'fine, acute' < tere, ter 'through', and (yet again) liruva 'fiery' < Ur 'fire' (LR:392, 396).

This adjectival ending -va was apparently so productive that it came to be considered part of the regular declensional system, applicable to any noun. The adjectival origin of the -va case might explain why it was placed in a separate subgroup on the Chart-it was not felt to correspond to any traditional case category. On the Bodleian chart, subgroup (c) includes the adjectival case together with two other cases, an adverbial case in -ndon (as in pinilya wilwarindon 'small like a butterfly', MC:220) and a case in -ika the precise nature of which is unknown, although it too might be adjectival (cf. poika 'clean, pure' < POY -, LR:382). For a more detailed discussion of these, see "The Bodleian Declensions" in VT 28, pp. 27-30.

Since the case ending -va is identical to the adjectival ending -va, it is not always clear in any given occurrence which is being used. Those words ending in -va that are cited as lexical items in QL or the Etymologies are probably true adjectives rather than examples of the adjectival case. The grammatical distinction between the two is discernible in plural constructions. For example, lisse-miruvoreva 'of sweet mead' in linte yuldar lisse-miruvore-va 'swift draughts of the sweet mead' (1:394) is clearly a noun in the adjectival case because it does not agree in number with the noun it modifies, plural yuldar 'draughts'. In contrast, kuruvar 'magic' « kuru 'magic, wizardry', LTl:264) in the early name [·Tolli Kuruvar 'The Magic Isles' on the "World-Ship" map (LT1:84) is an adjective, since it agrees in number with plural tolli 'islands'. Similarly, kuluvai *'golden' « kulu 'gold (metal)', LR:365) in Narqelion is in the plural and therefore an adjective.

33 See the entry for ArdaSahta 'ArdaMarred' in "Morgoth's Ring: A Linguistic Review - Part 1", by Patrick Wynne and Carl F. Hostetter, Vinyar Tengwar 34 (March 1994), p. 11.

34 Primitive double consonants produced by lengthening could apparently yield different results in Quenya than double consonants produced by suffixion. This would explain the variation between -tta and -sta in quetta 'word' and questa 'speech', both probably from KWET- 'say'. Perhaps primitive *tt due to consonant lengthening remained It in Quenya; thus KWET- > geminate *kwetta > quetta 'word' (LR:366; S:363). In contrast, primitive *t-t due to suffixion became st : thus suffixed *kwet-ta (unattested) > questa 'speech' in tarquesta 'high-speech' (LR: 172). The same process might explain a similar variation in derivatives in -tta and -sta from bases ending in -th, e.g. LATH- > geminate *Iatthil (unattested) > Q latta 'strap' (LR:368), in contrast to KHOTH- 'gather' > suffixed *khoth-tii (unattested) > Q hosta 'large number' (LR:364).

35 I proposed the term associative in the article "The Associative: A 'Problematic' Quenya Noun Case Explained", in Vinyar Tengwar 16, March 1991, pp. 5-9. The "associative" case proved more problematic than I had thought, however, and further research has shown the label adjectival to be more appropriate.

lPAllWLA lELDALAMJ8lJ3RON No.10-Page42


The adjectival case sometimes seems to function as a de/acto genitive inflection. For example, in Nurtale ValinOreva 'The Hiding of Valinor' (S:345) the meaning is more than merely adjectival, * 'the Valinorean Hiding'. Here VaIinOreva indicates the logical object of the verbal noun nurtaJe 'hiding', which is also a function of the genitive, e.g. vanimtilion nostari 'begetters of fair ones' (SD:73 n.16). Examples such as Mindon Eldaliiva 'Lofty Tower of the Eldalie' (S:341) and Mar Vanwa Tyalieva 'The Cottage of Lost Play' (LTl: 14) suggest that the adjectival case was used as the regular genitive singular of nouns ending in -ie, perhaps because * Eldalieo, *Tyalieo were considered unwieldy.

• The lacko/an adjectival general pluraI/orm. The adjectival case is unusual in that it is the only case on the Chart to lack a PI. 1 (general plural) form. This may be due to a sense of plurality inherent in the singular form. For example, on the basis of adjectives univa 'like fire' and liruva 'fiery' one might translate adjectivallasseva on the Chart as *'leaflike' or *'leafy'. When we say something has a 'leaflike' shape, we not only mean that it is shaped like a Single leaf, but also that it has the same general shape common to ail leaves. Similarly, a 'leafy' tree does not have just a single leaf but many leaves. This implicit plural sense of adjectival sg. forms such as lasseva may have meant that a general plural form **lassiva or **lassevar 'like leaves, having leaves' would have been unnecessary. There are no examples of Pl. 2 (particular plural) adjectival forms other than those on the Chart, so their application remains uncertain. Perhaps they were only used when a more restrictive sense was required, lasseliva *'like some (but not all) leaves, having a few leaves'. For now, this remains sheer speculation.

• Adjectives in -wa. Besides adjectives in -va, there are also many examples of an adjectival ending -wa, e.g. vanwa 'lost' (1:394), wilwa 'fluttering to and fro, vague' (MC:223), and sindarinwa 'Grey-elven' (III:401). This is probably cognate with -va, as demonstrated by *terewii 'piercing, keen', primitive form of tereva 'fine, acute' (LR:392). Although most adjectives in -wa are derived directly from the base, e.g. 3EL- 'sky' > helwa '(pale) blue' and KHITH- > hiswa 'grey' (LR:360, 364), there are some examples of -wa being used to derive an adjective from a consonant-stem noun, e.g. ndr 'flame' > narwii 'fiery red', yen 'year' > linyenwa 'old, having many years' (LR:374, 400).

This suggests that the adjectival case ending -va also took the form -wa when added directly to a consonant-stem noun, an idea supported by an isolated manuscript page in the Marquette Archives giving the declensions of the forms entu, ensi, enta, en (cf. VT 28:29), apparently demonstratives related to enta 'that yonder' (LR:356). 00 the Marquette chart, the consonantstem form en has two adjectival case forms, enda and enwa. The form entu also has two adjectival case forms, entuva (parallel to ciryava, lasseva on the Plotz chart) and enwa, again formed with the case ending -wa added directly to the stem en-. This seems to indicate that -va and -wa are variant forms of a single case ending, with -va added to vocalic stems and -wa added to consonant stems.

