Authors: Ravinder Venugopal, Simon Abourida, and Jean BélangerPresenter: Simon Abourida

Simon.abourida@opal-rt.com

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Electric Power System

Real-Time Digital Simulator

1. Reducing hydrocarbons (Decarbonization) in electric power generation

2. Continued growth of electricity demand especially in developing economies

3. Electrification of the transportation sector

4. Trends towards electric power deregulation

5. Trends towards empowering consumers responsiveness to the grid’s physical and economic conditions

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Source : “IEEE Vision for Smart Grid Controls: 2030 and Beyond”IEEE Smart Grid Research: Control Systems Society - 06/20/2013

Few centralized and actively controlled power generation facilities

… serving a large number of distributed passive electrical loads

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5(CHP) : Cogeneration or combined heat and power

Increase in the complexity of power distribution and transmission networks Development of renewable energy systems (solar, wind, etc) Use of power electronics such as HVDCs, FACTS Use of smart metering, and monitoring devices and systems Development of smart-grids

Source: cleantechnica.com

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10 s 1 s 100 ms 10 ms 1ms 100 µs 100 ns1 min 1 s1 day 1 h

Economic Effect

Frequency Fluctuation

Power Fluctuation

Shaft Torsional Resonance

Harmonics

Surge

Main Focus of RT Simulators

Designing, tuning and deploying the components (control, protection, power devices)

Testing control, monitoring systems and protection hardware in a closed-loop with the simulator

Test a variety of operating scenarios difficult on the real power grid: faults, load rejection, and islanded operation

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RT Simulator

Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL)

Device Under TestProtection RelayFACTS Controller,

PMU, PDC, …

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I n s t a n t a n e o u s V a l u e s

R M S V a l u e s

Steady State Electromechanical Oscillation

Transient OvervoltageTemporary Overvoltage

Resonance & Ferroresonnace

Electromagnetic & Electromechanical Phenomena

Load FlowShort CircuitHarmonics

Transient StabilityModal AnalysisVoltage Stability

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Wide Area Transient Stability

Ultra-fast Transients

Electromagnetic Transient (EMT)

Number of 3-PhaseBuses

PSS/eETAP

DigSilent

PSCADEMTP

SPS SPICESABER

SIMPLORER

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Wide Area Transient Stability

Ultra-fast Transients

Electromagnetic Transient (EMT)

A single platform that handles the RT simulation of: Transient stability (time step = 5 - 10 ms) - Phasors

Electromagnetic transients (time step = 20 – 50 us) - Instantaneous

Ultra-Fast transients (time step < 1 us) – Instantaneous (VSC, MMC)

Works with: Single line diagram modeling

Simulink / SimPowerSystems modeling

Applications: Closed-Loop testing of Physical devices:

Protective relay testing

Phasor Measurement Units and Wide Area Monitoring

Solar and Wind Farm integration Testing

FACTS Control-in-the-loop testing (HIL, Power HIL)

…

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Host PC

RT SimulatorPC-Based Architecture

Physical Device under test

… FPGA

Carrier BoardD/A A/D

CAN, IEC61850

…DO DI

RT Comm. Board

Ethernet

CPUPCI Express

AdapterShared

Memory CPU

Multi-Core

Multi-Core

PCI-Express bus

Model Model

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2 AC equivalent network systems with different frequencies 1 unbalanced variable-load 8 detailed windmills with controllers 2 VSCs (MMC topology) with controllers

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Simulation of complete Grid in Real-Time at:Time-Step = 25 us

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Protection RelayClosed Loop Testing

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Fault group 1:

Overcurrent fault

Fault group 2:

Overvoltage fault

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1. Fault

breaker closes

2. Voltage on

bus MTL735

drops to zero

2. Fault current

increases

3. Relay trips, GOOSE

message is sent to

protection breaker

4. Fault is cleared

Setup:Hypersim Simulator connected to MiCOMP444 Relay in closed-loop.

The whole fault detection and clearance process takes about 15 ms for an overcurrent fault

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KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden

Software-in-the-loop (all digitally simulated)

Hardware-in-the-loop

Projects

Real-Time Simulation of Phasor Measurement Unit

Emulation of an Over-Current Relay Model Developed in SimPowerSystems (MATLAB/Simulink)

Real-Time Simulation on OPAL-RT Simulator

Validated with actual relay (SEL-487E) in HIL setup and comparison with Stand Alone Testing System

Power System Communication (Station & Process Bus Implementation)- Real-Time HIL Setup [Opal-RT + ABB-RED 670]

PMU in HIL setup with development of graphical monitoring interface

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Increased complexity of the Power System

Trend toward Smart Systems Integration

Real-Time Digital Simulator: Valuable tool for design and testing of the Smart Grid components and systems