organic chemistry the study of carbon-containing compounds and their properties. the vast majority...
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Organic ChemistryOrganic Chemistry
The study of carbon-containing compounds and their properties.
The vast majority of organic compounds contain chains or rings of carbon atoms.
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H
H
H H
H
H
CC
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H1s
sp2
sp2
sp2
sp2
H1s
2p
C C
sp2
sp2
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2p
2pH1s
H
sp
2p
2p
C
sp 2p
2p
2p
C H
H1s
2p
sp
BondsBonds
HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons
. . . compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen.
Saturated: carbon-carbon bonds are all single - alkanes [CnH2n+2]
H C
H
H
C
H
H
H
HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons(continued)(continued)
Unsaturated: contains carbon-carbon multiple bonds.
H C
H
H
C
H
CH
H
Types of HydrocarbonsTypes of Hydrocarbons
Types of HydrocarbonsTypes of Hydrocarbons
Rules for Naming AlkanesRules for Naming Alkanes
1. For alkanes beyond butane, add -ane to the Greek root for the number of carbons.
C-C-C-C-C-C = hexane
2. Alkyl substituents: drop the -ane and add -yl.
-C2H5 is ethyl
Rules for Naming AlkanesRules for Naming Alkanes
3. Positions of substituent groups are specified by numbering the longest chain sequentially.
C C-C-C-C-C-C
3-methylhexane
4. Location and name are followed by root alkane name. Substituents in alphabetical order and use di-, tri-, etc.
AlkanesAlkanes
HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons
Cyclic AlkanesCyclic Alkanes
Carbon atoms can form rings containing only carbon-carbon single bonds.
C3H6, C4H8, C6H12
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C C
C
109.5
60
No "head-on"overlap of atomic orbitals
(b)(a)
Alkenes and AlkynesAlkenes and Alkynes
Alkenes: hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-carbon double bond. [CnH2n]
CC=C propene
Alkynes: hydrocarbons containing a carbon-carbon triple bond.
CCCCC 2-pentyne
Nomenclature for AlkenesNomenclature for Alkenes
1. Root hydrocarbon name ends in -ene
C2H4 is ethene
2. With more than 3 carbons, double bond is indicated by the lowest numbered carbon atom in the bond.
C=CCC is 1-butene
Aromatic CompoundsAromatic Compounds
Refinery ProcessesRefinery Processes
Cracking: large molecules broken down to smaller ones by breaking carbon-carbon bonds.
Pyrolysis (thermal cracking): The process that produces cracking at high temperatures.
Catalytic Cracking: Cracking at lower temperatures.
Catalytic reforming: Alkanes and cycloalkanes converted to aromatic compounds.
Reactions and Functional GroupsReactions and Functional Groups
A special class of cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons.
+ Cl2
FeCl3
Cl
+ HCl
benzene Chlorobenzene
The Common Functional The Common Functional GroupsGroups
Class General Formula
Halohydrocarbons RX
Alcohols ROH
Ethers ROR
AldehydesCRO
H
The Common Functional The Common Functional GroupsGroups
Class General Formula
Ketones
Carboxylic Acids
Esters
Amines RNH2
CRO
R'
CRO
OH
CRO
O R'
Functional GroupsFunctional Groups
Functional GroupsFunctional Groups
NamingNaming
NamingNaming
NamingNaming
NamingNaming
NamingNaming
NamingNaming
PolymersPolymers
. . . are large, usually chainlike molecules that are built from small molecules called monomers.
Monomer PolymerEthylene PolyethyleneVinyl chloride Polyvinyl chlorideTetrafluoroethylene Teflon
Types of PolymerizationTypes of Polymerization
Addition Polymerization: monomers “add together” to form the polymer, with no other products. (Teflon)
Condensation Polymerization: A small molecule, such as water, is formed for each extension of the polymer chain. (Nylon)
EnantiomersEnantiomers
END