Case Structure In Joseph Greenberg's article "Some Universals of Grammar with Particular Reference to the Order of Meaningful

Elements" in Universals 0/ Language (1963), the author lists 45 universal characteristics observable in natural languages. According to universal no. 39, "Where morphemes of both number and case are present and both follow or both precede the noun base, the expression of number almost always comes between the noun base and the expression of case." For example, the allative plural of Finnish taJo 'house' is taioil/e, in which pI. -i- comes between the noun base taJo- and the case ending -lle : taIo-i-lle. Similarly, in Hungarian there is 16 'horse', pI. lovak, dative pI. lovak-nak. Since Tolkien constructed his invented languages in accordance with the linguistic principles governing naturallanguages,36 it is not surprising that the order NOUN STEM + NUMBER MORPHEME + CASE MORPHEME appears in most of the forms on the Chart. In Pl. 2 this order is used throughout, and it was probably the original order of the elements in the dual:

Plural 2 (particular/partitive) Dual

STEM NO. CASE NO. STEM NO. CASE N/A cirya n N/A cirya t G cirya Ii 0 n G cirya t 0

I cirya If nen I cirya t nen (> -nten) All cirya Ii nna (r) All cirya t na (> -nta) Dat cirya Ii n Dat cirya t n (>-nt) Loc cirya Ii sse (n) Loc cirya t se SLoe cirya Ii s Abl cirya Ii 110 (n) Abl cirya t 10 (> -Ito) Adj cirya If va

36 For a more detailed discussion of the structural relationship between the case systems of European languages and that of Quenya, cf. "Elvish and Mannish" by Christopher Gilson, Vinyar Tengwar 33 (Jan. 1994), especially pp. 16-26.

lP ARMA ElLlDAlLAM1818lRON No. 10 - Page 43


As previously noted, in the allative, locative, and ablative foons of PI. 2 the secondary plural markers -r/-n were optional, since plurality was already indicated by the morpheme -li-. The final plural -n in genitive ciryalian is equally redundant but is not marked as optional.

In the instnunental, allative, and ablative dual, the dual marker t is actually embedded within the case endings: -nten, -nta, -Ita. This appears to be the result of methathesis, the original combinations *-tn-, *-tl- becoming -nt-, _It_.37 The dative dual ciryant has a NOUN STEM + CASE + NUMBER structure, but given the structure of the other dual foons it seems likely that the original order of elements was *cirya-t-n, becoming ciryant via metathesis.

There is no short locative dual. This is probably because a short locative dual **cirya-t-s would become ciryas, identical to the short locative singular. The reduction of final -ts > -s is demonstrated by oaris (-ts) 'meonaid' in QL, in which the final -ts of the inflectional stem (aarits-) is simplified to -s in singular oaris, although it is retained medially in the pI. Oaritsi (LT1:227).

In the syntactic cases of the general plural (PI. 1) the order NOUN STEM + NUMBER + CASE also occurs:

Plural 1 (general):Syntactic Cases

STEM STEM NO. CASE NO. NO. CASE NO.

N cirya r N lasse A cirya A lasse G cirya r 0 n G lasse o n I cirya nen lasse nen

The genitive again features a redundant plural -no The variation between plural morphemes -1' and -i in the nominative and genitive is the sole structural difference between the declension of cirya and lasse. The diphthong oj resulting from addition of plural -i to an a-stem was retained in Book Quenya: accusative ciryai, instrumental ciryainen. With e-stems such as tasse, however, the resulting diphthong ei became the monophthong i or i, the length depending on the nature of the following syllable (if any): NA *Iassei > tassi, gen. *Iasseion> lassian, instr. *lasseinen> lass{nen. (Cf. NEI- 'tear' > Q nire, nie.)

The local cases in the general plural fall into two structural groups:

Plural 1 (general): Local Cases

STEM NO. CASE STEM NO. CASE

Dat SLoe

cirya cirya

STEM CASE

n s

NO.

Dat SLoe

lasse lasse

STEM CASE

n s

NO.

All cirya nna r All lasse nna r Loc cirya sse n Loc lasse sse n Abl cirya 110 n Abl lasse 110 n

The dative and short locative have the typical NOUN STEM + NUMBER + CASE structure seen elsewhere on the Chart, but the allative, locative, and ablative have the order NOUN STEM + CASE + NUMBER. The reason for this is uncertain. In Quenya it is unusual for a diphthong to precede a geminate; the only two published examples are piukka 'blackberry' (LT2:347) and kuluinn 'of gold' (LR:365). Whether this was due to regular phonetic development or aesthetic preference is unknown. When the allative, locative, and ablative case endings developed double consonants, the use of -i- as an internal plural marker would have resulted in diphthong + geminate combinations: *ciryainna, *ciryOOse, etc. The desire to avoid such groups as -ainn-, -OOs- may have led to the innovation of using a final plural -1' or -n with these case endings instead in internal -i-. The variation between -1' and -n as the plural marker in these cases, with exclusive use of -1' or -n still undecided in the ablative, points to their being a later addition.

In consonant-stem nouns, however, the lack of a final vowel precluded the foonation of a diphthong by addition of internal plural - i-, and it continued to be used in this class of nouns, although a redundant final plural marker was still added: mindaninnar, Kaivienenissen38, elenillar.

37 Corroborating examples of this process are lacking, although we can note that metathesis of *kl > lk is attested in Quenya, e.g. alkar 'radiance, brilliance' < the base AKLA-R-. There seems little doubt, however, that metathesis underlies -nten, -nta, -ita. since no other process would account for the embedding of the dual marker within the case ending.

38 In the Koivieneni Sentence as first written this plural foon was apparently Kaivienenisse, and the redundant final -n was a later addition. Cf. "The Elves at Koivieneni: a New Quenya Sentence", Vinyar Tengwar 14, pg. 5.

lP AlRMA IElLDAlLAMl8l18RON No. 10 - Page 44


Part II Grammatical Functions of the Quenya Cases

The following section presents as thorough a listing as possible of all attested functions of the Quenya cases in the post-1937 corpus. However, only a few representative examples of each individual function are cited. This is partly due to limited space, but it is also hoped that this section will encourage readers to examine the Quenya corpus for themselves in order to make their own grammatical observations, and perhaps to point out functions that have been overlooked or misinterpreted.

I. The Nominative/Accusative Case

1. The subject of a verb (its most common function): Aure' entuluva! 'Day shall come again!' (S:195), Valar empannen aidaru *'The Gods planted the Two Trees' (VT 27:27).

2. The predicate noun following the verb 'to be': [rima ye Numenor 'Lovely is Numenor' (LR:72); Ten sl ye tyelma, yeva tyel 'For here is ending, there will be an end' (ibid.)

3. The direct object of a transitive verb: Man tiruvafana kirya 'Who shall heed a white ship?' (MC:222); lumbule wuJu-liive ilye tier '(heavy) shadow down-licked all roads' (R:67).

