obras selectas - tomo v - juan bautista alberdi - portalguarani

8/13/2019 OBRAS SELECTAS - TOMO V - JUAN BAUTISTA ALBERDI - PORTALGUARANI

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M. O. LHOK_@I

G _ T TKHKDP T

E [ K Q L K @ I D I Ô E

G _ @ KE L @ L , _ KQ I T L @ L Y R _ K D K @ I @ L @K [EL I E P _ G @ [D D I Ô E

RG _ KH

@_. MGL\[ÊE Q. NGE]ÌHK]

T KE L @ G _ ELDIGELH

P G J G Q

@ I T D [ T I Ô E F I T P Ô _ I D L Y R G H Ê P I D L

O[KEGT LI_KT

Hiorkrêl «HL AL D[H PL@³ `k Mule _gh`le

0 4 1 , Ahgri`l, 0 4 1

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http://portalguarani.com/



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DGEPKTPLDIÔE

LH

Q G P G @K LJÉ_IDL"'

( i ) Kh Tr. _ivkrl Ie`lrtk floêl puohidl`g ue dul`kreg, prk

tke`ike`g `kjgstrlr quk `koêljgs ousdlr hl lhilezl `k hl Ks-

plül y kh rkdgegdijiketg `k hl ie`kpke`kedil lrnketiel, kvitle

` g lsê uel eukvl rkdgequistl.

L ksk prgpôsitg ig kh kpênrlak `k " Q g t g `k L j é r i d l " .

K h @r. Lhokr`i rkautl ksk ksdritg ke hls pìniels quk vle l

hkkrsk.

64;

G O _ L T TOHOGPL T.‐Pgjg Q <




DG EP KTP LDI Ô E LH QG P G @K LJ É_I DL

Ruks quk ue ieìviùg t ikek `krkdfg plrl hkvletlrsu vgz ketrk egsgtrgs ke alvgr `k hl Ksplül, quk lue

ks eukstrl kekj inl, pgrquk quik rk. skrhg, drkkjgs quk

uegs ljkridlegs eg hk tke`rkjgs jkegs plrl tgjlr hl

`kakesl `k su Rltril, iemustljketk duhpl`l.

@ks`k hukng `kdhlrljgs quk sge dgsls quk eg dgj

p r k e ` k j g s = i . " D ô j g k h T r . _ i v k r l h h l j l Q g t g L j k

ridleg l ue ksdritg quk eg ks jìs quk hl dkesurl `k

kstk vgtg. ?² \uk kst ijuhl`g priediplhjketk pgr ljgrl Ksplül, duygs ietkrksks sôhg jirl, puk`l drkkrsk kh

ôrnleg `kh Qgt g `k L jéridl , duygs iet krksks g h v i`l

dlsi dgjphktljketk.

L s ê , puks , egsgt rgs eg pg`kjgs v kr ke skjkmlet k

ksdritg kh Qgtg `k Ljéridl, s ieg kh vgtg `kh Tr . _ivkrl

Ie`lrtk. Y puks quk sgjgs jgvi`gs l ksdrioir pgr kh

ljgr l hl Ljéridl, tkekjgs `krkdfg l drkkr quk kx

prkslrkjgs jkmgr su vgtg quk kh Tr . _ivkrl, ieùdi`gpgr kh lj gr l hl. Ks pl ül .

Prltlrkjgs `k dgetkstlrhg dge jìs siedkri`l` y rl

pi`kz quk khknledil.




0 LHOK_@I

I

Kh ketrkìdfg ke quk egs ke

dgetrljgs dge hl Ksplül ks ag

jketl`g y sgstkei`g pgr hgs

lnketks `k lhnuegs pgtketl`gs

kxtrlemkrgs.

Inegrljgs hgs `ltgs kspkdilhks quk pgskk kh skügr

_ivkrl plrl prgùdir kstl lskrdiôe. Rkrg s i quikrk fl

ohlr `k hl Ienhltkrrl, duygs lnketks sge hgs quk jìs

arkduketle eukstrgs Kstl`gs, sk kquivgdl, l eukstrg

muidig . Pg` g kh j ue` g slok quk hl Ienhltkrrl eg sk rk

sghviô l trltlr dge egsgtrgs s ieg `kspués `k hls rkitkrl`ls k ieýtihks iestledils `kh jieistrg Dleien lh Nl

oiektk `k Jl`ri` plrl quk hg vkriaidlrl éh letks3 hg' quk

prukol, lh jkegs, quk kh pgtketl`g oritìeidg eg . aué

dlplz `k agjketlr skjkmletk ketrkìdfg, ei t ikek jg

t ivg plrl kh hg, pgrquk `kdir quk kh dgjkrdig ienhés

puk`k rkdkhlr `kh dgjkrdig ksplügh , ks fldkr jgal `k

hl `ksnrldil `k Ksplül. Tupgeike`g quk hgs pgtketl`gs

kxtrlemkrgs agjketlske rklhjketk kh ketrkìdfg, éstkeg skrêl sieg ue tkstijgeig jìs `k quk t 'g`g kh jue`g

rkdgegdk hl must id il `k eukstrl dlusl, pgrquk ks jk

ekstkr supgekr, dgjg ldloljgs `k `kdir hg, quk kh dg

jkrdig ksplügh eg puk`k iespirlr dkhgs lh jìs pgork

`kh jue`g. Rkrg kst ljgs pkrsulì`gs `k quk eg fly

jìs lutgr `k skjkmletk ketrkìdfg quk hl Ksplül. Kh hl

sghl ks quike prghgenl hl nukrrl, eknìe`gegs kh `krk

dfg `k ngokrelregs.




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T ;

I I

Eg ks hl Ksplül, sieg sus `és

pgtls hgs quk logrrkdke eukstrlie`kpke`kedil. Tu plrtk ihustrl

`l mljìs hl eknô.

' K h <9 `k j ly g -`k <6?? ìrin iô kh j ieistrg `k K stl `g

@. Arledisdg Jlrt êekz `k hl _gsl uel dirduhlr l hgs

jieistrgs `k hls eldigeks lh il`ls, eg sôhg plrl ìsul

ìr hls `kh rkdgegdijiketg `k hgs Eukvgs Kstl`gs, s iegjleiakstle`g kh pkh inrg quk skjkmletk kmkjphg garkdêl

l hl hknitiji`l`.

Ke ?9 `k Muh ig `k <6?< kh jieistrg `k Kstl`g Olr-

`lxi ìr iniô uel aukrtk egtl lh kedlrnl`g `k Ekngdigs

pgrtunuksks ke Jl`ri` sgork kh rkdgegdijiketg `k hl

ie`kpke`kedil `k Oukegs Lirks pgr hl dgrtk `k _êg

Mlekirg.

Kh dge`k `k Dlh`krôe, quk leknô ke slenrk hl phlzl`k Nulelmltg, prksketle`g lh jue`g ue kspkdtìduhg

euedl v is t g3 J gri h h g , duyls lt rgd i`l`ks jkedigelrk

jgs l`khletk3 Dletkrld, quk jle`lol iedkeìlr hgs

pukohgs `kh Rkrý3 Qlh`kz, quk ldloô `k dkolrsk ke hl

slenrk pkrulel3 kh ldt 'ulh jieistrg Pgrkeg, aurigsg

kekjing `k hgs ljkridlegs, quk `kdêl dfistgsljketk

quk eg sloêl ke qué dhlsk `k leijlhks dhlsiaidlrhgs, tg

`gs kstgs fgjorks ainurlrge sikjprk ketrk hl plrtk




1 LHOK_@I

i hustrl`l `k Ksplül, y hgs jìs `k kh hgs a inurle tg`lvêl

ke kh ldtulh Ngoikreg h iokrlh .

Tie kjolrng, eg qukrkjgs sgstkekr quk kstgs h iokrlhks pikeske lýe `kh jisjg jg`g, pkrg eienuel pruk

ol tkekjgs `k hg dgetrlrig. ·@kskle hl plz7 ·Rgr qué

eg hl prgdhljle7 Ghvê`kesk `k egsgtrgs, y hl plz kstìfkdfl.

I I I

Fgy hl Ksplül ks hiork y

aukrtk.

@iviì`l pgr hl jìs vgrlz nukrrl d iv i h , ei hg ueg ei

hg gtrg puk`k skr . Ple eldiketk ks su prgspkri`l`, quk

su sgagdldiôe ks hg jìs aìdih .

·\ué tletgs jihks `k fgjorks pg`rì rkplrt ir `ks`k

Oukegs L irks l J ém idg7 ·@ k duìet gs ouquks puk`k

ìspgekr7 ·\ué v l h ke sus age`gs7 Y egsgt rgs , ·duìe

tls aukrzls y khkjketgs eg pg`rêljgs pgekr ke lddiôe 7Dlhduhk ustk` `k kstk jg`g hl aukrzl `k Ksplül, y hl

vkrì `kslplrkdkr `k ketrk sus jlegs dgjg ue ìtgjg.

·Rikesl ustk`, sgork tg`g, quk ekdksitlrêl `k hgs jis

jgs jkìgs plrl dgjkezlr uel gorl `kstrui`l `ks`k

hgs dijiketgs, quk hgs quk eg hk aukrge olstletks plrl

dgeskrv lr su `gjield iôe ke L jéridl7 Rlrkdk quk us

tk` eg quikrk drkkr quk hl Ksplül kstì vkedi`l `ka iei

t ivljketk.




GO_LT rT.KHKDPLT >

,Y=-. I Q

Dur l r sk pgdg `k quk hl Ks

plül egs rkdgegzdl hiorks, ks

`ksprkdilrhl, ks irritlrhl, ks prg

hgenlr hgs jlhks.

Eg egs ijpgrtl su rkdgegdijiketg, ke duletg eg egs

pkrmuìdl su eg rkdgegdijiketg3 pkrg s ie ù`l quk eg

egs skrêl ieìakrketk. Eg fly, puks, hunlr l skjkmletk

`ksprkdig, y `k kh hl sghl skrêle hgs jlhks, prgvkeiketks

`k su ietghkrledil dlpridfgsl.

·\ué egs ijpgrt lr êl su i rr i t ld iôe7 ·Eg sk i rr i t ô

tljoiée dule`g egs `kdhlrljgs ie`kpkeìketks ke

<6<17 ·\ué egs ijpgrtô kh jleia ikstg quk ketgedks` i g A k r e l e ` g Q I I 7 J lygr rlzôe t ikek ust k` plrl i rr i

tlrsk dgetrl ue pg`kr quk tletgs jlhks fl dlusl`g l

su pltril `ks`k hl prijkrl Islokh 3 pkrg el`l tkjl `k

uegs kegmgs quk eg slh`rìe prgolohkjketk `k Jl`ri`.

Q

Rk rg, ·pgr qué kstk jke gs

prkdig.. .7 Hgs quk egs lorke hgs

orlzgs, ·sge ldlsg hgs jgestrugs

quk `kdrktlole eukstrg kxtkrji

eig.. .7 ·Rgr qué logrrkdkr l hgs

quk egs orie`le su ljistl`7

Ti hg inegrl ustk` y quikrk slokrhg, s ie tgjlrsk kh Z

trlolmg `k hkkr hl fistgril `k hl dgequistl `kh Rkrý y




6 LHOK_@I

Jémidg, hkl sghljketk hl `k hgs fkdfgs `k Jgri h hg, quk

ke <6<1, ke hl tgjl `k Ogngtì, ausihô, lfgrdô y prkeìô

jìs `k jih pkrsgelmks quk floêle a inurl`g ke hgs Dge

nrksgs y kmérditgs ie`kpkeìketks. Egsgtrgs eg kstl

jgs goh inl`gs l ìst ienuir uegs ksplüghks `k gtrgs

sieg pgr sus prgdk` krks ( <) . Y `ks`k hl dgequistl fls

tl eukstrgs `êls, kh Ngoikreg ksplügh , jìs g jkegs aué

sikjprk ueg rkspkdtg `k egsgtrgs. Ti ustk` pikesl qukhgs h iokrlhks `k fgy egs lorke sus orlzg s pg r a ihletrg

pêl, yg pikesg quk hg fldke pgr dgevkeikedil, y quk eg

hg flrêle si aukske dlpldks `k ievlìjgs.

Y, sgork tg`g, ·quiée ik fl ìdfg l ustk` quk egs

lorke sus orlzgs, pgrquk egs orie`le l trltlr, s ie leue

dilregs olsks7 Egsgtrgs, vkedk`grks, sgjgs hgs quk sk

hgs lorijgs dule`g hks prgpgekjgs uel plz `kdgrgsl,

dgjg hg tkekjgs fkdfg t ikjpg fl. Pikjohk ustk`, skügr_ivkrl, `k quk uel a inurl rktôridl eg egs flnl rkdgnkr

sieg vkrnøkezl y gprgoig. Jiketrls jìs sk lprksurk l

trltlr, jkegs plrt i`g sldlrì3 y l`vikrtl quk ksl arl

tkrei`l` quk tletg `kdletl ustk` eg ks tletl dgjg sk

ijlniel. Goskrvk, s i eg, hg quk ìdk rkspkdtg `k Ljéri

dl, ke hl ldtulh Dgrtk, kh plrti`g quk ìrink kh Jieistrg

Jlrt êekz, y dlhduhk hls jirls `k quk ks dlplz ue fgj

ork quk flstl fgy fl prgeuedil`g hl plhlorl Ie`kpke

`kedil.

(<) R gr `k dgetl`g quk sghg flohljg s `k hgs ksplüghks quk

agrjle hl eldiôe ksplüghl, pkrg eg `k eukstrgs pl`rks y diu

`l`legs = éstgs fldke dhlsk lplrtk, g jìs oike, eukstrl dlusl ks

hl suyl, pgrquk su akhidi`l` kstì ke hl eukstrl. Ti lhhì tikeke su

pltril y sus pl`rks, lquê tikeke sus ietkrksks y sus fimgs3 y kh

fgjork ljl jìs su sudksiôe quk su lsdke`kedil, y lqukhhl kssu pltril `ge`k ks ìdfgsg.




GO_LT TKHKDPLT 9

Q I

·\ué sk prktke`k dgesknuir

dge hl prghgenldiôe `k hl nuk

rrl 7

Rrknýetkskhg ustk` l hl Ksplül, quk kh hl ks quike"'=hl prghgenl3 pkrg eg iemurik ustk` l su pltril, quk ml

jìs quisg hl nukrrl sieg flstl quk dgesinuiô skr h iork.

K h 9 `k ìdikj ork `k <6?0 dghnlj gs eu kstrl kspl`l . •

Hg quk fly ks quk hl Ksplül eg quikrk vkr hgs fkdfgs.

Hg jisjg hl plsô dge hl Fghle`l, kx dghgeil suyl, quk

`kspués `k d ike rg`kgs tuvg quk rkdgegdkr ie`kpke

ìketk3 y jìs tlr`k dge Rgrtunlh . Kstl ks su tìdt idl

dlrldtkrêst idl= eg `ksdke`kr `k su grnuh hg, luequk skljih vkdks `krrgtl`l.

Q I I

Aýe`lsk kstl prghgenldiôe sô

hg ke sgaisjls3 kh prijkrg ks

éstk=

"Ljéridl el`l nlel dge quk

hl Ksplül hk rkdgegzdl ie`kpke

ìketk, y éstl, pgr kh dgetrlrig,

tikek ke khhg ue jlrdl`g ie

tkrés. "

@k kstl lskrdiôe quk ustk` h hljl sga êst idl dgedhuê

jgs egsgtrgs, eg hl ekdksi`l` `k fldkr hl nukrrl, quk

eg ousdljgs, s ieg hl ieut i h i`l` `k ousdlr ue rkdgegdi

jiketg `k quk eg ekdksitljgs.




<2 LHOK_@I

· Y drkk ustk` quk e l`l pkr`k jg s dge ir l hhljlr hls

pukrt ls `k h l" Ks pl ül7 \u k `inl k h skügr J l rt êekz ,

· pgr qué hl Ks pl ül eg vikek l tgdlr hls euk strls 7 E g s

gtrgs `k el`l ekdksitljgs y el`l prktke`kjgs. Tgjgs

`ukügs `kh dljpg `k oltlh hl= kstljgs ke eukstrl Rl

t r il . ·\uikrk ust k` dgedk`kr l h ng7 Kspkrk quk sk h g

pi`le, tlh ks kh gr`ke rknuhlr= kh quk ekdksitl fl `k

flohlr prijkrg.

Q I I I

Hl prijkrl vketlml `k hl plz

ks quk kh rkdgegdijiketg pgr

plrtk `k hl Ksplül `l l eukstrl

ie`kpke`kedil hl `gohk sknuri`l``k fkdfg y `k `krkdfg.

@ispéeskegs ustk` `k ketrlr ke hl dukst iôe `kh `krk

dfg, duyl rksghudiôe tke`rêljgs pgr ue eukvg iesuhtg

l eukstrl pltril l jìs `kh quk ustk` hl fl ieakri`g lh

prgpgekrhl. Rgr hg quk jirl lh fkdfg, eg tkekjgs ek

dksi`l` `k ir l ousdlrhk l Jl`ri`, puks yl hk kedgetrl

jgs ke J lipg, L yldudfg, Ridfiedfl, kt d . Y s i h l Ksplül drkk quk lue `k fkdfg eg sgjgs h iorks, quk sk

ülhk ue sghg puetg ke eukstrg dgetieketk `ge`k eg

flyl si`g lrrlstrl`g su plokh hôe. ¡ @ k sukrtk quk l J l

`ri` sôhg tkekjgs quk ir l ousdlr kh `krkdfg, y dge

kstk gomkt g sk fle `k egjorlr jie is t rgs _ksu kh v l us

tk`, Tr . _ivkrl, ksak sghg dlsg= supgenl quk hl Ksplül

`kslplrkdiksk rkpketieljketk pgr ue tkrrkjgtg, ·l`ge

`k `kokrêljgs ir ke ousdl `k eukstrg `krkdfg7 Ruks




GO_LT TKHKDPLT I I

skügr, plrl egsgtrgs kh vghdìe rkvketô yl ke hgs jget ks `k Dge`grcleci ( i ) .

I V

Tupgeike`g l hl Ksplül kakd

tivljketk iedlplz `k ievlìregs,

eg ks ijpgsiohk ei rlrg quk kstl

iedlpldi`l` `kslplrkzdl.

Tupôenlhl ustk` ke kh kstl`g ke quk hl `kmô Dlr

hgs Q, y lue skrì iedlplz `k ievlìregs, y l`vikrtl quk

eg sge hgs fgjorks quk pikesle ke dghgeils hgs quk hl

fle `k vghvkr l lqukh hl épgdl. Fldk jìs `k ue sin hg

quk kh jìs ietkrksletk puetg `k su tkrritgrig ks ueldghgeil ienhksl3 y hgs quk eg fle pgì`g rkstlurlr l

Niorlh tlr ¡drkk ustk` `k oukel ak quk pg`rìe rkdge

quis t lr t g`ls h ls _kpýoh idls `k L jéridl7

(i) J getlü l iejkesl y pkeìketk quk `gjiel kh hhleg `k

Lyldudfg pgr su kxtrkjg griketlh.




<? LHOK_@I

V

Ksplül kstì ke dljieg `k

l`khletlr su jlriel y su kmérdi

tg = sôhg ekdksitle `kh ijpu hsg

`k ue nkeig hgs iejkesgs rkdur

sgs `k quk khhl puk`k ìspgekr=y si triuealske ke Kurgpl hgs

priedipigs losghutistls, eg alhtl

rêle jgelrdls quk hl prkstlske

sgh`l`gs y ìekrg.

Ljéridl hg kstì ieaieitljketk jìs, y `k pgekr jkmgr

jlriel y jkmgr kmérditg. Ldrkìtl ustk` quk eg dgegdk

su plês dule`g fldk dlsg `k hgs rkdursgs `k hl Ksplüldgjplrl`gs dge h gs eukst rgs . "·\ué puk`k fldkr h l

Ksplül dgetrl ue plês tle vlstg, tle hkmleg y jih vkdks

jìs aukrtk quk khhl 7 K h Lj ér idl eg ks dgsl quk sk puk

`k tgjlr `gs vkdks3 sk pg`êl prghgenlr hl ùrldiôe `k

su hudfl, pkrg kh [eivkrsg ketkrg eg tke`rêl olstletk

pg`kr plrl v gh v kr h l l t gjlr ." L ogdfôreksk ust k`, ue

kurgpkg ks quike ìdk kstg= ks J. @k Rrl`t .

" H l rkdgequistl `k eukstrls let inuls d ghge ils‐ ìdktljoiée kh ksplügh Jkeìvi h‐ks ue auekstg pkesljike

tg , uel hljketlohk tkrquk`l`, dlrldtkrêstidl k iedurlohk,

`k hgs quk kstìe tgdl`gs `k hl ieakddiôe `kh `kspgtisjg."

Y skjkmletk kjprksl ·drkk ustk`, pgr gtrl plrtk, quk

sk puk`l ietketlr dge kjprést itgs7 ·Y quiée prkstlrêl

ìekrg l hl Ksplül7 Hgs ienhksks suph ikrge lh Ngoikr

eg dgestitudigelh jìs `k 42 jih hgeks `k pksgs, `k quk

flstl fgy fle vukh tg l vkr ue rklh . Hl _usil hk prkstô




GO_LT TKHKDPLT <4

ouquks plrl uel kxpkìdiôe l Dfihk3 h hknlrge y aukrge

t gjl`gs pgr k h l h jirlet k dfi h keg. Hl Ksplül ke Kurg

pl eg pksl el`l. L elìk hk ijpgrtl su ljistl` dgjg

plrl `lrhk jih hgeks plrl ousdlr lvketurls. Rrknuetk

ustk` hg quk vlhke sus age`gs ke Hge`rks, y `kùzdl

kh dréì t g `k quk ngzl . ·Florì J gelrdl t le kst ýpi`g,

pgr gtrl plrtk, quk hk prkstk sus rkdursgs plrl quk prktke`l agrjlr uel dghgeil `k hg quk fgy ks ue jue`g

loikrtg lh jkrdl`g `k tg`ls hls eldigeks7

V I

Dge kh rkdgegdijiketg `k Ksplül, `kstkrrlrêljgs ue jgtivg

`k zgzgorl y `k nlstgs. Dl`l hg

durl `k hgs losghutistls egs duks

tl dlrg.

Eg dgegdijgs zgzgorls dule`g ke <6<1 hgs lrnketi

egs sghgs egs `kdhlrljgs ie`kpkeìketks, sike`g lýe

rklh istls hgs `kjìs Kstl`gs, y fkjgs `k tkekr fgy quk

eg fly ke Ljéridl ue sgh`l`g ksplügh .

· Y hg qu k l kh hgs hks duks tle sus hgdu rls pikesl us

tk` quk eg ldlolrì pgr keskülrhks l eg skr hgdgs y ek

digs tletg t ikjpg 7

Kxtrlüg ks, pgr gtrl plrtk, quk ustk` tkjl hls hgdu

rls `k hgs losghutistls floike`g sketl`g quk yl hl Ks

plül ks h iork.




LHOK_@I

V I I

r 8 / W Hl s ole`krls ljkridlels ahl

jklrêle dge sknuri`l` ke tg`gs

hgs jlrks.. . Y si hl Ksplül lujketlsk su jlriel, eienýe ou

quk ljkridleg pg`rêl vilmlr l

Kurgpl.

Gtrg tletg sudk`krêl dge hl ole`krl ksplüghl s i rkdg

egdikrl eukstrl ie`kpke`kedil3 y s i hl jlriel ljkridl

el sk kenrle`kdiksk, dgjg ks `kjlsil`g aìdi h y prg

olohk, ke eienýe jlr `kh jue`g ouquk lhnueg ksplügh

kstlrêl sknurg. Rgr hg quk jirl lh jgjketg prksketk,

eukstrg pg`kr jlrêt ijg lue ks jlygr quk kh `k Kspl

ül, duyl jlriel ks hl jìs ltrlsl`l `kh jue`g. Ketrk

hgs lügs <; y ?2, hgs ouquks dghgjoilegs y lrnketiegs

ohgquklrge l Dììz, s ie quk hgs ksplüghks flyle mljìs

fkdfg dge egsgt rgs dgsl skjkmlet k . Hl L jéridl J kri

ìgelh kstì `kstiel`l pgr kh quk hl dghgdô ketrk ljogsgdélegs l skr kh trgeg `k hgs jlrks.

Dhlrg ks quk si hl Ksplül tuviksk ouquks plrl ohg

quklr hl Kurgpl, eukstrgs ouquks eg pg`rêle lrriolr

l khhls. ¡ Rkr g h l Kspl ül o h gqukle`g k h L t h ìe t idg ¡ E i

l sus dlolh hkrgs gdurriô tlh ìsp lrl tk Lu j ke tlr hl jl

riel quikrk `kdir judfg, Tr . _ivkrl3 y hl eldiôe quk

fgy eg t ikek ue elvig `k nukrrl ks ijpgsiohk quk yl

puk`l fldkrsk skügrl `k hgs jlrks.




GO_LT TKHKDPLT < ;

V I I I

. . . K h d gj k rd ig k sp lü gh sk rêl g tr l

• ' vketlml, quk egs trlkrêl kh rkd g-

"' egdijiketg `k hl ie`kpke`kedil.

Y kh dgjkrdig eukstrg, jìs akdue`g y r idg quk kh

`k Ksplül, ·eg skr êl jlygr v keêl ml plrl k h h l7 Hgs

fgjorks iestrui`gs t ikeke quk rkêrsk nrle`kjketk lh

vkr l ue fi mg `kh sukhg jìs pienøk y akrlz `kh jue`g

h hkeg `k ietkrés pgr kh dgjkrdig `k uel eldiôe nlstl`l

y `kdrépitl. Eg quikrk drkkr quk hgs prgùdtgs `k Ks

plül egs ijpgrtle pgdg, y plrl rkautlrhg egs flohl`k sus v iegs, duyg t ietk ks `l`g dge kh dljpkdfk `k

J ém idg3 `k sus lzgnuks , duyls pr ied iplh ks jiels eg

kst ìe ke Ksplül, s ieg ke L h kjleil3 y flst l `k sus jk

t l h k s = ¡qué iesuhtg l hl pltril alvgritl `k hl phltl y

` k h g r g

[el `k hls aukrtks rlzgeks `k quk kh Tr . _ivkrl iea ik

rk quk kh dgjkrdig ksplügh egs ietkrksl ks hl `k quk su

ieùstril ks supkrigr lh kstl`g ke quk hl pietle, sie kjolrng `k quk eg l`jitk plrlenôe dge hl ieùstril `k

hls eldigeks quk priediplhjketk dgjkrdile dge egs

gtrgs .

Egs flohl `k sus aìoridls `k durt iùrêls y plügs

aiegs, quk dgeaiksl eg skr supkrigrks, sieg inulhks l hls

`k hls eldigeks ljinls eukstrls, s ie ldgr`lrsk `k quk hl

jìs loue`letk y ridl pkhktkrêl `kh jue`g ks euksm 'rl.

Egs flh lnl t ljoiée dge sus aìor idls `k dr is t l h ks , pl-




i 1 LHOK_@I

pkê, elequieks, zlrlzls, sgjorkrgs, sk`l, kedkrl`gs,

quk éh prgpig dgeaiksl ìstle sikjprk lhng `k hl pkr

akddiôe.

·Y kstk jiskrlohk dltìhgng `k pkqukekdks quk tkek

jgs ke dulh quikr puet g `k Kurgpl quikrk pgekrsk ke

plrlenôe dge hls ieeujkrlohks, r idls y grinielhks prg

ùdd igeks `k eukst rg sukh g7 ·Gh v i`l k h `kakesgr `k Ks

plül kh dldlg, `k quk l priedipigs `k kstk sinhg sk kxpgrtlol leulhjketk `k sôhg Dghgjoil jìs `k ??6.222

aleknls3 `kh lü i h `k Nult kjlh l3 `kh dlaé `k Dgh gjoil ,

r ivlh `kh `k J g c l 3 `k hl quiel, dgdfiei h hl , grg, phltl,

phlt ieg y d ike jih prgùddigeks eg jkegs dlrls quk sk

rkdgjike`le ke hgs ijpgrtletks ksdritgs `k hgs skügrks

Dh loi mkrg , F ueogh `t , L rkel h ks , Eý ükz , k t d . 7

V I Q

Kh rkdgegdijiketg `k hl ie`k

pke`kedil egs trlkrêl kh hiork usg

`kh pltrgeltg.

Rrkdisljketk ks kh jg`g pgr kh quk eg pg`kjgs gotkekrhk. Rgrquk si hl Ksplül, pgr sus hkyks, eg puk`k

kelmkelr ei ìv iìr kh `krkdfg `k pltrgeltg, `k eie

nýe jg`g puk`k trlesjit êregshk. @kdir quk hk l`qui

rir êljgs pgr kh rkdgegdijiketg `k Ksplül, dgjg sudk

sgrks `k ¡hgs rkyks ke hl sgokrleêl ksplüghl, ks prgakrir

ue losur`g quk kxdk`k h ls aukrzls `k t g`l dr ê t idl . Ak

h ipk Q pg`êl rkdioirhk `kh ýht ijg rky `k hl dlsl lustrêl

dl, pgrquk sudk`êl l éstk ke hl dgrgel `k Ksplül, l hl




LHOK_@I

egs trlmksk vketlmls, ieaieitljketk jìs hl trlkrêl l kh hl,

y `ks`k hukng tgdl l hl Ksplül kh prgdurìrskhl. Ke kstl

rlzôe sk aue`l ýeidljketk hg quk kh `kakesgr h hljl

sgaisjl, y eg ke lqukhhls dultrg quk mljìs gê jkedig

elr sieg l éh.

Eg pgr puetg `k fgegr, sieg pgr e g lhkmlr kh térj i

eg `k hl dukstiôe, `kokjgs lostkekregs `k kevilr `i

putl`gs. Hgs quk aukske f g y e g gotke`rêle rksuhtl` galvgrlohk, pgrquk fly tg`lvêl kxinkedils ke hl tkrquk

`l` ksplüghl. Hls dgsls vke`rìe kspgetìekljketk, y

ketgedks vke`rìe ke su gr`ke elturlh . Kh kmkjphg `k

Akh ipk I I dge hls prgviedils uei`ls `k Fghle`l `kok

rknhlr eukstrl dge`udtl.

V Q I I

Hl dukstiôe kstì rksukhtl, `ks

`k quk Jémidg y Dghgjoil fle

kevil`g dgjisigel`gs.

E g , skügr3 pgrquk eg agrjle`g hgs eukvgs Kstl`gs

ljkridlegs ue sghg dukrpg pghêt idg, oike puk`ke hgspriediplhks rksghvkrsk, sie quk pgr kh hg hgs rkstletks

quk`ke goh inl`gs. Fgy dgedhuyke kh hgs, jlülel egs

gtrgs. Ti ldikrtle, hgs ijitlrkjgs3 s i ykrrle, dgegdkrk

jgs kh ksdghhg.

Aukrl `k kstg, supgeike`g l ustk` egtidigsg `k quk

fle i`g rklhjketk skjkmletks dgjisigeks, ·`k `ôe`k

slok ustk` si fle i`g ke ousdl `kh rkdgegdijiketg `é

su ie`kpke`kedil7 ·Rgr qué eg fkjgs `k drkkr quk auk-




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T < 9

rge ke prktkesigeks `k hl Flolel y Rukrtg _idg, s i týl

`gs kearketk `k Jémidg y Dghgjoil, ke nrle `ksvketlml

`k ljogs Kstl`gs jiketrls skle pgsksigeks ksplüghls7

· R gr qué eg skrì kh rkdgegdij iketg ` k hl ie`kpke` kedil

`k éstls y hl prg pil hl olsk quk prgp gen le 7

¡ Y Dghgj oil tle hukng quk lue eg fl dlpitu hl`g dge

hgs ksplüghks, fl `k ir l pk`irhks su rkdgegdijiketg `k

quk plrl el`l ekdk sitl Hg s tgrrketks `k slenrk dghgj oilel quk lykr eg jìs fidikrge dgrrkr Jgri h hg, Pgrrks,

Jgetkvkr`k, ktd . , ·quikrk ustk` quk kstée ghvi`l`gs yl7

V Q I I I

Ksplül tikek `krkdfg l quk hl

kevêke jieistrgs... Khhl quizìdrkk skr hl skügrl `k hl dgsl.

Kstg ei ks rlzôe ei sgaisjl= ks hl skülh jìs dhlrl `khl kstkrih i`l` `k uel jlhl dlusl.

V I V

Khhl ks uel y hgs eukvgs Kstl

`gs judfgs3 hukng ks jìs eltu

rlh quk éstgs sk lprgxijke.

Dgjg ustk` jirl pgr hgs ietkrksks `k Ksplül, hgmuznl ls ê 3 egsgt rgs , quk lognljgs pgr L jéridl , drkk

jgs hg dgetrlrig3 ke hg dulh ks rlrg quk ustk` eg dge-




?2 LHOK_@I

vkenl `kspués `k flokr prgol`g quk kh hl ks jìs ridl

quk egsgtrgs.

Rlrl hl Ksplül eg sgjgs judfgs, s ieg ue sghg Ks-

r-* tl`g. Ei rkdgegdk ei t ikek egtidil tlh vkz `k hl eukvl

m `kj lrdldiôe `k sus let inugs v irrkieltgs. E g jirl jìs

quk uel vlstl dghgeil suohkvl`l. @irê mlsk uel vkz l

kh hl, y fl trltl`g dge tg`gs eukstrgs Kstl`gs.

V V

Kh `krkdfg `k nketks hl lsin

el jlygr dltkngrêl quk l hls

_kpýohidls.

Rkrg skrì ke Kurgpl `ge`k hl agrjl `gjieletk ks

hl jgeìrquidl, y eg ke Ljéridl `ge`k eg fly ue trgeg.

·Rgr qué egsgtrgs eg fkjgs `k l`gptlr uel `iphgjl

dil pkduh ilr7 ·Y pgr qué kh quk egs ousquk eg fl `k

sgj ktkrsk l kh hl 7

Rkrg ·pgr qué kh `krkdfg `k nketks hk `l kstl prk

rrgnlt ivl7 ·Rgr su pgohldiôe7 Kh hl t ikek gedk y egs

gtrgs vkietk jih hgeks `k floitletks. ·Rgr sus r iqukzls7Eg vlak hl `édijl plrtk `k egsgtrgs. ·Rgr su rleng7

Ketrk egsgtrgs kh rleng vikek `k hl pgohldiôe, `k hl ri

qukzl, `k hl must id il y hl v idtgril3 dultrg t ê tuhgs quk

pgr agrtuel egs lsistke. ·Rgr flokr s i`g Jktrôpgh i7

Kstk ks ue `khitg quk `kok kxpilr, eg ue têtuhg `k prk

akrkedil.

Tgork tg`g, ·quiée hk fl `idfg l ustk` quk hl dltkng

rêl ketrk hls eldigeks ks plrl `ktkrjielr hl prijldêl




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T ?<

kü kh `kokr `k kevilr jieistrgs7 Hl Lhkjleil t ikek jl

ygr dltkngrêl quk hl Arledil3 pkrg kstg eg quitô quk

ke hl nukrrl `k Itlh il kh hl jle`lsk jieistrgs lh dljpl

jketg jisjg `k Elpghkôe.

_ksuhtl `k tg`g hg quk h hkvljgs `idfg flstl lquê, eg

quk `kokjgs prghgenlr uel nukrrl iedge`udketk quk

fkjgs dgedhui`g, s ieg quk eg `kokjgs lprksurljgs ke

ousdlr ue rkdgegdijiketg quk tkekjgs `k tg`g kh jue` g, y quk hl Ksplül jisjl egs prksketlrì kspgetìekl

jketk, jìs g jkegs tlr`k, lrrlstrl`l pgr su prgpil

dgevkeikedil3 tlh ks kh vgtg `k Ljéridl, quk kh Tr . _i

vkrl fuoikrl kxprksl`g sie trlolmg s i eg ljlrl jìs l

ue sukhg kxtrlüg quk l su prgpil pltril.

Dultrg plhlorls sgork hl pktidiôe `k hgs prgdurl`grks `k Ks

plül.

Hl rkegvldiôe `k ¡hls rkhldigeks jkrdletihks pgr plr

tk `k hl Ksplül sie kspkrlr kh lrrknhg `kaieitivg `k hl

dukstiôe pghêt idl, ks uel dgsl pgr hl dulh eg tke`rêljgs

kjolrlzg ke plslr dge dulhquikrl gtrl eldiôe quk eg

auksk hl Ksplül, quk prktke`k skügrêg sgork egsgtrgs.L s ê , puks, jiketrls kh hl eg rkeuedik losghutljketk kstk

skügrêg, ks `kdir, jiketrls eg rkdgegzdl eukstrl ie`k

pke`kedil, quk ks kh puetg `k hl dukstiôe pghêt idl, eg

pg`rkjgs ketrlr ke rkhldigeks `k dgjkrdig y `k aljihil

dge uel eldiôe quk sk prktke`k ljl eukstrl.

Kstk rkdgegdijiketg ks ue ekngdig dgjphktljketk

ue ihltkrl h 3 ke hl dukst iôe prksketk dgrrkspge` k kxdhu si

vljketk l a hl Ksplül, hl dulh puk`k fldkrhg g eg si nus-




?? LHOK_@I

tl, sie quk tkenl `krkdfg, ke dlsg `k rksghvkrsk pgr hg

prijkrg, l kxiniregs pgr kh hg dgsl lhnuel.

Rgr hg quk rkspkdtl l hgs trltl`gs jkrdletihks dge

khhl, ·puk`k dgjprke`krsk kstg ke hl dukstiôe nkekrlh

sgork si egs dgevikek g eg agrjlr tlhks trltl`gs dge

hls pgtkedils kxtrlemkrls7 Kh kmkjphg `kh trltl`g dge

hl Ienhltkrrl `kok dgetkstlregs. Hg quk sk puk`k lsk

nurlr ks quk hls vketlmls dgjkrdilhks quk `k skjkmletks trltl`gs egs vikeke pg`kjgs gotkekrhls sie kh hgs=

lsê dgjg sudk`k dge kh dgjkrdig `k Dkr`kül, quk sk

`kskevukhvk juy dôjg`ljketk s ie kh jkegr dgevkeig.

@k hg dulh egs rkpgrtl hl iejkesl vketêlml `k flhhlregs

dgjphktljketk `ksgohinl`gs= hg quk eg sudk`k dge hl

Ienhltkrrl. Iejkesl ìsdrkdiôe ekdksitle eukstrgs mô

vkeks Kstl`gs plrl ketrlr ke ekngdildigeks dge hgs

kurgpkgs, pgrquk hls dirduestledils `k hgs eukstrgs rkspkdtg `k hgs Kstl`gs kurgpkgs sge juy ìakrketks `k

hls `k éstgs ketrk sê.

Hl Ksplül dgjikezl l dgegdkr quk ekdksitl `k egs-

g ê r g s 3 pkrg lue eg fl `kml`g `k drkkr quk egsgtrgs eg

ekdksitljgs `k kh hl. Dule`g hl Ksplül, pgr jkìg `k

sus prgdurl`grks, ìdk "quk kxtrlemkrgs y ljkridlegs

sk fle dgevkedi`g `k quk si kh hl, ke jkìg `k su kvke

tulh `kdl`kedil, eg hks ìrink uel plhlorl `k plz (l hgsljkridlegs ìsdgr`ks) dgrrkrìe sinhgs ketkrgs sie dges

t i tuirsk y s ie ngzlr rkpgsg ei trlequih i`l`", dule`g hl

Ksplül sk kxprksl `k kstk jg`g, jukvk l dgjplsiôe.