4. The object of prepositions and postpositions describing static location: mi Numen 'in the West' (UT:305, 317 n.43); or ilyi! mahaimar 'above all thrones' (ibid.); Andune pella 'beyond the West' (1:394), Mar-nu-Falmar 'The Land under the Waves' (S:34O). However, when used with verbs of motion, a preposition or postposition may take the allative or ablative case instead. For example, in Mar-nu-F almar 'The Land under the Waves' the phrase describes the fixed location of N6menor after the Downfall; but in lantanerturkildinuhuinenna * 'the Lordly Men fell under shadow' (SD:246) nu is used with allative hUinenna to indicate the act of falling '(toward a location) under shadow'. Similarly, Andune pella 'beyond the West' in Namd.rii!refers to the fixed location ofVarda's 'lofty halls beyond the West'. whereas in enwina lume elenillor pella taltataltalaatalantiifmindoninnar 'the old darkness beyond the stars falling upon fallen towers' (MC:222), the phrase elenillor pella 'beyond the stars' uses the ablative to describe the motion of the darkness falling from beyond the stars upon the towers.

5. A vocative in direct address: A Turin Turambar turun' ambartanen * '0 Turin Master of Doom by doom mastered' (UT: 138); Aiya E Ida lie ar Atanatari, utulie 'n auri!! 'Behold, people of the Eldar and Fathers of Men, the day has come!' (S: 190).

6. When two or more declinable words are in apposition (such as a noun modified by an adjective), only the last word is inflected, the other remaining in the nominative: Elendil Vorondo 'of Elendil the Faithful' (UT:305); axor ilkalannar 'on bones gleaming' (MC:222); isilme ilkalaue 'i n the moon gleaming' (ibid.); Namna Finwi! M{riello 'the Statute of Finwe and Mirier (MR:258).

7. In apposition with another subject or object noun to make a comparison: Man tiruvafana kirya, wilwarin wilwa 'Who shall heed a white ship, vague as a butterfly' (MC:222). This use also appears in the first text of Oilima Markirya from 1931: KaivoisapsantaRananumetar 'As a corpse into the grave the moon went down in the West' (MC:221).

8. As an uninflected genitive, when placed beside another noun. In Valinore Yenie 'The Annals of Valinor' (MR:200) the genitival noun comes first, but in Coron Oiolaire 'Mound of Ever-summer' (S:357) the genitival noun follows. Several examples of the latter order are also found in the Lost Tales, e.g. Kopas Alqalunte 'Haven of the Swanships' (LTl:285) and Aule Mar * 'Inventor of the World' (LT1:266).

The genitival construction Valinore Yenie The Annals of Valinor' is perhaps a loose form of the common type of Quenya compound in which the first noun acts as an uninflected genitive; e.g. Ainulindale 'Music of the Ainur' (= * Ainuron lindale), Valaquenta 'Account of tbe Valar' (= *Valaron quenta), /·Eldanyare 'The History of the Elves' (= *Eldmon nyare, LR:202). Tinwetar 'Queen of Stars' (LR:389), another compound of this type, also has an alternate form Tinwerontar in which the first element tinweron 'of stars' « tinwe 'sparkle (star)' ,LR:393) is inflected.

• Notes on the nominative/accusative. The normal prose word order of Quenya in The Lord of the Rings and other later writings is Subject-Verb-Object. This is discussed in greater detail in the section "Word Order" in Part I.

II. The Genitive Case

In The Loom of lAnguage, Frederick Bodmer notes that "In Latin, as in the more highly-inflected living Indo-European languages such as German and Russian, the genitive is so elusive that Hermann Paul, a famous German linguist, defined it as the case 'that expresses any relation between two nouns.'" (p. 316). The Quenya genitive is equally elusive, in that the relations it expresses are numerous and sometimes difficult to characterize with precision. It should be kept in mind then that

JP> AlRMA ELDALAM1818lRON No. 10 - Page 45


the following list of genitive functions is somewhat impressionistic, and any given genitive might be interpreted in other ways.

1. As a possessive, 'belonging to': Indis i·Kiryamo 'The Mariner's Wife' (UT:8); Vardo tellumar nu luini 'beneath the blue vaults ofVarda' (1:394); HiniIluvataro 'Children oflluvatar' (S:322); Elendil Vorondo voronwe 'the faith of Elendil the Faithful' (UT:305); Elenna·tu5reoalcar 'the glory of the Land of the Star' (ibid.); ramaraldoron 'the wings of trees' (1:394).

2. As a partitive or ablative, 'from, away, from among'. This can be used in a purely local sense, 'from' a place, as in Ekn-tiiri ortane mii-rya-t Oio-losseo 'the Queen of the Stars, from Mount Everwhite has uplifted her hands' (R:67), and perhaps also in Calaciryo miri 'the jewels of Calacirya' (1:394). It can also be used in a partitive sense in conjunction with a superlative adjective, as in Aiya Eiirendil Elenion Ancalima 'hail Earendil brightest of Stars' (L:385), i.e. Eiirendil is the brightest star from among all the stars.

3. Indicates the logical subject, the agent of the action represented by a verbal noun: Altariello nainie 'Galadriel's lament' (R:58)-i.e. Altariel is the agent of the verbal action naina- 'to lament' (LR:375). Another example is Oienkarme Eruo 'the One's perpetual production' (MR:329), in which Eru 'the One' performs the verbal action KAR- 'make, build, construct' (LR:362) in Oienkarmii 'perpetual production' .

4. Indicates the logical object of the action represented by a noun: A vanimar, vanimdiion nostari! '0 beautiful ones, parents of beautiful children' (111:259, L:308), also glossed in a late note as 'fair ones, begetters of fair ones' (SD:73 n.16). The 'fair ones' vanimdli were begotten by their 'parents' nostari, lit. 'begetters' < nosta 'beget' (ibid.) The adjective anm 'in control of, possessing' < GAR- 'hold, possess' (LR:360) takes a noun in the genitive to indicate the thing possessed.

5. 'Setasidefor' or 'dedicated to': (Ar) Fanturion, the day "dedicated .,. to Mandos and L6rien" (LR:368); (Ar) Nessaron or (Ar) Neldion, the day "dedicated ... to the three younger Gods, Osse, Orome, Tulkas" (ibid.)

6. Indicates a distinguishing quality or attribute: lindelorendormalinornelion 'a land of music and dreams; there are yellow trees there' (11:70, L:309), literally *'music-dreamland of yellow trees' .

7. 'Pertaining to' or 'concerning': Quenta Silmarillion 'The History of the Silmarils' (S:346); Narsilion 'The Song of the Sun and Moon' (S:99); Atanatarion 'The Legendarium of the Fathers of Men' (MR:373); Namna Finwe' Miriello 'the Statute of Finwe and Mirier (MR:258); Yenie Valinoreo 'The Annals of Valinor' (MR:200).

• Notes on the genitive. In normal prose discourse, the genitive preceded its noun. Thus in Tolkien's rearrangement of Nanuiriif into "a clearer and more normal style" (R:66) we find aldoron ramar 'wings of trees' (R:66) and Calaciryo miri 'jewels of Calacirya' (R:67). This order is also seen in the title of Galadriel's lament, Altariello nainie' LOriendesse 'Galadriel's lament in L6rien' (R:58); in Cirion's oath, Elenna·tu5reo alcar 'the glory of the Land of the Star' and Elendil Vorondo voronwe 'the faith of Elendil the Faithful' (UT:305); and in Treebeard's farewell, vanimdlion nostari 'parents of beautiful children' (III:259, L:308). In Vardo nu luini tellumar 'beneath the blue vaults of Varda' (R:66), genitive Vardo not only precedes the noun, it precedes the entire prepositional phrase in which the noun stands. Perhaps it was considered undesirable to place a second noun (Vardo) between a preposition (nu) and its object (tellumar).

In contrast, the reverse order with the genitive follOWing the noun probably had a more formal, poetic, or literary flavor (analogous to the difference in tone between Eng. my father'S house and the more formal sounding the house of my father). This order appears in lumenn' omentielvo 'on the hour of our meeting' in Frodo's formal greeting39 to Gildor (1:90), and in the titles of literary works such as Heru i·Million 'The Lord of the Rings' ,40 Indis i ·Kiryamo 'The Mariner's Wife' (UT:8), Namna Finwe' Miriello 'the Statute of Finwe and Miriel' (MR:258), Quenta Silmarillion 'The History of the Silmarils' (S:33), and Yenie Valinoreo 'The Annals of Valinor' (MR:200). This order also appears in phrases referring to God (Hini IlUvataro 'Children of lluvatar' , S:322; Oienkarme Eruo 'the One's perpetual production' , MR:329), to other divine beings (HerenIstarion 'Order of Wizards' , UT:388; (Ar)Neldion, *'(Day) of the three younger Gods', LR:368; Tar-Ellion 'Queen of the Stars', a name of Varda, LR:449), and to royalty, in asea aranion 'kingsfoil' (III: 141).

In the case of two genitive nouns placed after the noun modified, only the second of the two nouns was inflected: Namna Finwe Miriello 'the Statute of Finwe and Mirier (MR:258). Compare this with oma-ryo lirinen aire-tiirio 'in the song of her voice, holy and queenly' in which both genitives are inflected but are placed on either side of the noun.

39 "'I thank you indeed, Gildor Inglorion,' said Frodo bowing. Elen sila lumenn' omentielvo, a star shines on the hour of our meeting,' he added in the high-el ven speech." Frodo's bow shows the formality of the occasion.

40 In The Manuscripts of J RRT, a catalogue prepared by Taum Santoski in conjunction with an exhibit at Marquette University in 1983, a two-line tengwar inscription by Tolkien is reproduced on pg. 27. The first line reads 'The Lord of the Rings" and beneath this is "Heru i·Million". The shelf number of this page is 3/1/1: la in the Marquette Archives.

lP AlRMA lBLDALAMl818RON No. 10 - Page 46


• Adverbs in -0. There are several examples of temporal adverbs ending in - 0, apparently derived from adjectives; e.g. ando 'long, for a long time' in the Koivieneni sentence (VT 14:5) < an:Ja 'long' (LR:348), with which compare later Andave laituvalmet 'Long we will praise them' (III:231 , L:308). This might be a special use of the genitive, perhaps in its ablative or partitive sense, with ando = *'of long, from a long time'. Note that Finnish sometimes uses the partitive of an adjective to express the manner of an action, e.g. Puhun hiljaa 'I shall speak quietly' (hiljainen 'quiet').41 Other examples of such adverbs include oio 'everlastingly' (R:61) < oia 'everlasting' (LR:379), and from the earlier material ento 'next' in the "Arctic" sentence in The Father Christmas Letters, probably < enla 'that yonder' (LR:356).

There might also be an etymological relation between this adverbial ending -0 and the adverbial case ending -ndon on the Bodleian chart, which resembles the genitive plural and "old partitive" plural-on. By the time the Plotz chart was written in 1966-67, -ndon was no longer part of the case system, although there is one late occurrence of this suffix in 1946 in an early version of Lowdham's fragments in Quenya and Adunaic: kamindon. This is only partially glossed as adverbial '-ly', but based on context it clearly means 'humbly' (SD:311).

III. The Instrumental Case

The instrumental case conveys the manner, means, or agent by which a verbal action is carried out; it tells how, or by whom or what, something was accomplished. In English it is translated with such prepositions as in, on, by, with. It occurs with the following verbal forms:

1. With intransitive verbs: Ai! laurie'lantar lassi surinen, 'Ah! like gold fall the leaves in the wind: (1:394); yassen tintilar i eleni omaryo airetdri-lirinen. 'wherein the stars tremble in the song of her voice, holy and queenly.' (ibid.); Kuivie, kuivie! laurea'esselinen! *'Live [long], live [long], with many golden names!' (SD:47).42 The phrase laurea'esselinen! was changed at the time of writing to ankmim 'esselinen *'with brightest names' (SD:51 n.7).

2. With transitive verbs: Ilqainen antar annarlestanen Illivatdren. 'To all they gave in measure the gifts of Ihivatar.' (LR:72); Ilyainantalto'annarlestanen 'To all they gave in measure the gifts' (ibid.).

3. With an adjective derived from a verb: Man tiruvafana kirya, wilwarin wilwa, ... ramainen elvie, 'Who shall heed a white ship, vague as a butterfly, ... on wings like stars' (MC:222). The phrase wilwarin wilwa is literally *'(like) a butterfly fluttering to and fro', and rdmainen gives the means of the fluttering: 'on wings' (i.e. the ship's flapping sails). For the verb from which wilwais derived, cf. wili- 'sail, float, fly' (LT1:273) and base WIL- 'fly, float in air' (LR:398).

4. With the past participle: A Turin Turambar turun' ambartanen.· '[0 TUrin] master of doom by doom mastered!' (UT:138)

• Notes on the instrumental. The instrumental typically follows the verb form it modifies: turlin' ambartanen 'by doom mastered', kuivie! laurea'esselinen! *'Live [long], with many golden names!' An example from the older corpus is kirya kmliere kulukmmalfnen 'The ship shone with golden lights' (MC:220). However, other words could come between the instrumental and the verb form, as in laurie/antar lassi surinen 'like gold fall the leaves in the wind', and Ilyain antaltoannarlestanen 'To all they gave in measure the gifts'.