Hl Ksplül ks prkdisljketk hl jkegs dlplz `k skjk

mletk prgìnig. Rkrg dule`g tlh dgsl pikesl, eg fly

pgr qué ù`lr `k quk lue dgediok hl kspkrlezl `k uel

rkdgequist l . ¡ Rgork Ks pl ül · E g quikrk drkkr quk ks

tle iedlplz `k pgekregs ke plz dgjg ke nukrrl7




GO_LT TKHKDPLT ? 4

Egsgtrgs tkekjgs yl ?2 jih hgeks `k floitletks. Rg

skkjgs pgr dljpg `k oltlh hl ue fkrjgsg sukhg `k dkrdl

`k `gs jih hknuls, sgork kh dulh pg`kjgs pgekr ue ji

hhôe `k sgh`l`gs.

Luequk dlesl`gs `k ìsdgrìl, eg qukrkjgs skrvi

ùjork, y pkhklrêljgs jih lügs letks quk vghvkr l hl

ksdhlvitu`. Eg sgjgs akh idks, juy oike3 pkrg sgjgs

ùkügs `k skrhg3 y lhtl ìdfl ks hl `k eg tkekr quk kspkrlr `k lmkel jleg ei hl akh idi`l` ei kh ieagrtueig.

Kh `êl quk hl `ksnrldil y hl kxpkrikedil egs i hustrke y

dgrrimle, ksk `êl florìe dgedhui`g eukstrgs jlhks3 fl

oiée`gegs quk`l`g hl iedgjplrlohk vketurl `k pg`kr

egs ngokrelr dgjg egs ìkrk nlel.

Rgskkjgs kh jìs ridg sukhg `kh jue`g= egs alvgrk-E

dke dge su ljistl` hls prijkrls eldigeks `k hl t ikrrl=

·qué egs ijpgrtle hls rkhldigeks `k hl Ksplül, tle ltrl- 'sl`l y jìs ieakh iz y ìviì`l quk egsgtrgs7 ·Ldlsg

`ksdgegdkjgs su prksketk kstl`g dge tg`l su rkvghu

diôe y h iokrlh i`l` tle `kdletl`ls7 ·Olmg qué lspkdtg

eg ks fgy jìs pgork quk ridl7 ·\ué dhlsk `k rkhldiôe

dge kh hl eg egs trlkrêl jìs iedgevkeiketks quk vke

t l mls7

\uk hl Ksplül arkduketk eukstrls phlyls, kefgrl

oukel 3 fgy quk hl nukr rl eg kxistk eg skrkjgs jk egsnkekrgsgs quk ig auijgs dule`g kh hl el`l krl jkegs

quk kstg. Floiée`gegs `kml`g su rkh iniôe, sus hkyks y

su hkenul, eukstrl sijpltêl skrì prgeuedil`l. Rkrg ks

tgs sge têtuhgs plrl ldgnkrhl dge nustg, eg plrl ousdlr

hl dge ietkrés.

Rlrkdk quk ue lsuetg `k tletl nrlvk`l` `kokrêl trl

tlrsk dge jìs kxtkesiôe `k hl quk fkjgs `l`g l kstk

«sdritg3 pkrg egsgtrgs sôhg egs prgpusijgs dgetkstlr




? 0 LHOK_@I

g·rg eg jkegs dgrtg, luequk jìs vghujiegsg. Floike

`g h hkel`g, puks, kstk prgpôsitg, l eukstrg muidig, drkk

jgs gpgrtueg eg ketrlr ke eukvls dgesi`krldigeks fls

tl quk ue sknue`g ksdritg egs jukstrk hl ekdksi`l` `k

fldkrhg.

G G G G G




I I

LDDIÔE @K HL K[_GRL KE LJÉ_IDL

EGPLT @K [E KTRLÜGH LJK_IDLEG

L R_GRÔTIPG @K HL IEPK_QKEDIÔE LE&HG-A_LEDKTL KE KH RHLPLRuohidl`ls ke Kh Jkrdurig `k Qlhplrlêsg, `k <2 y r i `k Lngstg `k <T0;.

Hl Ljéridl kstì pgohl`l `k

eldigeks eukvls, quk prksketle

yl ue pìouhg dgesi`krlohk l hgs

kspkduhl`grks kurgpkgs. Kstgs

vlstgs plêsks, tle ridgs ke jl

tkrils prijkrls quk eg sk ke

duketrle ke eukstrg dhijl, ekdksitle `k tg`g hg quk eukstrl

divihizldiôe prg`udk. Egs fküigs

ldgstujorl`g l eg vkr jìs quk

hls turouhkedils quk fl susdi

tl`g su ie`kpke`kedil, y ghvi`l

jgs quk ksl ie`kpke`kedil ks hl

quk fl drkl`g tlhks riqukzls...

( T L H Q L E @ Y . Ieagrjk `k hl Dg

jisiôe, rkhltivl l hl elvknldiôe

trlslthìetidl.)

Pkekjgs l hl Kurgpl ke kstgs jgjketgs `khletk `kh

_êg `k hl Rhltl, eg yl dgjg ke kh s in hg xv, plrl sgjk

tkr fgr`ls slhvlmks ei rkdgjkezlr uel ksdhlvitu` `ks

fkdfl pgr hl Kurgpl jisjl, s ieg plrl ieidilr dgequis-




?1 L H O K _ @ I

tls `k gtrg gr`ke, si dgequistls puk`ke h hljlrsk hgs

m lvledks y prgnrksgs quk kh kspêritu `k gr`ke, `k ieùs-

I tril, `k plz, `k prgspkri`l`, quk ìstienuk l hl Kurgpl

i `k kstk sinhg y quk khhl hhkvl l tg`ls plrtks fldk ke kstgs

X plêsks.

'*- H l Ku rg pl , kh sghg egj ork `k hl Ku rg pl , `ksp ikrtl

letiplt êls ke dikrtgs dgrlzgeks3 ke gtrgs prgùdk tkjg

rks `k pkrìdiôe y ksdhlvitu`.Kstgs sket ijiketgs sge ìnegs `k kxljke. Kh hgs dges

t i tuyke ue kstl`g `k keakrjk`l` ke eukstrgs plêsks

quk ks ldilng l hl dlusl `k su prgspkri`l`.

Ks fgrl `k ketrlr ke kstk kxljke,

ê * Hgs rkyks `k Ksplül egs keskülrge l gìlr olmg kh

egjork `k kxtrlemkrg l tg`g kh quk eg krl kspl üg h.

Hgs h iokrtl`grks ljkridlegs `k <6<2, dgjprkeìke`gl hl Ksplül ke hl Kurgpl, .egs keskülrge l gìlr olmg

kh egjork `k kekjing `k Ljéridl l tg`g kh quk krl

kurgpkg. Hl dukstiôe `k nukrrl sk kstlohkdiô ke kstgs

térjiegs= K [ _ G R L Y L J É _ I D L .

Lqukh gìg sk h hljô hklhtl`. K s t k , pltrigtisjg. Ke su

tikjpg ueg y gtrg aukrge rksgrtks gpgrtuegs.

Rkrg su t ikjpg plsô. Kh gìg eg ks hky `k ktkrel

vinkedil. Tie kjolrng, kh hgs jletke`rìe fge`ls rlêdks,pgrquk aukrge kstlohkdi`gs pgr hls hkyks y hgs usgs. Ke

kstl vi`l lrtia idilh y alhsl sk dgeskrvle dge kh egjork

`k prkgdupldiôe y krrgr, dgjg ke kakdtg hg sge.

·\ué egs keskül ketrktletg hl huz `k hl rlzôe `ks

kj olr lzl `l `kh ieahumg `kh kr rg r r utie lrig 7

\uk hl pltril eg ks kh sukhg. Tukhg tkekjgs fldk trks

s i n h g s 3 pkrg eg tkekjgs pltril s ieg `ks`k <6<2. Hl pl-

akril ks l h iokrtl` , kh gr` ke, hl riqu kzl , hl div ihizl diô e




GO_LT TKHKDPLT ? >

ke kh sukhg eltivg, grnleizl`gs olmg hl keskül y ke

egjork `kh jisjg sukhg.

Pg`g kstg egs fl trlê`g hl Kurgpl3 ks `kdir , egs f*

trlê`g hl eldiôe `kh gr`ke, hl dikedil `k hl hiokrtl`, kh

lrtk `k hl riqukzl, hgs priedipigs `k hl divih izldiôe. Ks

tls dgsls eg dgegdêle hgs ie`ênkels.

Hl Kurgpl, puks, egs fl trlê`g hl pltril, s i lnrknl

jgs quk egs trlmg flstl hl pgohldiôe quk dgestituyk khpkrsgelh y dukrpg `k hl pltril.

Pg`g ke hl divih izldiôe `k eukstrg sukhg ks kurgpkg."

Rg`rêljgs `ka ieir hl Ljéridl d iv i h izl`l ìdike`g quk ks

hl Ku rgp l kstlohkdi`l ke Lj éridl . *

Ti ke kstl plrtk `k Ljéridl sk garkdk uel h êekl dlplz

`k skplrlr hg kurgpkg `k hg ljkridleg, kstl h êekl ks kh

Oig-Oig= tg`g hg quk kstì lh gtrg hl`g, ks ljkridleg

e k t g 3 tg`g hg quk l éstk, ks kurgpkg.Kstk kxljke ks durigsg. Tknui`jk ke éh dge ue pgdg

`k pldikedil, dlrg rk`ldtgr.

Hl Ljéridl ks ue `ksduorijiketg kurgpkg. Kh kurg

pkg Dghôe hl `ksduoriô3 hl kurgpkl Islokh agjketô kh

`ksduorijiketg3 hgs kurgpkgs Dgrtés, Rizlrrg, ktd . , hl

pgohlrge `k kstl nket'k quk fgy hl pgskk, quk eg ks ie

`ênkel dikrtljketk. Kh kurgpkg Qlhìvil y eg ue dfi hk

eg aue`ô l Dfihk.Kh egjork quk Ljéridl h hkvl ks kurgpkg. Kh kurgpkg

L jéridg Qkspudig sk h g ìg. Kdfl` uel jirl`l pgr su

nkgnrlaêl. Tus rêgs, sus hlngs, sus jgetks, sus dlogs,

istjgs y rlsngs jìs egtlohks h hkvle egjorks kurgpkgs.

Pg`ls sus d iu`l`ks sge hkvletle`ls pgr hl jleg `kh

kurgpkg, `ks`k hl pik`rl jìs aue`ljketlh flstl kh ýh

t ijg `k sus jgeujketgs `k lrtk, y lpkhh i`l`ls dge

r.gjorks kurgpkgs. L kstk rkspkdtg hl gorl `k hl Kurg-




?6 L H O K _ @ I

pl ke Ljéridl sk jletikek sie r ivlh flstl fgy. Hgs

kurgpkgs, h hljl`gs ljkridlegs pgr flokr eldi`g ke

Ljéridl `k pl`rks ksplüghks, el`l fle fkdfg ke kh

t ikjpg `k su ie`kpke`kedil quk jkrkzdl dgjplrlrsk

l hg quk `kmô ' hl Kurgpl.

Fkjgs fistgril`g dge judfg tlhketg kh jlh quk egs

`kmô . Rkrg fkjgs sihkedil`g, eg sé si dge tlhketg, kh oike

quk tljoiée egs fizg pgr hl jleg `k hl Ksplül.\uikrg dküirjk l Dfihk, plrl skr jkmgr dgjprkeì

`g, y flohlr `k sus jgeujketgs y gorls jìs egtlohks.

Hl dltk`rlh , kìaidig ksplügh, fkdfg ke tikjpg `kh ng

oikreg ksplügh.

Tleig @gjieng, kìa id ig ksplügh .

Hgs plhldigs, trlolmgs ksplüghks.

Hl Dlsl `k Jgek`l, jgeujketg ksplügh .Kh puketk, kh tlmljlr, rgoustgs trlolmgs quk `ksdu

orke hl jleg `k Dlrhgs IQ, duyg egjork h hkvle.

Kh dljieg `k Qlhplrlêsg, sgokroig trlolmg `k ienk

eig divih , `koi`g lh letinug ngoikreg ksplügh.

Kh dlelh `k Jlipg, pkesljiketg y phle `k dgedkp

diôe ksplüghl.

Kstg ks tg`g kh Dfihk jgeujketlh .

Ýht ijljketk, Tletilng ketkrg aué trlzl`g y kìa idl`g pgr hgs ksplüghks kurgpkgs3 dgjg hg aukrge tg`gs

hgs pukohgs `kh rkieg dfihkeg.

Dgjplrl` su nkgnrla êl `k kstk jgjketg l su nkg

nrla êl `k <6<2, y jgstrl`jk hls nrle`ks ju`lezls.

Jk jgstrlréis h êekls l`jieistrlt ivls, dlhdl`ls lue

ésls sgork h êekls ksplüghls3 pkrg eg diu`l`ks eukvls.

L h dget rlr ig3 Gsgreg, Qlh ìv il , Qi h h lrr idl , h l I jpkr il h ,

sge `ltgs nkgnrìaidgs quk ogrrô hl jleg `kh ie`ênkel.




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T ? 9

Ke vkz `kh egjork ksplügh quk lquê fk usl`g, pgek`

kurgpkg, y jk tkeéis ke ji tksis.

L hls dgsls, l hgs gomktgs, lnrknl` hls pkrsgels, hgs

fgjorks quk dgest ituyke hl Ljéridl ldtulh . Pg`l su

pgohldiôe, g hl pgohldiôe quk hl rkprksketl, ks kurgpkl.

Kh ie`ênkel eg ainurl ei dgjpgek jue`g ke eukstrg

gr`ke pghêt idg.

Egsgtrgs, hgs quk egs h hljljgs ljkridlegs, eg sgjgs gtrl dgsl quk kurgpkgs eldi`gs ke Ljéridl. Euks

trg drìekg, eukstrl slenrk, sge `k jgh`k kurgpkg.

Kh ie`ênkel egs fldk must id il= egs h hljl ksplüghks

fgy jisjg.

Eukstrgs egjorks sge kurgpkgs. Eg dgegzdg pkrsg

el ìstienui`l ke eukstrls sgdik`l`ks `k lpkhh i`g pk-

fukedfk g lrludleg.

Eukstrg iìgjl ks kurgpkg. Rlrl fujih hldiôe `k hgs

quk rkeiknle `k hl ieahukedil kurgpkl, t ikeke quk jlh

`kdirhl ke hkenul kurgpkl. Kh iìgjl ksplügh h hkvl dge

sing kh egjork.

Eukstrl rkh in iôe ks kurgpkl. Tie hl Kurgpl, fgy hl

Ljéridl kstlrêl l`grle`g lh sgh , l hgs ìroghks, l hls

"okstils3 qukjle`g fgrrtorks ke sldriaidig, y eg dgegdk

rêl kh jltrijgeig.Hl jleg `kh kurgpkg phletg hl druz `kh Dristg ke

Ljéridl, letks nketi h . ¡Okeìtl skl hl jleg `k hl Ku

rgpl

Eukstls hkyks d iv i hks sge kurgpkls3 hg sge flstl fgy

ke tg`l su purkzl, eg gostletk hgs trkietl y diedg lügs

h h ljl`gs `k L jéridl .

Eukstrl l`jieistrldiôe kdgeôjidl k ietkrel ks kurg

pkl, ks ksplüghl.




42 L H O K C @ I

Eukstrls dgestitudigeks .pghêt idls sge l`gpdiôe `k hk

yks , `k sistkjls kurgpkgs.

Ketrl` lh Iestitutg, y `l`jk dikedil quk eg skl

kurgpkl3 l hl Oiohigtkdl, y `l`jk h iorg quk eg skl

kurgpkg.

_kplrl` ke kh trlmk quk h hkvìis, y skrì rlrg quk hl

sukhl `k vukstrls ogtls skl ljkridlel. Aukrl `k ksg,,

·qué eg ks kurgpkg, iedhusg kh dgrtk, y jih vkdks iedhusl hl gorl j isjl `k j legs 7

·\ué h hljljgs ouke tgeg7 Hg quk ks kurgpkg.

·\uiée h hkvl hl sgokrleêl ke eukstrls jg`ls, usgs

khknletks y dôjg`gs7 Dule`g `kdijgs dgeagrtlohk,

hkôe, `le`y, pktijktrk, alsfigelohk, eg lhuìjgs l dg

sls `k hgs lrludlegs dikrtljketk.

| Tg j gs, puk s, kurgp kgs pgr hl rlzl y pgr kh kspêritu,.

X y egs prk dilj gs `k khhg. 5·g dge gzdg dlo lhhkrg eie nu eg

quk flnl lhlr`k `k skr ieìg ektg. Ke duletg l jê, yg

ljg judfg kh vlhgr fkrgidg `k hgs ljkridlegs dule`g

hgs dgetkjphg ke kh pgkjl `k Krdih hl3 pkrg l ak jêl

quk lh `lr pgr kspgsl uel fiml g fkrjlel jêl eg `lrêl

`k dlhlolzls l ue zlpltkrg ienhés pgr éh jìs ihustrk `k

hgs prêedipks `k hls jgelrquêls floitl`grls `kh gtrg

hl`g `kh Oig-Oig."" Tgj gs, puks, hg quk h hljlj gs Lj éri dl ie`kpke` ike-

| tk, hl Ku rgp l kstlohkdi`l ke Lj éridl . Eu kstr l rkvg hu-

""diôe ks hl `ksjkjorldiôe `k ue pg`kr kurgpkg ke `gs

jitl`ks, quk fgy sk jlekmle pgr sê .

Eg jlhìnljgs lh kurgpkg, pgrquk kh kurgpkg y egs

gtrgs sgjgs hl jisjl dgsl.

- L hl Ku rg pl `kokj gs tg`g hg oukeg quk pgskkj gs,

X iedhusl eukstrl rlzl, judfg jkmgr y jìs egohk qus hl³.




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 4<

ie`ênk els, lu equk hg dge trlrig ìnl e hgs pgktls, quk )

sikjprk sk lh ijketle `k hl aìouhl.

·Dôjg fizg hl Kurgpl plrl ldlrrklrsk ke kstk dge-

hieketk hg oukeg quk `kmô7

Hg trlmg ke sus fgjorks, ke sus dghgegs.

Ke kakdtg= l kxdkpdiôe `kh dlsg `k hl Kurgpl `kh

sinhg v, vkjgs quk hgs `gnjls eg sk ieaue`ke ke ki slh

vlmk. Kh slhvlmk jukrk dge su duhtg.Ei hls hkyks, ei hls rkh inigeks, ei hls i`kls vilmle sg

hls . Kh fgjork ks kh jkmgr dgeùdtgr. G jkmgr, hl hky

quk eg kstì kedlrel`l ke ue usg g dgstujork, eg ks hky.

Tu tkxtg ksdritg ks ue plpkh dl`lvéridg. Hl Kurgpl `k

oiô vkeir dge kh kurgpkg. Hl dgequistl aué ekdkslril.

Tie kh hl, fgy skrêl oìrolrl hl Ljéridl `k puetl l dlog. U

Hljketk Fueogh`t duletg quikrl hl pérì`l `k hl

div i h izldiôe prijit ivl `k hgs jkmidlegs. Kh nrle Jgtk-zujl, lh a ie, krl ue nrle slhvlmk, jgelrdl `k slhvlmks

dgjg éh , sie rkh iniôe vkr`l`krl, sie dikedils, sie hkyks,

sie iestitudigeks duhtls. Kh jkmgr `k sus jgeujketgs

lrquitkdtôeidgs eg vlhk uel dgreisl g ue lrdg nrikng g

lrloksdg `k hgs quk `kokjgs l Ksplül.

Ldrijieljgs l hgs ksplüghks `k quk egs ngokrelrge "

pgr trks sinhgs, `k quk egs h hkvlrge eukstrgs tksgrgs.

¡ Eijik`l`ks , pgo rkzlsEg sk `ksduork, dgequistl y pukohl ue jue`g plrl

ogtlrhg l hl dlh hk. Kh pgskk`gr `koêl dgeskrvlr su tksg

rg, y plrl dgesknuirhg, ksdge`kr `kh pgskê`g kh skdrktg

`k su kjledipldiôe.

¡ Tk h hkvô eukstrg gr g · Y ghvi`ljgs quk egs trlmg kh

dristileisjg, kh `krkdfg rgjleg, hl hkenul ksplüghl, hls

dikedils y hls lrtks `k hl Kurgpl3 egs ìg, ke aie=, kh

jue`g quk floitljgs7 ·Pg`g kstg eg vlhk jìs quk kh




4? L H O K _ @ I

grg `ksduoikrt g y pgr `ksduor irsk7 ¡Nrle`k Ksplül,

el`l tk fkjgs `l`g ke dgjplrldiôe `k hg quk jkrkdks

Duhpljgs tu ltrlsg, tus krrgrks, y hg sienuhlr ks quk

sie flokr fkdfg el`l jkmgr quk tu.

Eg ekdksitg jìs quk ltrlvkslr hl phlzl `k Tletilng

y goskrvlr hls okhhls agrjls `k su dltk`rlh plrl l`ji

rlr kh `ksdlrg dge quk fkjgs h hljl`g euhgs l hgs kspl

üghks . KjU dike lügs `k prg nrks gs eg s krkj gs dlp ldks`k fldkr gorls skjkmletks.

Kh ltrlsg, pgr gtrl plrtk, eg ks pkduh ilr `k Ksplül.

Y g lorg su Dgestitudiôe ke kh dlpêtuhg quk ìdk sge ks

plüghks, y eg keduketrg kh ltrlsg `kdhlrl`g suoìtg `k

-lqukhhl eldiôe.

Ke kh s in hg xv, hl Ksplül trlmg tg`g hg jkmgr quk

floêl ke Kurgpl. Prlmg hl ýh t ijl kxprksiôe `k hl K`l`

J kìl y kh _keldijiketg. Ke. ksk kstl`g fle p krjl ek

di`g pgr trks sinhgs hl jktrôpghi y hls dghgeils. @urle

tk kstk tikjpg eg fl tkei`g ue oike ei ue jlh quk eg

flyl ìviì`g dge sus fi mgs. ·Rgr qué duhplrhl, puks,

`k j lhks suari`g s ke dgjýe 7

Dge hl rkvghudiô e ldloô ke- Lj ér idl `l K ur gp l kspl

üghl, quk egs prksketô hl divih izldiôe eldiketk `kh gtrg

dgetieketk.· \u iée aué kh tr iueal` gr 7 H l Kur gpl ien h ksl y a rle

dksl, quk rkprksketlol hl divih izldiôe `k hgs ýhtijgs

sinhgs.

Ksl divih izldiôe, `kspués `k triuealr ke kh gtrg dge

tieketk, plsô l éstk, `ge`k fgy hudfl pgr dgequistlr

vidtgrils, pkrg `k gtrg néekrg y pgr gtrgs jkìgs quk

hgs plsl`gs.

R Hg s ljkridlegs `k fgy eg sgjgs sieg kurgpkg s qu k




GO_LT TKHKDPLT 44

fkj gs dlj oil`g `k j lks trgs 3 l hl ieidilt ivl ksplüg hl m

fl sudkì`g hl ienhksl y arled ksl. m

Rkrg s ikjprk ks hl Kurgpl hl quk ijpkrl ke Ljéri- ,

dl, sikjprk ks kurgp kg dule tg lquê kx istk . m

Ke kstk eukvg pkrêg`g tg`g fl dljoil`g. Pg`g ks

eukvg y ìakrketk= hgs jkìgs, kh s istkjl3 kh tkrrkeg.

Hl Kurgpl dgetkjpgrìekl vikek fgy l dgjphktlr ke

L jéridl h l gorl `k h l Kurgpl `k h l K`l` J kìl .

Rgrquk hl gorl `k eukstrl d iv i h izldiôe kstì iedgj

phktl, kstì rkdiée l hl jitl`, y ks hl Kurgpl, hl lutgrl

`k hl prijkrl jitl`, hl quk `kok skrhg `k hl sknue`l.

·Rgr qué jkìg7 · 'Rgr hl dgequistl jih i tlr7

Eg.

Yl hl Ljéridl kstì dgequistl`l. Yl ks kurgpkl, y

pgr hg jisjg, yl ks iedgequistlohk.

Hl nukrrl `k rlzls y dgequistl supgek div i h izldigeksiedgedih ilohks, kstl`gs gpukstgs= kh slhvlmk y kh kurgpkg,

pgr kmkjphg.

Kstk letlngeisjg eg kxistk. Kh slhvlmk kstì vkedi`g.

Lquê eg t ikek `gjieig ei skügrêg. Egsgtrgs, kurgpkgs

`k dlstl y `k d iv i h izldiôe, sgjgs hgs ùkügs `k Ljéri

dl. Tgjgs ievkediohks. Hl Ljéridl ks uel agrtlhkzl

dge ue agsg `k jih hknuls `k ledfg, quk ks kh jlr quk

hl rg`kl. Kstl ks hl gorl `k @igs.Pikek l`kjìs uel nulreidiôe `k 02 jih hgeks `k fgj

orks . Pikek kh dlolh hg ìrlok, jìquiel `k nukrrl quk eg

jget ô J gt kzujl3 h l pôh v grl y k h lr t k ji h i t lr . Hl Ku

rgpl hl pkrtrkdfô lsê . Ks tlr`k, puks, plrl quk pikesk

ki= êdujktkr hg quk kh hl jisjl fizg ietgjlohk.

·\ué sge, puks, sus prktkesigeks ldtulhks7

Eg sge oéhidls dikrtljketk, eg sge `k su jisiôe.

·Dôjg ei l qué sgjkt kr ue jue`g d iv i h i zl`g7 Hl Ku-G K K L T T K H K D P L T.‐Pgjg Q . 4




40 L H O K _ @ I

rgpl `k kstk sinhg eg skrì-hl phlnilrêl `kh sinhg xv.-Yl

hgs dkrrgs `k Jémidg y Rgtgsê kstìe lngtl`gs. Yl kh

grg eg ks ·g`l su riqukzl. Eg sk `ksduork ei dgequis

tl hg `ksduoikrtg y dgequistl`g.

L`kjìs, hl Kurgpl slok quk el`l ks jìs dlrg quk

kh ksdhlvg. Hgs orlzgs ltl`gs eg puk`ke prg`udir . Hl

Ienhltkrrl ·eg pldtl hl loghidiôe `k hgs ksdhlvgs pgr

tg`ls plrtks 7 Hgs Kstl`gs [ei`gs hk `le fgy .kh `gohk`k hg quk hk `lole sike`g dghgeil ienhksl.

‐ ·\ué quikrk , puks , h l Kurgpl fgy `êl ke kst gs

plêsks 7

‐Divihizldiôe t ljoiée . Hu kng hl Ku rgp l y hl L j é

têls, plz, h iokrtl`ks.

‐ ·\ué ljoid igel h il L jéridl7

‐Divihizldiôe t ljoiée . Hu kng hl Ku rgpl y hl L j é

ridl kstìe `k ldukr`g.‐ T ê , d ikrtljketk.

‐ ·\uiée sk gpgek l k h h g7

‐ H g s quk eg quikrke hl d iv i hizldiôe, hgs quk rkp rk

sketle kh kspêritu plsl`g y vikmg, hgs kngêstls, hgs quk

quikrke kh jle`g pkrsgelh, hgs quk eg quikrke quk

flyl nlrletêls, gr`ke, h iokrtl` plrl hgs d iu`l`legs.

Ksgs eiknle l hl Kurgpl hg quk eiknle l hl Ljéri

dl . ·\ué kxt rlüg ks , puks , quk h l Kurgpl lor inuk fldil kh hgs hls jisjls qukmls quk t ikek hl Ljéridl7

Hl Ljéridl, ijpgtketk y vkedi`l pgr sus t irlegs,,

sk ketrknl l su `gjieldiôe.

Hl Kurgpl, aukrtk y `gtl`l `k jk`igs `k rksist ir ,

eg sk rie`k, sieg quk sk gpgek y rksistk.

Fk lquê kh sketi`g nkekrlh `k sus rkdhljldigeks.

Kh hls sge hls jisjls quk hl Ljéridl lorinl. Rlz, gr

`ke, hiokrtl`, prgspkri`l`= ks kh vgtg dgjýe.




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 4 ;

Hgs kngêstls, ksgs hl`rgeks `kh pg`kr pýohidg h hljl

`gs t irlegs, hgs vkr`l`krgs dgequistl`grks, pgrquk eg

ks prkdisg vkeir `k aukrl plrl dgequistlr, a ienke quk

Fkreìe Dgrt és y Rizlrrl ks t ìe `k v ukh t l 3 y t gjle`g

(ls vkst i`urls prijit ivls `k Jgtkzujl y hgs Iedls,

ievgdle, ke hkenul ksplüghl, l Dflkloudg y Jlypg,

idgjg si kstgs triueags fuoikske si`g gotkei`gs pgr

pkfukedfks g ie`igs slhvl mksHls aiddigeks `k eukstrgs nukrrkrgs `k <6<2 krle

mustia idlohks, pgrquk lh a ie hkvletlole `kh dljpg `k sus

vidtgrils kstle`lrtks kurgpkgs y garkdêle h istls `k

jukrtgs quk eg floêle si`g olutizl`gs ke hls plrrg

quils `k Ljéridl.

Rkrg kh Jgtkzujl `kh Rhl tl, ksk slhvlmk lp ôd riag ,

·qué kstle`lrtks quitl ke sus nukrrls quk h hljl dgetrl kh kurgpkg 7 Kstle`lrtks ljkridlegs.

·\ué slenrk ks hl quk `krrljl7 Tlenrk ljkridlel.

Tienuhlr jg`g `k `kake`kr hl Ljéridl lsksiele`g

y fujihhle`g l hgs ljkridlegs.

Mljìs quitô uel dudlr`l ei `krrljô uel ngtl `k

slenrk kurgpkl.

Jiketrls kh Ngoikreg ienhés dghgeizlol kh lrdfipiéU

hlng lrnketieg `k hls Jlhviels, kh Nrle`k Ljkridlegokoêl ke hl jisjl dgpl dge kh rkprksketletk `kh Ng

oikreg usurpl`gr. Fgy quk hl Ienhltkrrl hk kstgrol `k

jltlr l hgs ljkridlegs, nritl lh jgjketg= "¡ Dgequistl,

dgequistl " Kh lsksieltg ks plrl éh iejuei`l` ljkridl

el. Kstgrolrhk kh kmkrdidig `k kstk drijke ks ltldlr hl

L j é r i d l .

Kstk jiskrlohk, s ie kjolrng, t ikek `kakesgrks ke

fgjorks rkdtgs. @éjgegs duketl `k kstl legjlh êl




41 L H O K _ @ I

Qkljgs dôjg kh krrgr iegdketk ks dggpkrl`gr `kh ks

pêritu duhplohk.

Hgs nukrrkrgs `k <6<2, pgr quikeks tkeng hl vkek

rldiôe quk kh pukohg pgr hgs jìrtirks rkvksti`gs `k hl

dlegeizldiôe plplh, eg sge, sie kjolrng, plrl jê hgs

quk pgskke i`kls jìs ldkrtl`ls sgork kh jg`g `k fldkr

prgspkrlr hl Ljéridl quk dge tletg ldikrtg supikrge

suostrlkr lh pg`kr ksplügh.Hls aiddigeks `k pltrigtisjg, kh lrtiaidig `k uel dlusl

purljketk ljkridlel `k quk sk vlh ikrge dgjg jkìgs

`k nukrrl dgevkeiketks lh jgjketg, hgs `gjiele y

pgskke flstl fgy. @kspués `k flokr rkprksketl`g uel

ekdksi`l` rklh y nrle`k `k hl Ljéridl ke ue jgjketg

`l`g, fgy `ksdgegdke flstl dikrtg pueto hls eukvls

kxinkedils `k eukstrg Dgetieketk. Hl nhgril jihitlr hgs

prkgdupl lue sgork kh ietkrés `k prgnrksg.Rlrl kh hgs kh i`klh `k hl nrle`kzl ljkridlel kstì ke

kst k dul`rg `k d i rduest ledils = dgrgel`l su sike `k hlu

rkhks y kh hkôe l sus phletls rkeì`g. Hl ldt itu` ks

okhhl, pkrg su pkrpktui`l` hl flrêl ijpkrtieketk.

L hl ekdksi`l` `k nhgril fl sudkì`g hl ekdksi`l`

i k h prgv kdfg y `k h l dgjg ì`l` 3 y k h fkrgêsjg nukrrk

rg eg ks kh ôrnleg jìs dgjpktketk plrl rkprksketlr

hls ekdksi`l`ks prgslidls `kh dgjkrdig y hl ieùstril.Hl Ljéridl kstì h hljl`l l hl ieùstril, eg l hls

lrjls. Rkrg hl ieùstril t ikek ue fgegr pkduh ilr quk

ìaikrk `kh fgegr jihitlr. Kh fgegr jg`kreg ks jkegs

susdkptiohk, jkegs lsustlìzg quk kh fgegr letinug g

aku`lh , t ipg `kh fgegr nukrrkrg.

L s ê , ke hl pkeìketk `k prgnrksg quk rkjgetl hl

Ljéridl, eukstrgs pl`rks, alt inl`gs, fle quk`l`g jìs

lolmg quk egsgtrgs3 y eukstrgs gmgs, s ie ·letl kxpk-




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 4 >

rike`l y slokr dgjg kh hgs t ikeke, vke, eg gostletk,

jìs hkmgs y jìs d hlrg ke hg quk tgdl l hls eukvls dge

vkeikedils `kh jue`g ljkridleg. Keljgrl`gs `k su

gorl, sk lsustle `k tg`g hg quk puk`k dgjprgjktkrhl.

Egsgtrgs, jìs aimgs ke hl gorl `k hl divih izldiôe quk

ke hl `kh pltrigtisjg `k dikrtl épgdl, vkjgs vkeir sie

plvgr tg`g duletg hl Ljéridl puk`k prgùdir ke ldge

tkdijiketgs nrle`ks. Rkektrl`gs `k quk su s ituldiôeldtulh ks `k trlesidiôe, `k quk sus `kstiegs auturgs

sge tle nrle`ks dgjg `ksdgegdi`gs, el`l egs plsjl y

ke tg`g aue`ljgs suohijks kspkrlezls. Khhl eg kstì

oike3 ksl ks eukstrl ak. Kstì `ksikrtl, sghitlril, pgork.

Ri`k pgohldiôe, prgspkri`l`.

·@k `ôe`k hk vke`rì kstg lh prksketk7 @k `ge`k hl

prijkrl vkz hk v ieg= `k hl Kurgpl3 ks eukstrl ak tlj

oiée.

·Dôjg7 ·Ke qué agrjl7 Dgjg ke h l pr ijkrl v kz .

vieg. Khhl egs trlkrì su kspêritu eukvg, sus fìoitgs `k

ieùstril, sus prìdtidls `k divih izldiôe ke hls pgohldig

eks, ke hls kjinrldigeks quk egs kevêk.

Dl`l kurgpkg quk vikek egs trlk jìs div i h izldiôe ke

sus fìoitgs, quk hukng dgjueidl ke kstgs plêsks, quk kh

jkmgr h iorg `k Ai hgsga êl. Tk dgjprke`k jlh hl pkrakddiôe quk eg sk vk, tgdl y plhpl. Kh jìs iestrudtivg Dl

tkdisjg ks ueê fgjork hlogrigsg.

·\ukrkjgs phletklr ke Ljéridl hl h iokrtl` ienhksl, ,

hl duh turl arledksl7 Prlinljgs pk`lzgs v ivgs `k kh hls

ke hgs fìoitgs `k sus floitletks y rlìquéjgshgs lquê.

·\ukrkjgs quk hgs fìoitgs `k gr`ke y `k ieùstril

prkv lh kzdle ke eukst rl L jéridl7 H h keéjgsh l `k nket k

quk pgskl fge`ljketk ksgs fìoitgs. Kh hgs sge pknlmg-




4 4 L H O K _ @ I

s g s 3 lh hl`g `kh ieùstrilh kurgpkg prgetg sk agrjl kh

ieùstrilh ljkridleg.

Hl phletl `k hl divih izldiôe ìaêdihjketk sk prgplnl

pgr skjihhl.

Ks dgjg hl viül, quk prke`k y due`k `k nlmg.

Hl ldtulh pgohldiôe ks uel rljl trlsphletl`l `k hl

Rkeêesuhl ksplüghl. Rlrl quk kh fukrtg skl dgjphktg

phletkjgs l su hl`g ìroghks `k gt'rgs plêsks, quk `kegtrgs arutgs jìs slorgsgs y vlril`gs.

Fk lquê kh jg`g dôjg hl Ljéridl, fgy `ksikrtl,

`kok skr ue jue`g gpuhketg lhnuel vkz.

Kstl vkr`l` ks kxpkrijketlh 3 slhk `k hg quk sk go

skrvl ke Egrtk-Ljéridl. Hl rkprgùddiôe elturlh ks

ue jkìg ijpkrakdtg y hketg.

·\ukrkjgs nrle`ks Kst l`gs ke pgdg t ikjpg7 Prli

nljgs sus khkjketgs, yl prkplrl`gs y h istgs, `k aukrl.Tie nrle`ks pgohldigeks eg fly nrle`ks dgsls. Pg`g

ks jkzquieg y pkquküg.

L v isg l h gs fgjorks `k Kst l`g ljkridlegs=

Hls ksdukhls prijlrils, hgs dljiegs, hgs Oledgs, sge

pgr sê sghgs jkzquieêsijgs jkìgs sie hls nrle`ks kj

prksls `k prgùddiôe, fimls `k hls nrle`ks pgrdigeks

`k fgjorks.

Fldk` plslr lh rgtg, uei`l` khkjketlh `k eukstrlsjlsls, pgr tg`ls hls trlesagrjldigeks `kh jkmgr s is

tkjl `k kùdldiôe3 ke dike lügs eg flréis `k éh ue

gorkrg ienhés quk trlolml, dgesujk y vivk ìnel y dge

agrtlohkjketk.

Rgek` kh jih hôe quk agrjl hl pgohldiôe jkìl `k

dl`l uel `k eukstrls _kpýohidls ke kh jkmgr pik `k

kùdldiôe pgsiohk. ·Pke`réis dge ksg ue nrle`k y a hg

rkdiketk Kstl`g7 Dikrtljketk quk eg. [e jih hôe `k




GO_LT TKHKDPLT 4 9

fgjorks ke ue nrle`k tkrritgrig ks jiskrlohk pgohl

diôe . " '

Ks quk kùdle`g eukstrls jlsls tke`rkjgs gr`ke3

tkeike`g gr`ke vke`rì pgohldiôe `k aukrl, jk ìréis .

Gs ìré ketgedks quk ievkrtês kh vkr`l`krg jétg`g

`k prgnrksg . -

Eg tke`réis gr`ke ei kùdldiôe, pgpuhlr sieg pgr kh

ieahumg `k jlsls ietrgùdi`ls dge lrrlinl`gs fìoitgs`k ksk gr`ke y oukel kùdldiôe.

Juhtiphidl` hl pgohldiôe skril y vkréis l hgs vlegs

lnitl`grks, `kslirl`gs y sghgs dge sus phleks `k rkvukh

tls ar ivghls, ke jkìg `k ue jue`g losgroi`g `k gdu

pldigeks nrlvks.

·Dôjg gotkekr tg`g kstg7 Jìs aìdi hjketk quk nls

tle`g jih hgeks ke tketlt ivls-jkzquiels `k jkmgrls ie

tkrjielohks.Dgjkezl` pgr dgjprke`krhg y drkkrhg lsê . Airjl`

trltl`gs dge kh Kxtrlemkrg ke quk `kis nlrletêls ék

quk sus `krkdfgs elturlhks `k prgpik`l`, `k h iokrtl`,

`k sknuri`l`, l`quisidiôe y trìesitg hks skrìe rkspktl

`gs. Ksgs trltl`gs sge hl jìs okhhl plrtk `k hl Dges

titudiôe.