The instrumental postposition -me follows this same syntactic pattern, being placed immediately after the verb: numeheruvi arda sakkante leneme iluvataren * 'the Lords of the West rent Arda with the leave of Duvatar' (SD:246).

IV. The Allative Case

I. Indicates motion 'to, towards' a location, with implication of ultimately 'into': Ar Sauron lende numenorenna 'And Sauron came to-N6menor' (LR:56); Malle tena lende numenna 'road straight went westward' (SD:31O; cf. other versions in LR:47, 56); turkildi romenna '[Lordly-men] eastward.' (ibid.); Et Eiirello Endorenna utlilien 'Out of the Great Sea to Middleearth I am come' (III:245). Also in alaitatdrienna! '[0] bless (or praise) them to the height' (111:231, L:308) and Orome tanna lende 'Orome came thither' (VT 14:5), i.e. 'to that place' < fa 'that it' (LR:389).

The allative could also be used in this sense in conjunction with a preposition: lantaner turkildi nuhuinenna *'the Lordly Men fell (toward a location) under shadow' (SD:246).

2. Indicates 'toward' a point in time: tenna 'up to, as far as' (UT:317), probably < TE3- 'line, direction' (LR:391), in tennoio 'for ever' and tenn' Ambar-metta 'unto the ending of the world' (III:425-26). Also in mennai 'until' (VT 14:5) < men 'place, spot' + -nna + i 'that'; mennai Orome tanna lende 'until [the time that] Orome came thither'.

41 Cf. Finnish by Arthur H. Whitney, p. 37. 42 For a discussion of kuivie' see "SauronDefeated : A Linguistic Review" by Carl F. Hostetter, VT 24, pg. 5.

lP AllWIA 18LDALAMlBlBlRON No. 10 - Page 47


3. Indicates motion from above down' on, upon' a location: ar sindanOriello eaita mornie i falmalinnar imbe met 'and out of a grey country darkness lies on the foaming waves between us' (1:394). Although the verb caito. 'lies' is static rather than kinetic, motion is implied by the ablative sindanOriello, i.e. the darkness came from a grey country to lie on the waves. Other examples include Anar kaluva tielyanna! 'The sun shall shine upon your path' (UT:22, 51); Menel na-kUna ruxal' ambonnar 'the heavens bending upon crumbling hills' (MC:222); talta-taltalaatalantiemindoninnar 'falling upon fallen towers' (ibid.); anarpureatihtaaxorilkalannar 'a bleared sun blinking on bones gleaming' (ibid.).

4. Indicates the occurrence of something 'on' a point in time: Elen sfla lumenn' omentielvo. 'a star shines on the hour of our meeting.' (1:90)

5. Indicates motion 'into': antarotamannar Valion 'he gave it into the hands of the Lords' (LR:72); eari ullier ikilyanna 'seas should flow into chasm' (SD:247). Cf. other versions in SD:310 and frontispiece, LR:47, 56. This could also be used with a preposition, as minna 'to the inside, into' < mi 'in, within' (LR:373).

6. Indicates the indirect object of an action: tar-kalionohtakarevalannar *'Tar-kalion made war on the Powers' (SD:246). Cf. other versions in SD:310 and frontispiece, LR:47, 56.

• Notes on the allative. The a1lative most often follows immediately after the verb, acting as an adverbial modifier: e.g. lende mimenna 'went westward' , a laita tarienna 'praise them to the height' , kaluva tielyanna 'shall shine upon your path' , trlkuna ruxal' ambonnar 'bending on crumbling hills', sfla lumenn' 'shines on the hour', ullier ikilyanna 'should flow into chasm' , antarota mannar' gave it into the hands' , ohtakdre valannar 'made war on the Powers'. This is further confirmed by Tolkien's rearrangement of Namdriii into "a clearer and more normal style", in which the original poetic phrase eaita mornie i falmalinnar 'darkness lies on the foaming waves' becomes mornii} eaita ifalma-li-nnar, with the a1lative placed immediately after the verb (R:67).

In two examples the a1lative immediately precedes the verb: Endorenna uhilien 'to Middle-earth 1 am come' , and Orome (anna lende 'Orome came thither'. This construction may have had an emphatic effect.

• Interior and exterior senses of the allative. Finnish makes a distinction in its local cases between exterior and interior cases. The Finnish a1lative is an exterior local case, indicating motion toward the outside or surface, e.g. Lintu lensi katolle 'The bird flew onto the roof'. The corresponding interior local case is the illative, indicating motion into, e.g. Menen kyliiiin 'I am going into the village'. In Quenya, however, the a1lative expresses both exterior and interior senses and is therefore equivalent to both the Finnish a1lative and illative. For example, the Quenya a1lative has an exterior sense in Menel na-kUnaruxal' ambonnar 'the heavens bending upon crumbling hills' (MC:222), but an interior sense in eari ullier ikilyanna 'seas should flow into chasm' (SD:247). Those sentences in which the Quenya a1lative is glossed as 'to' or '-ward' seem often to have an interior sense, not only indicating motion 'toward' but also implying ultimate passage 'into'. For example, in Sauron lende numenorenna 'Sauron came to-Nl1menor' (LR:56), Sauron not only came towards Nl1menor, he entered into that country. Similarly, in Malle lena lende numenna 'road straight went westward' (SD:31O), the Straight Road went towards the West and ultimately entered into the West. The early a1lative -nta also had both an exterior sense (tollalinta 'upon hills') and interior sense (i sapsanta 'into the grave').

• Use o/the allative in place-names. The a1lative was also used as a formative suffix in place-names: Elenna 'Starwards' , a name for Nl1menor (S:327); EIdanna *'Towards the Elves' , the "Great bay in the west of Nl1menor, so called 'because it faced towards Eressea' "(UT:432); and Romenna 'Eastwards' , "great haven in the east of Nl1menor" (UT:463). The only example of one of these nouns used in a sentence is in the genitive phrase Elenna'nOreo alear 'the glory of the Land of the Star' in Cirion's Oath (UT:305). The use of the compound form Elenna'nOre 'the land named Starwards' (UT:317) might be due to a desire to avoid adding genitive -0 directly to the aUative ending in Elenna.

V. The Dative Case

1. Indicates the indirect object, that 'for' whom the verbal action is performed: Sf man i yulma nin enquantuva? 'Who now shall refill the cup for me?' (1:394); /lu /luvatar en kart! eldain aftrimoin 'The Father made the World for Elves and Mortals' (ibid.); Eldain en karier lsi!. nan hi/din Or-anar 'For Elves they made the Moon, but for Men the red Sun' (ibid.) With the verb 'to give', the dative indicates the person 'to' whom the gift is given: /lyain antalto annar lestanen /luvatdren 'To all they gave in measure the gifts of Duvatar' (LR:72); Man tare antdva nin /luvatar, /luvatar 'What will the Father, 0 Father, give me' (ibid.)

2. With the gerundial infinitive to indicate the purpose for which the action of a verb occurs: Vanda sina termaruva Elenna·noreoalearenyalien 'This oath shall stand in memory (lit. for the recalling) of the glory of the Land of the Star' (UT:305).

lP A~A 18lLDAlLAMlBlElRON No. 10 - Page 48


3. As a genitive singular in the Etymologies, The Lost Road, The Notion Club Papers, and early draft texts of The Lord of the Rings, c. 1937-46. Examples include Valatar 'Vala-king', g. sg. VaJaJaren (LR:350); rJrin "name of the Sun", g.sg. rJrinden (LR:396); Iwn-maren 'the heart of the house' (LR:63); leneme illivatdren *' with the leave of lluvatar' (SD:246); lumesse omentiemman 'on the hour of our meeting' (RS:324); and perhaps in Vardan Oiolossean Tintallen mali *, the hands of Varda Tintalle of Mount Everwhite' , in the early draft of Ndmariii (TI:285). 43

In the Genealogies, written in the early 1930s, Veaneldar' Sea Elves' is a name of the Teleri (LR:403). The first element appears to be *vean 'of the sea', genitive sing. of vea 'sea' (MC:214), so that Vean-eldar = 'Elves of the Sea'. Compare this with Tinwerontar' Queen of Stars' < genitive pI. tinweron 'of stars' + -tar' King, Queen' (LR:389).

There are also some adjectives in the Etymologies which appear to be in origin n-genitives: ranen 'errant' < rOne 'straying, wandering' (LR:383), and ettelen 'foreign' < ettele 'outer lands' (LR:356).

e Notes on the dative. All of the examples of the dative used to indicate the indirect object occur in poetry, in which the alteration of normal word order for metrical purposes makes it difficult to determine the dative's normal position. The indirect object appears both before the direct object (En kdrielto eldain lsil *' For Bves they made the Moon') and after the direct object (man i yulma nin enquantuva 'Who shall refill the cup for me'), and often the direct and indirect objects are placed on opposite sides of the verb: Eldain en kdrier lsi/'For Eves they made the Moon', Ilu Iluvatar en Mrf! eldain 'The Father made the World for Bves'.

In its genitive function however, the syntax of the dative is clear. In contrast to the genitive in -0, which normally precedes the noun, genitive singular nouns in -n normally follow the noun: lumesse omentiemman 'on the hour of our meeting', leneme illivatdren 'with the leave of lluvatar' , annariestanenlllivatdren 'in measure the gifts of lluvatar' , (Ar) Veruen '(Day) of the Spouses', Nyarna Valin6ren 'The Annals of Valinor' (LR:202), NyarnaValarianden 'The Annals of Beleriand' (ibid.), Soroni numeheruen *'the Eagles of the Lord of the West' (SD:290 n.62), etc. Exceptions to this are Vardan Oiolossean Tintallen miili *' the hands of Varda Tintalle of Mount Everwhite' , and the compound form Veaneldar' Sea Bves' .

VI. The Locative Case

1. Location in space: a. 'at': Koivienenissen' at Koivieneni' (VT 14:5) b. 'on', 'upon': ondolisse morne 'on dark rocks' (MC:222), i hdrarmahalmassen 'those who sit upon the thrones'

(lIT:305) c. 'in': nlimessier 'They are in the West' (LR:72) < numesse 'in the West' + yer 'they are'; Altariello nainiif

LOriendesse 'Galadriel's lament in L6rien' (R:58); yassen tinti/ar i eleni 'wherein the stars tremble' (1:394); ringa sumaryasse 'in her cold bosom' (MC:222); ear-kelumessen 'in the flowing sea' (ibid.); isilme ilka/asse 'in the moon gleaming' (ibid.); isilme pikalasse 'in the moon waning' (ibid.); isilme lantalasse 'in the moon falling' (ibid.)

2. Location in time:

a. 'upon', 'on': Eleni silir lumesse omentiemman 'The stars shine on the hour of our meeting' (RS:324); yasse, yalumesse, ydresse 'once upon a time' < yO. 'formerly, ago', yallime 'former times', yare 'former days' (LR:399).

b. 'in': metim' auresse 'in the last morning' (MC:222); metimaamaureasse 'in the last morning' (ibid.)

e Notes on the locative. The locative usually follows the verb it modifies: Eldar ando kakainen loralyar Koivienenissen 'The Bves were long lying asleep at Koivieneni'; ihdrarmahalmassen 'those who sit upon the thrones'; Eleni silir lumesse 'The stars shine on the hour'. This is also the case when the locative modifies a noun: Man tiruva rdkina kirya ondolisse morne 'Who shall heed a broken ship on the dark rocks' (MC:222), Altariello nainiif LOriendesse 'Galadriel's lament in LOrien'.

elnteriorandexterior senses of the locative. As with the allative, the locative has both interior and exterior senses. For example, it indicates location on the outside or surface in rdkina kirya ondolisse morne 'a broken ship on dark rocks' (MC:222), and location within in Altariello nainie LOriendesse 'Galadriel' s lament in L6rien' (R:58). In Finnish, two separate locative cases are used where Quenya has only one-exterior location is indicated by the adessive, as in Lintu istuu kalolla

43 This is one of the rare instances in the post-1937 corpus in which an adjective is inflected for case to agree with the noun; thus adj. *Oiolossifa 'of Mount Everwhite' > gen. sg. Oiolossean to agree with Vardon and Tintallen. (This phrase is also unusual in that two nouns in apposition, Vardon and Tintallen, are both inflected.) Another example of this adjectivenoun agreement is Valion numenyaron 'of the Lords of the West' in the first draft of Ffriel's Song (LR:72), with the genitive pI. of adj. numenya 'western' (LR:376) in accord with Valion.

IP ~A ]ElLJDlAlLAM18lBRON No. 10 - Page 49


'The bird is sitting on the roor, whereas interior location is indicated by the inessive case, as in Asun kyliissii 'I live in the village'.

• Use of locative -sse in abstract nouns. An ending -sse also appears in abstract nouns, such as otornasse 'brotherhood' < olorno 'sworn brother, associate' (LR:394), veasse 'vigour' < yea 'adult, manly, vigorous' (LR:398), and quentasse 'history' < quete- 'say' (SM:206). Although a locative sense is not readily apparent in these nouns, their derivative suffix -sse is probably a specialized use of locative -sse.