Y dule`g ke kh `ksgr`ke ke quk vivijgs sk flyl

alhtl`g l kstg, y kh Ngoikreg eldigelh `kh pkrmuìdl`grkdhljk hg pldtl`g, eg gs keal`éis pgr ksg lh jgjketg

ei nr i t é is = ¡Dgequistl, gakesl

Eg vl oike tletl susdkptioih i`l` l pukohgs eldiketks,

•quk plrl prgspkrlr ekdksitle `k tg`g kh jue`g. Rlrl

dl`l k`l` y s i tuldiôe fly ue fgegr kspkdilh . Dgjprke

`kr kh quk dgevikek l eukstrl k`l` y situldiôe ks ij

pgrtletk `kokr. Tkljgs jirl`gs plrl `kseu`lr hl ks

pl`l. Eg pgrquk sgjgs `koitks, s ieg pgrquk eukstrl




0 2 LHOK_@I

iekxpkrikedil, `ksgr`ke y v ighkedil egrjlhks egs `le

hl prksuediôe `k duhploih i`l` letk kh jue`g ke tg`gs

eukstrgs dgeah idtgs y ìsputls.

Kh dgrlmk y hl v idtgril egs `lrìe hlurkhks . Rkrg kh

hlurkh ks phletl kstéri h plrl Ljéridl. Eg prgùdk arutg-

`k sôh i`g prgvkdfg. Qlhk jìs hl kspinl jg`kstl `k hl

p lz . Ksl kspinl ks `k grg, eg ke hl hkenul `kh pgktl,

sieg ke 'hl hkenul `kh kdgegjistl.Hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel, duoikrtl `k hlurkhks y `k

le`rlmgs ks `k jlh kmkjphg.

Hgs Kstl`gs [ei`gs t ikeke ke sus tkjphgs jkegs

kstle`lrtks quitl`gs lh vkedi`g quk egsgtrgs, jkegs

nhgrils jih i tlrks3 pkrg vlhke lhng jìs quk egsgtrgs.

Kh hgs eg logrrkdke lh kurgpkg. Lh dgetrlrig, hk ltrlke,

eg nkekrgsl, sieg ìkstrljketk, y hk lsijihle l su pg

ohldiôe. Lsê , ke vkietk lügs ijprgvisle Kstl`gs eukv g s , pgrquk tgjle hls pikzls fkdfls plrl su agrjldiôe.

Hl ole`krl kstrkh hl`l eg pgr ksg ks jkegs nrle`k y

orih hletk.

@k mkj gs l hgs férgks dge. hgs t ikjpgs skj ioìrol rgs

l quk pkrtkekdke.

Kh t ipg `kh férgk ljkridleg ke hg auturg eg ks El

pghkôe, s ieg ^lsfientge. L hgs férgks `k hl nukrrl

fle sudkì`g hgs férgks `kh gr`ke y hl plz._kùdir gdfg jih fgjorks li `gs fgrls lh eýjkrg

`k jih pgr hl lddiôe `k hl kspl`l= fk lfê kh fkrgêsjg

jihitlr y plsl`g.

Rgr kh dgetrlrig. Fldkr suoir ke vkiet idultrg fgrls

`gs jih fgjorks lh eýjkrg `k gdfg jih = fk lquê kh

fkrgêsjg `kh fgjork `k Kstl`g jg`kreg.

Kh dkesg `k hl pgohldiôe ks hl jkmgr jkì`l `k hl

dlpldi`l` `k ue jieistrg ljkridleg. Tie pgohldiôe eg.




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 0 <

florì el`l ke Ljéridl. ·Rlrl qué hgs dljiegs s i eg

fly dljieletks ei qué trlespgrtlr7 Tie loue`letk

pklmk hls nrle`ks rutls sge ijpgsiohks.

Ogh iv il ks dukr`l ke lole`gelr hl kxphgrldiôe `kh

Rihdgjlyg. Ksl eg ks kjprksl suyl pgr lfgrl. \ u k hl

Ljéridl lorl sus ketrlüls l'h dgjkrdig h iork `kh jue

` g , y sus `ksikrtgs rêgs sk vk rìe e lv kn l` gs y ahgrkdike

tks iestletìeklj ketk sie ks auk rzg ei sldriaidig.Fk lquê hl nrle dukstiôe, y su fgrl fl sgel`g pgr

agrtuel.

@ks`k hl jitl` `kh s in hg xvi hl Ljéridl ietkrigr y

jk`itkrrìekl fl si`g ue slnrlrig ijpkektrlohk plrl hl

Kurgpl eg pkeiesuhlr. Kstì pgr sgelr hl fgrl `k su

arlequidil losghutl y nkekrlh . Ke trksdiketgs lügs eg

fl gdurri`g ue jgjketg jìs sghkjek plrl kh jue`g

`k Dghôe.Hl Kurgpl `kh jgjketg eg vikek l t irlr dlügelzgs

l ksdhlvgs. \uikrk sôhg qukjlr dlroôe `k pik`rl ke

hg lhtg `k hgs rêgs, quk fgy dgrrke plrl hgs pkdks. Dule

`g hl dljplel `kh vlpgr flyl sgel`g `khletk `k hl

sgh i tlril y v irnielh Lsuediôe, hl sgjorl `k Tuìrkz quk

`lrì ltôeitl l hl prkskedil `k kstgs eukvgs jisigekrgs,

quk visle kjprksls `ksdgegdi`ls l hgs mksuêtls `kh si

nhg V Q I I I . Hls lvks, pgskk`grls fgy `k hgs kedletl`gsogsquks, `lrìe ue vukhg `k kspletg. Y kh slhvlmk `kh

Dfldg, lpgyl`g ke kh lrdg `k su a hkdfl, dgetkjphlrì

dge tristkzl kh dursg `k hl agrji`lohk jìquiel, quk hk

ietijl kh lole`geg `k lqukhhls jìrnkeks. _kstg ieakh iz

`k hl drilturl prijitivl= `kdi` l`iôs lh `gjieig `k

vukstrgs plsl`gs. Hl rlzôe `ksph iknl fgy sus ole`krls

slnrl`ls ke kh plês quk eg prgtknkrì jìs dge lsihg ie

jkrkdi`g hl okstilh i`l` `k hl jìs egohk `k hls rlzls.




. 5 LHOK_@I

G s quk`le `gs dljiegs `k slhvldiôe ke hg a u ì ir g = g `lhtlr `kh dristileg, pgr `ge`k sk jgetl lh dikhg, g kh

loisjg `k hgs rêgs, pgr `ge`k sk plsl l hl el`l `k hgs

orutgs. Khkni` ueg, pgrquk eg fly térjieg jk`ig.

G G




I I I

HL _KRÝOHIDL L_NKEPIEL

7 T C @ K T R [ É T @ K T i h _ K Q G H [ D I Ô E @ K J L Y G

< 6 0 >




Pgutks hks lristgdrltiks, sle-

nhlisk, russk, lhhkjle`k, e'get

oksgie quk `k jgetrkr uek dfg-

sk ke téjginelnk dgetrk hk Arlih

kk = ‐ hks tlo hklu x qu'khhk a lit

`'khhk jéjk plr hl jlie `k sks

nrles édrivlies, ljis hl phuplrtù pkuphk kt plrtisles ù prgnrés.

Ekuh pkuphk ek résistkrlit ì

lek tkhhk éprkuvk. Dkttk jleik

sienuhiérk `k sk `ée inrkr sgi-

jéjk, `'étlhkr sks phliks, kt dgj-

jk `'lhhkr dfkrdfkr hl fgetk,

skrlit jgrtkhhk ì hl hgenuk.

M . J I D F K H K P .

Fgy jìs quk euedl, kh quk fl eldi`g ke kh fkrjgsg

plês situl`g ketrk hl dgrìh hkrl `k hgs Le`ks y kh _êg

`k h l Rh lt l t ikek `krkdfg l kxd h ljlr dge grnuh h g = Tgy

lrnketieg.

Ke kh sukhg kxtrlemkrg ke quk rksi`g, eg dgjg prgs

driptg, puks fk slhi`g `k ji pltril sknýe ¡sus hkyks, sieg

pgr arledl y h iork khkddiôe, dgjg puk`k rksiìr ue ie

nhés g ue arledés lhkml`g `k su plês pgr dgevkeikedil

prgpil3 ke kh h ie`g plês quk jk fgspk`l y tletgs ngdks

orie`l lh quk ks `k aukrl, sie fldkr lnrlvig l su ole-




0 1 L H O K _ @ I

`krl, oksg dge ljgr hgs dghgrks lrnketiegs y jk siket 'g

vleg lh vkrhks jìs ualegs y ìnegs quk euedl.

Hl vkr`l` skl ìdfl sie jkenul `k elìk= hgs dghg

rks `kh _êg `k hl Rhltl eg fle dgegdi`g hl `krrgtl ei hl

`kakddiôe. Ke hls jlegs `k _gsls g `k Hlvlh hk, dule`g

eg fle pltrgdiel`g hl vidtgril fle prksiì`g l hl h i

okrtl`. Ti lhnuel vkz fle dlê`g ke kh pghvg, fl si`g

letk kh hgs prgpigs3 ke nukrrl `k aljihil, euedl l hlphletl `kh kxtrlemkrg.

Nulr`ke, puks, sus hìnrijls hgs nkekrgsgs h hgrgeks

`k eukstrls `ksnrldils3 quk, l pkslr `k kh hls , eienýe

pukohg `k kstl plrtk `kh Dgetieketk t ikek `krkdfg l

trioutlregs pik`l`.

Hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel eg t ikek ue fgjork, ue su

dksg, uel dlê`l, uel vidtgril, ue ldikrtg, ue kxtrlvêg

ke su v i`l `k eldiôe `k quk `kol sket irsk lvkrngezl`l.Pg`gs hgs rkprgdfks, jkegs kh `k v i h hleêl. Egs v ikek

kstk `krkdfg `k hl slenrk quk dgrrk ke eukstrls vkels=

ks hl dlstkh hlel3 ks hl `kh Di`, hl `k Rkhlyg.

Hhkeg `k kausiôe pltriôtidl y pgskê`g `k ksl ijplr

dilh i`l` quk `l kh sketijiketg purg `kh prgpig eldig

elhisjg, quikrg lorlzlrhgs tg`gs y kedkrrlrhgs ke ue

dul`rg3 dknl`g lhnuel vkz `kh kspêritu `k plrü`g fk

ìdfg dgsls quk fle pgì`g flhlnlr kh gê`g `k hgs dkhgsrivlhks3 quk jk ginle kh hgs fgy lhng quk eg hks plrk

dkrì tle flhlnøküg= ·eg florì ìsduhpl plrl kh kngêsjg

`k ji pltrigt isjg hgdlh , dule`g hl plrdilh i`l` ke alvgr

`kh prgpig sukhg ks ue `krkdfg `k tg`gs 7

Jk dgeùdk l jìs `k kstg uel i`kl skril3 y ks Ml `k

hl ekdksi`l` quk tg`g fgjork `k ji plês t ikek `k rkdl

plditlr fgy sgork kh puetg ke quk sk flhhl eukstrl al

jih il eldigelh ,-qué jkìgs pgh ê t idgs pgskkjgs sus fi-




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 0>

m g s , qué `kokrks egs dujphke, qué ekdksi`l`ks y vgtgs

agrjle 0l gr`ke `kh `êl `k hl laljl`l _kpýoh idl Lr

nketiel.

Eg skrêl kxtrlüg quk lhnuike flhhlsk lrnketieg kstk

pleahktg, puks vgy l ksdrioirhg dge tietls `k dghgrks

ohledg, y l z u h

Ti ìng quk hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel kstì prôspkrl ke

jkìg `k sus dgejgdigeks, lsiketg ue fkdfg quk tg`gsplhple3 y s i lnrkng quk pgskk jkìgs plrl kstlrhg jìs

quk tg`ls, eg ksdriog uel plrl`gml.

Eg florì fgjork quk jk eiknuk quk su kstl`g ks

rkspktlohk y quk éh el`l tikek `k vkr nge zgs g. · Rg r qué

eg `kdir hg lhnuel vkz dge hl arketk `ksduoikrtl7 Hl

_kpýoh idl Lrnketiel fl pgì`g dgejgvkr hl skesioi h i

`l` kxtrlül dge hgs dul`rgs `k su nukrrl d iv i h 3 fl pg

ì`g plrkdkr oìrolrl, drukh 3 pkrg euedl fl s i`g kh r i`êduhg `k elìk3 y hl `ksnrldil quk eg h hknl flstl hl

okal, kstì hkmgs `k skr hl ýhtijl `ksnrldil.

Ke tg`ls épgdls hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel lplrkdk lh

arketk `kh jgvijiketg `k kstl Ljéridl. Ke hg oukeg y

ke ihg jlhg su pg`kr `k ieidiltivl ks kh jisjg= dule`g

eg sk lrrkjk`l l sus h iokrtl`grks, sk ijitl l sus t i

rlegs.

Ke hl rkvghudiôe, kh phle `k Jgrkeg `l hl vukhtl leukstrg Dgetieketk.

Ke hl nukrrl, Tle Jlrt êe keskül l Ogh êvlr kh dlji

eg `k L yldudfg.

_ivl`lvil `l l hl Ljéridl kh phle `k sus jkmgrls k

ieegv ld igeks prgnrks iv ls . ·\ué fgjork `k Kst l`g le

tks quk éh pusg l hl gr`ke `kh `êl hls dukstigeks `k dl

jiegs, dlelhks, Oledgs, iestruddiôe pýohidl, pgstls, h i

okrtl` `k duhtgs, loghidiôe `k aukrgs, rkagrjl rkhinigsl..




0 6 LHOK_@I

y jih i tlr , dghgeizldiôe, trltl`gs `k dgjkrdig y elvknl

diôe, dketrlh izldiôe l`jieistrlt ivl y pgh ê t idl, grnlei

zldiôe ` kh rénij ke rkprk sketl tivg, sistkjl khkdtgrl ,

lùlels, dgetrioudigeks, hkyks rurlhks, lsgdildigeks

ýti hks , ijpgrtldigeks kurgpkls `k ieùstrils `ksdgeg

di`ls7 Hl dgjpihldiôe `k hgs `kdrktgs `k su épgdl ks

ue dôìng l`jieistrlt ivg pkrakdtg3 dgjg hgs `kdrktgs

`k _gsls, dgetikeke kh dltkdisjg `kh lrtk `k sgjktkr`kspôtidljketk y keskülr l gok`kdkr dge slenrk.

@k lquê l vkietk lügs judfgs Kstl`gs `k Ljéridl

sk rkputlrìe l`khletl`gs pgrquk kstlrìe fldike`g hg

quk Oukegs Lirks fizg trkietl lügs fl3 y plslrìe dul

rketl letks quk h hknuke l tkekr su rkspkdtivg _gsls.

@ing su _gsls pgrquk hk tke`rìe. Eg ke vleg sk hk

h hljl `ks`k fgy fgjork `k Ljéridl. Hg ks ke vkr`l`,

pgrquk ks ue tipg pghêt idg quk sk flrì vkr lhrk`k`gr `kLjéridl dgjg prgùdtg hônidg `k hg quk ke Oukegs

Lirks hg prgùmg y kxistk ke hgs Kstl`gs fkrjlegs.

Ke tg`ls plrtks kh elrlemg, h hknle`g l dikrtl k`l`, `l

elrlemls. @ge`k flyl _kpýoh idls ksplüghls agrjl`ls

`k letinuls dghgeils, florì ìdtl`grks, h hknle`g l dikr

tl lhturl kh `kslrrghhg `k hls dgsls.

Eg sk lahimle khhls pgr kstl i`kl. Kstg ks `kdir quk

lvlezlrìe tletg dgjg fgy hg kstì hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel, eg ijpgrtl pgr qué jkìgs. _gsls ks ue jlh y ue

rkjkìg l hl vkz3 hl Ljéridl hg ìdk lsê rkspkdtg `k

Oukegs L irks , y yg h g rkprgùzdg dgjg v kr`l`krg,

rkspkdtg `k ihl Ljéridl, plrl jìs l`khletk.

Eg ks éstk ue jlh ineg y vkenlt ivg prkslnig `k ue

jlh `kskl`g. L uequk gpukst g l _gsls dgjg fgjork

`k plrti`g, fk ìdfg quk ksdriog kstg dge dghgrks lr

nketiegs.




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 0 9

_gsls eg ks ue sijphk t irleg, l jis gmgs. Ti ke su

jleg fly uel vlrl slenriketl `k aikrrg, tljoiée vkg

ke su dlokzl 0l ksdlrlpkhl `k Ok'hnrleg. Eg jk diknl

tletg kh ljgr `k plrti`g plrl eg dgegdkr hg quk ks

_gsls olmg d ikrtgs lspkdtgs.

Té, pgr kmkjphg, quk Tijôe Ogh êvlr eg gdupô tletg

kh jue`g dge su egjork dgjg kh ldtulh Ngokrel`gr

`k Oukegs L irks .

Té quk kh egjork `k ^lsfientge ks l`grl`g ke kh

jue`g, pkrg eg jìs dgegdi`g quk kh `k _gsls.

Hgs Kstl`gs [ei`gs, l pkslr `k su dkhkori`l`, eg

t ikeke fgy ue fgjork pýoh idg jìs kxpkdtlohk quk kh

nkekrlh _gsls. Tk flohl `k éh pgpuhlrjketk `k ue dlog

lh gtrg `k hl Ljéridl, s ie flokr fkdfg tletg dgjg

Dristôolh Dghôe. Tk hk dgegdk ke kh ietkrigr `k Kurgpl

jìs g jkegs dgjg l ue fgjork vis iohk `k Arledil gIenhltkrrl, y eg fly hunlr ke kh jue`g `ge`k eg skl

dgegdi`g su egjork, pgrquk eg fly ueg l`ge`k eg

hhknuk hl Rrkesl ienhksl y arledksl, quk fldk `ikz lügs

hk rkpitke `êl pgr `êl. ·\ué grl`gr, qué ksdritgr déhk

ork `kh sinhg xix eg hk fl egjorl`g, eg fl flohl`g `k

éh judfls v kdks7 Nuizgt , Pfikrs , G 'Dgeekh h , Hljlrt i

ek, Rlihjkrstge, Lokr`kke, ·duìh ks hl dkhkori`l` plr

hljketlril `k kstl épgdl quk eg sk flyl gdupl`g `k éhflohle`g l hl alz `k hl Ku rg pl 7 @ketrg `k pgdg s krì

ue férgk `k rgjledk3 tg`g kstì ke quk ue nkeig mgvke,

rkdgr`le`g hg quk Dfltkluorile`, Oyrge y Hljlrt iek

`koke l hgs vilmks, sk hledk l trlvés `kh Lthìetidg ke

ousdl `kh iejkesg y virnielh tkrrkeg `k kxphgtldiôe

pgétidl, quk garkdk kh plês jìs okhhg, jìs kspkdtlohk

y jìs loue`letk ke dlrldtkrks sgrprke`ketks `kh Euk

v g J u e ` g .GO_LT T K H K D P L T.‐Pgjg Q .




; ² L H O K _ @ I

Oyrge, quk lhnuel vkz pkesô ke vis itlr l Qkekzukhl,

y tletg lesiô pgr ltrlvkslr hl h êekl kquiegddilh , florêl

si`g ltrlê`g l hls jìrnkeks `kh iejkesg Rhltl, s i ù

rletk sus `êls fuoiksk vivi`g kh fgjork quk jìs dghg

rks flyl pgì`g garkdkr, pgr su vi`l y dlrìdtkr, l hgs

dul`rgs `k su piedkh ìloôh idg y suoh ijk= Oyrge krl kh

pgktl prk`kst iel`g `k _gsls3 kh pgktl `kh Dgrslrig,

`kh Rirlt l , `k J lzzkpl, `k J lrieg Alh ik êg . Tkr êl prkdisg quk kh férgk dgjg kh dletgr puìkrle `kaieirsk

ìenkh g `kjgeig, dgjg Hljlrt iek h hljô lh lutgr `k

Dfih`k-Flrgh`.

Tkrêl ekdkslrig eg skr lrnketieg plrl `ksdgegdkr hl

vkr`l` `k kstgs fkdfgs, y kevlekdkrsk `k kh hgs, sie

jkzdhlrsk l kxljielr hl hknit iji`l` `kh `krkdfg dge

quk kh hgs dk`ke ke fgerl `k hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel,

olstle`g aimlrsk ke quk hl nhgril ks ie`kpkeìketk l vk-vks `k hl mustidil, `k hl utih i`l` y flstl `kh ouke ske

t i`g dgjýe.

L s ê , yg ìré dge tg`l siedkri`l` uel dgsl quk dge

si`krg dgeskduketk dge hg quk `kmg kxpukstg= Ti sk

pkrìkske hgs t êtuhgs `k _gsls l hl eldigelhi`l` lrnke

tiel, yg dgetriouirêl dge ue sldriaidig eg pkquküg lh

hgnrg `k su rksdltk. Jk ks jìs aìdih `kdhlrlr quk kx

ph idlr kh jgtivg pgr quk jk dgjphlzdg ke pkeslr quk_gsls pkrtkekdk lh _êg `k hl Rhltl.

R k r g , dule`g flohle`g lsê , sk egjorl l _gsls, sk

flohl `k ue nkekrlh lrnketieg, sk flohl `k ue fgjork

`kh Rhltl, g, jìs prgpiljketk, sk flohl `k hl _kpý

oh idl Lrnketiel. Flohlr `k hl kspkdtloi h i`l` `k _gsls,

ks flohlr `k hl kspkdtloih i`l` `kh plês quk rkprksketl.

_gsls eg ks uel keti`l` quk puk`l dgedkoirsk ke los

trldtg y sie rkhldiôe lh pukohg quk ngoikrel. Dgjg tg-




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T ; <

`gs igs fgjorks egtlohks, kh `kslrrghhg kxtrlgrìelrig

`k su dlrìdtkr, supgek kh `k hl sgdik`l` l quk pkrtkek

dk . _gsls y hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel sge `gs ket i`l`ksquk sk supgeke jutuljketk= éh ks hg quk ks pgrquk ks

lrnketieg i su khkvldiô e supgek hl `k su pl ês 3 kh tkjphk

`k su vghuetl`, hl a irjkzl `k su nkeig, hl kekrnêl `k suietkhinkedil, eg sge rlsngs suygs, sieg `kh pukohg, quk

éh rkahkml ke su pkrsgel. Hl i`kl `k ue _gsls oghivilegg kdultgrileg, ks ue losur`g. Tôhg kh Rhltl pg`êl `lr

pgr fgy ue ¡fgjork quk flyl fkdfg hg quk _gsls. [efgjork aukrtk supgek sikjprk gtrgs judfgs `k inulh

tkjphk l su lhrk`k`gr. Dge ue kmérditg `k gvkmls, ue

hkôe l su dlokzl skrêl fkdfg prisigekrg pgr ue sghgdlzl`gr.

Tupriji` Oukegs Lirks y sus jlsls y sus ieeujk

rlohks fgjorks `k dlpldi`l`, y eg tke`réis _gsls.Tk hk ltriouyk l éh kxdhusivljketk hl ìrkddiôe `k hl

_kpýoh idl L rnket iel . ¡ Kr rg r iej kesg K h ks olstlet k

skesltg, plrl ksdudflr dule`g plrkdk quk ieidil3 dgjg

su plês, ks juy dlplz `k ìrinir dule`g plrkdk qukgok`kdk.

_gsls eg ks Rk`rg `k _usil. Hl nrle`kzl lrnketiel

ks jìs let inul quk éh . _gsls ks pgstkrigr l Hieikrs ke

dulrket l lügs3 l J grkeg, l Okh nrleg, l Tle J lrt êe ,ke trkietl3 l _ivl`lvil, ke vkietk. Olmg su ìrkddiôe,

Oukegs Lirks h il hlezl`g ue eg lhtlekrg l hl Ienhltk

rrl y l hl Arledil dglh inl`ls3 ke <62> fizg jìs quk ksg,sie tkekr l _gsls l hl dlokzl= `kspk`lzô ke sus dlh hks

<;.222 sgh`l`gs `k hl ahgr `k hgs kmérditgs oritìeidgs y

lrrkoltô hgs dike kstle`lrtks quk fgy kenlhlele sustkjphgs.

Ke <6<2, sie tkekr l _gsls l su dlokzl, fizg rg`lr




gorls skhkdtls ;4

Ksg skrêl vkr viel jitl` `k hl vkr`l`, y eg tl vkr`l`

ketkrl.

Elìk ks nrle`k sieg jiìée`gsk dge nrle`ks. Tk

lhlol judfg hl fkrgidl dgestledil `k _gsls33 pkrg hl

dgestledil `k su lddiôe, ·eg supgek il `k hl rksistke

dil quk éh trltl `k kxtienuir7 Ti hl pkrtieldil dge quk

_g sls pkrsinuk l sus kekjings fldk vkietk lügs gark

dk ksk ietkrés `k uel vghuetl` quk eg dljoil mljìs,eg ks jkegs ìnel `k l`jirldiôe hl ievlrilohk' tkeldi

`l` dge quk kh hgs rklddigele su pg`kr pgr kh jisjg

kspldig `k t ikjpg.

Eg ks ji ìeijg ketlohlr lquê ue plrlhkhg dgjpl

rltivg `kh jéritg `k hgs `gs plrti`gs ke quk sk ìvi`k

hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel. Jitl`ks `k ji plês , inulhjke

tk qukri`ls, ueg y gtrg, yg quikrg fldkr vkr kh fkrgês

jg quk hks lsistk l hgs `gs. Ke ljogs sk goskrvle hgsdlrldtkrks `k ue nrle plrt i`g pgh ê t idg= hl Ljéridl `kh

Tur eg prksketl ke hl fistgril `k sus nukrrls divihks

`gs plrti`gs jìs tkeldks ke su lddiôe, jìs dgeslnrl

`gs l su i`kl `gjieletk, jìs oike grnleizl`gs, jìs

hklhks l su ole`krl, jìs dhlrgs ke sus aieks, jìs hôni

dgs y dgeskduketks ke su jlrdfl.

Kstls dulhi`l`ks eg prksketle tletg rkh ikvk ke kh

plrti`g ueitlrig pgrquk eg fl tkei`g ue fgjork sghgke quk éh sk kedlrek. Eg fl tkei`g ksk fgjork pgrquk

euedl hk t ikeke hls gpgsidigeks quk sk prgeuedile y gr

nleizle jihitlrjketk ke kh skeg `k hls jlsls pgpuhl

r k s 3 fl tkei`g ieaieitls dlokzls ke vkz `k uel, y pgr

ksg fl ìviì`g y pkrturol`g su lddiôe, fldike`g ks

térihks sus rksuhtl`gs.

Rkrg ·eg ks tle l`jirlohk dgjg hl dgestledil `k

_g sls y hgs suygs hl `k ksgs fgjork s quk ke c pltril,




; 0 lhokrì

ke kh Kxtrlemkrg, ke tg`ls plrtks hudfle fldk vkietk

lügs, lrrgstrle`g dge airjkzl `k férgks tg`ls hls dge

trlrik`l`ks y suarijiketgs `k hl v i`l kxtrlemkrl, s ie

•`gohknlrsk mljìs, sie `kskrtlr su ole`krl, sie lpgstl

tlr euedl olmg kh jletg `k ksls a hgmls ljlhnljls, dk

hkorl`ls ke egjork `kh `krkdfg plrhljketlrig 7

Tk fle fkdfg rkprgdfks l ueg y gtrg, uels vkdks

jkrkdi`gs, hls jìs vkdks iemustgs. Kh rklddigelrig, tkeike`g quk hudflr dge jlsls s ie ìsdiph iel, ijprgvi

sle`g sus sgh`l`gs, sus mkaks, su lrrknhg y sus rkdur

sgs, fl s i`g gomktg `k `ksln rl`lo hks ijpu tldigeks.

Rkrg ·ke qué rklddiôe eg sk v ikrge kxdksgs `k ksk

néekrg7 Hl sletl nukrrl `k hl Ie`kpke`kedil dgetrl

il Ksplül, ·eg prksketô ieaieitgs rlsngs `k ksgs quk kh

orih hg `kh sudksg y hl mustidil fle `kml`g ke kh sihkedig7

· E g sk gyke flstl fg y j urj urldigeks skdrktls dgetrlhgs nrle`ks egjorks `k Tle Jlrt êe y Ogh êvlr, Dlrrkrl

y G 'Finn ies , J get klnu`g y Hl J lr , pgr ldt gs ielpkr

dioi`gs, quk ke kh hlokrietg `k uel nrle nukrrl prld

t idlrge hls jlsls `k su jle`g7

_kvkhl`, l vkr, dge mustidil g sie kh hl, lhnýe ldtg `k

dgolr`êl, lhnýe prgdk`kr `k drlpuhgsl ieìnei`l` quk

jledfk h l v i`l `k h gs _iv l`lv il , L nøkrg, Ridg , L h -

s iel , Qìrkh l , Hlv lh h k , Hls Fkrls , Gh lv lrr êl , Tuìrkz ytletgs gtrgs lh istl`gs dgjg mkaks ke hls a i hls egohks

`kh plrti`g ueitlrig.

Kstk khgnig eg ks ue rlsng `k ksl rut iekrl `kdhljl

diôe `k hgs plrti`gs. Ks hl mustl vieìdldiôe `k uel

jitl` `k hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel.

Tk ijputle alh tls y kxtrlvêgs l ueg y gtrg. Hgs t ik

eke tlh vkz, hgs fle dgjkti`g, y kh prijkrg `k kh hgs ks

kh `k flokrsk hlezl`g l hls lrjls plrl `ksnlrrlrsk




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T ; ;

jut uljket k . Rkrg uel v kz jkt i`gs ke nukrrl‐ ýh t ijg

kxtr lvêg `k hl plsiôe y `kh dlhg r‐ , ·fl pgì`g plrk

dkr kxtrlüg quk iedurrikske ke lhnuegs gtrgs7 ·L duìheg dgeùdk hl a ikork `k uel dgetike`l `k slenrk, ke quk

kstìe kjpkül`gs kh fgegr, hl ak pghêtidl, kh ietkrés `k

uel dlusl dgesi`krl`l dgjg hl `k hl pltril jisjl7

Kh plrti`g ak`krlh kdfô jleg `k hl t irleêl3 kh uei

tlrig, `k hl Hinl dge kh Kxtrlemkrg. Hgs `gs fidikrgejlh . Rkrg hgs quk fle jirl`g kstl Hinl dgjg drijke

`k trlidiôe, ·pgr qué fle ghvi`l`g quk eg ks jkegr

drijke kh `k hl t irleil7 Fly, puks, ke kh hg `gs alhtlsquk sk kxphidle hl uel pgr hl gtrl. @ing alhtls, y eg

drêjkeks, pgrquk ks losur`g prktke`kr quk hgs plrt i`gs

lrnketiegs flyle si`g drijielhks ke kh lousg `k sus

jkìgs.

_gsls t ikek quikeks dgjprke`le sus jirls, pgrqukks vkedk`gr. Hgs ueitlrigs, eg, pgrquk kstìe dlê`gs.

Lsê ks kh jue`g ke sus alh hgs . Hhljl trli`gr l Hlvlh hk

pgrquk juriô `krrgtl`g ke Mumuy. Ti fuoiksk ketrl`g

vidtgrigsg ke Oukegs Lirks hk florêl h hljl`g Hiokrtl`gr. Ti G'Finnies y Tle Jlrt êe fuoikske si`g `k

rrgtl`gs ke Jlypg, dlpturl`gs y dghnl`gs lh gtrg `êl

ke hl phlzl `k Tletilng3 si gtrg tletg fuoiksk sudkì`g

l hgs rkvghudigelrigs `k Tkptikjork y suosistiksk flstl fgy hl `gjieldiôe `k hgs ksplüghks, lqukhhgs nrle

`ks `k prijkr gr`ke kstlrêle ghvi`l`gs dgjg gosdurgsiesurnketks, ìnegs `kh plt êouhg ke quk kxpilrle su

trlidiôe.

Hl plsiôe, ke su iìgjl `k kjoustk y `k fipéroghk,fl pgì`g sôhg `lr kh egjork `k trlidiôe l hl sijphk

lhilezl jihitlr `k hgs ueitlrigs dge hls aukrzls `k hl

Ienhltkrrl y `k hl Arledil.




;1 L H O K _ @ I

Hl trlidiôe ks ue drijke3 pkrg eg fly drijke dule`g eg fly ietkediôe `k gorlr kh jlh . Ks, puks, lhng jìs

quk ue prgdk`kr h inkrg3 ks ue ldtg `k ijokdi h i`l` kh

prksujir quk fgjorks `k hl siedkri`l`, `kh dlhgr, `kh

pltrigt isjg `k Hlylh hk, Tuìrkz, Ghlvlrrêl, ktd . , flyle

pgì`g lorinlr hl ietkediôe `k `ksfgerlr hgs dghgrks

quk `kakeìkrge `ks`k eiügs ke dike dgjoltks `k n hg

ril y `k fgegr, kxpgeike`g su v i`l letk hls olhls kx

trlemkrls. Ti hg fuoikske fkdfg gtrgs fgjorks, s ie hgsletkdk`ketks `k lquéhhgs, kh sgaisjl skrêl jkegs jl

eiaikstg. ¡ R kr g ijp utlr trlidiôe l hl pltril l hgs quk

fle drkl`g y aue`l`g hl pltril dge su kspl`l y dge

su slenrk I ¡ Hlv lh h k , R lz , _g`r ênukz , quk eg tkeêle jìs

agrtuel quk sus n hgrigsgs trgakgs, gotkei`gs ke hl nuk

rrl `k hl ie`kpke`kedil `k Ljéridl, floêle `k tkekr hl

ietkediôe `k pkhklr plrl `kspués `kh tr iueag ketrknlr

lh Kxtrlemkrg hl pltril, su ie`kpke`kedil, sus iesineils y flstl su fge gr y h iokrtl` pkr sge lhks H gs t irl

egs fle nlstl`g kh sketi`g `k hl plhlorl trlidiôe, lou

sle`g `k kh hl3 `k jg`g quk ks rlrg quk lhnuel vkz, sg

ork tg`g ke plêsks môvkeks y nukrrkrgs, sk lphiquk dge

mustidil. Rkrg dule`g sk usl `k kh hl dgetrl hgs ueitl

rigs `k hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel sk dgjktk lhng jìs quk

ue krrgr dgjýe3 sk dgjktk, dgjg fk ìdfg, ue ldtg `k

ijokdih i`l` iekxduslohk. Piokrig, kh tkekorgsg y slenriketg Piokrig, h hknô l vkr éh drijke `k trlidiôe flstl

ke ue vkrsg, ke uel plhlorl ieìsdrktl y dgeai`kedilh ,

ke uel hìnrijl, ke uel sgerisl, ke ¡ls dgsls jìs ie

sineiaidletks (i). @igeisig kh Pirleg fizg dge`kelr l

jukrtk l ue fgjork quk sgüô quk hk floêl lsksiel`g.

(i) Pìd itg, Lelhks, h io. 1 y I I .




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T ; >

"Lhtkrl` ue pgdg kh sket i`g `k hl plhlorl trlid iôe‐

`kdêl Jgetksquiku‐y tke`réis kh Ngoikreg hknlh dge

v krt i`g ke lroi t rlr ig ."

" ' '[e rkprgdfk nrlvk‐ìdk Dfltkluorile`=‐sk h i

nlrì l hl jkjgril `k Ogelplrtk= fldil kh a ie `k su rki

el`g tgjô tle pksl`g su yung, quk kh sketijiketg fgstih li kxtrlemkrg sk ljgrtinuô3 y uel ievlsiôe, fgy `k

`ghgrgsg rkdukr`g, tgjô, ke kh jgjketg `k dgesujlrsk, k h l i rk `k uel dljplül `k h iokrt l`. . . Hgs Hlal-

ykttk , hgs Hl em ueêlis, hgs Dl j ihg M gr`ì e, hgs @u dis, hgsHkjkrdikr , hgs Dfkeikr, hgs Okemljêe Dgestlet , kr

nui`gs ke jkìg `k hl juhtitu` ijpktugsl, sk ltrkvik

rge l `ksprkdilr hl vidtgril y prgtkstlr dgetrl hl t irleêl. . . " " Lo stke nìj ge gs, puks, `k `kdir quk lqukh hgs

l quikeks hl altlh i`l` dgeùdk l pkhklr dgetrl ue pg

`kr quk pkrtkekdk l su plês skle uegs jiskrlohks3 ketg`gs hgs tikjpgs y .plêsks, `ks`k hgs nrikngs flstl -egs

gtrgs, tg`ls hls gpieigeks sk fle lpgyl`g ke hls aukr

zls quk pg`êle lsknurlrhks su tr iueag. Lhnýe `êl sk

hkkrì ke eukstrls Jkjgrils hls i`kls `k Jr. @k Jl-hksfkroks sgork hl kjinrldiôe. Eg dgegdkjgs ke Arle

dil ue sghg plrti`g quk eg flyl tkei`g fgjorks ke kh

sukhg kxtrlemkrg, jkzdhl`gs dge hgs kekjings y jlr

dfle`g dgetrl hl Arledil. Okemljêe Dgestlet , lyu`letk `k dljpg `k Okrel`gttk, skrvil ke kh kmérditg

lhil`g quk ketrô ke Rlrês, y Dlrrkh aué tgjl`g dge hlslrjls ke hl jleg ke hls a i hls ksplüghls" ( i) .

(i) Dge nrksg `k Qkrge l, pgr Dfltkluorile`, dlp. V V V I y

V V V Q I I . Olstlrêl trlkr, ke lpgyg `k hg quk ìdk kstk fistgril

`gr, kh rkdukr`g `k hl nhgrigsl rkvghudiôe `k hgs ienhksks, prg

jgvi`l y lpgyl`l pgr uel ksdul`rl y trkdk jih olygektls fg

hle`ksls.




;6 ÌHOKK@I

Ieýti h ks `kdir quk Hlalykttk, Nfkeikr, Dgestlet , Nl

rrk , sge egjorks quk tg`gs hgs plrti`gs ke Arledil sk

vlelnhgrile `k dgetlr ketrk sus fgjorks déhkorks. ·@k

qué eldk kstk jg`g `k vkrhgs, l pkslr `k lqukhhgs ld

tgs, quk ue sgaistl florêl lpkhh i`l`g `k trlidiôe7 @ kh

dgevkedijiketg ueivkrslh `k quk sus ietkedigeks, lh

kmkdutlrhgs, krle ketkrljketk arledksls y pltriôtidls, y

quk sôhg uel situldiôe `kh tg`g kxdkpdigelh pg`êl flokrhks dghgdl`g ke kh dlsg `k ousdlr kh oike `k hl pltril

pgr ue dljieg skjkmletk.

Hgs ueitlrigs ke Oukegs Lirks 'fle fkdfg jkegs quk

Dgestlet , Dlrrkh y Hlalykttk ke Arledil= kh hgs eg fle

jlrdfl`g mljìs dgetrl uel dgsl quk puìkrl `kdirsk

su plês . Fle jlrdfl`g dge su ole`krl, dge su dudlr

`l, dge sus mkaks, pgr su dljieg, l su aie lplrtk y pk

duhilr, `kspués `k flokr kxini`g y gotkei`g `kdhlrldigeks ksdritls y sghkjeks quk pgeêle lh loring kh fg

egr y hl ietknri`l` `k hl _kpýohidl dgetrl tg`l jirl

pkreidigsl `k plrtk `kh kxtrlemkrg. Krl ijpgsiohk kj

phklr ksk jkìg `khidl`g `k rklddiôe dge jìs ìsdrk

diôe, rkskrvl y pru`kedil quk hg fidikrge kh hgs. Tge

oike dgegdi`gs hgs `gdujketgs quk hg prukole, l jìs

`kh mustia idltivg quk eldk `k hgs rksuhtl`gs.