In the Etymologies, the entry for KAY - 'lie down' lists the following derivative forms: "Q kaima bed. N caew lair, restingplace; cael (Q kaila) lying in bed, sickness; cae/eb bedridden, sick; cf. Q kaimasse, kaimassea." The manner in which Q kaimasse, kaimassea are cited seems to indicate that they are equivalent in meaning to N cael (Q kaila) 'lying in bed, sickness' and caeleb 'bedridden, sick', respectively. This makes sense, given that kaimasse appears to consist of kaima 'bed' + locative -sse; literally 'in bed', used substantively as a metaphor for 'sickness'. Since kaimasse was considered a nominative singular noun rather than simply the locative inflection of kaima, it developed an adjectival derivative kaimassea 'bedridden, sick' , the addition offinal-a being a means of deriving adjectives from nouns (cf. "yaime 'wailing', noun, yaimea adjective", MC:223). A similar use of locative -sse as a noun formative occurs in hopasse 'harbourage' < h6pa 'haven, harbour, small landlocked bay' (LR:364); 'harbourage' is what one finds 'in the harbour' .

Words such as kaimasse and hopasse probably exhibit the original use of -sse as a noun formative, one in which thederived nouns retained a clear sense of physical location. Yet kaimasse did not merely describe the physical location of one 'lying in bed'; it was a true abstract noun denoting the intangible concept of 'sickness'. From words such as kaimasse, hopasse, locative -sse may have acquired a broader association as a general abstract noun suffix. Thus -sse is used to derive abstract nouns from other nouns, e.g. valasse 'divinity' < Vala 'Power, God' (LR:350) and venesse 'virginity' < vene 'girl' (LR:398), as well as from adjectives, e.g. ninqisse 'whiteness' < ninqe 'white' (LR:378) and handasse 'intelligence' < honda 'understanding, intelligent' (LR:363). There are also a number of verbal nouns in -sse, such as eresse 'solitude' < ERE- 'be alone, deprived' (LR:356), Entulesse 'Return' (ill: 171) < TUL- 'come' (LR:395), and kelusse 'freshet, water falling out swiftly from a rocky spring' < kelu- 'flow out swiftly' (UT:426). A locative sense seems implicit in some of these concepts, e.g. valasse 'divinity' is that quality inherent 'in a God', and eresse 'solitude' is the state of being 'in a lonely place'.

VII. The Short Locative Case

There is only one example of the short locative, appearing in an early draft of Namdrie in the Marquette University archives: elli yas atintilar, = yassen tintilar i eleni 'wherein the stars tremble, in which the stars twinkle' in the published text. Here yas indicates location 'in' a place.

The unusual order of elements in the phrase elli yas atintilar, lit. 'the stars in which twinkle' is probably due to the requirements of meter. This line in full from the early draft is nu luini elli yas atintilar, which is regularly iambic: nit lui I nl ell li yas I liin I tUar. No other arrangement of the words elli, yas, and atintilar would yield an iambic meter in this line.

VIII. The Ablative Case

1. Indicates motion '(away) from': Men kenuvafdne kirya metima hrestallo kira 'Who shall see a white ship leave the last shore', lit. *'sail from the last beach' (MC:221); Mardello Melko Iende 'Melko has gone from F~th', emended to Melko Mardellolende (LR:72).

2. Indicates origin 'out of' or 'from' a place: ar sindan6riello caita mornie ifalmalinnar imbe met' and out of a grey country darkness lies on the foaming waves between us' (1:394); R6mello vanwa 'lost to those from the East' (ibid.).

3. In conjunction with a noun in the allative, to indicate extent: telmello telmanna 'from hood to base, from crown to foot, top to bottom' (LR:391).

4. With some prepositions and postpositions: Et Eiirello 'Out of the Great Sea' (III:245 ..... 46). elt'mllor pella 'beyond the stars' (OM3). The postposition pella 'beyond' is also used with the nominative, as in Andune pella 'beyond the West' (1:394); cf. §1.4.

• Notes on the ablative. Unlike the allative and locative, which usually follow the verb, a noun in the ablative is usually placed before the verb it modifies, as in hrestallo kira 'leave the shore', lit. 'sail away from the shore'. This same order appears in OM2: ailinello lule 'leave the shore' (MC:213). This may have been the reason for the emendation of Mardello Melko Iende 'Melko has gone from Earth' in Firiel's Song to Melko Mardello lende, with the ablative noun immediately before the verb.

The ablative also precedes when it modifies a noun or adjective. In ar sindan6riello caila mornii! i falmalinnar imbe mel 'and out of a grey country darkness lies on the foaming waves between us' (1:394), sindan6riello gives the source of the mornii!

lP' ARM A lI!lLDAlLAMl8lBlRON No. 10 - Page 50


'darkness' lying on the waves. Thus in the prose version of the poem, sindanOrielio directly precedes morniif : arsinda-nOrieI/o mornie caita i jalma-li-nnar (R:67). The ablative modifies a following adjective in R6mello vanwa 'lost to those from the East' (1:394).

When used with the allative to indicate extent or motion from one place to another, the ablative always comes first: telme//o te/manna 'from hood to base', Et Eiirel/o Endorenna 'Out of the Great Sea to Middle-earth' , ar sindan6riello caita mornie i jalmalinnar 'and out of a grey country darkness lies on the foaming waves'.

-Interior and exterior senses ojthe ablative. The ablative, like the allative and locative, has both an interior and exterior sense. It indicates separation from the outside or surface in Men kenuva jane kirya metima hrestallo kira 'Who shall see a white ship leave the last shore', i.e. the ship leaves its original position beside, on, or near the shore, it does not depart from a position inside the shore. The interior sense, that indicating separation from an original position within something, appears in Mardello Melko lende 'Melko has gone from Earth' (LR:72). Again, Finnish employs separate cases to distinguish between these exterior and interior meanings. The Finnish ablative is an exterior local case, indicating separation from without, as in Lintu lensi katolta 'The bird flew from the roof'. The equivalent interior case is the elative, expressing separation from within, as in Tulen kyliistii 'I come from a village'.

IX. The Adjectival Case

1. Creates the adjectival form of a noun, e.g. huineva 'of night' < huine 'deep shadow', in TaureHuineva 'Forest of Night' (LR:382). Adjectives formed with this case ending could probably also mean 'having', 'like', 'pertaining to'-cf. adjs. /intuilindova *'having many swallows' in Narqe/ion (PE 9:9-10) < tui/indo 'swallow' (LR:369); liruva 'fiery' < Ur 'fire' (LR:396); sarkuva 'corporeal, bodily' < sarlw 'flesh' (LT1:347).

2. Indicates the material or substance of which something consists: yuldar lisse-miruvore-va 'draughts of the sweet mead' (1:394). An early example in QL is turuva 'wooden' < turu 'ftrewood, wood (in general)' (LT1:270).