Gtrls jirls lhtls y egohks kxphidle tljoiée hl dgeùdtl `k hgs lrnketiegs quk ke <602 sk ueikrge l hls

aukrzls arledksls plrl ltldlr kh pg`kr `kh nkekrlh _g

sls. Ksl ueiôe tkeil jirls jìs hkmlels quk ue sijphk

dljoig `k ngokrel`gr ke Oukegs Lirks. @iréhls dge hl

jisjl siedkri`l` y arlequkzl dge quk ketgegks sk jl

eiakstlole. Rg`rìe skr krrôekls3 ksg `kpke`k `kh jg`g

`k pke slr `k dl`l u eg { pkrg mlj ìs sk jk zdhô kh `ghg l

su dgedkpdiôe. Rkrtkekdêle nkekrlhjketk l hgs fljorks




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T ;9'

môvkeks `kh plrti`g rklddigelrig, y éstgs hls `koêle l

sus kstuìgs pghêt idgs `k ksdukhl. Tgspkdflr quk hl trli

diôe sk fuoiksk jkzdhl`g ke kh hls, ks supgekr quk fuoiksk floi`g nketks olstletk ekgils plrl ieidilr l ks

tuìletks `k @krkdfg pýohidg ke hgs lrdlegs `k ksl ì

phgjldil gosdurl quk, sknýe lhnuegs, t ike`k l dljoilrkh priedipig pghêt idg `kh Ngoikreg ke Ljéridl.

Hl i`kl trlsdke`ketk `k 'gs môvkeks `kakesgrks `kksl Hinl krl hl `k ietrgùdir, dgedih ile`g dge hl eldig

elhi`l` pkrakdtl `kh plês, kh ieahumg `k hl lddiôe divihi

zl`grl `k hl Kurgpl, pgr jkìgs fgegrlohks y l`jit i`gs pgr kh `krkdfg `k nketks, l a ie `k fldkr prldtidlohk

ke Ljéridl ue gr`ke `k dgsls pghêt idg, ke kh quk hls

i`kls jìs l`khletl`ls y h iokrlhks dgetlske dge uel jl

ygrêl `k pgohldiôe ihustrl`l, `kskevukhtl olmg kh ieahumg

`k hkyks k iestitudigeks prgtkdtgrls `k tlh ìrkddiôe `kdgsls . \ukrêle, ke uel plhlhlorl, ousdlr uel aôrjuil.

`k sghudiôe plrl kh prgohkjl `kh kstlohkdijiketg `k ¡lh iokrtl` pghêt idl ke Ljéridl= `k ksk prgohkjl quk lýe

pkrjlekdk sie sghudiôe, puks eg hg sge, `k eienýe jg

`g, ksls Dgestitudigeks ksdritls quk, pgr hg iel`kdul`ls k ijprldtidlohks, sôhg sirvke hls jìs vkdks plrl,

agjketlr il fipgdrksêl `k hl h iokrtl`, tle gpukstl l hl

h iokrtl` vkr`l`krl. ·Inegrl lhnueg quk hl Ljéridl `khTur, `ks`k hl prgdhljldiôe `k hl `kjgdrldil i h ijitl`l,sk flhhl ke uel alhsl pgsidiôe7 ·\uk kh gr`ke keslyl`g

flstl lquê ks trlesitgrig, pgrquk ks iel`kdul`g, y quk

ks ekdkslrig trlkr hls dgsls l olsks jìs egrjlhks yvkr`l`krls7 ·\uiée quk jkìtk dge siedkri`l` sgork

hg quk sge eukstrls Dgestitudigeks ldtulhks eg dgj

prke`k tg`l hl ijpgrtledil y ìaiduhtl` `k kstl jltkril,

y hl ekdksi`l` prgaue`l `k gduplrsk `k kh hl7




LHOK_@I

Oike3 puks ksgs môvkeks, logr`le`g ksl dukst iôe,

quk ks hl `k hl v i`l jisjl `k kstl plrtk W`kh Eukvg

J ue`g, pkeslrge quk jiketrls prkvlhkzdl kh lsdke

`iketk eujéridg `k hl juht itu` inegrletk y prghktlril,

rkvkst i`l pgr hl rkvghudiôe `k hl sgokrleêl pgpuhlr, sk

rêl sikjprk rkkjphlzl`l hl h iokrtl` pgr kh rén ijke `kh

`kspgtisjg jih i tlr `k ue sg h g fgjork3 y quk eg floêl

jìs jk`ig `k lsknurlr hl prkpge`krledil `k hls rei-egrêls i hustrl`ls `k kstgs plêsks quk `ìe`ghks kesle

dfljiketg pgr v êeduhgs y dgekxigeks dge ieahukedils

divihizl`ls trlê`ls `k aukrl, OLMG DGE@IDIGEKT DGJRL

P I O H K T DGE HL I E @ K R K E @ K E D I L Y @ K J G D _ L D I L L J K _ I - 3 ,

D L E L T , R _ G D H L J L @ L T RG_ HL _ K Q G H [ D I Ô E @K [E J G @ G

I _ _ K Q G D L O H K .

L o s u r ` g g sloig, kstk krl kh pkesljiketg `k hgs quk

ke ksl épgdl lpgylole hl H i n l dge hls aukrzls kurgpkls plrl sgjktkr kh plrti`g `k hl juht itu` phkokyl,

dlpitlekl`l y grnleizl`l jih i tlrjketk pgr kh nkekrlh

_ g s l s . Hgs plrt i`lrigs `k ksls i`kls hls sgstkeêle pý

ohidl y loikrtljketk pgr hl R r k e s l dge kh dle`gr y kh

`ksietkrés quk sge iefkrketks lh dlrìdtkr `k hl mu

vketu`.

Ksl dukst iôe ks tle nrlvk, lakdtl `k tlh j g ` g hl

kxistkedil pghêt idl `k hgs eukv gs Kst l`gs `k L j é r i d l ,ks tle iedikrtl y gosdurl, duketl dge tle pgdgs plsgs

`l`gs ke su sghudiôe, quk ks prkdisg flh hlrsk juy lt rl

sl`g ke kxpkrikedil y ouke sketi`g pghêt idg plrl dlhi

aidlr `k kxtrlüg kstk g lqukh phle `k sghudiôe keslyl-,

•`g. Ksk puetg fl h hljl` g hl ltkediôe `k tg`gs hgs f g j

orks quk fle pkesl`g skriljketk ke igs `kstiegs pg

h êtidgs `kh E u k v g J u e ` g / y ke éh fle dgjkti`g krrg

r k s `k pkesljiketg Ogh êvlr, Tle J l r t ê e , J g e t k l n u ` g ,




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T

_ivl`lvil, Lhvklr, Nôjkz y gtrgs eg jkegs kspkdtl

ohks pgr su jéritg y pltrigtisjg ljkridleg. Jih gtrgs

krrlrìe trls kh hgs ke hl sghudiôe `k ksk prgohkjl, y egskrìe hls dlokzls jkegs lhtls y jkegs ìstienui`ls..

puks hgs ýeidgs plrl quikeks hl dukstiôe kstì yl. rk

sukhtl sge hgs `kjlngngs, quk kenlüle l hl juhtitu`, yhgs kspêritus h ijitl`gs, quk sk kenlüle l sê jisjgs.

T i, puks, hgs plrt i`gs lrnketiegs fle pgì`g pl`kdkrkxtrlvêg ke hl l`gpdiôe `k sus jkìgs, ke kh hg eg fle

ietkrvkei`g kh vidig ei hl dgolr`êl `k hgs kspêritus, sieg

hl plsiôe, quk, lue sike`g egohk y purl ke sus aieks, ksdlsi sikjprk diknl ke kh usg `k sus jkìgs, y hl iekxpk

rikedil `k quk l`ghkdke hgs eukvgs Kstl`gs `k kstk dge

tieketk, ke hg tgdletk lh ske`krg pgr `ge`k `koke dgeùdir hgs plsgs `k su vi`l pýohidl.

E g 3 hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel eg ks ue plês `kprlvl`g.,dgjg hg supgeke hgs quk hl muznle pgr hgs ìdtl`gs qukkhhl prgpil sk fl `l`g ke kh `khirig `k hl aikork rkvghu

digelril. Tge sus plrti`gs pghêt idgs hgs quk hl fle ìal

jl`g ke kh kxtkrigr, kxlnkrle`g jutuljketk, ke khdlhgr `k hl pkhkl, sus `kakdtgs, y supgeike`g gtrgs, dg

jg jkìg grìelrig `k ltlquk y `kstruddiôe. Muznlr `k

hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel pgr hl Rrkesl `k sus plrt i`gs

ke lrjls, ks muznlr `k hl Arledil pgr hgs dul`rgs hýnuorks quk `k kh hl fldk hl ijpldiketk jisletrgpêl `k

lhnuegs `k sus nrle`ks ksdritgrks, quk vivike`g ke hl

pkrakddiôe `kh pgrvkeir sôhg vke ke kh prksketk vidigs,,`ksgr`ke, ieiqui`l` y jketirl.

Dl`l plrti`g fl tkei`g dui`l`g ke gduhtlr g `ksainu

rlr hls vketlmls y jéritgs `k su rivlh . Tknýe hl prkesl

`k _gsls, hl jitl` jìs duh tl `k hl _kpýoh idl Lrnke

tiel ks inulh l hls gr`ls jkriìgelhks `k Rkfukedfks y




L H O K _ @ I

Rljpls3 sk dgj pgek `k hgs slhvlmks ueitlrigs (dgjg

quike ìdk hgs slhvlmks prgnrksistls, sike`g hl uei`l` kh

térjieg jìs l`khletl`g, hl i`kl jìs lhtl `k hl dikedil

pghê t idl) . Hgs ueitlrigs, pgr su plrtk, fle vistg judfls

vkdks ke sus rivlhks l hgs dlrioks `kh Griegdg. D u l e ` g

lhnýe `êl sk `ke kh lorlzg `k plz, ke quk ldlole hls

jìs kedkeì`ls hudfls, qué ìakrketk skrì kh dul`rg

quk `k hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel trldke sus fi mgs `k ljogs dljpgs.

¡\ué egohks dgeaksigeks eg sk girìe lhnuel vkz `k

ogdl `k hgs arkeét idgs ak`krlhks ¡ Y hgs ueitlrigs, dge

qué phldkr eg vkrìe slør fgjorks `k fgegr y `k dgrl

zôe `k `kolmg `k ksl jìsdlrl kspletgsl dge quk fgy

sk ìsarlzle sus rivlhks dkìke`g l hls kxinkedils t irì

eidls `k hl s i tuldiôe

Ketrk tletg, eg fly quk fldkr ue `khitg l hgs ksdritgrks quk ievghuetlriljketk `lüle lh plês, `lüìe`gsk

khhgs, pgr jìs quk ìnl Jidfkhkt quk ksg ìsjieuyl

su hustrk l hgs gmgs `kh kxtrlemkrg. Hgs pukohgs rkprk

sketltivgs t ikeke quk vivir fgy dgjg ksk rgjleg quk

.qukrêl floitlr uel dlsl `k dristlh plrl gstketlr hl ìl

alei`l` `k su v i`l privl`l. Ks ekdkslrig fldkr uel

vi`l `k vkr`l`, y jgstrlrhl lh jue`g tlh dulh ks, dge

sus alhtls y jéritgs. Rlrl rkjkìlr kh jlh ks prkdisg`kdir hg ke lh tl vgz= hl sgdik`l` y kh Rg`kr sge sgr`gs3

plrl quk ginle ks prkdisg flohlrhks dge hl ogdiel `k hl

Rrkesl y hl triouel. Rkrg ks ijpgsiohk hkvletlr hl vgz

ke hl dlsl, sie quk hl ksdudfk kh vkdieg. Eg quk`l gtrg

rkjkìg quk rkaunilrsk olmg kh dgesghl`gr lxigjl quk

ìdk= '" 'Fgjork sgy, y `k el`l jk rkputg lmkeg." Ti

lhnuegs pukohgs eg tikeke krrgrks quk hljketlr, ks pgr

quk eg fle kjpkzl`g l v iv ir . Hls nrle`ks eldigeks




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 1 4

t ikeke sus jledfls l hl ksplh`l3 hgs pukohgs juy ltrl

sl`gs hls t ikeke ke kh pgrvkeir. Ke kh pukohg, dgjg ke

kh fgjork, hl keakrjk`l` ks ue kstl`g legrjlh y trle

sitgrig 3 euk strg plês sk lprg xij l lh aie `k sus ld flqu ks.

Tk gyk tljoiée quk hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel pl`kdk

ltrlsg nkekrlh pgr dgeskdukedil `k su hlrnl y sle

nriketl nukrrl. Kstk krrgr, kh jìs ldrk`itl`g aukrl `k

sus argetkrls, vikek tljoiée `k hls jisjls dlusls qukkh gtrg. Tie `u`l quk hl nukrrl ks jkegs akdue`l ke

dikrtgs l`khletgs quk hl plz3 pkrg trlk dgesing dikrtgs

gtrgs quk hk sge pkduhilrks, y hgs plrti`gs lrnketiegs

hgs fle gotkei`g dge uel kaidldil inulh l hl ietkesi`l`

`k hgs pl`kdijiketgs.

Hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel t ikek jìs kxpkrikedil quk

tg`ls sus fkrjlels `kh Tur, pgr hl rlzôe `k quk fl pl

`kdi`g jìs quk eienuel. Kh hl fl rkdgrri`g ue dljiegquk hls gtrls kstìe pgr priedipilr.

Dgjg jìs prôxijl l hl Kurgpl, rkdioiô jìs prgetg

kh ieahumg `k sus i`kls prgnrksivls, quk aukrge puks

tls ke kmkdudiôe pgr hl rkvghudiôe `k Jlyg `k <6<2, y

jìs prgetg quk tg`ls rkdgniô hgs arutgs oukegs y jl

hgs `k su `kslrrghhg, sike`g pgr kh hg ke tg`gs t ikjpgs

auturg plrl hgs Kstl` gs jkegs vkdiegs `kh jle letilh

trlslthìetidg `k hgs prgnrksgs ljkridlegs hg quk dgestituêl kh plsl`g `k hgs Kstl`gs `kh Rhltl. Lsê, flstl ke

hg quk fgy sk tgjl dgjg skülh `k ltrlsg ke hl _kpý

ohidl vkdiel, kstì jìs l`khletl`l quk hls quk sk rkpu

tle kxketls `k ksgs dgetrlt ikjpgs, pgrquk eg fle kj

pkzl`g lýe l kxpkrijketlrhgs.

[e fkdfg egtlohk, quk fldk plrtk `k hl grnleizldiôe

`kaieitivl `k hl _kpýohidl Lrnketiel, fl prgspkrl`g lh

trlvés `k sus nukrrls, rkdioike`g skrvidigs ijpgrtletks




1 0L H O K _ @ I

flstl `k sus l`vkrslrigs. Ksk fkdfg ks hl dketrlhizldiôe

`kh Rg`kr eldigelh . _ivl`lvil prgdhljô hl i`kl `k hl

uei`l`3 _gsls hl fl rklh izl`g. Ketrk hgs ak`krlhks y

hgs ueitlrigs fle dketrlh izl`g hl _kpýoh idl i hg quk

quikrk `kdir quk hl dukstiôe ks `k vgdks, quk keduorke

jkrl agngsi`l` `k pukohgs môvkeks, y quk ke kh age`g,

tletg ueg dgjg gtrg, fle skrvi`g l su pltril, prgjg

vike`g su eldigelh uei`l`. Hgs ueitlrigs fle pkrì`g3 ,pkrg fl tr iueal`g hl uei`l`. Fle v kedi`g h gs ak`krl

hks3 pkrg hl ak`krldiôe fl sudu jo i`g. K h fkdfg ks quk

`kh skeg `k kstl nukrrl `k egjorks fl slh i`g agrjl`g

kh pg`kr, sie kh dulh ks irrklhizlohk hl sgdik`l`, y hl

h iokrtl` jisjl, ijpgsiohk.

Kh pg`kr supgek, dgjg olsk `k su kxistkedil a irjk,

kh fìoitg `k hl gokìkedil. Ksk fìoitg fl kdfl`g rlêdks,

ke ljogs plrt i`gs. @ketrg `kh plês , _gsls fl keskül`gl gok`kdkr l sus plrt i`lrigs y l sus kekjings3 aukrl

`k éh , sus kekjings lusketks, eg tkeike`g `krkdfg l

ngokrelr, fle plsl`g su v i`l ke gok`kdkr, y pgr ueg

y gtrg dljieg ljogs fle h hknl`g lh jisjg aie=

L kstk rkspkdtg eienýe plês `k Ljéridl jkriìgelh

duketl dge jkìgs jìs pg`krgsgs `k gr`ke ietkrigr

quk hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel.

Eg fly plês `k Ljéridl quk rkýel jlygrks dgegdijiketgs prìdtidgs, ldkrdl `k hgs Kstl`gs fisplegljk

ridlegs, quk lqukhhl _kpýohidl, pgr hl rlzôe `k skr kh

quk flyl tkei`g ksplrdi`g jlygr eýjkrg `k fgjorks

dgjpktketks aukrl `k su tkrritgrig, y vivike`g rknu

hlrjketk ienkri`gs ke hgs ldtgs `k hl vi`l pýohidl `k

hgs Kstl`gs `k su rksi`kedil. Kh `êl quk ksgs fgjorks,

vukhtgs l su plês, sk rkýele ke Lsljohkls `khiokrletks,

¡qué `k lphidldigeks ýtihks, `k térjiegs dgjplrltivgs,,




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 1;

`k dgegdijiketgs prìdtidgs y durigsls lhusigeks eg

sldlrìe `k hgs rkdukr`gs `k su vi`l plsl`l ke kh Kx

trlemkrg

Ti hgs fgjorks lprke`ke y nlele dge hgs vilmks,

·•qué eg sudk`krì l hgs pukohgs7 Tk puk`k `kdir quk

uel jitl` `k hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel v ilml ke kh jue

`g `k ìkz y vkietk lügs l kstl plrtk. Dgjpukstl ks

pkdilhjketk `k môvkeks, quk sge hl pltril `k jlülel,

dule`g vukhvl lh sukhg eltivg, `kspués `k su vi`l a hg

tletk, vke`rì pgskk`grl `k hkenuls kxtrlemkrls, `k hk

nishldigeks, `k ieùstrils, `k fìoitgs, quk `kspués sge

hlzgs `k dgearltkrei`l` dge hgs `kjìs pukohgs `kh

jue`g. ¡Y duìetgs l jìs `k dgegdijiketgs, eg trlk

rìe dlpitlhks l hl r iqukzl eldige lh E g nlelrì jkegs

hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel, `kmle`g ksplrdi`gs ke kh jue

`g lhnuegs `k sus fimgs h inl`gs plrl sikjprk ke plêskskxtrlügs, pgrquk ksgs jisjgs kxtke`krìe hgs nérjkeks

`k lpkng lh plês quk hks ìg hl vi`l quk trlesjitle l sus

fimgs .

Hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel tkeêl hl lrrgnledil `k hl

muvketu`. [el jitl` `k sus floitletks sk fl fkdfg jg

`kstl, suarike`g kh `kspgtisjg quk gr`kel sie réphidl=

y hl gtrl jitl`, h hkvle`g aukrl hl iestrudtivl kxistke

dil `kh kxtrlemkrg.Hls jlsls phkokyls, khkvl`ls lh pg`kr, fle sulvizl`g

su aikrkzl ke ksl ltjôsakrl `k duhturl quk hls gtrls

`kmlrge, plrl `ksdke`kr ke ousdl `kh dlhgr `kh lhjl,

quk, ke hg jgrlh dgjg ke hg nkôhgng, ks jlygr l jkì`l

quk sk `ksdike`k. Kstk dljoig trlesitgrig `k rghks fl `k

flokr s i`g prgvkdfgsg lh prgnrksg `k hl nkekrlh i`l` `kh

plês . Tk lprke`k l ngokrelr gok`kdike`g, y v idkvkrsl.

Ti hl _kpýohidl eg fl lvlezl`g ke nhgril, hg fl fkdfgG O C L T T K H K D P L T.‐Pgjg Q . ;




11 L H O K _ @ I

lh jkegs ke dkhkori`l` y egjorl`hl3 y ke kstk puetg

ks `ku`grl `k tlhks rksuhtl`gs l hgs `gs plrti`gs ke

inulh jkì`l. Ti fl jkrkdi`g lsgjorg _gsls pgr flhokr

rkpkh i`g l hgs pg`krks kxtrlemkrgs, eg hk fle jkrkdi`g

jkegs sus kekjings pgr flokr jgvi`g ke su alvgr ksgs

pg`krks . K h pr ijkr plrt i`g ke L jéridl quk flyl rkpk

h i`g l hgs Kstl`gs `k Kurgpl ks kh `k _gsls3 y kh pri

jkrg quk flyl si`g dlplz `k jgvkrhgs l tgjlr uelplrtk ldt ivl ke su lpgyg ks kh ueitlrig. Hl _kpýoh idl

L rnk et iel ks , puks , kh Kst l`g `k L j érid l J kriìgel h

quk jìs flyl fkdfg sketir su lddiôe ke sus rkhldigeks

dge hls prijkrls pgtkedils `k Kurgpl.

Hgs ekngdigs `kh Rhltl ltrlke fldk judfgs lügs hl

ltkediôe `k hls Dìjlrls `k Arledil y `kh Rlrhljketg

`k Ienhltkrrl.

K h Pijks ` k H g e ` r k s ‐ p r i j k r p l p k h ` k h j u e ` g ‐sk fl gdupl`g quieiketls vkdks `k _gsls, eg ijpgrtl

ke qué sketi`g. Hl _kvistl `k hgs `gs ju e`gs, K h Dges

titudigelh, Hl Rrkesl, Kh @ilrig `k @koltks, y tg`gs hgs

pkriôìdgs pghêt idgs `k Rlrês, sk gduple `kh Rhltl fldk

gdfg lügs dge tletl arkdukedil dgjg `k ue Kstl`g ku

rgpkg.

Hgs prijkrgs grl`grks `k kstk sinhg fle kjphkl`g

dike vkdks su dlhgr ke trltlr `kh _êg `k hl Rhltl, y kstìe aljihilrizl`gs dge sus lsuetgs.

Kh grg lrnketieg ks kh prijkrg quk sk flyl kjphkl`g

pgr Kst l`g l h nueg `k L jéridl plrl dgjprlr ksdr i t grks

kxtrlemkrgs, ke Kurgpl y ke kstk dgetieketk, dge kh a ie

`k quk sk gdupke alvgrlohk y sistkjl`l-jketk `k _gsls.

Eg fly Rrkesl jìs dgegdi`l ke tg`l hl Ljéridl `kh

Tur quk hl `k Oukegs Lirks, floike`g kxist i`g ke hgs

Kstl`gs dirduevkdiegs l éh ieaieitgs pkriôìdgs `kstiel-




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 1 >

`gs l vivir gdupl`gs `k hgs ekngdigs `kh _êg `k hl Rhltl,

yl ke prg `k ue plrti`g g `k gtrg. Ksgs plpkhks kxtrle*-

m krgs , dule `g eg fle si`g ueitl rigs, fle si`g rksistls3

pkrg sikjprk lrnketiegs. Gdupìe`gsk `k lhng `kh vkìeg-

plês, kh hgs hk fle fkdfg fgjkelmk `k ltkediôe y rkspktg.

_gsls fl `l`g tletl ltkediôe l su Rrkesl dgjg l sus

kmérditgs= fl fkdfg ridgs tjhudfgs ijprksgrks y ksdritg

rks. Hk nguv krekj ket ksplnegh sk alit mgurelhistk, `kdêluel v kz Nirlrìe= qué t ikjpg fldk quk k h `k Oukegs

L irks v iv k fkdfg Nldktl, Oritisf Rgdc kt y Lrdfivg

Ljkridleg.

Pg`g kstg ks tletg jìs dlplz `k h isgemklr l hl _kpý

oh idl Lrnketiel, duletg quk, pgr kh eýjkrg `k su pg

ohldiôe, ks kh Kstl`g jìs pkquküg `k tg`l hl Ljéridl

ksplüghl, s i sk kxdkptýl kh `k hl _kpýoh idl `kh [runuly.

@iaêdihjketk sk flhhlrì aljihil jìs dgrtl y ijìs ouhh idigsl ke kh jue`g quk hl tlh aljihil lrnketiel. Tk hl

h hljlrêl dge rlzôe vgdienhkrl y dflehltliel, si eg auksk

kh Kstl`g ljkridleg ksplügh quk flyl gorl`g dgsls jìs

eujkrgsls y kxtrlgrìelrils. Ks kh ýeidg ke quk flyl

sudujoi`g ketkrg ue kmérditg kurgpkg rkspktlohk, sie

ksdlplr ue sghg fgjork, ei ue sghg kstle`lrtk. Ks kh

ýeidg `ge`k hl rklddiôe dgetrl kh Ngoikreg ksplügh eg

aué vkedi`l ei pgr ue sghg `êl, `kspués `kh ?; `k Jlyg`k <6<2 ke quk ìg priedipig. Ks kh ýeidg quk flyl ij

pukstg lh Ijpkrig `kh Orlsi h , nleìe`ghk oltlh hls , qui

tìe`ghk uel ksdul`rl ketkrl, ieaiei`l` `k ole`krls y

goh inìe`ghk l rkeuedilr, pgr Prltl`gs nhgrigsgs, `krk

dfgs quk prktkeìô tkekr tg`l hl v i`l3 kh ýeidg quk pg

skl kh kstle`lrtk `k hl dgequistl ksplüghl ke kstk dge

t ieketk3 kh quk fgy rkdiol jlygrks skülhks kspgetì

ekls uj pgdg j ìs quk `k rkspktg y dg esi`krl diôe `k




1 6 L H O K _ @ I

plrtk `k hgs Kstl`gs ljkridlegs quk hk rg`kle3 kh ýei

dg quk ke su nukrrl ietkrigr y kxtkrigr rkdiketks flyl

kxditl`g kh lsgjorg `k tg`gs, pgr su dgestledil, fkrgês

j g , floih i`l` y aukrzl, skl quk sk hk muznuk ke hl pkr

sgel `k ue plrti`g u gtrg.

Lh pkeslr ke tg`g kstg, puk`k, puks, ue lrnketiieg,

`ge`k y dgjg quikrl quk sk flhhk ke kh jue`g, vkr hudir

hl huz `k Jlyg, sie lrrkpketirsk `k pkrtkekdkr l hl eldiôe `k su grinke.

Tie kjolrng, tg`g kstg ks pgdg= tg`g kstg eg sltisal

dk kh `kstieg vkr` l` krg `k hl _kp ýoh idl Lrn ketie l.

Pg`g kstg ks kxtrlgrìelrhig, hudi`g, sgrprke`ketk. Rkrg

hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel t ikek ekdksi`l`, plrl skr ue

pukohg akh iz `ketrg `k sê jisjg, `k dlsgs jìs jg`kstgs,

jìs ýtihks y rklhks quk tg`l ksl orih hletkz `k triueagsjih i tlrks y rksphle`grks ' ietkh inketks. Kh hl fl `kshujfrl

`g lh jue`g pgr hl prkdgdi`l` `k sus i`kls. Pikek nhg

rils nukrrkrls quk eg pgskke pukohgs quk fle vivi`g

ìkz vkdks jìs quk kh hl . Pikek tletls ole`krls lrrle

dl`ls ke dgjoltks v idtgrigsgs, quk puìkrl grelr su

arketk dge ue turoletk dgjpukstg `k tg`gs hgs dghgrks

`k h Iris m g lhzlr ue plok hhôe tle lhtg dgj g hl Dghujel

`k Qke`ôjk, y jìs rlìletk quk kh orge dk `k Lustkr-

hitz.‐Rkrg tg`g* kstg l qué dge ù dk, sie gtr ls v ke tlm ls

quk, hl pgork ¡ fl j kekstkr tg`l vêl ke tletg eýj krg 7

Fl fkdfg yl `kjlsil`g plrl hl aljl= juy pgdg plrl

hl akh idi`l`.

Rgskk iejkesls n h gr ils 3 pkrg ¡ qué hìstijl , eg tiikek

uel sghl h iokrtl`. Tkle ktkregs, juy kefgrloukel, hgs

hlurkhks quk supg dgesknuir, pukst g quk murô eg v iv ir

sie kh hgs. Rkrg rkdukr`k quk hls prijkrls plhlorls `k




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 1 n

su néeksis rkvghudigelrig, aukrge lqukhhls trks quk agr-

irrile uei`ls ue dôìng sletg y ue vkrsg suohijk, ì

d i k e ` g = hiokrtl` , hiokrtl` , hiokrtl` .

Rgr agrtuel, kh hl slok yl, l dgstl `k h hletg y `k sle

nrk, quk kh ngdk `k kstk okekaidig kstì sumktg l dgeì

digeks ìaêdihks y nrlùlhks, quk ks jkekstkr h hkelr. Lsê,

si ke hgs prijkrgs `êls aué ìvi`l `k h iokrtl`, fgy sk

dgetketlrêl dge. uel h iokrtl` jìs quk jg`krl`l.Ke sus prijkrgs dletgs `k tr iueag, ghv i`ô uel plhl

orl jkegs sgegrl quk hl `k hiokrtl`, pkrg quk rkprkske

tl ue dgetrlpksg quk fldk tkekrsk ke pik l hl h iokrtl`=

kh gr`ke.

[e gr`ke, uel rknhl, uel hky3 ks hl suprkjl ekdksi

`l` `k su situldiôe pghêtidl.

Khhl ekdksitl kstg, pgrquk eg hg t ikek.

Ruk`k pgskkrhg, pgrquk t ikek hgs jkìgs dgeùdketks.Eg fly uel hky quk rknhk kh ngoikreg ietkrigr `k hl

_kpýohidl Lrnketiel y kh kmkrdidig' `k hls nlrletêls pri

vl`ls . Ks tk ks kh fkdfg jìs pýohidg quk gar kz dl

lqukh plês.

Eg tikek uel Dgestitudiôe pghêt idl3 sike`g ke kstg hl

ýeidl kxdkpdiôe `k tg`g kh dgetkeketk.

Eg fly dukstiôe yl sgork si fl `k skr ueitlril g ak

`krlh = skl ak`krlh ke fgrl ouk el3 pkrg fly l uel hky qukrknhk ksl ak`krldiôe= flyl uel Dgest itudiôe ak`krlh .

Luequk hl Dlrtl g Dgestitudiôe ksdritl eg ks hl hky g kh

pldtg, søe kjolrng, khhl hl prukol, hl aiml y hl jletikek

ievlrilohk. Hl hktrl, ks uel ekdksi`l` `k gr`ke y lrjg

eêl. Tk nlrletk hl kstloih i`l` `k tg`g dgetrltg ijpgr

tletk, ksdrio iée` ghg=‐ · qué dgetrltg jì s ijpgrtletk

quk kh nrle dgetrltg dgestitudigelh7

Pljpgdg fly dukstiôe sgork quk flyl `k skr h iokrlh .




> g L H O K _ @ I

T k l `kspôtidl, skl t irìeidl, si sk quik rk, ksl c y 3 pkr g

flyl uel hky.‐Yl ks ue prgnrksg quk hl t irleêl skl

kmkrdi`l pgr hl hky ke vkz `k skrhg pgr hl vghuetl` `k

ue fgjork. Hg pkgr `kh `kspgtisjg eg ks su ùrkzl,

sieg su iedgeskdukedil. Hl hky ksdritl ks iejutlohk dgjg

il ak.

@kdir quk hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel eg ks dlplz `k ng-

nkrelrsk pgr uel Dgestitudiôe, luequk skl `kspôtidl gjgeìrquidl, ks supgekr quk hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel eg

kstì l hl lh turl `k eienueg `k hgs Kstl`gs `k Ljéridl

`kh Tur, s ieg jìs lolmg quk tg`gs3 ks supgekrhl jkegs

dlplz quk Ogh iv il, quk kh Kdul`gr, quk kh Rlrlnuly, quk

oike g jlh pgskke uel Dgestitudiôe ksdritl, y plslohk

jketk goskrvl`l.

Kstg plsl `k losur`g.

·Duìh `k kh hgs pgskk ue pg`kr jìs rklh , kaidlz y rkdgegdi`g7 \uike ìdk tkekr kh pg`kr, ìdk tkekr hl pik`rl

aue`ljketlh `kh kìaidig pghêt idg.

Ksk pg`kr ekdksitl uel hky, pgrquk eg hl t ikek. Tk

gomktl quk dge kh hl ks ijpgsiohk kh fkdfg `k su kxistke

dil.‐@éskhl ke tlh dlsg tle `kspôtidl dgjg sk quikrl=

pkrg `ésk uel hky. Tie ksl hky `k suogrìeldiôe ietkrigr,

hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel pg`rì tkekr ue kxtkrigr juy

o k h h g 3 pkrg eg skrì pgr `ketrg sieg ue pletkôe `k vivgs.@k gtrg jg`g ks jkmgr skr lrnketieg `ks`k hkmgs, plrl

rkdioir kh rkahkmg fgergsg `k hl nhgril, sie sketir ke hgs

fgjorgs hgs piks `kh férgk.

·Duìh Kstl`g `k Ljéridl jkriìgelh pgskk rkspkdt i

vljketk jlygr eýjkrg `k pgohldiôe i hustrl`l y ìs

pukstl plrl hl vi`l gdupl`l `k hl ieùstril y `kh trl

o lmg , pgr rksuhtl`g `kh dlesledig y flstêg `k hgs ìstur

oigs letkrigrks 7




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T > <

Fly quike vk ue nkrjke `k `ksgr`ke ke kh rknrksg

`k hl kjinrldiôe. Rkrg ksg ks tkjkr hl dgeùdtl `kh pk

dl`gr, mustljketk pgrquk slìk `k kmkrdid igs. Hl kjinrl

diôe ks hl ksdukhl jìs ridl ke keskülezl= Dfltkluorile`,

Hlalykttk, jl`ljk Ttléh , kh rky Huis Akh ipk, sge ìs

dêpuhgs i hustrks agrjl`gs ke kh hl . Hl kjinrldiôe lrnke

t iel ks kh iestrujketg prkplrl`g plrl skrvir l hl grnl

eizldiôe `kh plês, tlh vkz ke jlegs `kh jisjg _gsls.Tus fgjorks ldtulhks sge slh`l`gs, pgrquk flstl lquê

eg fl fkdfg sieg pkhklr= plrl hl plz ekdksitl nketk `k

ieùstril3 y hl kjinrldiôe fl tkei`g quk duh t ivlrhl plrl

dgjkr ke kh kxtrlemkrg.

Hg quk fgy ks kjinrldiôe krl hl pgrdiôe jìs ieùs

trigsl `kh plês, pukstg quk krl hl jìs iestrui`l, pukstg

quk pk`êl iestitudigeks y hls dgjprke`êl. Ti sk dgevikek

ke quk Dfihk, ` Orlsi h , k h Kstl`g Griketlh , `ge`k priediplhjketk fl rksiì`g, ske plêsks quk tikeke judfg

oukeg ke jltkril `k kmkjphgs, sk `kok l`jitir quk hl

kjinrldiôe kstlohkdi`l ke kh hgs, fl `koi`g lprke`kr,

dule`g jkegs l v iv ir quiktl y gdupl`l.

·Dôjg pg`rêl rkt irlrsk, puks, h hkvle`g fìoitgs pk

h inrgsgs7 Kh jkegs ìspukstg l kjinrlr ks kh quk fl

kjinrl`g uel vkz. Eg sk kjinrl `gs gdlsigeks ke hl

vi`l3 dge hl prijkrl olstl plrl fldkrsk d irduespkdtg.Rgr gtrl plrtk= ksl kjinrldiôe quk slh iô mgvke, dlsi

tg`l kh hl, ·eg fl drkdi`g, ke k`l`, ke fìoitgs `k rk

p g s g , ke kxpkr iked il7 I eù`loh kjket k quk s ê 3 pkrg

sk dgjktk kh krrgr `k supgekrhl sikjprk iequiktl, lr`g

rgsl, kxinketk, ketusilstl, dge tg`ls hls dlh i`l`ks quk

tuvg dule`g `kmô kh plês .

Tk rkprgùdk ke tg`ls hls prgviedils hg quk l kstk

rkspkdtg plsl ke Oukegs Lirks. Ke tg`ls kh hls kxistke




>? L H O K _ @ I

fgy loue`letks jltkrilhks `k gr`ke3 dgjg tg`ls fle.

suari`g, ke tg`ls fl kdfl`g rlêz kh kspêritu `k jg`krl

diôe y tghkrledil. Yl fl `kslplrkdi`g kh lefkhg `k dlj

oilr hls dgsls `ks`k hl rlêz3 sk fle ldkptl`g judfls-

ieahukedils, quk letks rkpunelole, y ke hls quk fgy sk

jirle fkdfgs egrjlhks dge quk ks ekdkslrig dgetlr plrl

kstlohkdkr kh gr`ke y kh pg`kr.

Hgs quk letks krle rkpkh i`gs dge kh ìdtl`g `k dldiquks, fgy sge ldkptl`gs ke kh skeg `k hl sgdik`l` `k

quk sk fle fkdfg ìnegs, l`quirike`g fìoitgs jìs duh

tgs, sket ijiketgs jìs div i h izl`gs. Ksgs mkaks, letks ru

`gs y skhvìt idgs, fle duh t ivl`g su kspêritu y dlrìdtkr ke

hl ksdukhl `kh jle`g, `ge`k judfls vkdks hgs fgjorks

ieakrigrks sk keegohkdke k i hustrle. Ng okre lr ìkz

lügs ks fldkr ue dursg `k pghêt idl y `k l`jieistrldiôe.

Ksgs fgjorks sge fgy gtrgs tletgs jkìgs `k gpkrlr kekh ietkrigr ue lrrknhg kstlohk y prgvkdfgsg.

Elìk jkmgr quk kh jisjg _gsls y kh d êrduhg `k fgj

orks ijpgrtletks quk hk rg`kl, pg`rêle dgeùdir lh

plês l hl kmkdudiôe `k ue lrrknhg nkekrlh ke kstk jg

jketg.

·\ué fl fkdfg _gsls flstl lquê `k prgvkdfgsg lh

plês , flohle`g dge ijplrdilh i`l` y oukel ak 7 El `l .

[e iejkesg rui`g y ue nrle`k fldieljiketg `k pg`kr3 ks `kdir, fl kdfl`g hgs dijiketgs `k uel dgsl quk

tg`lvêl eg kxistk, y kstì pgr drklrsk. Fldkr rui`g y

dgedketrlr pg`kr, pgr kh sôhg nustg `k lplrkdkr y jle

`lr, ks arivghg y pukrih . Tk gotikeke kstls dgsls, plrl

gpkrlr gtrls rklhks y `k vkr`l`krl ijpgrtledil plrl

kh plês . Elp ghkôe vkedêl ke Mkel, ke J lrk eng , ke

L ust kr h i t z , plrl skr Kjpkrl`gr y prgjuh nlr h gs d iedg

dôìngs , aue`lr h l [eiv krs i`l`, h l Ksdukh l Egrjlh y




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T >4

gtrgs kstlohkdijiketgs quk hg pkrpktýle, jkmgr quk kh

hlurkh y kh orgedk, ke hl jkjgril `kh jue`g.

_gsls eg fl fkdfg lýe el`l ýtih plrl su plês3 fls

tl lquê kstì ke prkplrlt ivgs. Pikek dgjg elìk kh pg

`kr `k gorlr oike3 dgjg kh vlpgr ijpkhk kh prgnrksg `é

hl ieùstril, lsê su orlzg puìkrl `lr ijpuhsg lh l`k

hletg lrnketieg.

Flstl lquê ek ks ue nrle`k fgjork, ks lpkels uefgjork kxtrlgrìelrig. Tôhg jkrkdk kh t ê tuhg `k nrle

`k kh quk rklhizl dgsls nrle`ks y `k utih i`l` ùrlohk

y kvi`ketk plrl hl eldiôe. Rlrl gotkekr dkhkori`l` ols

tl kmkdutlr dgsls ieluìtls, luequk skle kxtrlvlnletks-

y kstéri hks . Ti _gsls `kslplrkdiksk fgy jisjg, ·qué

dgsl quk`lrêl drkl`l pgr su jleg, quk puìkrl kxditlr

kh lnrl`kdijiketg s iedkrg `k su pltril7 Kh flokr rk

pkhi`g tkjpgrlhjketk hls prktkesigeks `k hl Ienhltkrrl y h l Arledil7

Ksg puk`k tkekr ue vleg ksphke`gr3 pkrg eg ij

pgrtl ue okekaidig rklh , pgrquk hls prktkesigeks rkpk

h i`ls eg dgjprgjktke ietkrés lhnueg nrlvk `k hl _k

pýoh idl Lrnketiel.

·Kh flokr drkl`g k h Rg`kr7 Pljpgdg. Kh Rg`kr eg

ks ksl iestitudiôe ýtih , quk dgevikek l hl h iokrtl` jis

jl , dule `g eg ks uel iestitudiôe grn leizl `l sgorkolsks ievlrilohks. Flstl lquê , ks ue lddi`ketk= ks hl

pkrsgel jgrtlh `k _gsls.

Ks iedgedkoiohk dôjg ei éh ei su dêrduhg sk prkgdu

pke `k kstl dukstiôe ei flnle pgr quk hls tkrriohks dg

sls rklhizl`ls flstl lquê `ke lh jkegs kh ýeidg arutg

okeéaidg quk puìkrl mustia idlrhls l hgs gmgs `k hl pgs

tkri`l`, duyls prijkrls ai hls yl ìstle sôhg ue plsg `k

ksgs fgjorks.




L i OKT ei

·\ué kspkrle, puks, plrl `lr priedipig l hl gorl7

Kh kstlohkdijiketg `k hl plz nkekrlh , sk rkspge`k.

¡K rr g r H l plz eg vikek sieg pgr kh dljieg `k hl

hky. Hl Dgest itudiôe ks kh jkìg jìs pg`krgsg `k pl

diaidldiôe y gr`ke ietkrigr. Hl ìdtlùrl ks uel prg

vgdldiôe dgestletk l hl pkhkl3 ks ue slrdlsjg, ks ue

iesuhtg l hgs quk gok`kdke sie rkskrvl ei h ijitldiôe.

Hl ìdtlùrl ks hl lelrquêl dgest itui`l y dgevkrt i`lke iestitudiôe pkrjleketk. Dfihk `kok hl plz l su

Dgest itudiôe3 y eg fly plz ùrlohk ke kh jue`g quk

eg tkenl grinke ke ue pldtg kxprksg quk lsknurk kh

kquih iorig `k tg`gs hgs ietkrksks pýohidgs y pkrsgelhks.

Hl rkputldiôe `k _gsls ks tle iedgjphktl, kstì tle

kxpukstl l dgevkrt irsk ke fujg y el`l3 fly tletl

ljoinøk`l` ke kh vlhgr `k sus t êtuhgs, tletg dgetrlstk

ke hgs dghgrks olmg quk sk garkdk, quk lqukhhgs jisjgs quk pgr dknuk`l`, keviìl g lhnýe j lh sketi

jiketg prkdgeizle su nhgril dule`g muznle hl dgeùdtl

`k su pghêt idl kxtkrigr, keju`kdke y sk `le pgr olti

`gs dule`g, vukhtg kh dul`rg lh rkvés, sk hks garkdk kh

hl`g `k hl situldiôe ietkrigr.

Tgork kstk puetg eg fly sgaisjl ei kenlüg quk

vlhnl. Eg fly Dgest itudiôe ksdritl ke hl _kpýoh idl Lr

nketiel3 eg fly ei hkyks sukh tls `k dlrìdtkr aue`ljketlh quk hl suphle. Kh kmkrdid ig `k hls quk fuog ke

Oukegs Lirks kstì suspkeì`g, jiketrls kh nkekrlh _g

sls ks `kpgsitlrig ie`kaiei`g `k hl sujl ` kh Rg`kr pý

ohidg.

Kstk ks kh fkdfg. Lquê eg fly dlhujeil, plsiôe, ei

kspêritu `k plrt i`g. _kdgegzdg, ldkptg tg`g hg quk ke

kh nkekrlh _gsls quikrl supgekrsk `k egtlohk y ìneg

`k rkspktg. Rkrg ks ue ìdtl`gr, ks ue mkak ievkst i`g `k




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T > ;

pg`krks `kspôtidgs y lroitrlrigs, duyg kmkrdid ig eg rk

dgegdk dgetrlpksg. Kstk ks kh fkdfg. Rgdg ijpgrtl quk

éh usk `k ue Rg `k r dgeakri` g hknlhjketk. K sg eg qui

tl quk éh skl ìdtl`gr3 kh fkdfg ks kh jisjg, luequk

kh grinke skl ìstietg.

Qivir ke Oukegs Lirks, ks v iv ir olmg kh rénijke `k

hl ìdtlùrl jih i tlr . Fìnlsk duletg khgnig sk quikrl

`k hl jg`krldiôe `k ksk Rg`kr, skrì ke tlh dlsg uelegohk ìdtlù rl. K e kh ¡tikjpg ke quk vivij gs hls

i`kls fle h hknl`g l ue puetg ke quk sk lpktkdke jìs

hls Dgestitudigeks jkzquiels quk hls ìdtlùrls nk

ekrgsls.

Qivir olmg kh `kspgtisjg, luequk skl hknlh , ks uel

v kr`l`krl `ksnrld il .

Kstl `ksnrldil pksl sgork hl egohk y n hgrigsl _k

pýoh idl Lrnketiel.

Kstl `ksnrldil fl h hknl`g l skr ieekdkslril y ks

térih .

Plh ks kh kstl`g `k hl dukstiôe `k su vi`l pghêtidl y

sgdilh . Hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel ks hl prijkrl ke nhg

r ils , hl prijkrl ke dkhkori`l`, hl prijkrl ke pg`kr, hl

prijkrl ke duhturl, hl prijkrl ke jkìgs `k skr akh iz,

y hl jìs `ksnrldil`l `k tg`ls, l pkslr `k ksg.Rkrg su `ksnrldil eg ks hl `k hl jiskril. Khhl ks `ks

nrldil`l lh jg`g quk ksls aljihils gpuhketls, quk ke

jkìg `kh hustrk y pgjpl kxtkrigrks, nijke olmg kh

`kspgtisjg y `ksdgetketg `gjéstidgs.

Lfgrl dulrketl lügs, la h in i`l pgr uel gprksiôe jk

egs orih hletk, tuvg hl agrtuel `k slduìrhl, rkpgrtle`g

pgr arutg `k su dgrlmk v idtgrigsg hgs hlurkhks `k su

_ k v g h u d i ô e ` k J l y g .




L H O K _ @ I

Khhl fl fkdfg pgstkrigrjketk ksaukrzgs jlygrks,

pgr `ksfldkrsk `kh l`vkrslrig quk lorinl ke sus ketrl

ü l s 3 pkrg el`l fl dgesknui`g, pgrquk ketrk kh `kspg

t isjg kxtrlemkrg y kh `kspgtisjg eldigelh , fly hl ì

akrkedil ke alvgr `k éstk `kh ieahumg jìnidg quk lül`k

l dulhquikr dlusl hl ole`krl `kh pukohg. ·Dôjg `ks

truirêlis ue pg`kr quk tikek hl lstudil `k plrlpktlrsk

`ktrìs `k hl nhgril eldigelh y lhzl ke sus lhjkels hgsdghgrks qukri`gs `k hl pltril7 ·\ué flrêlis ke prk

skedil `k uel kstrltlnkjl tle akh iz7 Ievked iohk pgr

hl vlei`l` `kh plês jisjg, eg quk`l gtrg dljieg quk

dlpituhlr dge éh , si t ikek olstletk fgegr plrl `kpg

ekr oukeljketk sus lrjls lroitrlrils ke hls jlegs

rkhinigsls `k hl hky.

_gsls, lrrgìh hl`g pgr ue jgvijiketg kspgetìekg `ksu vghuetl`, letk hgs lhtlrks `k hl hky, ks ue dul`rg

quk `kml ltrìs ke nhgril lh `kh hkôe `k Dlstih hl rkeì

`g l hls phletls `k hl _kpýoh idl, dgrgel`l `k hlurkhks .

Rkrg si kh dul`rg ks jìs okhhg, tljoiée ks jkegs

v krgs êji h 3 puks jkegs dukst l l v kdks v kedkr uel J g

elrquêl `k trks s in hgs, quk `gohknlr uel lokrrldiôe

grnuh hgsl `kh ljgr prgpig pkrsgelh .

Dge tg`g, ·l quiée, s ieg l _gsls, quk fl rkpgrtl`gtriueags tle iekspkrl`gs, hk dlok gotkekr kh eg jkegs

iekspkrl`g, sgork s ê jisjg7

Kh prgohkjl ks ìaêdih , puks, y hl ìaiduhtl` eg pk

qukel.

Rkrg dulhquikrl quk skl hl sghudiôe, uel dgsl fly

vkr`l`krl l tg`ls hudks, y ks quk hl _kpýoh idl Lrnke

tiel t ikek `khletk `k si sus jìs okhhgs t ikjpgs `k vke

turl y prgspkri`l`. Kh sgh eldiketk quk vl ke su ks-




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T > >

du`g `k lrjls, ks ue sêjoghg fistôridg `k su `kstieg=plrl kh hl tg`g ks pgrvkeir , auturl nrle`kzl y pietl`ls kspkrlezls.

Qlhplrlêsg, Jlyg ?; `k <60>.




D L _ P L T T G O _ K H L R _ K E T LY

HL RGHÊP IDL JIHIPLEPK@ K H L

_ K R Ý O H I D L L _ N K E P I E L




L @ Q K _ P K E D I L

Oukeg skrì quk kh hkdtgr kjpikdk pgr iestruirsk `k hl

sinuiketk dlrtl quk fl jgtivl`g hl prksketk puoh idl

diôe =

@kìdltgril `k hl dljplül ke kh kmérditg nrle`k

Yuenli , Egv ikjork <? <6;?.

J i q u k r i ` g L h o k r ` i =

Dgeslnrôhk l ustk` kstls pìniels, ke quk flh hlrì

`ktlh hl`g hg quk ke lostrldtg hk ìmk l ji h hknl`l `k

_êg Mlekirg, ke trks `êls `k dgeakrkedils, duyg rksuh

tl`g aué quk`lr ustk` `k ldukr`g dgejing, ke hl dge

vkeikedil `k eg jkzdhlregs ke kstk pkrêg`g `k trle

sidiôe plslmkrl, ke quk kh dluìh hlmk iol l lngtlrsk ke

ksaukrzgs ieýt i hks pgr prghgenlr ue gr`ke `k dgsls `k

fgy jìs ijpgsiohk ke hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel. Kstl

dgeviddiôe sk hl fk rkpkti`g ke vkietk dlrtls pgr hgjkegs, rgnìe`ghk pgr kh ietkrés `k hl pltril y kh suyg

prgpig quk eg sk prkdipitlsk, ldgeskmìe`ghk ltkekrsk lh

okh hg rgh quk "su s Ol sk s" hk `lole ke hl rknkekrldiôe

lrnketiel. Ti letks `k dgegdkr lh nkekrlh [rquizl, ì mk

G O C L T TKHKDPLT.‐Pgjg Q. 1




6? L H O K _ @ I

`ks`k Dfihk "su egjork ks hl nhgril jìs lhtl `k hl

Dge ak`krl diôe (ke duletg l iestruj ketg `k nu krr l

plrl vghtklr l _gsls), hg fidk, sie kjolrng, dge kstls

pru`ket ks rkskrv ls = "·Tkrì k h ýeidg fgjork quk fl

oike`g sloi`g khkvlrsk pgr su kekrnêl y tlhketg, h hknl`g

l dikrtl lhturl (kh dluìh hg), eg fl lhdlezl`g l jkìr kh

eukvg fgrizgetk sgjkti`g l sus jirl`ls, ei dgjprke

`kr quk dl`l situldiôe tikek sus `kokrks, quk dl`l ksdlhôe `k hl vi`l dgeùdk l gtrg jìs lhtg 7 Hl Fistgril,

pgs `ksnrldil, kstì hhkel `k kmkjphgs, y `k kstl plstl

kstì lj lsl`l hl nkekrlhi`l` `k hgs fgjorks... · Y ` k s

p u é s 7 . . . @kspués hl Fistgril ghv i`lrì quk krl ngokr

el`gr `k Ketrk-_êgs ue dikrtg nkekrlh quk ìg oltlh hls

y juriô `k euh i`l`, gosdurg y gosdurkdi`g pgr hl pg

sid iôe `k su pgork prgviedil." Yl kstì ke su prgvie

dil. Hl lngeêl fl dgjkezl`g, y pgdg fle `k fldkr hgsdgrìlhks quk `ks`k lquê hk kevêle y hk h hknle ailj

orks, plrl jkmgrlr h g .

Ôinl j k, puks, lfgrl quk floike` g i`g l tgdlr `k

dkrdl lqukh fgjork y ljlsl`g ke plrtk kh olrrg `k

hgs ldgetkdijiketgs fistôridgs, vukhvg l kstk jisjg

Yuenli , `ge`k ksdr io ê Lrnirôpghis, l kxp h idlr hls dlu

sls `kh `ksdlhlorg quk ksk fgjork fl kxpkrijketl`g.

Dgjg sk hg ìmk l ustk` ke uel dlrtl, lsê dgjprke`g hl `kjgdrldil= i hustrlr hl gpieiôe y eg `kmlrhl kx

trlvilrsk pgr inegrlr hl vkr`l` y eg slokr jkìr hls

dgeskdukedils `k sus `ksldikrtgs3 ustk`, quk tletg fl

ohl `k pghêt idl prìdtidl, plrl must i a idlr kegrji`l`ks quk

rkpunele lh ouke sket i`g, ksdudfk prijkrg hl elrrl

diôe `k hgs fkdfgs prìdtidgs, y `kspués `k hkê`ls kstls

pìniels, h hìjkjk `ktrldtgr y hg quk nustk. Tu dge

tkei`g, kh t ikjpg y hgs sudksgs prgolrìe hl mustidil `kh




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 64

dlrng g hl siedkri`l` `k jis lskrdigeks jgtivl`ls.

¡Gmlhì quk ustk` puk`l `lrhk kstk kpêtktg l hls suyls

Dge kstgs letkdk`ketks, ji qukri`g Lhokrì , ustk`

jk ìspkeslrì quk eg `ksdike`l l hl pghéjidl quk

olmg kh trlesplrketk leôeijg `kh @ilrig, jk susditl. Eg

puk`g sknuirhg ke hgs kxtrlvêgs `k uel hônidl `k pgsi

diôe skj igaidilh, y quk eg sk lpgyl ke hgs fkdfgs pgr

eg dgegdkrhgs. Eg ks ustk` kh prijkr ksdritgr ievkediohk ke ksls lhturls, y sie qukrkr kstlohkdkr dgjpl

rldigeks `k tlhketg y `k jgrlhi`l` pghêt idl, quk eg

kxistke, Kjih ig Nirlr`êe, ke hl Rrkesl `k Rlrês , hg

nrô prgolr v idtgrigsljketk quk kh prgeuediljiketg `k

[rquizl dgetrl _gsls krl ue duketg ievketl`g pgr

hgs kspkduhl`grks `k hl Oghsl, y hl Kurgpl ketkrl ks

tuvg pgr ue jks ke kstl pkrsulsiôe, quk hl Kjolml`l

`k Jgetkvi`kg lpkels pu`g `ksjketir letk hgs Priouelhks. Ji ìeijg, puks, eg ks pkrsulìrhg ei dgjol

t i r h g 3 ustk` `kskjpkül uel jisiôe, y eg fle `k skr

lrnujketgs hgs quk hk flnle `ksistir `k kh hl.

Kh pýohidg lrnketieg lh hì y eg lquê, hgs quk suarke

y eg ustk`, `kdiìrìe `k hl mustidil. Eg skrì kh t ijork

jkegr `k su tlhketg y slnldi`l` kh flokr prgvgdl`g y

fkdfg ekdkslril kstl puohidldiôe, puks dôestlhk l ustk`,,

l tg`gs jis ljings lquê , y lh Tr . Hljls ke _êg Ml

ekirg, quk krl ji ìeijg eg puohidlr ji dljplül fls

tl plsl`gs lhnuegs lügs. Hgs ìlrigs `k Oukegs Lirks,

fle rkprgùdi`g kh l` jkjgrìeùj quk hl prkdk`k, kh

prôhgng y uel dlrtl dge quk sk hg ldgjplüé lh @ilrig-

`k hgs @koltks. Qélhls ustk` ke Kh E ldigelh, y goskr

vk si fly dgesistkedil dge jis letkdk`ketks pghêt idgs,

eukstrls dgeakrkedils ke Qlhplrlêsg y hgs fkdfgs quk

hk vgv l rkakrir.




6 0L H O K _ @ I

Fk vistg dge jis prgpigs gmgs `kngh hlr kh ýh t ijg

fgjork quk fl suari`g kstl pkel, ievketl`l y lph i

dl`l dge prgausiôe fgrriohk pgr hgs dluìh hgs, y jk fle

olül`g hl dlrl hgs sksgs `k hgs sgh`l`gs, quk drkê hls

ýh t ijls v êdt ijls `k hl nukrrl d iv i h . Oukegs Lirks kstì

h iork `k hgs dluìh hgs, y hls prgviedils, si eg hls kx

trlvêle, puk`ke h iorlrsk `kh ýh t ijg, quk sôhg kh hls , dge

su dggpkrldiôe, hkvletlrêle. Ke hl Rrkesl y ke hl nukrrl, ustk` slok ke qué ai hls sk jk fl `k kedgetrlr sikj

prk, y fldk oike ke h hljlrjk kh ljing `k Oukegs

L i r k s , l jê, quk lpkels dgegdê sus dlh hks, ustk` quk

sk driô lh h ê , aué kùdl`g ke sus luhls, y viviô rkhldig

el`g dge tg`l hl muvketu`.

Flohôhk `k Rrkesl y `k nukrrl, pgrquk hls plhlorls

quk sk hlezle ke hl prijkrl sk fldke rk`ge`ls lh dru

zlr hl ltjôsakrl, y hls rkdioke ke hgs dljpgs `k oltlh hl gtrgs quk hgs quk hls ìrinikrge. Y ustk` slok, sk

nýe dgestl `k hgs rknistrgs `kh s i t ig `k Jgetkvi`kg,

quiée aué kh prijkr `kskrtgr lrnketieg `k hls jurlh hls

`k `kakesl lh ldkrdlrsk Griok. Kh gtrg ks kh quk `kdêl

ke h l Dìjlrl= " ¡Ks prkd isg t kekr k h dgrlzôe ke h l

d l o k z l " H g s i`klhistls hk dgetkstl rge, hg quk tg` g

fgjork iegdket k y dle`grgsg p ikesl= "@ kmkjgs k h dg

rlzôe `ge`k @igs hg fl pukstg."

Ks kstl hl tkrdkrl vkz quk kstljgs ke `ksldukr`g

ke gpieigeks, Lhokrì . [el vkz ìsket ijgs sgork kh

Dgenrksg Ljkridleg, quk ke `kspk dfg `k sus hudi` ls

arlsks, hk slh iô uel sghkjek pltlrltl. Gtrl sgork hg

quk krl fgekstg y pkrjiti`g ke ue kxt rlemkrg ke L j é

ridl, y sus Olsks hk fle skrvi`g `k rkspukstl. Fgy, sg

ork kh Rldtg y [rquizl, y dgjg kh t ikjpg eg sk plrl

`ge`k hg `kskljgs, [rquizl y su pldtg skrìe rkau-





G V@G

tl`gs , hg kspkrg pgr su prgpil euh i`l`, y lh `êl sinuiketk quk`lrkjgs ustk` y yg tle lj ings dgjg dule

`g kh Dgenrksg Lj kridleg, y hg quk krl fgekstg plrl

ue kxtrlemkrg. Rlrl ketgedks y `ks`k lfgrl, jk sus

driog, su ljing, T L _ J I K E P G .




R_IJK_L DL_PL

J gtivg s y tke`kedils dge skrvl`grls `k kstl p uohidl diôe .‐

Hl eukvl situldiôe rkdhljl eukvl Rrkesl.‐Dlrldtkrks `k

ljols.‐Hl Rrkesl `k nukrrl fl dgedhui`g su jisiôe hiok

rlh.‐Dgeltgs `k rkstlurldiôe.‐Kh dlu`ihhlmk ke hl nukrrl.

\uihhgtl, Kekrg `k <6;4.

T l r j i k e t g =

Tkl dulh aukrk kh jéritg `k su Dljp lül ke kh kmérdi

tg nrle`k l[l`g `k Tu`-Ljéridl, prgo lohk ks quk egfuoikrl yg hkê`g ksk ksdritg, pgr ksdlskz `k t ikjpg plrl

hkdturls rktrgspkdt ivls `k ksk néekrg, ei jk fuoikrl

gdupl`g `k dgetkstlrhg.

Rkrg ustk` fl qukri`g garkdkrjk sus pìniels dgjg

dgjprgoletks `k hl mustidil dge quk ustk` ltldl lh

fgjork quk `kstruyke`g l Griok y l _gsls, sk fl fk

dfg ldrkk`gr l eukstrl s ijpltêl y lpgyg, y `ì`gegs

uel prukol prìdt idl `k su dlpldi`l` `k rkpkt ir fkdfgsinulhks `k h iokrtl` y prgnrksg.

Dge kh hg jk fl pukstg ustk` ke hl ekdksi`l` `k ks

drioir, puks si yg dlh hlsk, ji sihkedig skrêl tgjl`g, pgr

ustk` lh jkegs, dgjg skülh `k lsketijiketg. Y dgj g




66 L H O K _ @ I

hkmgs `k flhhlr ke su Dljplül hl mustidil `k su rksis

tkedil lh eukvg gr`ke `k dgsls, `ksduorg kh grinke pkr

sgelh y lplsigel`g `k kh hl, tkeng ekdksi`l` `k prg

tkstlr dgetrl hl gorl quk ustk` jk fl `kìdl`g, dge

kh `krkdfg quk jk dgeaikrk kh fgegr `k su `kìdltgril,

dgetrl hl ìrkddiôe quk ke kh hl prktke`k ustk` `lr l hl

Rrkesl lrnketiel `k hl épgdl quk fl sudkì`g l _gsls,

y dgetrl ksk sihkedig fgstih , quk fl `l`g ustk` ke h hlj l r lostkediôe, y quk eg ks jìs quk hl skìdiôe pl

sivl y `kslrjl`l.

Hl Rrkesl `k dgjoltk y kh s i hkedig `k nukrrl sge

lrjls quk kh plrti`g h iokrlh lrnketieg usô ke <6?>, y

su rksuhtl`g aué hl khkvldiôe `k _gsls y su `kspgtis

jg `k vkietk lügs. [stk` y sus ljings, vghvike`g l

hl kxlh tldiôe oisgül `k lqukh t ikjpg, eg fldke jìsquk rkpktir hgs `ksldikrtgs `kh letinug plrti`g ueitl

rig, quk ustk` jisjg dge`keô ke Aldue`g, ke `êl s

jìs skrkegs, y quk fgy, `kspués `k vkietk lügs `k hkd

digeks slenriketls, prktke`ke rkpktir, sie tkekr hl

kxdusl `k sus jg`khgs.

Hl nukrrl jih i tlr y `k kxtkrjieig dgetrl kh jg`g

`k skr `k eukstrls pgohldigeks plstgrls y sus rkprk

sketletks elturlhks, tuvg su aôrjuhl y su dôìng ke khRljpkrg y kh Nrleizg, ijitldigeks pkrig`êstidls `k hl

Rrkesl arledksl `kh t ikjpg `k Jlrlt y @letge, ies

pirl`ls pgr ue lr`gr pltriôtidg, siedkrg, si sk quik

rk, pkrg iekxpkrtg, d ikng, pukri h , ijpldiketk, `k hgs

quk pkeslole quk. ue plr ` k ksdul`rgeks `k hledk rgs

`k Hlvlh hk olstlrêle plrl trlkr ke hls puetls `k sus

hlezls kh `ksikrtg y kh dluìh hlmk, quk ks su rksuhtl`g,

ke hl `ksikrtl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel.





Rgstkrigrjketk sk dgevieg ke quk eg floêl jìs jk

ìg `k vkedkr kh `ksikrtg y hgs fgjorks, hls dgsls y hgs

usgs, quk kh `ksikrtg `kslrrghhl, quk hl iejinrldiôe, hgs

dljiegs, hl ieùstril y hl iestruddiôe pgpuhlr3 pkrg

rkpketieljketk fkjgs vistg dlkr hl pghêt idl lrnketiel

ke kh dêrduhg vidigsg , y rksuditl`g kh pr gn rlj l `kh

Nrleizg y `kh Rljpkrg ke agrjls rk muv kekd i`ls y

ldgjg`l`ls l hgs usgs `kh `êl.

Prls kstg vkjgs tljoiée lsgjlr hl lostkediôe sk

ìdigsl, quk `kmô tg`g kh pg`kr ke hls jlegs iekxpkrtls

`k @g rrkn g, plrl lrrled ìrskhg pgr hls olyge ktls kh

< `k @idikjork `k <6?6.

Eg kstgy pgr kh sistkjl `k ksgs ksdritgrks, quk el`l

tikeke quk fldkr kh `êl quk eg tikeke qué ltldlr.

Luequk ustk`, Tlrjiketg, jk `kìdl su Dljplüldge lhnuegs `keukstgs, quk eg sge `k ouke tgeg ke ue

ksdritgr `k sus lügs y ìriniée`gsk l pkrsgel quk prk

tke`k kstijlr, `kog `kdirhk quk eg sge kh hgs kh kstêju

hg rkprgol`g `k kstls dlrtls. Ke hl jisjl gorl y ke

gtrgs hunlrks ustk` jk fl rknlhl`g khgnigs quk dgj

pkesle y leuhle, dule`g jkegs, sus ìdtkrigs.

G t r g , juy nkekrlh y `kslplsigel`g, ks kh ietkrés

quk jgtivl kstl puohidldiôe. Ei ustk` ei yg dgjg pkrsgels sgjgs olstletk lsuetg plrl ìstrlkr hl ltkediôe

pýohidl.

\uikrg flohlr `k hl Rrkesl, `k su eukvg rgh , `k

hgs eukvgs `kokrks quk hk ijpgek hl épgdl eukvl quk

sk lork plrl eukstrg plês `ks`k hl dlê`l `k _gsls, l

prgpôsitg `k ustk` y `k sus rkdiketks ksdritgs.

L uequk ust k` euedl fl si`g tg`l hl Rrkesl `k Dfi

hk , ei judfg jkegs hl lrnketiel, ustk` fl fkdfg dlj-




n g L H O K _ @ I

plüls ke ljols, quk hk fldke ue lprgpôsitg ìneg `k

kstk kstuìg. Hôpkz, Okh hg, Riekrg, Arêls, Rkül, Nô

jkz, Jitrk, Hlstlrril y gtrgs judfgs rkprksketle dg

hkdtivljketk ksl Rrkesl `k Dfihk, ke quk ustk` eg fl

vistg sieg su egjork.

[stk` pgskk ue dréìtg hknêt ijg, quk `kok l sus

egohks ksaukrzgs `k ìkz lügs dgetrl hl t irleêl `krrg

dl`l pgr kh nkekrlh [rquizl. Ksk dréìtg hk fl `l`gijitl`grks y skdtlrigs letks `k lfgrl3 y tletg dgjg

krl prgvkdfgsl su ieidilt ivl dule`g ustk` dgjoltêl

hg quk `ktkstlol `k dgrlzôe tg`l hl _kpýoh idl, skrêl

pkh inrgsg quk ustk` ltrlmksk l hl muvketu`, quk dg

egdk sus letinugs skrvidigs, ke kh sketi`g turouhketg

y dgetieuljketk lnitl`gr `k sus puoh idldigeks pgstk

rigrks l hl dlê`l `k _gsls.

Dge kstl jirl `k gr`ke y `k pldiaidldiôe, vgy l ks

tuìlrhg dgjg ksdritgr .

Eg kspkrk ustk` `k jê sieg uel drêt idl lhtl, rks

pktugsl. El`l tkeng quk fldkr dge su pkrsgel, s ieg

trioutlrhk rkspktg. Qgy l kstuìlrhg ke sus ksdritgs, ke

hg quk ks `kh `gjieig `k tg`gs. [stk` quk tletg `kaike

`k hl h iokrtl` `k kxljielr, `k ijpunelr, `k ìsdut ir3

ustk` quk ji`k l gtrgs dge hl vlrl `k hl drêt idl, kmkrdike`g ue `krkdfg ieeknlohk, eg pg`rì kedgetrlr kx

trlüg quk ksk jisjg `krkdfg sk kmkrditk plrl dge

ustk`, dgesi`krìe`ghk dgjg rkprksketletk `k uel tke

`kedil y `k uel alz `k hl Rrkesl lrnketiel.

Flohlr `k hl Rrkesl ks flohlr `k hl pgh ê t idl, `kh Ng

oikreg, `k hl v i`l jisjl `k hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel,

puks hl Rrkesl ks su kxprksiôe, su lnketk, su ôrnleg.

Ti hl Rrkesl ks ue pg`kr pýohidg, hl dlusl `k hl h iokr-




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 9 <

tl` sk ietkrksl ke quk ksk pg`kr skl dgetrlpksl`g pgr

sê jisjg. Pg`l ìdtlùrl, tg`g `kspgtisjg, luequk

skl kh `k hl Rrkesl, sge ldilngs l hl prgspkri`l` `k hl

_kpýoh idl.

Ijpgrtl slokr qué pk`êl letks hl pghêt idl l hl Rrke

sl, y qué hk pi`k fgy `ks`k hl dlê`l `k _gsls.

@ksdgegdkr quk fl kjpkzl`g uel épgdl ketkrljke

tk eukvl plrl hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel, `kspués y dge

jgtivg `k hl dlê`l `k _gsls, ks `ksdgegdkr hg quk fl

si`g ksk fgjork, dgeaueìr hls dgsls jls gpukstls y

`lr prukol `k ue ksdkptidisjg sie lhturl.

Tie ìdtlùrl gjeêjg`l, s ie jlzgrdl, rkprksketl`g

kh plês pgr ue Dge nrksg quk sk gdup l `k `lr uel

Dgest itudiôe l hl _kpýoh idl3 dljoil`gs dlsi tg`gs hgs

Ngoikregs hgdlhks ke ue sketi`g vketlmgsg plrl su h iokrtl`3 loikrtgs hgs rêgs ietkrigrks lh h iork trìaidg `k

hl Kurgpl, quk _gsls `ktkstô3 logh i`gs hgs hkjls `k

jukrtk3 `kvukhtgs hgs oikeks skdukstrl`gs pgr jgti

vgs pgh ê t idgs3 ke plz hl _kpýoh idl dge tg`g kh jue

` g, ·sk gduplrêl fgy hl Rrkesl `k hg jisjg quk sk

gdupô ùrletk hgs ýh t ijgs quiedk lügs7 Eg, d ikrtljke

tk 3 ksg skrêl ir dgetrl kh plês, y dgetrl kh ietkrés eukvg

y ldtulh `kh plês. Kh ksdritgr h iokrlh quk rkpitiksk fgykh tgeg, hgs jkìgs, hgs tôpidgs quk kjphklol ke tikj

pg `k _gsls, sk h hkvlrêl dflsdg, quk`lrêl lis hl`g, y

sôhg ksdrioirêl plrl eg skr hkê`g.

Rgr jìs `k ìkz lügs hl pghêt idl lrnketiel fl pk

ì`g l hl Rrkesl uel sghl dgsl= nukrrl lh t irleg _g

sls. Ksg piìô lh sgh`l`g, lh puohidistl, lh ksdritgr, pgr

quk ksg dgest ituêl kh oike suprkjg `k hl _kpýoh idl Lr

nketiel pgr ketgedks. Ksl kxinkedil `k nukrrl fl s i`g




9 ? L H O K _ @ I

skrvi`l pgr judfgs3 ustk` ks ueg `k kh hgs, eg kh ýei

dg. [el nkekrldiôe ketkrl `k fgjorks môvkeks sk fl.

dgesuji`g ke ksl hudfl. Rgr ìkz lügs ustk` fl si`g

ue sgh`l`g `k hl Rrkesl, ue ksdritgr `k nukrrl, `k

dgjoltk. Ke sus jlegs hl phujl aué uel kspl`l, eg

uel letgrdfl. Hl huz `k su phujl krl hl huz `kh ldkrg

quk orih hl `kseu`g ke hl oltlh hl. Hls `gdtriels krle

lrjls, iestrujketgs, jkìgs `k dgjoltk, eg aieks. Eghk flng `k kstg ue rkprgdfk, kstlohkzdg ue fkdfg quk

dk`k ke fgegr suyg, y quk fgy kxph idl gtrgs fkdfgs.

Dgjkrdig, iejinrldiôe, iestruddiôe, elvknldiôe `k hgs

rêgs, loghidiôe `k hls Lùl els, sôhg krle prgy kdtihks-

`k dgjoltk ke sus jlegs3 dgsls quk `koêle prksketlr

hk ue ietkrés skdue`lrig `kspués `kh triueag sgork kh

kekj ing `k ksk dgjkrdig, `k ksl elvknl diôe `k hgs rêgs,

`k ksl iejinrldiôe `k hl Kurgpl quk ustk` `kake`êl,

pgrquk kh gtrg ltldlol.

@ksnrldil`ljketk, hl t irleêl quk fizg ekdkslril uel

Rrkesl `k nukrrl fl ùrl`g tletg, quk fl tkei`g t ikj

pg `k agrjlr uel kùdldiôe ketkrl ke sus sgstkek

`grks y ke sus kekjings. Hgs quk fle pkhkl`g pgr

ìkz y quiedk lügs fle ldlol`g pgr eg slokr fldkr

gtrl dgsl quk pkhklr.Rgr aie fl dgedhui`g hl nukrrl pgr hl dlê`l `kh t i

rleg _gsls, y hl pgh ê t idl fl `kml`g `k pkìr l hl Rrke

sl uel pghéjidl quk yl eg tikek gomktg. Fgy hk pi`k hl

plz, hl Dgestitudiôe, hl vkr`l` prìdtidl `k hg quk le

tks krl uel kspkrlezl. Ksg pi`k lh puohidistl, lh diu

`l`leg, lh ksdritgr.

·Hk `le ustk`ks ksg7 ·Tus ksdritgs jg`kregs rks

pge`ke l ksl kxinkedil7 ·_kprksketle ustk`ks hgs





eukvgs ietkrksks `k hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel ke sus pu

oh idldigeks pgstkrigrks lh 4 `k Akorkrg7 Kh jlh éxitg

quk ustk` fl kxpkrijketl`g pgr hl prijkrl vkz ketrk

sus let inugs dgrrkh in igelrigs `k hl hudfl dgetrl _gsls,

hk fldk vkr quk su phujl, tle oike kjphkl`l ke hgs

ýhtijgs lügs, eg sirvk fgy ìl l hgs ietkrksks eukvgs

y ldtulhks `k hl _kpýoh idl `kskjolrlzl`l `kh `kspg

t isjg `k _gsls.

Letk hl kxinkedil `k plz, letk hl ekdksi`l` `k gr`ke

y `k grnleizldiôe, hgs vktkrlegs `k hl Rrkesl dgetrl

_gsls, fle fkdfg hg quk fldk kh sgh`l`g quk tkrjiel

uel hlrnl nukrrl `k h iokrtl`, hg quk fldk kh olrrktkrg

`kspués `k hl hketl `kjghidiôe `k uel jgetlül. Ldgs

tujorl`gs lh slohk y l hl olrrktl, eg sloike`g fldkr

gtrl dgsl quk slohklr y dlvlr, quk`le gdigsgs k ieldti

vgs , `ks`k hukng. Gdupl`gs hlrngs lügs ke `kstruir , ks

jkekstkr lprke`kr l kìaidlr.

@kstruir ks aìdi h , eg rkquikrk kstuìg3 tg`g kh jue

`g slok `kstruir ke pgh ê t idl dgjg ke lrquitkdturl. Kì

aidlr ks gorl `k lrtk, quk rkquikrk lprkeìzlmk. Ke

pghêt idl, ke hknishldiôe, ke l`jieistrldiôe, eg sk puk`k

kìaidlr sie pgskkr kstls dikedils (pgrquk kstls dgsls

sge dikedils), y kstls dikedils eg sk lprke`ke ksdrioike`g pkriôìdgs, ei sge ieausls.

Hl eukvl pgsidiôe `kh gorkrg `k hl Rrkesl ks pk

egsl y ìa êd i h , dgjg ke tg`g lprkeìzlmk, dgjg ke tg`g

dljieg eukvg y `ksdgegdi`g.

Ke hl plz, ke hl krl `k grnleizldiôe ke quk ketrl kh

plês, sk trltl yl, eg `k pkrsgels, s ieg `k iest itudigeks3

sk trltl `k Dgestitudiôe, `k hkyks grnìeidls, `k rknhl

jketgs `k l`jieistrldiôe pgh ê t idl y kdgeôjidl3 `k




90 L H O K _ @ I

dôìng divih , `k dôìng `k dgjkrdig, `k dôìng pkelh,

`k `krkdfg jlrêt ijg, `k `krkdfg l`jieistrlt ivg. Hl

Rrkesl `k dgjoltk, quk eg fl kstuìl`g ei ekdksitl`g

kstuìlr kstls dgsls ke tikjpgs `k t irleêl, sk prksketl

kelel `khletk `k kstgs `kokrks. Tus grnuh hgsgs skrvi

`grks t ikeke quk dk`kr hgs pukstgs, ke quk `ksdghhl

ole dule`g sk trltlol `k ltldlr y `kstruir, y su ljgr

prgpig kjpikzl l sket irsk j lh . Y l eg fly rui` g, n hgril, ei hlurkhks plrl kh dgjoltiketk3 kjpikzl plrl éh

kh ghvi`g ienrltg quk ks iefkrketk l hl _kpýohidl.

Kh sgh`l`g h idkedil`g `k hl v ikml Rrkesl vukhvk dge

`ghgr su v istl l hgs t ikjpgs `k hl n hgrigsl nukrrl ( i) .

Hl pgsioi h i`l` `k su rkegvldiôe ks ue `grl`g kesuk

ü g. @k oukel nlel rkpge`rêl ìkz vkdks lh kekjing

dlê`g, plrl tkekr kh nustg `k rkpgrtlr gtrls ìkz nhg

rils ke `kstruirhg. Rkhklr, `kstruir, eg ks trlolmg ke

é h 3 ks fìoitg, ks phldkr, ks nhgril. Ks, l`kjìs, gaidig

quk `l `k vivir dgjg gtrg3 ks `kvgdiôe aikh lh letinug

gaid ig3 ks vgdldiôe ievkediohk gtrls vkdks3 ks tg`l uel

kùdldiôe, aielhjketk.