3. The genitive singular of nouns ending in -ie : Mindon Elda/ieva 'Lofty Tower of the Eldalie' (S:341), Mar Vanwa Tyalieva 'The Cottage of Lost Play' (LT1: 14).

4. Indicates the logical object of the action of the verbal noun: Nurtale Valin6reva 'The Hiding of Valinor' (S:345).

- Notes on the adjectival case. A noun in the adjectival case invariably follows the noun modifted: Taure Huineva 'Forest of Night', yuldar /isse-miruvore-va 'draughts of the sweet mead', Mindon Eldalieva 'Lofty Tower of the Eldalie', Mar Vanwa Tyalieva 'The Cottage of Lost Play', NurtaIe Valin6reva The Hiding of Valinor'.

tJ[cknomlrdgrntrnts This article has had an exceptionally long gestation. An early draft, entitled ''The Decline and Fall of the Quenya Noun",

was presented to the First E.L.F. Colloquium on the Languages of Middle-earth in Reseda, California, Feb. 15-18, 1991. An excerpt from this draft was published in Vinyar Tengwar 16 (March 1991) under the title "The Associative: A 'Problematic' Quenya Noun Case Explained." The following year, a revised and expanded version of ''The Decline and Fall" was presented to the Second E.L.F. Colloquium held in Los Altos, California, Feb. 14-17, 1992.

I would like to thank my friends and colleagues for their help and encouragement. Above all I am indebted to Christopher Gilson, both for his patience in dealing with my persistent dilatoriness and for the many ideas he provided that have been incorporated into this analysis. Thanks also to Carl F. Hostetter, who read this paper in its various incarnations and provided additional ideas and suggestions for improvement.

PARMA ELDALAMlBlBlRON No.10-Page51


:Bibliography Allan, Jim. "The Quenya Noun." Tolkien Language Notes 2, 1974: 3-7. Carpenter, Humphrey. Tolkien: A Biography. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1977. Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia o/Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. Foster, Robert. The Complete Guide to Middle-earth. New York: Ballantine Books, 1979. Gilson, Christopher. "Elvish and Mannish." Vinyar Tengwar 33, January 1994: 10-26. ___ and Patrick Wynne. "The Elves at Koivieneni: a New Quenya Sentence." Vinyar Tengwar 14, November 1990: 5-7,

12-20. ___ and Patrick Wynne. "The Growth of Grammar in the Elven-tongues." Monograph delivered Aug. 20, 1992 at the

J.R.R. Tolkien Centenary Conference, Keble College, Oxford. Greenberg, Joseph, ed. Universalso/Language. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1963. Hostetter, Carl F. "SauronDe/eated: A Linguistic Review." Vinyar Tengwar 24, July 1992: 4-13. __ and Patrick Wynne. "Morgoth's Ring: A Linguistic Review - Part II." Vinyar Tengwar 34, May 1994. Martsch, Nancy. 'The Dick Plotz Letter Declension of the Quenya Noun." BeyondBree, March 1989: 7. ___ . "New Form of a Quenya Case Ending Confirmed." BeyondBree, March 1986: 3. Plotz, Richard. "J.R.R. Tolkien talks about the discovery of Middle-earth, the origins of Elvish." Seventeen, January 1967:

92-93, 118. ___ . 'Tolkien and I: A Brief Memoir." Mythlore 71, Winter 1993: 41-42. Quin6nez, Jorge. "A brief note on the background of the letter from J.R.R. Tolkien to Dick Plotz concerning the Declension

of the High-elvish Noun." VinyarTengwar 6, July 1989: 13-14. Santoski, T.J.R. Catalogue 0/ an Exhibit 0/ the Manuscripts 0/ JRRT. Milwaukee, Wisc.: Marquette University Department

of Special Collections and University Archives, 1983. Tolkien, J.R.R. The Book 0/ Lost Tales, Part I. Ed. Christopher Tolkien, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1984. ___ . The Book 0/ Lost Tales, Part II. Ed. Christopher Tolkien, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1984. ___ . The Father Christmas Letters. Ed. Baillie Tolkien, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976. ___ . The Letters 0/ J.R.R. Tolkien. Ed. Humphrey Carpenter, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981. ___ . The Lord o/the Rings; The Fellowship o/the Ring (vol. 1), The Two Towers (vol. 2), The Return o/the King

(vol. 3). Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967. ___ . The Lost Road and Other Writings. Ed. Christopher Tolkien, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1987. ___ . Morgoth's Ring. Ed. Christopher Tolkien. London: HarperCollins. 1993. ___ '. "Notes and Translations." The Road Goes Ever On: A Song Cycle. Poems by J.R.R. Tolkien. music by Donald

Swann, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967. ___ . The Return o/the Shadow. Ed. Christopher Tolkien. London: HarperCollins, 1988. ___ . SauronDe/eated. Ed. Christopher Tolkien, London: HarperCollins, 1992. ___ . "A Secret Vice." The Monsters and the Critics and Other Essays. Ed. Christopher Tolkien, Boston: Houghton

Mifflin, 1984. ___ . The Shaping o/Middle-earth. Ed. Christopher Tolkien, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1986. ___ . The Silmarillion. Ed. Christopher Tolkien, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977. ___ . The Treason o/Isengard. Ed. Christopher Tolkien, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1989. ___ . Unfinished Tales. Ed. Christopher Tolkien, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1980. Whitney, Arthur H. Finnish. London: Hodder & Stoughton Ltd., 1956. Wynne, Patrick and Christopher Gilson. "Bird and Leaf: Image and Structure in Narqelion." ParmaEldalamberon 9, 1990: 6-

32. ___ and Christopher Gilson. "Trees of Silver and of Gold: A Guide to the Koivieneni Manuscript." Vinyar Tengwar 27,

January 1993: 7-42. ___ , Christopher Gilson and Carl F. Hostetter. "The Bodleian Declensions." Vinyar Tengwar 28, March 1993: 8-34. ___ and Carl F. Hostetter. "Morgoth's Ring: A Linguistic Review - Part 1." Vinyar Tengwar 34, March 1994: 6-34.

lPAllWIA ElLDAlLAM18lBlRON No. 10- Page 52

¢ l rJ~~ Q?M> ~e :1,

8a~ r5;j~ 1

(\.~~~ e ~~J8p ~

:s g~ 2\~fCl ~ 1~~ ~te?2\~f~ 3~a'e~ Pjke(.) ~ J£J~ ~e~ --,~ tJ:6p e~e~~ .. ~f2'G

parma eldalamberon 10 - archivotolkien.org eldalamberon 10.pdf · contain a wealth of previously...

Documents