Lh prijkr prktkxtg `k hudfl, ·qué fldk kh sgh`l`g

rkt irl`g `k hl let inul Rrkesl7 Nritl l hls lrjls, sk

pgek `k pik. ·Eg fly ue vkr`l`krg _gsls7 Aienk ue_gsls lplrketk. Hk `l hls dlh i`l`ks `kh t irleg dlê`g,

kstlohkdk su i`keti`l`, y lsê hknitijl kh kjphkg êetk

nrg `k sus letinugs jkìgs. Hl pghêt idl `k hl Rrkesl

(i) "R lr l jê eg fly jìs quk uel épgdl fistôridl quk jk

dgejukvl, lakdtk k ietkrksk, y ks hl `k _gsls. Kstk skrì ji

kstuìg ýeidg ke l`khletk, dgjg aué dgjoltirhg, ji sghg ks

tijuhletk lh trlolmg, ji sghg sgstée ke hgs `êls jlhgs."‐Tlr

jiketg, ke Lorih `k <6;?.





quk`l rkiestlhl`l ke su let inug tkrrkeg. Hgs dôìngs,

hl grnleizldiôe, ks `kdir, kh kstuìg `k hg quk sk inegrl,

quk`l pgstkrnl`g plrl `kspués. Ks prkdisg letks lh hl

elr kh tkrrkeg, `kstruir kh gostìduhg. Kh gostìduhg sge

hgs dluìhhgs, ks `kdir, uel dgsl tle ie`ktkrjiel`l y

v lnl dgjg h gs ueitlrigs, quk sk puk`k pkrsknuir d ike

lügs sie quk sk ldlok hl dlusl `k hl nukrrl, quk ks

ýt i h l h kenrle`kdijiketg `kh nukrrkrg.

Tk fizg ue drijke ke gtrg t ikjpg l _gsls `k quk

pgstkrnlsk hl grnleizldiôe plrl `kspués `k ldlolr dge

hgs ueitlrigs3 lfgrl sus kekjings ijitle su kmkjphg,

pgstkrnle`g kh lrrknhg dgestitudigelh `kh plês flstl hl

dgedhusiôe `k hgs dluìhhgs. Tikjprk quk sk kxi ml uel

nukrrl prkvil y letkrigr plrl gduplrsk `k dgest ituir kh

plês , mljìs h hknlrì kh t ikjpg `k dgest ituir hg. Tk `kokkstlohkdkr dgjg tkgrkjl= Pg`l pgstkrnldiôe `k hl

Dgestitudiôe ks ue drijke `k hksl pltril, uel trlidiôe

l hl _kpýoh idl. Dge dluìhhgs, dge ueitlrigs, dge ak`k

rlhks, y dge duletg dgetikek y agrjl hl `ksnrldil`l

_kpýoh idl, sk `kok prgdk`kr l su grnleizldiôe, s ie kx

dhuir ei lue l hgs jlhgs, pgrquk tljoiée agrjle plr

tk `k hl aljihil. Ti kstlohkdéis hl kxdhusiôe `k kh hgs, hl

kstlohkdéis plrl tg`gs, iedhusg plrl vgsgtrgs. Pg`lkxdhusiôe ks ìvis iôe y lelrquêl. ·@iréis quk dge hgs

jlhgs ks ijpgsiohk tkekr h iokrtl` pkrakdtl7 Ruks sl

ok` quk eg fly gtrg rkjkìg quk tkekrhl ijpkrakdtl

y ke hl jkì`l quk ks pgsiohk lh plês, tlh dulh ks, y eg

tlh dulh eg ks. Ti pgrquk ks iedlplz `k gr`ke dgestitu

digelh uel plrtk `k eukstrg plês , qukrkjgs legel`lr

hl , jlülel ìréis quk ks jkmgr legel`lrhl tg`l y trlkr

ke su hunlr pgohldigeks `k aukrl ldgstujorl`ls l v i-




91 L H O K _ @ I

vir ke gr`ke y h iokrtl`. Plh priedipig gs h hkvlrì pgr hl

hônidl l suprijir tg`l hl eldiôe lrnketiel fispleg-dg-

hgeilh , iedlplz `k _kpýohidl, y l suphletlrhl `k ue

nghpk pgr uel eldiôe lrnketiel lenhgrrkpuoh idlel, hl

ýeidl quk kstlrì kxketl `k dluìh hlmk. Ksk skrì kh ýei

dg jk ìg `k `lr priedipig pgr hl hiokrtl` pkrakdtl3

pkrg si qukréis dgest ituir vukstrl kx dghgeil fispleg-

lrnketiel, ks `kdir, ksl pltril quk tkeéis y eg gtrl, tkeéis quk `lr priedipig pgr hl hiokrtl` ijpkrakdtl, dgjg

kh fgjork, dgjg kh pukohg quk `koke kmkrdkrhl, y eg

lspirlr l hl h iokrtl` quk tikeke hgs rkpuohidlegs `k

Egrt k-L jéridl , s ieg plrl dule`g eukst rgs pukoh gs v l h

nle ke r iqukzl, ke duh turl, ke prgnrksg, hg quk vlhke

h gs pukoh gs y h gs fgjorks `k Eukv l Ygrc , `k Ogst ge,

`k Aihl`khail, ktd.

Kh `êl quk drkìis h êditg `kstruir, suprijir lh nludfg,

pgrquk eg pikesl dgjg vgs , ksdrioês v uks trl prgpil

sketkedil `k kxtkrjieig y rkegvìis kh s istkjl `k _g

sls. Hl inulh`l` ke egsgtrgs ks jìs let inul quk kh ?;

`k Jlyg. Ti tkekjgs `krkdfg plrl suprijir lh dleì •

hig y sus skduldks pgrquk eg pikesle dgjg egsgtrgs,

kh hgs hk ievgdlrìe jlülel plrl suprijiregs l egsgtrgs

pgrquk eg pkesljgs dgjg kh hgs. ^ritf `kdêl quk kekh usg `k hgs jkìgs v ighketgs, hgs ak`krlhks `k _g

sls eg floêle si`g sieg hl kxlnkrldiôe `k hgs ueitlrigs

`k Hlvlh hk. Kh `êl quk kstk nkekrlh ausi hô l @grrkng

pgr su gr`ke, quk`ô iestlhl`l hl pghêt idl quk pgr vkie

tk lügs fl ausihl`g ìsdrkdigel.hjketk. Kh Nrleizg y kh

Rljpkrg ielunurlrge hl Rrkesl oìrolrl quk ldloô dge

éh y dge hgs suygs.

Eg fly jìs quk ue jkìg `k l`jit ir hgs priedipigs,





y ks l`jit ir hgs s ie kxdkpdiôr plrl tg`g kh jue`g, plrl

hgs oukegs y plrl hgs pidlrgs. Dul e`g hl ieiqui`l`

quikrk khuìr kh priedipig, drkl ìstiedigeks y ìvisig

eks3 ìvi`k hgs fgj orks ke oukegs y jlhgs, `l `krk

dfgs l hgs prijkrgs y pgek aukrl `k hl hky l hgs sk

nue`gs, y pgr jkìg `k ksk arlu`k aue`l kh rkiel`g `k

hl ieiqui`l`, quk jlülel dgedhuyk dge sus lutgrks

jisjgs. @l` nlrletêls lh dluìh hg, rkspktl` kh nludfg,

si qukréis nlrletêls plrl tg`gs.

Hl Rrkesl quk suohkvl hls pgohldigeks lrnketiels

dgetrl su lutgri`l` `k lykr, fldiée`ghks drkkr quk ks

pgsiohk ldlolr ke ue `êl dge ksl keti`l` ie`kaieiohk, y

prktke`k quk dge sôhg `kstruir l kstk g lqukh mkak ks

pgsiohk rklhizlr hl _kpýohidl rkprksketltivl `ks`k kh

`êl `k su dlê`l, ks uel Rrkesl `k jketirl, `k ineg

rledil y `k jlhl ak= Rrkesl `k vle`lhlmk y `k `ksquidig, l pkslr `k sus dghgrks y sus egjorks `k divi

h izldiôe.

Aldue`g \uirgnl ievgdlol ke sus prgdhljls hl h i

okrtl` pkrakdtl, kh gìg l hgs t irlegs dule`g `kvlstlol

hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel ke <642 (<) .

Eg ks kh dghgr hg quk fldk kh rgmg, sieg kh aurgr `k

`kstruddiôe. Fly rgmgs lzuhks jìs t krrr io h ks quk Olr-

(<) " L _ N K E P I E G T = G T murg pgr ji kspl`l quk eienuel

gtrl lspirldiôe jk leijl quk hl `k hl hiokrtl`. Hiork pgr

R_IEDIRIGT y pgr prgpkesiôe, ji kstl`g elturlh ks hl hiokr

tl ` = pgr khhl vkrtiré ji slenrk y jih vi`ls, y eg kxistirì ks

dhlvg `ge`k hls hlezls `k hl _igml sk prkske tke.‐ Gp riji` gs=

hgs qu k `kské is hl h iokrtl` g uel ju krtk fgergsl, vke i` l

jkzdhlrgs dge vukstrgs dgjp ltrigtls y dge vukstrg dlj l-

rl`l.‐ M[ L E ALD[ E@G \ [ I_ G NL. "‐ ( Rr g d h l j l l u tée tidl `k

kstk dluìhhg.)

GO_LT TKHKDPLT.‐Pgjg Q . >




9 6 L H O K _ @ I

oks. Dge kh dghgr rgmg sk fl tr iueal`g `k _gsls3 dge

kh lzuh sk trlolml pgr rkstlohkdkrhg.

Ks h l jlh l Rrkesl , h l v kekegsl Rrkesl `k nukrrl

divih , quk t ikek hl prktkesiôe ekdil `k skr hl Rrkesl

nrle`k y n hgrigsl, quk ke gtrg t ikjpg hudflol dgetrl

kh t irleg, gomktg `k ksdìe`lhg `k ue sinhg y `k `gs

jue`gs .

Fk lfê hl Rrkesl `knkekrl`l y olstlr`l quk fkjgs vistg lefkhgsl `k rklplrkdkr `kspués `k hl dlê`l

`k _gsls, eg sghljketk pgr sus plrt i`lrigs ìsarlzl

`gs, hg quk eg krl kxtrlüg, s ieg pgr sus kekjings uei

`gs dge hgs gtrgs.

Fkjgs vistg rklh izl`l pgr hgs dgjoltiketks `k hgs

`gs dljpgs `k hl let inul Rrkesl, uel ausiôe `k hu

dfl y `k dgjoltk, ke quk hgs uegs y hgs gtrgs, dkìke

`g l hl hky dgjýe `k sus letkdk`ketks okhidgsgs, fleprgsknui`g muetgs hl v i`l, `k pkhkl quk h hkvlrge ke

dgetrl`gs pgr ìkz lügs.

Fk lfê kh tkrrkeg ke quk hgs ksdritgs `k hgs ýhtijgs

jksks, ke quk hgs let inugs y eukvgs kekjings `k [r

quizl fle qukri`g kdflr hl Rrkesl y hl pgh ê t idl lrnke

t iel, jìs pgr jlh fìoitg quk pgr jlhl ietkediôe.

_gsls fl `kml`g ksk jlh l h l _kpýoh idl L rnket iel .

Hk fl `kml`g hl dgstujork `kh dgjoltk ke quk fizg

vivir tg`ls sus d hlsks pgr hlrngs lügs. Kh sgh`l`g, kh

ksdritgr, kh dgjkrdiletk, fldike`g `kh dgjoltk su vi`l

egrjlh , fgy tgdle uel vkr`l`krl dris is lh ketrlr ke

hl v i`l `k plz y `k sgsikng. Eg dgegdke kh jkdleisjg,

hgs jkìgs `k hl v i`l `k trlequih i`l` y `k trlolmg pl

dêaidg, g jkmgr, eg sk lvikeke l `kmlr hls agrjls y

dgeìdigeks quk floêle `l`g l su let inug jg`g `k

kxistkedil.





Hl vi`l `k plz pi`k uel Rrkesl `k plz, y hl Rrkesl

`k plz pi`k ksdritgrks eukvgs, ietkh inketks ke hgs ie

tkrksks `k hl plz, ldgstujorl`gs lh tgeg `k hl plz, `g

tl`gs `k hl vgdldiôe `k sus dgevkeikedils, ketkrljke

tk gpukstls l hls `k hl nukrrl.

Ksk rgh ks ijpgsiohk plrl hgs ksdritgrks `k nukrrl.

Eg fly kmkjphg `k quk kh sgh`l`g vktkrleg sk flnl

dgjkrdiletk pkrakdtg, y sk ekdksitle aukrzls sgorkfujlels plrl quk ue fgjork ldgstujorl`g l prkì

dlr hl nukrrl pgr quiedk lügs, sk vukhvl ue prkìdl`gr

`k dgedgrìl y `k sgsikng `k ue `êl plrl gtrg.

L s ê , lh tgquk `k lhlrj l ke Ou keg s L irk s kh e `k

Tkptikjork, ieditl`gs pgr sus vikmgs fìoitgs, tg`gs hgs

ksdritgrks `k nukrrl fle vukh tg l su tkrrkeg alvgritg

`kh ltlquk.

Kh gomktg pkrsgelh eg kxist êl3 pkrg sk dgevieg kequk [rquizl skrêl pkgr quk _gsls, y dge sôhg ksl t i

rleêl `k dgevkediôe aué pgsiohk rkstlohkdkr êetknrl

jketk hl let inul lrnujketldiôe, kh plsl`g prgnrljl,

hls jisjls plhlorls `k gr`ke, kh jisjg tgeg y hgs

jisjgs jkìgs, `k hl Rrkesl y `k hl pghêt idl `k gtrg

tikjpg.

Ke kstl pgsidiôe eukvl hgs let inugs ksdritgrks `k

pkhkl `ksdgegdikrge hls dgeìdigeks quk hl eukvl vi`lpghêt idl ijpgeêl l hl pghéjidl lrnketiel.

Kstls dgeìdigeks eldêle `kh pkrsgelh y `k hls ji

rls `k hgs eukvgs plrt i`gs ke hudfl.

Hl ìvisiôe tkeêl fgy hunlr ke kh skeg `kh plrti`g h i

okrlh , ke kh skeg `kh plrti`g quk ldlolol `k `kstruir l

_gsls. Krle hgs let inugs dgjplükrgs `k lrjls quk

sk ìvi`êle ke `gs dljpgs r ivlhks . Hl h iokrtl` tkeêl

drkyketks y sgh`l`gs ke ueg y gtrg dljpg3 dlolh hkrgs v




I G G L H O K _ @ I

fgjorks `k fgegr floêl ke hgs `gs tkrrkegs. Y, s ie

kjolrng, aué ltldl`g kh quk ldlolol `k `lr h iokrtl` l

hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel, dge hls jisjls lrjls dge

quk letks sk dgjoltêl lh quk keslenrketô y kedl`keô

pgr vkietk lügs3 kh tldtg `k kstgs ksdritgrks eg supg

ìsdkreir hl ìakrkedil quk `kok kxist ir ketrk kh jg`g

`k ltldlr lh quk sikjprk aué kekjing, y lh quk lykr

aué ljing y prkstô l hl h iokrtl` skrvidigs quk ùrlefgy y ùrlrìe ktkreljketk.

Nutiérrkz, hl prijkrl egtloih i`l` h i tkrlril `k hl _k

pýoh idl L rnket iel3 Rkül, k h v ik mg ljing `k _iv l`l-

v il 3 k h qukr i`g `k Ah grkedig Qìrkh l , k h let inug ìrkd

tgr `kh Dghknig `k Dikedils Jgrlhks, quk tikek ìsdêpu

hgs i hustrks ke dl`l prgviedil lrnketiel3 Hôpkz, Ridg,

L h okrì , J ìrjgh , k h olr`g `k h l h iokrt l`3 Tknuê , k h

quk lu tgrizô kh nritg iejgrtlh `k nu krrl lh t irleg kh i .² `k Jlyg `k <6;<, fle si`g trltl`gs dge hgs

jisjgs ìdtl`gs quk sk ìrinêle l hgs `knghhl`grks `k

Oukegs Lirks ke t ikjpg `k _gsls. Hl a hgr `k hl sg

dik`l` duhtl `k Jke`gzl fl si`g lpkhh i`l`l jlsfgrdl.

Hgs ngokrel`grks prgviedilhks slh i`gs lykr `kh skeg

`k hl prijkrl sgdik`l` lrnketiel, fle si`g iesuhtl`gs

dge kh ìdtl`g `k dluìhhgs y t irlegs.

Ksl lokrrldiôe `k hl v ikml Rrkesl ks ijpkr`gelohk y auekstl ke rksuhtl`gs. [sle`g dgetrl fgjorks `k

fgeg r y `k pltrigtisj g kh tgeg y hls plhl orl s quk sk

kjphklrge dgetrl Duit iüg, Tlhgjôe y gtrgs jltl`grks

iesineks, ksl Rrkesl sk jukstrl tgrpêsijl, `kseu`l `k

tldtg y jg`khg logjielohk `k ietghkrledil y `k gprk

siôe ietkhkdtulh . Rlrl hknitijlr kh kjphkg `k ksk tgeg

orutlh , a ienk quk sus l`vkrslrigs ldtulhks sge inulhks

l hgs plsl`gs3 ks `kdir, sk fldk duhplohk `k dlhujeil




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T I G I

dgetrl sus fkrjlegs `k dlusl y `k pl`kdijiketgs, y

tg`g pgr kxduslr su pkrkzl, su alh tl `k kstuìg, `k

kùdldiôe y `k ietkh inkedil prìdtidl ke hls hkyks dlol

h hkrksdls `k hgs `koltks `k h iokrtl`.

Qikek agrzgsljketk plrl ke l`khletk hl v i`l rk

prksketlt ivl y `k h iork ìsdusiôe3 florì ìvis igeks `k

gpieigeks, florì hudfl, florì `koltks jìs lrìke

tks quk euedl, pgrquk skrìe jìs h iorks3 florì tg`gksg, pgrquk tg`g ksg dgestituyk hl vi`l `k h iokrtl` y

uel dgeìdiôe `k tg`l sgdik`l` `k fgjorks. ·\ué

pikesl fldkr hl v ikml Rrkesl ke ksk t ikjpg7 ·Rikesl

kjphklr s ikjprk hls jisjls lrjls quk druzlol ke

gtrl épgdl dge hgs dudfih hgs `k hl jlsfgrdl7 · R i k e s l

sikjprk h hljlr vkelh, dgrrgjpi`g, skrvih lh ksdritgr g

lh grl`gr quk pgr `ksnrldil eg vkl hls dgsls dgjg hls

vk kh let inug dgjoltiketk dgetrl _gsls7 Eg tkeike`g`ge `k iealh ioih i`l`, ks drkêohk quk keduketrk l jkeu

`g prkgpieletks `k fgegr y `k dlpldi`l`3 ·pkeslrì

sikjprk sldlrhgs l hl vkrnøkezl pýohidl, pgekrhgs ke

hl pidgtl, ahlnkhlrhgs pgr hl ksplh`l, sknýe hls hkyks `k

Akhipk II y `k hl Iequisidiôe, pgr kh drijke `k tkekr

uel gpie iôe ì akrket k 2

Ke hls k`l`ks y plêsks `k dluìh hlmk, fly dluìh hgske tg`gs hgs térjiegs. Hgs t ikek' hl Rrkesl hg jisjg

quk hl pghêt idl. Hl t irleêl, ks `kdir, hl vighkedil, kstì

ke tg`gs, pgrquk ke tg`gs alhtl kh fìoitg `k sgjk

tkrsk l hl rknhl.

Hl Rrkesl su`ljkridlel t ikek ke sus dluìh hgs sus

nludfgs jlhgs, dgjg hgs t ikek hl vi`l pýohidl ke hgs

gtrgs mljgs. Y eg pgr skr r ivlhks `k hgs dluìh hgs `k

slohk, `kmle `k skrhg ¡gs `k phujl. ê .d-s skjkmletks dkrkpkhke judfls vkdks pgr kh fkdfg `k skrhg. Kh dlu-




<2? L H O K _ @ I

ìh hg `k phujl ks phletl quk `l kh sukhg `ksikrtg y hl

diu`l` pkqukül, prgùdtg elturlh `k hl Ljéridl `ks

pgohl`l.

Hl Rrkesl dgjg khkjketg y pg`kr pgh ê t idg, kenke

`rl lspirldigeks hg jisjg quk hl kspl`l3 pkrg ke euks

trls pgohldigeks ieduhtls, lutgjìtidls y `kstitui`ls `k

`kslrrgh hg ietkhkdtulh , hl Rrkesl quk tg`g hg prkplrlrl,

el`l rklhizl ke prgvkdfg `k sus fgjorks, y sôhg lh hlel kh triueag `k hl kspl`l, quk lh iestletk flyl ke su

dgetrl hl ljoidiôe pkrig`êstidl, quk letks tuvg pgr

lpgyg.

Kstk dlrìdtkr `k hl Rrkesl su`ljkridlel ks ìneg

`k plrtiduhlr kstuìg ke hl épgdl quk sk lork, `k rkld

diôe `kh kspêritu duhtg `k hl Kurgpl dgetrl kh kspêritu

dljpksieg, dgetrl hgs fìoitgs `k lh`kl, quk prkvlhk

dke ke tg`gs hgs jgjketgs `k hl sgdik`l` eldiketk `kTu`ljéridl, s ie kxdhuir hl Rrkesl, hl tr iouel, ei hls

diu`l`ks.

Pkekjgs hl dgstujork `k jirlr hl Rrkesl dgjg tk

rrkeg prijitivg `k hl h iokrtl`, y l jkeu`g ks rkaunig

`k hls jlygrks t irleêls, dljpg `k ieìsdiph iel, `k v ig

hkedil y `k lslh tgs vle`ìh idgs dgetrl tg`ls hls hkyks

`kh `kokr. Hl Rrkesl, dgjg kspkmg quk rka hkml hl sg

dik`l` `k quk ks kxprksiôe, prksketl tg`gs hgs `kakdtgs pghêt idgs `k sus fgjorks.

Luequk eukstrls nldktls eg sk ksdrioke ke hgs dlj

pgs, sk ksdrioke ke diu`l`ks dgjpukstls `k khkjketgs

dljpksiegs, diu`l`ks sie aìoridls, sie hktrls, `k vi`l

divi h iedgjphktl y kjorigelril, s ijphks jlesigeks `k

lnriduh tgrks, `k plstgrks, `k jiekrgs r idgs, quk ldu

`ke l ìsarutlr `k hg quk fle l`quiri`g ke hl v i`l `k

hgs dljpgs, quk ks hl v i`l su`ljkridlel pgr kskedil.




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T < 2 4

@k lquê ks quk hl Rrkesl, dgjg kh slhôe, dgjg hl tr i

ouel, dgjg hl ldl`kjil jisjl, kstìe h hkels `k nlu

dfgs g nulsgs `k kxtkrigr ienhés g arledés.

Kh ksdritgr `k kstk néekrg, kh dluìh hg `k hl Rrkesl

dgjg kh nlu dfg `k hgs dljpg s, sk ìst ienuk pgr su

ljgr dljpkstrk l hl ie`kpke`kedil `k tg`l lutgri`l`,

l hl ieìsdiphiel, l hl vi`l `k nukrrl, `k dgetrlìddiôe

y `k lvketurls. @ktkstl tg`g yung, lue kh `k hl hônidl, lue kh `k hgs letkdk`ketks. Hiork dgjg kh dke

tlurg `k eukstrgs dljpgs, kjoistk l hl Ldl`kjil Ks

plüghl dge tletg `keuk`g dgjg l hls prijkrls lutg

ri`l`ks `k hl _kpýoh idl.

Ks kh t ipg `k ksdritgr quk prkvlhkdk ke eukstrl Rrke

sl, jkìg divih izl`l ke usgs `k h iokrtl`, dgjg hl sg

dik`l` su`ljkridlel, `k quk ks kxprksiôe. Rrkìdl kh

kurgpkêsjg, y fldk `k éh uel lrjl `k nukrrl dgetrlhgs dluìh hgs `k kspl`l3 pkrg eg tgjl plrl sê kh tgeg y

hls dgstujorks kurgpkls lh Pijks g l h @ilrig `k @kol

tks plrisikesk ke hl ijpuneldiôe y kh ltlquk. @kaike`k

hls nlrle têls privl` ls dgetrl hgs ltlquks `kh sl oh k3

pkrg ghvi`l quk kh fgnlr puk`k skr v ighl`g pgr hl phu

jl. Kst injltizl lh nludfg quk fldk jlekls dge hl

pikh `kh fgjork, y éh sldl kh pkhhkmg l su rivlh pghêt idg,

dge prktkxtg `k drit idlrhg. Kspêritu t ikreg y susdkpt iohk (pgrquk lh a ie ks `k Tu`ljéridl), kquivgdl hl gos

t ieldiôe prksuetugsl dge kh dlrìdtkr, hl dgedksiôe di

vih izl`l `kh ienhés, dge hl dgolr`êl quk sk rie`k l ìs

drkdiôe.

Ti hgs nludfgs ke kh Ngoikreg sge gostìduhg plrl hl

grnleizldiôe `k kstgs plêsks, · hgs nludfgs `k hl Rrke

sl, pg`rìe skr luxi h ilrks y lnketks `k gr`ke y `k ng

oikreg rknuhlr7 Pg`g ks gostìduhg plrl kh kstlohkdê-




< 2 0 L H O K _ @ I

jiketg `kh ngoikreg ke kstl Ljéridl iedgejkesurl

ohk, ke quk hl hky ks ijpgtketk, pgrquk kstì l pik, siedljiegs, sie `iekrg, sie lrjls y kh `ksikrtg prgtknk, hg

jisjg l sus `kakesgrks `k kspl`l quk l sus gakesgrks

`k phujl. Y, s ie kjolrng, ks jkekstkr dljielr ke hl

gorl `k hl grnleizldiôe dgetrl hl rksistkedil `kh nlu

dfg `k hgs dljpgs y `k hgs nludfgs `k hl Rrkesl. Ti

hgs uegs sge gostìduhgs, eg hg sge jkegs hgs gtrgs3

pkrg si kh hgs sge kh fgjork su`ljkridleg, ks jkekstkr

vlhkrsk `k éh jisjg plrl gpkrlr su prgpil jkmgrl gquitlr kh pg`kr lh nludfg `k pgedfg y lh nludfg `k

arld, ks `kdir , l h fgjork `k Tu`ljéridl, plrl ketrk

nlrhg lh ýeidg fgjork quk eg ks nludfg, lh ienhés, lh

arledés, lh kurgpkg, quk eg tlr`lrêl ke tgjlr kh pge

dfg y hgs fìoitgs quk kh `ksikrtg iespirô lh ksplügh

kurgpkg `kh s in hg x v, quk ks kh ljk ridleg ld tul h =

kurgpkg `knkekrl`g pgr hl ieahukedil `kh `ksikrtg y `k

hl sghk`l`.




TKN[E@L DL_PL

Kxtrlvêg `k hl Rrkesl hiokrlh `kspués `k hl dlê`l `k _gsls.

Dljplül y ksdritgs `kh Tr. Tlrjiketg.‐Tge ldusldiôe, egfistgril3 éh ks plrtk, y eg tksting ei mukz.‐Jgtivgs `k su

gpgsidiôe pkrsgelh ldrkìtl`gs pgr sus gorls.‐Olsk `k su

drêtidl jihitlr.‐Ijpgrtldiôe ieìsdrktl `k hl dikedil arle

dksl ke nukrrl dgjg ke pghêtidl.‐Ksl gorl sirvk lh `ksgr

`ke, ìstrlk hl gpieiôe `k hgs lsuetgs skrigs y dgjprgjktk

hl nhgril lrnketiel.‐Dlridlturl `k hl oltlhhl `k Dlskrgs.

Rrgplnle`l `k rksistkedil leìrquidl.

G ui h hgt l , Kekr g `k < T;4.

Fk flohl`g ke ji dlrtl letkrigr `k hls dgeìdigeks

eukvls `k hl Rrkesl3 ke hl prksketk jk gduplré `k

kxljielr sus ýh t ijls puoh idldigeks, dge lrrknhg l hgs

priedipigs lh h ê sketl`gs.

Ksgs priedipigs kxphidle, ke plrtk, hgs ksdritgs `k

ustk`3 pkrg eg hgs kxph idle `kh tg`g. Ke pgh ê t idl ks

rerg kh lrtg quk rkdgegdk ue sôhg jgtivg y eg vlrigs.

Kh ietkrés `k kstk kstuìg ks ijpkrsgelh y `kslpl

sigel`g. Eg ietketg `kake`kr l [rquizl y ltldlr l

ustk`3 ksdriog ke goskquig `kh gr`ke hl oioh ignrla êl

`k ue trlolmg `kst iel`g l pkrturolrhg. Ksdriog hl oi-




i g 1 L H O K _ @ I

oiignrlê êl `k su Dljplül, quk le`lrì uei`l dge kh rk

dukr`g `k hl dljplül dgetrl _gsls, plrl fldkr rkdt i

aidldigeks quk ijpgrtle l hl vkr`l` fistôridl y l hl

plz `k hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel.

L fgrl `gs lügs , dule`g k h nkekrlh [rquizl eg fl

oêl `kstrui`g l _gsls, y sôhg tkeêl kh letkdk`ketk `k

flokrhk skrvi`g pgr judfgs lügs, kh ietkrés `k hl pl

irl egs rkueiô l tg`gs hgs ljings `k hl h iokrtl` ke`krrk`gr `k lqukh fgjork, quk sk fizg sijpìtidg `ks`k

kh `êl ke quk rkeknô hl dlusl `kh t irleg, prgjktiô ue

Dgenrksg y uel Dgest itudiôe l hl _kpýoh idl. [stk` sk

fizg lìdtg suyg, y yg tljoiée. Eg ks `k fgy ji `k

disiôe pgr éh, ustk` hg slok. Kh Jkrdurig `k <6;< ie

skrtô judfgs lrtêduhgs jêgs ke su lpgyg, quk ustk`

rkprgùmg ke kh ýh t ijg eýjkrg `k Tu`ljéridl. D u l e

`g ustk` sk aué lh Rhltl jk `kmô ksdrioike`g ke alvgr`k [rquizl, l quike yg eg dgegdêl, ei floêl ksdritg, ei

tkeêl ietkrés `k lnrl`lr pkrsgelhjketk. Eg tkeêl yg

kh `ge `k lìvieldiôe plrl slokr quk h hknlrêl t ikjpg

ke quk pg`rêl `lr kjphkgs ìphgjìtidgs.

Fgy quk t ikek hl n hgril `k flokr ldlol`g dge _g

sls, rkuei`g ue Dgenrksg Dgest ituyketk, `l`g l hl _k

pýoh idl Lrnketiel ìkz pukrtgs lddksiohks l hl Kurgpl

k ietkrel`g ke hls sghk`l`ks `k eukstrg `ksikrtg plêskh arld, hls kjolrdldigeks, hls ole`krls, hls hkenuls

vivls y hgs fgjorks `k hl Kurgpl, quk sge sêjoghg `k

hl d iv i h izldiôe, fgy dge `gohk jgtivg `kokjgs lpgylr

hg , pgrquk ksgs fkdfgs sge prke`ls quk egs lsknurle

su dlpldi`l` `k juhtiphidlrhgs.

_knrksl`g ustk` l Dfihk, jk flhhô ksdrioike`g ke kh

jisjg sketi`g quk letks `k su v ilmk3 pkrg yg kedge

tré quk ustk` floêl dljoil`g ke su jlekrl `k dgesi-




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T < 2 >

`krlr hls dgsls quk vkêljgs `k ue jisjg jg`g ke

< 6 ;< , y quk flstl fgy pkrsistg yg ke dgesi`krlrhls

dgjg ketgedks.

Tkplrl`gs `k egsgtrgs, ustk` ltldl kh fgjork y hl

pghêt idl quk kstljgs lpgyle`g `ks`k <6;< ke kh ietk

rés `k jirls quk fl rklhizl`g ke plrtk `k ue jg`g

ksph éeì`g.‐ Pkekjgs quk `kake`kr h k fgy `k h gs lt l

quks `k ustk`, dgjg letks hk `kakeìjgs `k hgs ltl

quks `k _gsls. .‐[stk` jk fl `kìdl`g su Dljplül

plrl `kjgstrlrjk pgr kh hl quk su dljoig ks rksuhtl`g

`k alh tls quk ltriouyk lh nkekrlh [rquizl, y yg vgy

l `kjgstrlrhk pgr su prgpil Dljplül, sie prktke`kr

sletiaidlr l su l`vkrslrig, quk su skplrldiôe eg lplrk

dk lh h ê dge jìs grinke quk kh ietkrés `k su prgpig ke

nrle`kdijiketg, ietkrés quk sie kxdhuir éh pltrigt isjg

`k ustk`, kxphidl ketkrljketk su ldtitu` `k lnitl`gr.

Flohle`g skriljketk, ustk` dgedioiô kspkrlezls `k

kedlokzlr kh plrt i`g h iokrlh dgetrl _gsls, y hl `kmô

trlshudir jìs `k uel vkz. _gsls dgetriouyô l `lrhk ksl

ihusiôe jìs quk kh éxitg `k sus ksdritgs hudi`gs y pl

tr iôt idgs. [stk` puoh idô su prgpil oignrla êl, ke ue

nruksg vghujke kedgjiìst idg, quk eg `kmô ù`l `k quk

sk garkdêl lh plês plrl su auturg rkprksketletk. [stk`ksdrioiô l puohidistls `k Arledil, piìée`ghks quk lpg

ylske ksl lspirldiôe. Dule`g kstlh hô hl rkvghudiôe ji

h i tlr ke Ketrk-_êgs, ustk` aué lh Rhltl y ousdô hl ie

jkìldiôe `k su mkak, quk eg hk ìg hl ijpgrtledil

quk _gsls hk floêl `l`g. @kdkpdigel`g, dgetrlril`g

ke su ihusiôe `k jle`g y ìrkddiôe, quk`ô, sie kjolr

n g , ke kh kmérditg nrle`k, ke hl pgsidiôe `gohk quk

dgestl `k su jisjg ksdritg.





ousdlol kh Rg `kr pgr sknue`l jleg . Kh e `k Tk p

t ikjork vkeêl prkplrl`g `ks`k hl dljplül `kh kmérdi

tg nrle`k . H l sloiùrêl `k A rle ch ie y kh ldikrtg `k

^lsfientge eg fuoikske h iorl`g `k éh lh nkekrlh [r-

quizl. Letks quk kxist ikrl kh pldtg `k Tle Eidghìs,

quk hk fl skrvi`g `k prktkxtg, yl kstlol agrjuhl`l y

ksdritl hl prgtkstl3 ustk` jisjg hg dgeaiksl.

K h I I `k Tkptikj ork krl hl sknue `l ietkediôe `kdikrtgs h iokrlhks dglh inl`gs dge [rquizl, y hl prijkrl

ietkediôe `k hgs rgsistls, pgrquk hl prijkrl ietkediôe

`kh dlê`g ks hkvletlrsk. Lquéhhgs drkêle pg`kr kjphklr

l [rquizl dgjg iest rujket g ka êjkrg y `kskdfloh k . Kx

phidlole sus `ksls trks `k vk ietk lügs pgr lddi`ketks

dlsulhks, y drkêle quk eg ekdksitlole jìs quk vkedkr

uel vkz, plrl quk`lr ùkügs pkrùrlohks `kh pg`kr,

quk pkrìkrge ìkz vkdks= i`kl kstrkdfl y pgork, pukseg sudujok mljìs pgr dlsulh i`l` tg`g ue plrt i`g, s i

eg pgr uel dl`kel `k tr iueags, quk supgek gtrls dlu

sls egrjlhks `k ouke éxitg.

El`l fly dgjýe ketrk su Dljplül plrìsitl y hl `kh

kmérditg nrle`k3 plsigeks, gomktg, a ieks, tg`g ks ìstie

tg. H l dljplül kedlokzl`l pgr k h nkekrlh [r qu izl

rkprksketlol hl dlusl `k hl h iokrtl`, hl kspkrlezl `k

ue Dgenrksg, kh `kskg `k uel Dgestitudiôe, kh gìg l_gsls y kh ketusilsjg pgr [rquizl, su ori h hletk l`

vkrslrig. Ke hl dljplül `k ustk`, ke vkz `k ljgr, fly

gìg lh vkedk`gr `k _gsls3 ke vkz `kh gìg l _gsls

sk vk dlsi ue ghvi`g dgjphktg `k su egjork y `k sus

krrgrks3 hl h iokrtl`, hl Dgest itudiôe, kh Dgenrksg, quk

krle hgs nrle `ks aieks `k hl dlj plül `k [ rq ui zl ,

lpkels lplrkdke jkedigel`gs ke hl `k ustk`.

3Gué egs prksketl, qué pg`êl skr su dljplül pkr-




I <2 L H O K _ @ I

skülh `ketrg `k hl dljplül `kh kmérditg nrle`k7 [s

tk` krl tkeiketk dgrgekh, eg pg`êl jle`lr uel lhl, ei

uel ìvis iôe `kh kmérditg3 eg pg`êl tkekr, ei tuvg, plr

tk ijpgrtletk ke sus fkdfgs `k lrjls3 ks `kdir , ke

igs ldtgs quk dgest ituyke prgpiljketk hl dljplül `kh

kmérditg nrle`k. _k`ldtgr `kh Oghktêe, ustk` egs `l

hl fistgril `k su trlolmg h i tkrlrig. ·Rkrg qué vlhk ksk

trlolmg7 ·L quiée fizg egtlohk7 ·L quiée ìg `krkdfg `k ksdrioir su dljplül pkrsgelh7 ·Dgegdk lhnuike

lh rk`ldtgr `k hgs Oghktieks `kh kmérditg nrle` k `k E l

pghkôe I7 ·\uiée dgegdk l hgs quk rk`ldtlrge hgs

oghkt ieks `k hls dljplüls `k Tle Jlrt êe, `k Ogh êvlr,

`k Okh nrleg7 ·Ruoh idlrge ksgs sg h `l`gs `k p h ujl sus

dljplüls pkrsgelhks ke hgs kmérditgs `k hl iejgrtlh

nukrrl dget rl Ksplül7

Ti Tle Jlrt êe y Ogh êvlr fuoikske h hkvl`g l su hl`g rk`ldtgrks quk lh t ikjpg `k ksdrioir kh oghktêe `k

sus mgrel`ls h hkvlske ìlrigs skdrktgs, plrl `ksjketir

jìs tlr`k lh Oghktêe gaidilh , hl nhgril ljkridlel sk

rêl fgy hl jitl` `k hg quk ks, y kh Dge`k `k Pgrkeg sk

florêl lfgrrl`g kh trlolmg rklh istl `k ldfidlr euks

trgs tr iueags. ·Lh hl`g `k qué nkekrlh , nrle`k g dfi

dg, fuoiksk pkrjlekdi`g ue rk`ldtgr `k oghkt ieks quk

prktke`êl dghlogrlr dge kh nkekrlh ke mkak `k hls gpkrldigeks `kh kmérditg7

Tu dljplül pkrsgelh , ke vkz `k skr ue ìlrig `k

hls jlrdfls `kh kmérditg, ks hl fistgril psidghônidl `k

sus ijprksigeks `k kjuhldiôe dgetrl su nkekrlh ke

mkak3 hl fistgril `k su `ksldukr`g dgetrl kh nkekrlh

[rquizl, `ksldukr`g let inug y prgaue`g, quk ustk`

sk lalel ke ltriouir l alhtls `kh nkekrlh , pkrg quk us

tk` jisjg rkvkhl skr arutg `k sus `kdkpdigeks `k ls-




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T I I I

pirldiôe y `k ljgr prgpig. Gorle`g dgjg Lhkmle`rg,

vkedike`g dge jìs ori h hg quk Elpghkôe, hg florêl us

tk` logrrkdi`g `gohkjketk pgr hg jisjg.

Eg ketrlré l dgetkstlr su Dljplül3 yg eg fk ji

h itl`g l su hl`g, ei sgy tksting `k hgs ldtgs quk ustk`

rka ikrk. Gtrgs dui`lrìe `k lpgylrhg g dgjoltir hg dge

jìs lutgri`l`. Rkrg puk`g muznlr `k su gorl pgr hg

quk lrrgml kh hl jisjl, y `k hgs ldtgs `k ustk` pgr suprgpil dgeaksiôe. Hk ìré, `ks`k hukng, quk su dlj

plül ks kh prgdksg `k sus jirls `kjlnônidls, `k su

ljoidiôe dgetrlril`l, hl fistgril dgjphktl `k su `ks

dlhlorg y `k su sknue`l prgsdripdiôe. Kstl ks ji jl

ekrl ienkeul y hklh `k ketke`krhl.

Hk ìré tljoiée quk ustk` eg ks tksting `k hgs ld

tgs quk rkhltl, ei t ikek ke su alvgr hl lutgri`l` `kh

quk puk`k `kdir sie ietkrés y sie plsiôe= yg vi, yg gê,yg fidk.

Eg hg ks, pgr supukstg, `k hg quk eg fl vistg, y, sie

kjolrng, ustk` egs rkaikrk hl gorl ìphgjìtidl, prkpl

rltgril `k hl dljplül, quk tuvg hunlr ke lqukh hgs plê

sks letks quk ustk` slhikrl `k Dfihk.

Pljoiée egs rkaikrk ustk` ke su Dljplül, tg`l hl

dljplül `kh [runuly, fkdfl y dgjphktl`l pgr kh nk

ekrlh [r qu izl judfg let ks quk h l Jéìdis fuoikskh hkvl`g l ustk` l Jgetkvi`kg3 y , s ie kjolrng, ustk`

hl rkaikrk dge hl lutgri`l` `k tksting. Pkst ing `k g ê`ls ,

pgrquk kh quk rkaikrk hg quk fl gê`g, eg rkaikrk hg quk

prkskediô= ks kdg `k ue tkst ing, eg tkst ing. Ke ksl

plrtk `l ustk` dgjg fistgril, lrnketiel hg quk hk dgetô

ue jieistrg kxtrlemkrg quk tkeêl ietkrés iejkìltg ke

ìsjieuir hl nhgril `k eukstrg plês ke prgvkdfg `kh

suyg (pìniel >2 `k su Dljplül).




I <? L H O K _ @ I

@k spu és `kh triu eag , sôhg kstuvg ustk` ìkz `êls

ke Oukegs Lirks, quk plsô ustk` ke sus dlh hks y phlzls,

sknýe su dgeaksiôe. Lh dlog `k kh hgs, sk aué ustk` l

_êg Mlekirg, y `k lh h ê sk vieg l Dfihk. [stk`, sie kj

olrng, rkdhljl hl lutgri`l` `k tkst ing dgetrl hgs quk

sk fle dril`g ke hgs hunlrks quk ustk` floitô ìkz `êls

(h itkrlhjketk), dule`g rkaikrk tljoiée ke su Dljplül

hgs ldtgs `kh nkekrlh [rquizl pgstkrigrks l hl slhi`l`k ustk`, hgs ekngdigs `k Mueig, hl rkvghudiôe `k Tkp

tikjork, y hg quk ks Oukegs Lirks f g y j i s j g . K x d u

sl`g ks `kdir quk ustk` `kmô kh _êg `k hl Rhltl kh

?2 `k Akorkrg `k <6;?. Ke tg`g kh hg, ks ustk` tksting

`k gê`ls, kdg h i t krl h `k h l Rrkesl `k Oukegs L irks 3 ks

`kdir, hl `k hl plrtk ietkrksl`l, elrrl`gr aikh `k hg quk

eg fl vistg y `k hg quk slok pgr ogdl `kh aisdlh.

Ke hg quk ustk` fl vistg, tljpgdg ks tksting, eijkrkdk hl ak `k tlh sieg ke su dgetrl.

· Dôj g f l pgì`g ustk` drkkr quk kh pýoh idg sk dgj

pgenl `k ekdigs 7 · \u iée hk drkkrêl l ustk`, luequk auk

sk jìs fgerl`g quk kh fgegr7 ·\uiée skrêl mukz tle

ieidug plrl gir lh ldusl`gr sie gir l hgs tkstings7 ·Hl

plrtk lnrlvil`l t ikek lutgri`l` prgoltgril7 [stk` ks

plrtk ldusl`grl, eg tkst ing ijplrdilh . Tu Dljplül ks

ue h iok'g `k ldusldiôe, eg ue tkstijgeig fistôridg. Ksuel lrjl `k nukrrl, dgjg ustk` jisjg hl fl dlh i a idl

`g, hlezl`l ke lpgyg `k hl rkvghudiôe `kh << `k Tkp

t ikjork y ksdritl plrl prkplrlrhl.

Ti hg quk ìdk ustk` quk vig `ks`k su h hknl`l l Ketrk

_ ê gs , aukrl d ikrtg, ustk` `koiô rknrkslr l Jgetkvi`kg

y lostkekrsk losghutljketk `k ousdlr hl dlê`l `k _gsls

pgr jkìgs tle iejgrlhks. Hg dgetrlrig krl rkfloih i tlr ,

rkmuvkekdkr hl t irleêl yl dlùdl `k _gsls3 krl kteprke-





`kr uel dljplül `k gprksiôe eukvl dgetrl hl gprksiôevikml. ·Rgr qué hl kjprkeìô ustk`7‐g ustk` ìdk hg

quk eg vig, g ustk` lyu`ô l sloike`ls l hkvletlr uel

eukvl t irleêl.

T u Dljplül jukstrl quk ustk` flohl pgr fkri`ls

loikrtls l su ljoidiôe g l su ljgr prgpig. Eg ie`lnlré

si hls jkrkdiô, ei si sge rklhks g lplrketks. Tôhg flré

vkr quk sge dgeaksl`ls, y quk flohl dgjg fkri`g kh

quk sk dgesi`krl fkri`g luequk eg ihg ks té‐ . Q g y

l skülhlr orkvkjketk ke su prgpig ksdritg hgs jgtivgs

y sêetgjls `kh gìg quk hk ijpi`k skr mukz y elrrl`gr

ijplrdilh `k hgs ldtgs `kh nkekrlh [rquizl, duyl nhg

ril ke hl dljplül dgetrl _gsls ks n hgril lrnketiel, y

duyg prkst inig ldtulh ks khkjketg `k gr`ke plrl hl rk

pýohidl h iokrtl`l pgr éh .

Oike fldk ustk` `k eknlr ksk gìg, quk sk ksdlpl ke

sus prgpils pìniels, `kspgmìe`ghls `k tg`l lutgri`l`

`k vkr`l`. @idk ustk` quk eg fuog ksdkel ketrk kh nk

ekrlh y ustk`, y quk eg tikek, pgr tletg, jgtivg pkr

sgelh `k qukml dgetrl éh . ·Rkrg drkk ustk` ieìspkesl

ohk uel ksdkel plrl kenke`rlr gìgs l jukrtk ke dg

rlzgeks eg v u inl iks 7 ·[ el jirl`l, ue nkst g , uel

gjisiôe, kh sihkedig jisjg, eg fle si`g dlusls jih vk

dks `k rkedgrks ktkregs y `kslstrgsgs7Qgy l skülhlr hgs grênkeks quk ustk` jisjg lsinel

l su gìg ijphldlohk dgetrl kh fgjork quk egs fl h i

orl`g `k _gsls, y kh ýeidg quk skrêl dlplz `k kstgrolr

fgy su rknrksg lh Rg`kr. [stk` vk, sknýe kstg, s i fly

utih i`l` pýohidl ke rkdtia idlr ksdritgs, quk sôhg pg`rêle

skrvir lh rkstlohkdijiketg `k hl t irleêl vkedi`l ke Ak

orkrg.

K h nkekr lh [r qu izl eg sltisa izg hls jirls `k ie-G O O L T T K H K D P L T . ‐ Pgjg Q . 6




L H O K _ @ I

a humg quk h hkvô ustk` lh Kmérditg y kstk aué kh prijkr

jgtivg `k su gìg dgetrl éh . ·Duìhks krle sus jirls7

·\ué iol ust k` l fldkr7 ·\ué h h kv lol ust k` l h Kmér

ditg7 Tu phujl3 ustk` eg krl sgh`l`g. Hl phujl ke

ue kmérditg eg ks uel lrjl. [e kmérditg supgek lng

tl`l hl jisiôe `k hl plhlorl. Ks hl sghudiôe `kh prgohk

jl ketrknl`l lh dlüôe. Hl phujl `kh skdrktlrig ks su

a id iketk. Kh nkekrlh [rquizl tkeêl `k skdrktlrig ke dljplül lh quk floêl rkarke`l`g hgs prgeuediljiketgs ie

jgrtlhks `k i .² `k Jlyg.

Gtrl lspirldiôe h hkvô ustk` quk hl `k ksdrioir oghk

tieks. [stk` lspirlol l ìr inir hgs ldgetkdijiketgs quk

drkêl flokr prkplrl`g. "Gtrls auedigeks, kjpkrg (quk

hls `kh Oghktêe, ksdrioêl ustk` `k J getk vi`kg kh ? `k

@idikjork), jk kstìe rkskrvl`ls, y lsgdil`g l R. . . `k

okjgs a g r j l r k h K s t l ` g J l y g r ` k h K m é r d i t g . "Du ketl ustk` jisj g su prijkrl dgeak rkedil dge

[rquizl= "Rrkséet kjk l h a ie ke dlsl `k ngoikreg l h ls

fgrls `k dgstujork y l pgdg aui ietrgùdi`g l su prk

skedil. . . Ji rkdkpdiôe aué pgh ê t idl. . . @kspués `k ske

tl`gs ke ue sgaì (dge kh nkekrlh [rquizl) y plsl`ls hls

prijkrls slhutldigeks, egs quk`ljgs ljogs dlh hl`gs.

Yg kstlol ue pgdg turol`g, drkg quk éh kstlol hg jis

j g. Yg rgjipê kh sihkedig ìdiée`ghk= kh gomktg `k ji

vkei`l, quk krl dgegdkr lh fgjork ke quike kstlole

ai mls eukstrls jirl`ls y eukstrls kspkrlezls, y plrl

pg`krhk flohlr `k jis trlolmgs ke Dfihk, `k jis leti

dipldigeks sgork kh nhgrigsg plpkh quk hk kstlol `ks

tiel`g..."

·Ksk krl k h gomkt g `k su v il mk l Ket rk-_êgs7 ·Floêl

ustk` `gohl`g kh Dlog `k Fgregs, sôhg pl rl ir l dg

egdkr lh auturg h iokrtl`gr y plrl flohlrhk `k sus trl-





olmgs ke Dfihk7 ·\ué ijpgrt lol ksg l h l dljplül7

R k r g e g k s t g ` g . " P r l s k s t k k x g r ` i g ‐ ` i d k u s t k ` ‐ ,

ketré l `ktlh hlrhk hg quk krl kh gomktg prìdtidg `k ji

vkei`l, l s l o k r = iestruirhk `kh kstl`g `k hls prgviedils,

hl gpieiôe `k hgs pukohgs, hl dlpldi`l` y khkjketgs `k

hgs ngokreletks, hgs trlolmgs kjprkeì`gs `ks`k

Dfihk..."

·Krl ksg t g`g su dget ienket k7 ·Rlrl ksg kjprke`êlustk` su v ilmk7 [stk` eg floêl kstl`g ke hls prgvie

d i l s 3 sloêl ustk` `k kh hls hg quk sloêljgs tg`gs= quk

kh pukohg `ktkstlol l _gsls y quk sus Ngoikregs hg

lpgylole pgr jik`g y pgr su ietkrés prgpig. ·Pkeêl

ustk` trlolmgs `k dg espirldiôe7 · K e qué quk`lrge,7

·\uiée fl v is t g sus k akdt gs7 Hls prgv ied ils `k quk

ustk` aué l `lr duketl eg fle fkdfg el`l, eg fle

dggpkrl`g dge ue fgjork l hl dlê`l `k _gsls. Iol ustk` l flohlr `k ue khkjketg sikjprk eknlt ivg y skdue

`lrig. Tie kjolrng, ustk` floêl `l`g sknuri`l` Tk

dggpkrldiôe y sijpltêl `k plrtk `k hls prgviedils lh

nkekrlh [rquizl . ·Dge qué let kdk`ket ks7 "Tknýe h ls

sknuri`l`ks quk `k khhg jk floêle `l`g ke Tle Mule",

ìdk ustk` ( i) . Tk v ig quk eienýe kakdtg floêl tkei`g

hl sknuri`l` `l`l pgr ustk`3 ei Tle Mule, ei gtrl prg

viedil dggpkrlrge l hl dlê`l `k _gsls. · \ ué `koiô pkeslr kh nkekrlh `k hgs trlolmgs `k ustk` ke Dfihk y `k su

ieahumg ke hls prg viedil s7 Dge ìkz lügs `k puoh idldig

eks euedl pu`g ustk` prkdipitlr uel dgetrl _gsls, y ke

hgs ýhtijgs jksks, dge ; 2 2 pìniels, eg fl dgesknui`g

ustk` quitlr uel sghl lh nkekrlh [rquizl.

[stk` h hkvô hl kspkrlezl `k ìr inir pgr kh dgeskmg

(<) Dljplül, p ì n . 11.




e 1 L H O K _ @ I

lh fgjork quk sie ustk` floêl grnleizl`g kh phle `k

dgespirldiôe dgetrl _gsls, agrjl`g kh kmérditg jlygr

quk floêl v istg Ljéridl y rksukh tg ke dultrg `êls hl

dukst iôe griketlh quk ùrlol ìkz lügs. [stk` eg aué

ietkrrgnl`g ei dgesuhtl`g dgjg kspkrlol, y ksk aué ue

`kh itg `k [rquizl, plrl ustk`. "Kstl ( hl prijkrl) ks hl

ýeidl vkz quk fk flohl`g dge kh nkekrlh [rquizl ke

`gs jksks quk fk kstl`g dkrdl `k éh . @kspués ks éhquike fl flohl`g, fldiée`gjk ksdudflr ke pgh ê t idl, ke

jkì`ls kdgeôjidls l su jlekrl, ke prgykdtgs g ke su

nkst igeks `k l dtgs, plr l k e l`khletk. L q u ê kstì, l j i

muidig, kh skdrktg y hl auketk `k ksl skrik `k krrgrks quk

fldke ijpgsiohk su ngoikreg si eg ks ke kh Ke trk-

_ ê g s . . . "

" . . .@k kstgs `ltgs, y `k judfgs gtrgs quk iol rkdg

hkdtle`g. . . yg kjpkdé l vkr dgeairjl`gs hgs rkdkhgs quktrlêl `ks`k Dfihk, y rksukhtg l sknuir kh phle `k vi`l

quk fk sknui`g sikjprk, quk dgesistk ke dgeskrvlr i hksl

hl ìnei`l` `k fgjork, dgjg hl ýeidl lrjl quk puk`k

gpgekrsk lh `kspgtisjg pkrsgelh."

" . . .Floêl, puks, ke ksg (ke hg rkhlt ivg l hl d ietl) ksl

pkrskvkrledil orutlh , quk fuyk `k skr i hustrl`l, quk ie

sistk ke `kspkdfg `k tg`g y quk rkùdk l hl dgeìdiôe

`k sikrvgs l hgs quk pgr sus hudks g su pgsidiôe quikrle,,

pgr hg jke gs, skr dgeskmkrgs."

R k r g · q u é hudks, qué dgeskmgs qukr êl ust k` fldkr ks

dudflr7 Tk trlttlol `k dgsls jihitlrks, flohlol ustk`

dge ue sgh`l`g3 sk trltlol `k nukrrl y eg `k pgh ê t idl3 ,

iol ustk` l ue Kmérditg, eg l ue Dgenrksg. [stk` eg

ks jihitlr, eg pg`êl garkdkr hudks, dgeskmgs kstrlténidgs,

hgs ýeidgs quk dgevkeêle letks `k hl vkei`l `k hgs

dgenrksgs `khiokrletks g `kh Ngoikreg div i h rkprkske-




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T [ >

tlt ivg. [stk` sôhg h hkvlol prgvgdldigeks ke ksls kxi

nkedils ietkjpkst ivls `k ìnei`l` pkrsgelh . [e ksdri

tgr, ue puohidistl eg vl l ousdlr rkspktgs y jirljike

tgs pgr sus hudks ketrk sgh`l`gs quk floitle ke kh

v iv ld .

· \ uk rêl ustk` pkhklr pgr hl h iokrtl` 7 Jlneêa idg pke

sljiketg. Rkrg `koiô ustk` tgjlr kh ausih , hl suogrì

eldiôe y kh sihkedig lutgjìtidgs `kh sgh`l`g quk sloks kr hg , ke vkz `k ir l ìsdutir hl dudlr`l quk `koêl

h hkvlr kh kmérditg y hls jkì`ls kdgeôjidls quk `koêle

l`gptlrsk plrl `kspués `k dgedhui`l v idtgrigsljketk hl

dljplül, quk eg floêl `l`g priedipig. Dule`g eg sk

h hkvl ue dgetienletk `k ìkz jih sgh`l`gs g uel nhgril

jihitlr quk hg vlhnl, eg sk vl l ìsdutir ksls dgsls, `k

pg`kr l pg`kr.

·Tk puk`k hkkr s ie lsgjorg kh s inuiketk pìrrlag `kustk` 7

"Hg quk jìs jk sgrprkeìô ke kh nkekrlh ks quk,

plsl`l lqukhhl sijphk elrrldiôe `k fkdfgs dge quk

jk ietrgùmk, eue dl j leiak stô `kskg `k gêr ji gpieiôe

sgork el`l, y dule`g dge uel jg`kst il quk eg tkeng,

dge uel ieìakrkedil lakdtl`l, dge dirduehgquigs quk

mljìs fk usl`g flohle`g dge Dgo`ke, Pfikrs, Nuizgt ,

Jgett g kh Kjpkrl`gr `kh Orlsi h , qukrêl kjit ir ueli`kl, jk ltlmlol l jkìl plhlorl, ìd iée`gjk= yg hg

ìmk, hg vi, hg fidk, ktd. Elìk slok, elìk pg`rì lprk

dilr mljìs hls tgrturls quk fk suari`g, hls sumkdigeks

quk jk fk ijpukstg plrl dgedi h ilrjk, eg hl vghuetl`

`k lqukh fgjork, s ieg kh quk jk prgvgdlsk l flohlr,

quk jk `kmlsk kxpgekrhk sus ietkrksks, hl jl ekrl `k

govilr ìaiduhtl`ks, kh jk ìg `k prgpidilrsk hl gpieiôe."

Rkrg ·qué kjpküg t keêl ust k` ke flo h lr7 ·\ uk r êl




I I 6 LHOK_@I

ustk` garkdkr sgh`l`gs, phltl, dgespirldigeks grnlei

zl`ls 7 Ks g krl hg ýeidg quk ekdksitlol ke ksgs jg jke

tgs. Dgeskmgs pgh ê t idgs sge ue dgetienketk ietkjpkst i

vg quk `k grìelrig h hkvle hgs kstuìletks l hgs kmérdi

tgs. ·Ekdks i t lol k h nkekrlh [rquizl quk hk kxpusiksk

ustk` sus ietkrksks7 Kh quk floêl agrjl`g kh Kmérditg

nrle`k y dgedhui`g hl dljplül griketlh sie ustk`, kh

quk ldloô hl `k _gsls, l pkslr `k ustk`3 quk sk jgvêlke ue tkrrkeg y dge khkjketgs plrl ustk` `ksdgeqdi`gs

·ekdksitlol `k ue tutgr plrl quk hk ìriniksk sus ie

tkrksks7 Kh quk floêl sloi`g govilr ìa iduh tl`ks ievke

diohks plrl tletgs pg`krks, ·pg`êl ekdksitlr quk sk hl

ìksk ue ksdritgr `k pkriôìdgs, quk mljìs floêl a inu

rl`g dgjg fgjork `k Kst l`g7

"Yg egt é h ukng uel dgsl '‐ ìdk ust k`‐ y h gs fkdfgs

pgstkrigrks jk hl dgeairjlrge, y ks quk ji rkputldiôe`k fgjork ketkeì`g ke hls dgsls lrnketiels jk dge

`kelol l eg pg`kr ks t lr dkrdl `kh nkekrlh . . . " "@ ks`k

juy hukng dgjprke`ê , puks, quk ji plpkh eltueh `k

dgeskmkrg, `k dghlogrl`gr ke hl nrleìgsl gorl `k dges

tituir uel eldiôe `k lqukh hgs plêsks tle alvgrkdi`gs. . .

kstlol dgedhui`g, y `koêl vghvkrjk l Jgetkvi`kg, hg

quk florêl `l`g ue ksdìe`lhg. . . g kxpgekrjk l kstl

hudfl ìlril dgejing jisjg, pgr ue hl`g, y pgr gtrg,

dge lqukhhls prktkesigeks quk rkdflzlol." Tudk ìô kstg

ýht ijg, `ksnrldil`ljketk3 pkrg quk`l kstlohkdi`g pgr

ustk` quk aué lh Kmérditg trls `k lhng jìs quk hl ks

pl`l `k tkeiketk dgrgekh y hl rk`lddiôe `kh Oghktêe.

Lh ldlolr hl prijkrl ketrkvistl, quk sk rkùmg l

sijphk dgevkrsldiôe, kh nkekrlh [rquizl hk prknuetô

e l t u r l h j k e t k = " ‐ · \ u é p i ke sl u s tk ` f l d k r 7 ‐ E g sé ,

skügr‐hk dgetksté plrl `krrgtlr hl jketk `k lqukh hl




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T " 9

prknuet l goh idul‐ . Rrgoloh kjket k rknrkslré l J get k

v i ` k g . "

Rkrg ·qué goh idui`l` pg`êl flokr ke hl jketk `k

skjkmletk prknuetl ìrini`l lh quk `kdêl quk sôhg iol

lh kmérditg plrl dgegdkr lh nkekrlh [rquizl y plrl `k

dir hg quk sloêl `k hls Rrgviedils7 ·\ué gtrl dgsl

pg`êl prknuetlrsk lh quk eg krl sgh`l`g ei garkdêl sus

skrvidigs `k tlh7 "Kh fkdfg ks quk `k ksl ketrkvistljk quk`lol‐ìdk ustk`‐ u e sieslogr ie`kaieiohk y

dlsi eg jgtivl`g lplrketkj ketk."

Arust l`g su plpkh elturlh `k dgeskmkrg y dghlogrl

`gr `k hl nrle`k gorl, ·qué f izg ust k`7 "Ke h l t krdkrl

ketrkvistl dge kh nkekrlh hk garkdê jis skrvidigs, eg tk

eike`g phle a i mg eienueg.. . Ketgedks jk ieìdô kedlr

nlrjk `kh oghktêe `kh kmérditg, h hkvlr prkesl, ktd., hg

quk ldkpté nustgsg, tgjle`g l pgdg kh skrvidig jihitlrpgr pgekrjk l duoikrtg `k hl dietl y pgr eg fldkr hl

tristk ainurl `k hgs plislegs ke hgs kmérditgs. _ k d g j k e

`é ka idlzjketk l Rluekrg, Jitrk y Lquieg, jis dgj

plükrgs, y pk`ê h idkedil plrl ir l Jgetkvi`kg l prkpl

rlrjk y jlrdfé l pgdg `kskedletl`g ke duletg l jê."

Pkekjgs flstl lquê quk ustk` aué s ie skr h hljl`g3

quk ustk` aué sie phle aimg3 quk ustk` eg flhhô kh nrle

plpkh quk kspkrô `kskjpkülr3 quk garkdiô sus skrvidigsy hk ldkptlrge kh `k ksdrioir kh oghktêe y h hkvlr uel

ijprketl3 quk tgjô hl kspl`l pgr pgekrsk l duoikrtg

`k hl dietl y pgr kvitlr kh ri`êduhg `k ue plisleg ke ue

kmérditg. Rgekrj k l duoikrtg `k hl dietl qukrêl `kdir

h hkvlrhl dgjg sgh`l`g y eg dgjg plisleg3 dgjg jihitlr

jk hl pge`ré, dgjg diu`l`leg euedl, ì mg ustk`. Kstl

i`kl `k `gs dudlr`ls, uel plrl kh d iu`l`leg sgh`l`g

y gtrl plrl kh diu`l`leg divih 3 kstl i`kl `k quk uel




<?2 L H O K _ @ I

jisjl ìvisl, ue jisjg dghgr ks `k nhgril ke kh diu

`l`leg jihitlr y `k vih ipkeìg ke kh diu`l`leg plisleg,

ks tle pgdg skril dgjg tg`l hl dukstiôe `kh dietih hg `k

quk flohlré jìs tlr`k. Pkekjgs tljoiée quk ustk`

quk`ô `kslzgel`g, `ksdgedkrtl`g `k sus prijkrls ij

prksigeks ke kh Kmérditg.

H h knl`g l J get kv i`kg, ust k` `kd h lrô l sus ljings=

"Kh nkekrlh pkrsistk ke skr quike ks y elìk ke hl t ikrrlhg flrì vlrilr `k su jg`g `k skr ." ·[stk` floêl h hkvl

`g, puks, hl i`kl `k dljoilr ke trks dgevkrsldigeks lh

nkekrlh [rquizl7 ·Y hk fldêl ustk` ue `kakdtg `k quk

tuviksk uel vghuetl`, ue dlrìdtkr, uel ak suygs, y eg

tgjlsk, dgjg hl dkrl, kh skh hg quk qukrêl `lrhk ue

ksdritgr quk sk drkêl fgjork `k Kstl`g pgrquk floêl

ksdritg pkriôìdgs7 Eg kstlrêl _gsls aukrl `kh Rg`kr

si fuoiksk tkei`g ue rivlh `k dkrl `k v irnke3 quk tgjlsk hl a inurl `k nkekrlh rgjleg g nkekrlh arledés,

sknýe hgs `kskgs `k kstk g lqukh ksdritgr quk sk prg

pusikrl ljgh`lrhk l su nustg.

Ke Jgetkvi`kg dgedioiô ustk` pgr s ê jisjg hl kspk

rlezl `k ainurlr ke kh Kstl`g Jlygr dge ue rgh ldtivg.

Qukh t g l Ket rk-_êgs , prksket ô ust k` l h nkekrlh [r

quizl l sus ljings Rluekrg y Jitrk, quk sk rkdgjke

`lole pgr sus dgegdi`ls lptitu`ks jihitlrks, jkmgr qukpgr kh luspidig `k ustk`, quk sôhg trks vkdks floêl dge

vkrsl`g dge kh nkekrlh ke mkak.

Kh dgrgekh Rluekrg aué fkdfg mkak `kh `ktlh h `k uel

ìvisiôe ke hunlr `k skr egjorl`g Mkak `k Kstl`g Jl

ygr, dgjg ust k` drkyô3 k h kspkrl`g Kst l`g J lygr quk

`ô sie kakdtg, y ustk` sie hl plrtk ldtivl quk floêl ks

pkrl`g tkekr ke éh 3 eukvg jgtivg pkrsgelh `k `kslzôe

dgetrl kh nkekrlh quk ìspusg ksl rkdhusiôe.




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T <?<

Lh `lr ustk` duketl `k su dgjisiôe, kh nkekrlh [r

quizl hk "ìr iniô ue rkprgdfk pgr flokr trlê`g uel ij

prketl pksl`l dgetrl sus ôr`keks.. ." Kstl r-kdkpdiôe

tle pgdg dgrìlh hk `kmô l ustk` turol`g. . . Tknuê eg

prgdurô vkrhg', dgsl quk hk fizg sgspkdflr quk floêl

lhng `k rklh ke lqukhhl arilh`l` `kh nkekrlh3 pgrquk ksgs

plhldikngs sge tkrjôjktrgs ( i) .

Olmg ksls ijprksigeks `k `kslnrl`g pkrsgelh yl kjpkzô ustk` l a i mlrsk ke hl vi`l privl`l `kh nkekrlh [r

quizl, ke kh rénijke `k sus fldike`ls, ktd.

K h Ketrk-_êgs sk prksketô ketgedks l su kspêritu

lnril`g, eg yl dgjg Lrnirôpghis hg floêl `ksdritg, sieg

dgjg uel nrle`k fldike`l dge nlel`gs y fgjorks...

rknhljketl`l plrl prgùdir d ikrtgs rksuhtl`gs3 dgjg

hl l`j ieistrldiôe `k Jk fkj kt-Lhê3 pkrg sie lhturl, sie

kh dgedursg `k hl dikedil y `k hl ieùstril kurgpkl. K s l soukels ijprksigeks `kh hiokrtl`gr kjp kzlol ustk` l

dgesinelr ke su @ilrig, quk dge rlzôe `koiô lnrl`lr

l _gsls dule`g hg tgjô y hkyô. Ti éh fuoiksk tr iueal`g

`k [rquizl, fgy su Dljplül kstlrêl ieskrtl ke kh Lr

dfivg Ljkridleg. Fl h hô ustk` jl h quk kh nkekrlh [ r

quizl dlst inlsk kh rgog dge ringr. " E g sk rgol, puks

‐ ì mg ust k`‐ 3 pkrg k h fgjork fl `kml`g `k skr fgj

ork pkrìke`g tg`l kspgetleki`l` y tg`l i`kl `k must id il. . . ·\ué ijpgrtl kh rgog `k ue dkr`g, quk rkjkìl

uel ekdksi`l`, ke dljoig `k ue dlsting kspletgsg quk

`kstruyk tg`l i`kl `k must id il7" (?) Tôhg hl lvkrsiôe

pkrsgelh quk kjpkzlol l eldkr ke ustk` pu`g ìdtlrhk

ksl losghudiôe ieluìtl `kh dgjueisjg.

(< ) Dljplül, p ì n . 94.(?) Dljplül, p ì n . 9>.




<?? L H O K _ @ I

Loikrtl Ml dljplül, kjphkl`g ustk` ke kh Kmérditg

y sumktg l hl rini`kz `k hl gr`kelezl jihitlr ke ksgs

dlsgs, sk pkrjit iô ke kh _gslrig ìr inir lrkenls ijprk

sls, ke su egjork, l sus floitletks, y kevilrhls lh

jisjg nkekrlh ke mkak, dge hgs oghktieks > y 6, ìdiée-

`ghk ketrk gtrls dgsls quk ustk` egs dlh hl= "Hgs vkdi

egs `kh _gslrig kspkrlole l T. K. , y dgjg eg vieiksk,

fle `ksdlrnl`g su ketusilsjg ke kh prijkrg quk sk flprksketl`g. Lfê hk jle`g uel dlrtl dge quk fk dge

tkstl`g l kstls nketks, pgr eg slokr gtrl dgsl qué `k

dirhks. Kstgy dgetketg dge kh oghktêe. @istrlk hgs gdigs

`kh dljpljketg, pgek ke jgvijiketg l hl pgohldiôe,

leijl lh sgh`l`g, lsustl l _gsls, ktd . , ktd ."

Hl ìsdiphiel jihitlr eg rkdgegdk egtloih i`l`ks h itk

rlrils. [stk` krl ke kh Kmérditg ue sijphk tkeiketk dg

rgekh 3 eg tkeêl iet iji`l` pkrsgelh dge kh nkekrlh kemkak. L`jit ir gvldigeks pgpuhlrks ke rkkjphlzg `k hl

pkrsgel lusketk `kh nkekrlh ke mkak, krl uel iesghkedil

`k plrtk `k ue gaidilh skdue`lrig. Ke kh kmérditg ke

dljplül eg fly jìs quk uel vgz, y tg`g ijprksg `k

ue suolhtkreg ìrini`g lh pukohg ke su egjork prgpig,

`ks`k hls a i hls `kh kmérditg, ks ue ldtg ksdle`lhgsg `k

iesuogrìeldiôe. Kstuviksk g eg dgetketg dge su rgh ,

·qué tkeêl quk fldkrhg slokr lh nkekrlh7 Ltriouir kskphldkr l ìstrlddiôe y rlg l pkel krl pgdg ksplrtleg.

@kdir quk kh Oghktêe, y eg ue Du krp g `k 42.222 fgj

orks, ks hg quk pgek ke jgv ijiketg l hl pgohldiôe, lei

jl lh sgh`l`g, lsustl l _gsls, ktd., y `kdêrskhg lh nk

ekrlh ke mkak `kh kmérditg, krl uel ijpkrt iekedil quk,

elturlhjketk, `koêl keal`lrhg. Pg`gs puk`ke prksu

jir hl rkspukstl quk florêl `l`g ue Elpghkôe, Ogh êvlr

g Tle Jlrt êe l ue `ksldltletk skjkmletk3 kh nkekrlh




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T < ? 4

[rquizl sk dgetketô dge fldkr rkspge`kr hg s inuiketk

pgr jkìg `k su skdrktlrig= "T. K. kh skügr nkekrlh fl

hkê`g hl dlrtl quk lykr hk ¡fl ksdritg ustk`, y jk kedlr

nl hk ìnl rkspkdtg `k hgs prgìnigs quk ìdk ustk` quk

fldk hl ijprketl lsustle`g lh kekjing, quk fldk ju

dfgs lügs quk hls prkesls dfih hle ke Dfihk y ke gtrls

plrtks y quk flstl lfgrl @. Mule Jleukh _gsls eg sk

fl lsustl`g3 quk letks lh dgetrlrig dl`l `êl kstloljìs aukrt k ."

Ksl rkspukstl fizg ke ustk` hl fkri`l jìs nrle`k `k

hls quk flstl fgy `le slh i`l l su vgz . " Y g jk rkpusk

`k ji dgedikedil‐ìdk ustk`‐, jk hkvleté `kh lsiketg,

ì `gs g trks plsgs. . . lakdtle`g h l jl ygr dgj pgst url . . .

slh ê y jk ìrinê lh Rlrleì ke ousdl `k hl skrkei`l` quk

ekdks it lol plrl go rl r . . . " " Y g jk sket é ke h ls olrrldls

y `kmé vlnlr jis jirl`ls sgork hl supkraidik `k hlsl n u l s , y jkìl fgrl `kspués ji kspêritu kstlol rkfkdfg,

ji plrt i`g tgjl` g, ji rkspukstl ldgr` l`l dgej ing

jisjg letk kstk triouelh `k hl ìnei`l` pkrsgelh, `k

hl mustidil fghhl`l y letk hl ekdksi`l` `k eg `kmlr ke

ji pkrsgel kh ìputl`g lh Dgenrksg, kh puoh id istl" (<) .

Lh `êl sinuiketk sghiditô ustk` dlrrktl plrl dgeùdir

hl ijprketl lh plsg `k hl lrtih hkrêl vghletk, y kh nkek

rlh dgetkstô, sknýe ustk`= "‐ ¡ \ u é sumktg @ênlehk

quk eg" `khletk `k judfgs dirduestletks, y ks ustk`

quike hg ìdk.

"·Fuog rklhjketk (prknuetl ustk` ke vistl `k kh hg)

kh prgpôsitg `k lole`gelr kh Oghktêe, prkdisljketk pgr

quk krl hl ýeidl egvk`l `, hl ýeidl aukrzl ldtivl ` kh

dljpljketg7"

(< ) Dljplül, p ì n . <<2.




I ? 0L H O K _ @ I

Y yg prknuetg= ·pg`êl `kmlr `k dfgdlr dge kh mkak

`kh kmérditg, kh quk drkêl `k oukel ak quk kh Oghktêe krl

hl ýeidl egvk`l`, hl ýeidl aukrzl ldtivl `k ue dljpl

jketg `k 42.222 fgjorks, `kh quk dl`l dljoig krl uel

pkr ipkd il eukv l y nrleìgsl `k h l _kpýoh idl L rnke

t iel7 ¡[e ogh kt êe hl ýeidl aukrzl ldtivl ke jkìg `k

uel aukrzl jihitlr `k 42.222 sgh`l`gs ke lddiôe

Yg prknuetg si ue ksdritgr quk ltriouêl hl pgpuhlri`l``kh oghktêe lh egjork y prkstinig h itkrlrig `k su rk`ld

tgr y eg l hgs lvledks quk hl h iokrtl` lrnketiel fldêl

ke dl`l plsg `kh Kmérditg nrle`k lh il`g, ·pg`êl `k mlh

`k kstrkh hlrsk dge kh nkekrlh ke mkak jkegs susdkpt iohk7

Gtrg `êl ì mg ustk` lh h nkekrlh = "Fk prkplrl`g `gs

Oghktieks, kh ? quk yl kstì puohidl`g dge hl dlr tl ` kh

L rrgyg Rlv ôe sgork h gs plsl`gs . ‐ Kst g ks al h sg y yg

22 quikrg quk jiket le ke ji egjork. ‐ Tkügr , ks ueplrt k `kh dgjle`let k Dkolh hgs l h mukz `k p lz .‐ E g

k s d i k r t g k h f k d f g . . . "

Tkl `k kstg hg quk aukrk, ksté hl mustidil pgr éh g pgr

ustk`, ksgs dfgquks tuvikrge hunlr3 kh hgs `kmlrge fkri

`ls prgaue`ls ke ustk`. [stk` jisjg dgesinel hgs fk

dfgs y dgeaiksl hls fkri`ls. Ruks oike, ksg olstl plrl

quk hl elrrldiôe quk ustk` fldk `k hl dljplül eg skl

ue tkst ijgeig vkrlz, s ieg ue ldtg v ieìdlt ivg `k rkdrijieldiôe dgetrl su nkekrlh ke mkak, gomktg `k su kedg

eg ldrkìtl`g y dgeaksl`g.

Rkrg eg sôhg dlrkdk ustk` `kh dlrìdtkr y `k hl lutg

ri`l` `k tksting, s ieg quk tljpgdg ks mukz ei vgtg ke

jltkrils jih i tlrks. ·Dge qué t ê tuhg sk dgest ituyk ustk`

mukz `k uel dljplül jih i tlr 7 [st k` eg ks sg h `l`g3

eg dgegdk hl kstrltknil, quk eg fl kstuìl`g ei ks dike

dil ieausl. Tu nrl`g `k tkeiketk dgrgekh ks nrldil quk




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T I ? ;

ustk` `koiô lh nkekrlh [rquizl, letks `k `lr priedipig

hl dljplül, eg `kspués `k hl oltlh hl. Tu slokr jihitlr

sôhg pru kol hl nke krlhi`l ` `k sus hkdtur ls y dgeg di

jiketgs tkôridgs quk hk pkrjitirêle ìskrtlr dge inulh

nrldil sgork Jkìdiel. [stk`, quk eg florêl pgì`g

jle`lr uel ìvis iôe3 ustk`, quk eg floêl fkdfg eie

nuel dljplül, quk eg dgegdêl hl d ikedil jih i tlr , ·dôjg

puìkrl skr mukz dgjpktketk `kh quk fl jle`l`g khkmérditg jìs nrle`k quk ke hg let inug y jg`kreg flyl

vistg hl Ljéridl `kh Tur, dge ue éxitg tle dgjphktg

quk `kmlrêl ke r i`êduhg hl dkesurl `k hl Ksdukhl Rgh i

tédeidl arledksl7

·Y duìh ks hl olsk `k su dritkrig jih i tlr7 Kh d hlsi

disjg jìs ruìjketlh y jìs rledig `k hl kstrltknil

kurgpkl, duyl lph idldiôe fl prgùdi`g sikjprk hl `k

rrgtl `k sus ijpgrtl`grks ke kstl Ljéridl `ksikrtl.

[ s t k ` hkêl pgr hl egdfk jleulhks `k kstrltknil arle

dksl, y dule`g l hl jlülel sinuiketk vkêl ustk` nlu

dfgs y eg sgh`l`gs kurgpkgs l su lhrk`k`gr, kxdhljlol

u s t k ` = Olrolrik, ltrlsg, ru`kzl. Y rkpkt êl h ls jurju

rldigeks `k eukstrgs gaidilhks dhìsidgs.

·\ué ks hl dikedil jihitlr `k eukstrgs gaidilhks dhì

sidgs 7 K h prgù dtg `k hkdturls arledksls sgork lrtk jih itlr, dgjg ks hl dikedil `k eukstrgs puohidistls kh rk

suh tl`g `k lhnuels hkdturls `k h iorgs kurgpkgs. Kstlol

yl l`jiti`g quk ke pghêt idl krl krrl`g kh sistkjl `k

eukstrgs vikmgs h iokrlhks `k lphidlr l kstgs plêsks, `k

sikrtgs fgy y lykr ksdhlvgs, hl ýht ijls prìdtidls `k hl

Kurgpl rkprksketlt ivl. Rkrg ke jltkril jih i tlr , drkk

jgs tg`lvêl quk eg sk `kok fldkr dgedksigeks lh `k

sikrtg, y quk eukstrgs nludfgs, quk eg sloke skr diu-




< ? 1 L H O K _ @ I

`legs ke hl plz, `koke skr d iu`l`legs h i tkrlhjketk ie

nhksks ke hl nukrrl.

·\ué fle gotkei`g ke nukrrl hgs ijpgrtl`grks ie

ìsdrktgs `k ksk s istkjl7 Hg quk fle gotkei`g ke pgh ê

t idl y ngoikreg= `krrgtls, `ksdlhlorgs y el`l jìs.

Pg`ls eukstrls ori h hletks rkputldigeks jih i tlrks fle

si`g dfidgtkl`ls pgr hgs nludfgs. Kh nludfg Hôpkz sk

our h ô `k Qiljget . Aldue`g \uirgnl, dluì h h g s ie h kdturl ei slokr jih i tlr , `krrgtô l Rk`krekrl, Rrienhks,

L h v lrl`g, Qi`kh l , Dlst i h h g y Hljl`ri`, or i h h let ks mk aks

`kh t ikjpg `k hl nukrrl `k hl ie`kpke`kedil. Kh nludfg

_ g s l s ìg duket l `k _l udf , Hlv l h h k , L h v k lr , Q kn l,

Tuìrkz , J lrt êekz , I r ilr t k , Gh lzlolh , L dfl, @ êlz , J kì

el, ktd., hl a hgr `k eukstrgs tìdtidgs vktkrlegs.

Pg`gs kstgs orih hletks sgh`l`gs, h hkegs `k slokr jihi

tlr , dgjplrl`gs dge sus rýst idgs vkedk`grks, krle nludfgs l su vkz s ie iestruddiôe jih i tlr rkspkdtg `k Pl

dôe, Rkzu kh l , Hl skre l, D let krld , Q li`é s , _l jêrk z ,

J get r , Ksplrt krg , J lrgt g , nkekrlh ks kurgpkgs `k l h t l

dlpldi`l`3 y , s ie kjolrng, ksgs pgorks ga id ilhks euks

trgs `kh t ikjpg `k hl nuk rrl `k hl Ie`kpke `kedil,

kdflrge `k kstk sukhg l hgs vkedk`grks `k Elpghkôe

ke Ksplül. Ogh êvlr, su dlpgrlh , ·aué gtrl dgsl quk

ue dluìhhg, dgjg hg fl dlhia idl`g ustk` jisjg ke Al

due`g

·Drkk ust k` qué H ie ikrs , K h ig , Olh oilei , Tllv k`rl ,

[rike, Okhnrleg, dgegdikske kh lrtk `k hl nukrrl tle

p r g a u e ` l j k e t k d g j g ^ i t k h g c y O k r k s a g r ` 7

Tie kjolrng, ksgs jih i tlrks, `kseu`gs `k iestrud

diôe, `krrgtlrge dgjphktljketk l hgs ori h hletks nkek

rlhks ienhksks ievlsgrks `k <621 y <62>. Ks kh triueag

`kh slokr prìdtidg sgork kh slokr iedgjphktg `kh quk




GO_LT TKHKDPLT < ? >

vikek `k aukrl= ks hl vketlml `kh quk dgegdk kh tkrrkeg

y kjphkl hgs jkìgs `k lddiôe quk éh garkdk, sgork kh

quk trlk dgegdijiketgs y jkìgs `k gtrg tkrrkeg ì

akrketk.

Tle Jlrt êe `kdêl eg fl judfg quk dge ìkz jih

nludfgs sk rkirêl `k hl Arledil ketkrl ke hgs `ksikrtgs

lrnketiegs. Tle Jlrt êe `kskdfô l Orlykr, nkekrlh `k

Elpghkôe, pgrquk eg sloêl fldkr hl nukrrl ljkridleldgetrl hgs ksplüghks, dule`g kh s i t ig `k Plhdlfuleg.

Tie kjolrng, ustk` vkêl hl jìs dgjphktl `ksgrnlei

zldiôe (<) ke kh kmérditg quk fl tr iueal`g `k Griok y

`k _gsls, pgrquk eg floêl ke éh ei Kstl`g Jlygr, ei

mkak `k `êl, ei rge`l, ei rge`êe, ei pltruhhls, ei lvle

z l`ls , ei gr`ke= `kh `êl, ei kstl`g nkekrlh `kh kmérditg,

ei k`kdleks rkdgegdi`gs, sknýe ustk` rkaikrk. Hg quk

fl `k l`jirlr ustk` ks quk sie tg`g ksg kh nkekrlh [rquizl fl gotkei`g ke dultrg jksks hg quk ke quiedk

lügs eg fle pgì`g dgesknuir eukstrls dkhkori`l`ks

•jihitlrks dge Kstl`gs Jlygrks, mkaks `k `êl, rge`ls y

rgeìeks, pltruh hls y lvlezl`ls3 y quk kh nkekrlh [r

quizl flyl pgì`g `kdir dge rlzôe `kspués `k hl v id

t gr il `k Dlskrgs= "Lfê tikeke uel oltlhhl y uel dlj

plül fkdfl sie Kstl`g Jlygr."

Rkrg yl sk vk, ustk` sk hljketl quk flyl si`g prkdisg `lr hl oltlh hl `kh 4 `k Akorkrg. [stk` drkk quk

_gsls fuoiksk pgì`g dlkr pgr s ê sghg3 tle slzgel`g

drkêl su `ksprkstinig ke kh kmérditg quk pkhkô pgr éh

s ie quk hg `kakddigelsk ue fgjork= drkkedil quk `k

eienýe jg`g fldk fgegr lh ouke muidig `k hgs quk dge

si`krle ekdkslrig kevilr dgetrl éh ue kmérditg lhil`g `k

(<) Dljplül, p ì n . <?2.




<?6 L H O K _ @ I

Tg.ggg fgjorks, puks tletl aukrzl eg sk kevêl plrl

`kstruir ue pg`kr quk sk kstì dlyke`g pgr s ê jisjg.

Dgjprke`g quk ustk` eg nustlsk `k hl oltlh hl= kvi

tlr hl oltlh hl florêl si`g kvitlr hl vidtgril y lfgrrlrsk

ue h iokrtl`gr. Ti eg fuoiksk floi`g oltlh hl, kh nkekrlh

[rquizl eg skrêl kh vkedk`gr `k Dlskrgs ei kh @irkd

tgr prgvisgrig `k hl Dgeak`krldiôe.

·Rgr qué altlh i`l` fuog oltlh hl7 Rgrquk eg fuogKstl`g Jlygr, rkspge`k ustk` ( i) . Hl alh tl `k Kstl`g

Jlygr grinieô hl `kakddiôe `k hl ìvis iôe Lquieg3 kstk

`kslstrk ar us trô hl `kakddiôe `kh Kmérditg" `k _g sls , y

`k lfê vieg hl ekdksi`l` `k `kstruirhg pgr uel oltlh hl

dljplh . "Hl suoh kv ld iôe `k h l ` iv is iôe L quieg‐ ìdk

ust k`‐ ks k h eu`g `kh `rljl `k kst l dljplül." ·\ué

dgekxiôe t ikek kstg dge hl alh tl `k Kstl`g Jlygr7"Hl ìv is iôe L quieg‐ ìdk ust k`‐ sk suoh kv ô pgrquk

dl`l mkak ldletgelol `ge`k drkêl dgevkeirhk, lqukh hgs

sgh`l`gs lusketks `k su plês dltgrdk lügs, eg pg`êle

rksist ir lh `kskg `k vghvkrhg l vkr . Hl v istl `k hl Rlj

pl sie gostìduhg y hl prgxiji`l` `k hgs dlolhhgs, aué

hl ýeidl dlusl `k hl suohkvldiôe." Tkn ýe kstg, ue krrgr

`k Lquieg ke hl khkddiôe `kh hunlr `k su ldletgel

jiketg y hl egstlhnil `k hgs sgh`l`gs aukrge dlusl `kksk `kslstrk. Ti fuoiksk floi`g Kstl`g Jlygr, Lquieg

florêl sloi`g kh hunlr ke quk `koêl ldletgelr, y fl

orêl dgegdi`g jkmgr kh kstl`g jgrlh `k hgs sgh`l`gs

`k su iejkìltg jle`g. Y dgjg ke ksk Kstl`g Jlygr

`koêl ustk` tkekr ue rgh ldt ivg, prgolohkjketk hk fu

oikrl dloi`g hl ìdfl `k slhvlr l ksk orih hletk mkak dge

( i ) Dljplül, p ì n . i z l .




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T <?9

rknhls y dgeskmgs ke kh lrtk y ldkrdl `kh tkrrkeg quk éhdgegdêl y ustk` eg.

Dge Kst l`g J lygr flor êl dl ê`g _gsls s ie olt l h h l 3

y hl nhgril quk fgy ks `kh vkedk`gr `k Dlskrgs, skrêl

ke nrle plrtk `k hgs quk fuoikske vkedi`g dge ôr`keks

`kh `êl y sijphks og hktieks. ¡ \ u é ` istietgs skrêle fgy

hgs rghks `k hls pkr sge ls Tk pg`rêl lnrk nlr quk pgr

alh tl `k Kstl`g Jlygr fl floi`g pldtg `k Tle Eidg

hìs, ksdkels `k Mueig, rkvghudiôe `k << `k Tkptikjork,

Dgenrksg, dljplül `k Ketrk-_êgs, s i t ig, ktd .

·Ksl krl hl ýeidl alh tl `kh kmérditg7 "Yg krl‐ìdk

u s t k ` ‐ kh ý eidg gaidilh `kh Kmérditg lrnketieg quk ke hl

dljplül, gstketlol uel skvkri`l` `k kquipg kstrid

tljketk kurgpkg. Tihhl, kspukhls, kspl`l oruüi`l, hk

vitl logtgel`l, nuletks, qukpi arledés, plhktgt ke hu

nlr `k pgedfg, tg`g yg krl uel prgtkstl dgetrl kh

kspêritu nludfksdg. . . Kstg quk plrkdk krl uel pkqukekz,

krl uel plrtk `.k ji phle `k dljplül dgetrl _gsls y

hgs dluìhhgs, sknui`g lh pik `k hl hktrl, ìsduti`g dge

Jitrk y Rluekrg y ìspukstg l fldkrhg tr iuealr sgork

kh dfiripì s i pkrjlekzdg ke kh Kmérditg. Jiketrls eg

sk dljoik kh trlmk `kh sgh`l`g lrnketieg fl `k flokr

dluìh hgs . Jiketrls flyl dfiripì, eg florì d iu`l`l

e g s . . . y plrl ldlolr dge kstgs `ktlh hks `k rei prgplnle`l duhtl, khknletk y kurgpkl ke lqukhhgs kmérditgs

`k lplrikedil slhvlmks, `kog lülìr quk tkeêl ogtls `k

ngjl plrl kh dlsg, t ike`l aukrtk y oike dgestrui`l,

dltrk `k fikrrg, vkhls `k kspkrjl, jksl, ksdritgrig y

prgv is igeks `k ogdl . . . " (< ) .

Ti ksk phle `k dljplül dgetrl kh prgpig kmérditg

(< ) Dljplül, pìn. <26.

GO _LT T K H K D P L T.‐Pgjg Q . 9




<42 L H O K _ @ I

floêl `k `ksphknlrsk `ks`k hl lh turl `kh Kstl`g Jl

ygr, dgjpukstg `k sus ieidil`grks, ìng yg quk kh nk

ekrlh [rquizl jgst rô judfl pru`kedil y judfg t ieg

ke dgetrlkr sus gpkrldigeks l _gsls, y eg lh trlmk `k

sus prgpigs sgh`l`gs. [e gaidilh `kh trlmk quk ustk`

hhkvlol ke ue kmérditg `k Tu`ljéridl, ks uel ainurl

durigsl, quk `koêl ketrktkekr l hl trgpl3 pkrg tg`g ue

kmérditg su`ljkridleg, dgjpukstg `k eukstrgs nludfgs,vksti`gs `k hkvitl, qukpi a rledés , plhktgt, ktd., ktd., skrêl

uel dgjkìl quk hks flrêl dlkr hls lrjls `k hls jlegs

`k risl lh vkrsk ke trlmk quk kh kurgpkg jisjg sk

nulr`lrêl `k kjphklr ke eukstrgs dljpgs. Ksls dlj

plüls dgetrl hgs usgs `kh `ksikrtg letks `k flokr ldl

ol`g dge kh `ksikrtg3 dgetrl hgs usgs quk kenke`rl hl

pgorkzl letks `k flokr ldlol`g dge hl pgorkzl, sge `k

jlhl tìdtidl. Eg ks `l`g l ue slstrk ìstriouir dgesu timkrl hl divih izldiôe kurgpkl g lsiìtidl. Dge qukpi

g dge p^ktgt, eukstrg nludfg sikjprk skrêl kh jisjg

fgjork. Prlk` hl Kurgpl pgr kh h iork dgjkrdig, pgr

hgs r êgs, pgr hgs akrrgdlrri hks , pgr hls iejinrldigeks,

y eg pgr vkstir `k plhktgt lh quk sôhg ks ìneg `k

pgedfg.

Y dge ksls i`kls `k quk prgolohkjketk eg fizg us

tk` jistkrig, · flh hlol ustk` kxtrlü g quk kh nkekrlh [ r quizl eg hk l`jitiksk l su dgeskmg7

Tie eknlr su orih hletk lptitu` pkrig`êstidl, `k quk fk

si`g y sgy siedkrg lprkdil`gr, hk ìré quk, hkmgs `k jk

rkdkr siquikrl kh rkprgdfk quk ustk` hk fldk `k fgj

ork iedlplz `k dgeskmg, pgr flokr rkfusl`g kh suyg, yg

grkg quk florêl `l`g jukstrl kvi`ketk `k pgdg muidig,

ketrknle`g plrtk `k hl ìrkddiôe `k hl nukrrl l dulh

quikr pkrigìstl, pgr kspiritulh y khgduketk quk auksk.





Ti hl Rrkesl fidiksk nkekrlhks, Kjih ig Nirlrìe, Pfikrs,

Hljlrt iek y gtrgs d iu`l`legs arledksks quk sloke fl

dkr h iorgs, pkriôìdgs y pleahktgs l`jirlohks, le`lrêle

lh arketk `k hgs kmérditgs arledksks, `k mkaks `k Ks

tl`g Jlygr, ìr in ike`g hl nukrrl l hl plr `k hgs nuk

rrkrgs.

"Tk kenlüle‐ 'ìdk ust k`‐ h gs quk drkke quk pgr jk

ìg `k dgedksigeks ìsdrktls y gpgrtuels puk`le ltrlkrsk l [ rq uiz l l hl l`gpdiôe `k hl oukel dl us l. " ( i )

· Au e` l ustk` ksk muid ig ke quk el`l dgesinuiô pgr ksk

sistkjl7 Rkrg ustk` quk sk prkdil `k kstlr `k puetl

dgetrl tg`g hg quk ks pru`ke dil, ohleùrl y dgedksiôe,

·dôjg pg`êl ustk` gotkekr dgsl lhnuel jl ekmle`g

jkìgs quk fldk lhlr`k `k `ksdgegdkr7 Iedlplz `k

dgedksiôe, dgjg ustk` jisjg sk ìdk, ·qué kxtrlüg

krl quk dfgdlsk dge [rquizl7Fk `kjgstrl`g quk hl elrrldiôe `k ustk` eg ks hl

fistgril `k ue tksting `kslplsigel`g, ei hl vgz `k ue

mukz dgjpktketk ke hl jltkril jihitlr, quk hk ks kx

trlül.

·Hk quk`l lh jkegs hl lutgri`l` `k plrtk ldusl`g

rl7 Pljpgdg, pgrquk hl lutgri`l` `k tg`l ldusldiôe

rksi`k ke hgs `gdujketgs mustia idltivgs `k hgs fkdfgs

ijputl`gs.H l Dljplül `k ustk` ks uel fistgril s ie `gdujke

t g s 3 ks hl lskvkrldiôe `kseu`l `k hl plrtk lnrlvil`l,

quk mljìs jkrkdk ak.

Hgs `gdujketgs `k quk dgestl kh jkjgrìeùj., quk

prkdk`k l hl Dljplül, sge `gdujket gs dget rlprgù

dketks, quk dgetrlìdke hl Dljplül ke vkz `k lpg-

( i ) Dljplül, p ì n . 6g.




<4? L H O K _ @ I

ylrhl. Rgr ksg ks quk ustk` fl usl`g `k kh hgs lh kxpg

ekr hgs fkdfgs.

Qkljgs lfgrl duìh ks h l utihi`l` `k su Dljplül.

·\ué skrvidig, qué ekdksi`l` eldigelh slt isaldk ksl

puoh idldiôe7 Eienuegs. Eg sirvk l hl plz, ei l hl n hg

ril eldigelh, ei l hl nhgril `kh Kmérditg nrle`k lh il`g.

Lp lrk di` l `kspués `k hl rkvghudiôe `k e `k Tkp

t ikjork, v ikek l prkstlr lpgyg l ksk jgvijiketg. Ksue ksdritg `k dgespirldiôe dgetrl kh eukvg Ngoikreg

prgvisgrig `k hl Dgeak`krldiôe lrnketiel. Tu lutgr ìdk

loikrtljketk ke kh Kpêhgng, quk su gomktg ks `lü lr lh

nkekrlh [rquizl , must i a idlr su dlê`l... "Eg ìrkjgs

el`l `kh dlrìdtkr y khkj ketgs `k hl nukrrl ke pkrspkd

tivl... Rlrl jê hl nukrrl pgsiohk y `kskl`l... ks uel

nukrrl... tle prkj igsl, tle sineiaidltivl, tle dgedhu-

yketk, quk vlhk hl pkel `k `ksklrhl, luequk kh pltrigtisjg ijpgenl kh `kokr `k kstgrolrhl, si ks pgsiohk." ( i ) .

Lorir uel eukvl nukrrl, `k ùrldiôe iedikrtl, lh a ie

`k uel nukrrl `k vkietk lügs, ·krl hg quk ekdksitlol

h l _kpýoh idl L rnket iel7 ·Dge nukrrls iet krjieloh ks

sk `lrì l ksk plês hls pgohldigeks, kh dgjkrdig, hgs dl

jiegs, quk `koke slhvlrhg `kh `ksikrtg, `k hl pgorkzl y

`kh ltrlsg quk ks su rksuhtl`g7

Hiork `k _gsls, hl _kpýoh idl ketrlol l gduplrsk `ksu dgestitudiôe, `k su dgjkrdig, `k sus aielezls, `k

sus dôìngs eldigelhks, ktd . 3 pkrg ke vkz `k ksdritgs

ýtihks plrl ihustrlr y skrvir kstgs ietkrksks, sk hk ke

vêle pleahktgs pghêt idgs `k dlrìdtkr iedkeìlrig dgetrl

sus eukvls lutgri`l`ks, `kh jisjg néekrg `k hgs quk

letks sk kevilole dgetrl _gsls3 dgevirt ike`g hl dges-

( i ) Dljplül, p ì n . ?09.




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T <44

pirldiôe ke dgstujork y jl ekrl egrj lh `k v iv ir , y

dgeairjle`g kh muid ig larketgsg quk `k egsgtrgs fl

oêl agrjl`g kh jue`g dule`g egs drkêl iedlpldks `k

vi`l skril, gr`kel`l y kstlohk.

Hl pkrsgel `kh nkekrlh [rquizl, su prkst inig `k h i

okrtl`gr, su prkskedil ke kh Rg`kr, hl ldkptldiôe quk

`k éh fldêle tg`ls hls prgviedils, krle prkdigsgs khk

jketgs `k gr`ke y `k ngoikreg, quk krl jkekstkr rgoustkdkr y eg `koih i tlr . Dltgrdk prgviedils quk mljìs

sk fle ketkeì`g sgork el`l, luel`ls ke kh prgpôsitg

`k rkueir ue Dgenrksg y `lr uel Dgest itudiôe, krl uel

dgyueturl lagrtuel`êsijl y dlsulh `k grnleizldiôe,

quk eg `koêl jlhgnrlrsk pgr el`l. ·Floêl sgjorl `k

muidig ke prkdipitlr `k eukvg kh plês ke hl ìsdgrìl,

trls gtrg Dgenrksg, trls gtrg mkak, trls gtrls iea huke

dils quk hls quk kxistke pgr hl gorl `k hgs ldgetkdijiketgs 7

"Tkügr‐ h k `kd êl ust k` jisjg l h nkekrlh [rquizl

letks `k hl dljplül‐, eg jk plrkdk pru`ketk tkekr

uel i`kl aiml sgork hl dgeùdtl quk flyl `k nulr

`lr T. K. `kspués `k hl v idtgril. Hl v idtgril jisjl

ijpgek `kokrks y agrjl situldigeks eukvls. Hgs su

dksgs y hgs fkdfgs hg h hkvlrìe altlhjketk jìs lh hì `k

`ge`k quisikrl ir . Kh Rg`kr ks uel dgsl quk sk v ieduhll hgs fgjorks. Tu kxdkhkedil skrì kh pg`kr rklh pgr hgs

prkstinigs `k hl vidtgril, pgr hls ekdksi`l`ks `kh jg

jketg. Tupôenlsk quk sk agrjk ue Ngoikreg, quk éstk

tirk `kdrktgs3 hl gpieiôe fl `k ousdlr, fl `k kspkrlr hl

slediôe rklh , quk kstlrì aukrl `kh Ngoikreg, ke kh fgj

ork quk pgskk ke pg`kr `k ieahukedil.. . Tloke ke Dfihk

quk kstk pkesljiketg, l jìs `k kxldtg ke sê , ks siedkrg

`k ji plrtk3 pkrg floêl lh kjitirhg dge dlhgr kh `kskg `k




<40 L H O K _ @ I

fldkrhk sket ir flstl `ge`k tgjlol yg dgjg ue fkdfg,

uel ekdksi`l` y ue oike pýohidg su khkvldiôe pkrsg

e l h . . . " ( i ) .

D r k g , sie ù` l,, quk fl oêl j ìs siedkri`l` `k plrtk

`k ustk`, dule`g kjitêl ksls i`kls lfgrl ue lüg, quk

dule`g hls dgjoltêl `k fkdfg fldk `gs jksks ke su

Ngjiplül. K h tlhketg eg alh tl ketrk eg sgtr gs3 rlrl ks

hl vkr`l` pghêt idl, hl kxinkedil pýohidl quk sk gduhtk leukstrgs ksdritgrks. Kg quk egs alhtl ks kh muidig y hl

dlpldi`l` `k pkrsistir ke hls gpieigeks kjiti`ls, dule

`g uel dgetrlrik`l` `k ljgr prgpig v ikek l pgekr l

prukol hl s iedkri`l`. Pg`ls hls puoh idldigeks `k ustk`,

`kh ýht ijg tikjpg, tg`l hl Rrkesl y hl pghêt idl `k hl

rkvghudiôe `k e `k Tkpt ikjork ke Ou keg s L ir ks , sge

hl iearlddiôe iedgeskduketk `k ksls vkr`l`ks quk ustk`

kxpgeêl l h nkekrlh [rquizl ue `êl ke quk éh hk rkdioiôdge dgrìlhi`l` y kxplesiôe, lh priedipig `k hl dlj

plül (?).

T u Dljplül, quk lsê pkrmuìdl hl trlequih i`l` pý

oh idl, ·sirvk l hl n hgril eldigelh7 Pljpgdg. Kh Kmér

ditg nrle`k quk gotuvg hl n hgril `k ldlolr dge _gsls

dgestlol `k lh il`gs lrnketiegs, orlsi hkrgs y griketlhks .

Kh nkekrlh [rquizl rkprksketlol iejkìltljketk kh

khkjketg lrnketieg. Ruks oike, kh laìe `k ustk` ke su

Dljplül ks prgolr quk kstk khkjketg aué euhg y sk

due`lrig, y quk kh dljoig h iokrlh `k hl _kpýoh idl Lr

nketiel aué `koi`g lh kxtrlemkrg. Rgr quitlrhg l [r

quizl, `l ustk` lh Orlsi h kh hlurkh `k hl dlê`l `k _g

sls.

(< ) Dljplül, p ì n . 64.(?) Dljplül, p ì n . 6<.




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T h4;

Eg sé kh jgtivg pgrquk kh nkekrlh [rquizl h hkvlsk

l dlog hl dljplül griketlh dgetrl Griok s ie kspkrlr hl

dggpkrldiôe `k hgs orlsi hkrgs. Rkrg s i ke kh hg fuog alh

tl, eg hk tgdlol l ue lrnketieg rkprgdflr l ue nkek

rlh `k su plês kh quk tgjlsk ksl n hgril kxdhusivljke

tk . [stk` fldk ue dlrng lh nkekrlh [rquizl `k quk

prgeuedilsk kstl plhlorl quk fgerl su kngêsjg pl

t r i g = ·Rgr `ôe`k iol yg l dgesketir quk khhgs tuvikskeplrtk ke hl rkeìdiôe `k griketlhks y lrnketiegs7 ( i ) .

Kh fkdfg nrle`k y suprkjg `k ksk Kmérditg ks hl v id

tgril `kh 4 `k Akorkrg. Y oike, ·dôjg prksketl ustk`

ksl v idtgril7 Dgjg uel alrsl ieìnel, dgjg uel ol

tlh hl `k dgjkìl, quk ks plrl ourhl, eg plrl fgegr `k

hgs vkedk`grks.

Prkietl jih fgjorks tkeêl kh Kmérditg h iokrtl`gr, y

kh vkedi`g sk dgjpgeêl `k ìkz y skis jih , ìdk ustk`,lpgyìe`gsk ke kh ìdfg `kh nkekrlh Jlesi h hl3 hl plhl

orl dge quk kh kekjing vkedi`g kxdusl su `krrgtl ks

fistgril lrnketiel plrl ustk`. Krle, puks, `gs fgj

orks dgetrl ueg, ·qué nhgril pg`êl flokr ke vkedkr7

Y `k ksgs fgjorks `k _gsls, sôhg `gs jih krle sgh

`l`gs 3 hgs `kjìs krle fgjo rks quk ausi hlrge l mka ks

ke kh dljpg `k oltlh hl, rkdgni`gs pgr hl aukrzl3 kh ol

tlh hôe `k Rgh id êl `k Oukegs Lirks, hgs skrkegs, jìs`k `gs jih judfldfgs, hgs s irviketks, hgs prksgs, fgj

orks ltgrjketl`gs vkietk lügs, quk floêle murl`g `k

mlr dlkr l _gsls (y quk, s ie kjolrng, eienueg sk plsô

lh kekjing). Fk lfê kh Kmérditg `k _gsls, sknýe ustk`=

kh Kmérditg quk pgr vkietk lügs floêl ksdhlvizl`g l hl

_kpýoh idl Lrnketiel. Dgetrl ksgs `gs jih sgh`l`gs,

(i) Dljplül, p ì n . 16.




<41 L H O K _ @ I

lujketl`gs dge prksgs, judfldfgs, `gjést idgs, skrk

egs, ktd . , vkeêle trkietl jih fgjorks, dgjpukstgs `k

hl a hgr `k hgs Kmérditgs orlsihkrg, griketlh y ketrkrrileg.

Eg floêl oltlhhl pgsiohk, sknýe ustk`.

"Kh dgjolt k‐ ìdk ust k`‐ sk rkùmg l h l dlsl `k

Dlskrgs, kjoksti`l pgr kh arketk y pgr kh dgstl`g `k

hl `krkdfl pgr ìkz oltlh hgeks orlsihkrgs y griketlhks.. .

Hg rkpitg, eg floêl kekjing quk dgjoltir, y tg`g skldloô lsê quk egs ldkrdljgs pgr hl izquikr`l, y lue le

tks `k ldkrdlregs pgr hl `krkdfl."

"K st l aué hl oltlhhl `k Dlskrg s plrl hgs `k dls l

‐ ìdk ust k`‐ . Hl olt l h h l plrl k h pýoh idg puk`k h kkrsk

ke kh oghktêe eýjkrg ?1, egvkhl juy ietkrksletk quk

tuvijgs éh fgegr `k dgjpgekr ketrk Jitrk y yg, dge

lhnuegs `ktlh hks quk l su t ikjpg sk vkrìe" (<) .

Hg quk ketgedks aué plrl hgs `k dlsl, fgy hg fldkustk` plrl kh pýohidg. L skr dikrtg ksg, slok @igs qué

uti h i`l`, ei qué fgegr florêl plrl hl dlusl tr iueal`g

rl ke rkvkhlr skjkmletks jistkrigs ei `ketrg `k dike

lügs.

Tie kjolrng, ksl oltlh hl `k Dlskrgs, quk ustk` prk

sketl dgjg alrsl dule`g hl dgesi`krl dgjg gorl `k

[rquizl, hl prksketl ustk` dgjg oltlh hl iejgrtlh l

rkenhôe sknui`g, dule`g sk ldukr`l quk ustk` tuvg

plrtk ke khhl.

@kspu és `k hl oltlhhl... " h hknljgs lh fgspitlh `k _g

sls, kh nkekrlh rg`kl`g `k tg`g su séquitg, korigs `k

ìdfl egsgtrgs, y akh iditle`g lh fgjork plrl quike hl

_kpýoh idl `koêl t k mkr dgrgels . . . " "Euedl h g drk êjgs

ìneg `k hl nhgril `k tle skülhl`g triueag. L pgdg `k

(< ) Dljplül, p ì n . <26.




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T M 4 >

plslr pgr hgs Tletgs Hunlrks ìvisé l Jitrk, quk `k su

plrtk jk ousdlol. Olmljgs ljogs `k hgs dlolh hgs plrl

lorlzlregs ke egjork `k kstl pltril quk floêljgs dge

quistl`g, y egs lphluìj gs `k hl akhidi`l` `k flokr

tkei`g plrtk ke ldgetkdijiketg tle jkj grlohk. R l

sljgs hl egdfk ke lqukhhl ielngtlohk rkvistl `k hls

jih fl`ls, `k hgs iedi`ketks y pgrjkegrks `k uel nrle

oltlhhl. Hls kjgdigeks `kh `êl floêle si`g plrl egsgtrgs v iv ês ijls. Hls jlsls kegrjks `k m iektks y `k

trgpls rknuhlrks, "s ie kmkjphg ke hl fistgril `k Ljé-

" r i d l , hl iejkesi`l` `k hls dgeskdukedils `k hl oltl-

"<<l, lqukhhl kxpgsidiôe tkltrlh . . . tg`g krl plrl prg

h genlr h ls ijprks igeks y t kekjgs ke v kh l kspkrle`g

"k h `êl s inuiketk plrl hlezlregs l`khletk ke lquk h

"ledfg dljieg quk floêljgs loikrt g l dlügelzgs ." ( i ) .

Kstg eg pkrtkekdk l hl egvkhl g oghktêe eýj. ?1, qukustk` dgjpusg `k hl oltlh hl, sieg l su Dljplül, p u

ohidl`l ke Dfihk.

Ksg krl kh 4 `k Akorkrg. _gsls yl eg kxist êl ke kh

Rg`kr. Kh gostìduhg `k lykr floêl `kslplrkdi`g, quk

`lol kh gostìduhg `k fgy, y kh 0 `k Akorkrg kjpkzl

ol ustk` l dgespirlr `k arketk dgetrl éh .

"·Drkk ustk` quk Oukeg s Lirks rksistl hl dietl dg

hgrl`l `kh Kmérd i t g h iokrt l`gr7‐ prknuet ô ust k` l h sk

ü g r N g r g s t i l n l . ‐ _ k s i s t i r ì , s k ü g r " ‐ h k ` i m g é h ‐ . " K e

t gedks lprgxijé ji dlolh h g‐ ksdr iok ust k`‐ , t gjé h l

jleg `kh dfidgtk y, lprktìe`gskhl y dge jirl`l airjk y

vgz `kdiì`l, hk ì mk= "_ksistle, y sk slhvle. @k kstg

`kpke`k, dréljkhg, hl slhvldiôe `kh plês ." ( ? ) . F k lfê

(< ) Dljplül, p ì n . <1<.

(?) Dljplül, p ì n . <1?.




L H O K _ @ I

uel prgdhljl `k rkokh iôe kxprksl`l dge nkstgs y pl

hlorls tkrjieletks. Krl hl jisjl `gdtriel quk sirvk

`k prôhgng l su Dljplül=

' 'Pkeng dgetrl hgs jlhks `k ji pgork y `kdlê`l pl

tril uel rkdktl kaidlz, duyg usg jk ltrkvg l ldgesk

mlr l hgs quk sk s iketle dge vghuetl` `k lph idlrhl= Eg

okoìis `k hl fiéh y `kh vielnrk quk gs plske ke hl ks

pgeml, dule`g sôhg pk`êlis lnul pgr dlri`l` l vukstrgsvkrùngs. Qghvk` hl dlokzl l ue hl`g, y skréis slh

v g s " ( i ) .

Fk lfê hl rkokhiôe dgevkrti`l ke rkdktl durltivl `k

hgs jlhks `k Tu`ljéridl. Tk slok quk plrl pukohgs

kùdl`gs ke hl lelrquêl y kh `kspgtisjg, tg`l ìsdiphi

el slok l fiéh y v ielnrk3 tg`g Ngoikreg quk eg prgs

tituyk kh Rg`kr l hl h idkedil, fukhk l vkrùng. ¡ Q g h v k `

hl dlokzl, ìdk vukstrl oukel pghêt idl, y skréis slhvgs

Ks kh dlpridfg ievktkrl`g, quk ìdk eg dule`g kh puk

ohg ìdk sê3 ks hl vghuetl` sie hky, ks kh `kspgtisjg.

Eg ks hl rksistkedil, Tr . Tlrj iketg, hg quk `koke ke

skülr hgs oukegs ksdritgrks l eukstrl Ljéridl kspl

üghl, kevidil`l ke hl rkokhiôe= ks hl gokìkedil.

H l rksistkedil eg `lrì hl hiokrtl`3 sôhg skrvirì plrl

fldkr ijpgsiohk kh kstlohkdijiketg `k hl lutgri`l`,quk hl Ljéridl `kh Tur ousdl `ks`k kh priedipig `k su

rkvghudiôe dgjg kh puetg `k plrt i`l y `k lpgyg `k su

kxistkedil pghêt idl. Tie hl lutgri`l` quk `l y fldk rks

pktlr hl hky, ks ijpgsiohk hl hiokrtl`, quk eg ks jìs quk

hl vghuetl` kmkrdi`l ke hl ksakrl `k hl hky. Kh priedipig

`k lutgri`l` ks kh sêjoghg ldtulh `k hl divih izldiôe ke

P Dljplül, p ì n . >.




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T I 4 9 "

Tu`ljéridl3 tg`g hg quk sk gpgek l su kstlohkdijike

tg , olrolrik y slhvlm isjg `grl`g.

H l lutgri`l` eg sk aue`l pgr hl ìsdusiôe ei pgr hl

rksistkedil. Khhl prksupgek y kevukhvk kskedilhjketk hl

gokìkedil. Ke <60;, dule`g kh plrti`g rlìdlhistl `k

Dfihk prgdhljlol hls `gdtriels, quk ustk` sinuk fgy,

hls rkautlol ke Aldue`g, dge hls s inuiketks j ìxij ls

sgork kh grinke y elturlhkzl `k hl lutgri`l`="Dule`g hl lutgri`l` ks sldl`l `k ue dketrg plrl

aue`lrhl ke gtrl plrtk, plsl judfg tikjpg letks `k

kdflr rlêdks. Kh _kpuohidleg (pkriôìdg pipiôhg) `kdêl

kh gtrg `êl quk hl lutgri`l` eg ks jìs quk ue dge

vkeig ketrk ngokrel etks y ngokrel` grks. ¡ L q u ê f l y

j u d f g s ueitlrigs tg `l vêl H l lutgri`l` sk aue`l ke kh

lsketijiketg ie`khiokrl`g quk uel eldiôe `l l ue fk

dfg pkrjleketk. @ge`k fly `kh iokrldiôe y vghuetlèg fly lut gr i`l`." {Aldue`g, pìn. <49.)

Dgjplrk ustk` kstl `gdtriel suyl ke <60;, l hls

jìxijls `k rksistkedil quk ustk` prgplhlol ke Oukegs

L i r k s `kspués `k hl dlê`l `k _gsls.

L sknurle`g ust k` l h l muv ket u` `k Oukegs L irks

quk hl slhvldiôe `kh plês `kpke`êl `k hl rksistkedil l

hl ìvisl dghgrl`l quk floêl trlê`g [rquizl, ustk`

ldfidlol, `knrl`lol hl nrle dukst iôe lrnketiel, qukkrl uel dukstiôe `k iejinrldiôe, `k h iokrtl` `k hgs

rêgs, `k trltl`gs `k dgjkrdig dge tg`ls hls eldigeks,

olsl`gs ke hl jìs dgjphktl h iokrtl`3 `k loghidiôe `k

hls Lùlels ietkrigrks, `k hl drkldiôe `k ue Ngoikr

eg eldigelh y `k uel Dgestitudiôe, quk hk sirviksk `k

rknhl, `k nlrletêl prgtkdtgrls `k hl vi`l, `k hl prg

pik`l`, `k hl h iokrtl`, `kh pkesljiketg, ktd.3 eg sk

floêl tr iueal`g plrl vkst ir d ietl lzuh ke hunlr `k dg-




<02 L H O K _ @ I

hgrl`l, sie© pgr slhir `kh ltrlsg,, `kh lishljiketg, `k hl

sghk`l`, `k hl olrolrik quk _gsls floêl `kml`g ke hls

dgsls, ke hgs fgjorks, ke hls iestitudigeks, eg ke hgs

dghgrks. [stk` kjpkzlol pgr kh a ie , pgr hg kxtkreg, pgr

hg supkraidilh . Mljìs hl slhvldiôe `k hl pltril pg`êl

`kpke`kr `k ue dghgr. [e dghgr ks dukstiôe `k vi`l g

jukrtk, dule`g ks sineg `k ue sistkjl, dule`g sineiai

dl t irleêl g h iokrtl`. Eg sudk`êl tlh ke Oukegs Lirksdge kh dghgr puezô. Kstk dghgr rkprksketlol kh sistkjl

ak`krlh . L.`gptl`g kh sistkjl, ·pg`êl skr tle kskedilh

hl loghidiôe `kh sêj oghg 7 Ak `k rlhk s ke ueg y gtrg

dljpg, krl kh dghgr dgjýe `k vkedk`grks y vkedi`gs3

si dge éh floêl t irleizl`g _gsls, dge éh sk hk floêl `ks

trui`g3 dge ksk dghgr sk floêl hudfl`g y tr iueal`g `k

Griok ke h l Ole`l Griket l h 3 h g floêle h h kv l`g Gh l

vlrrêl, Tuìrkz y Hlvlh hk, ke kh Rlhjlr, y dge éh sk grnleizô hl `kakesl `kh s i t ig `k Jgetkvi`kg, letkdk`ke

tks `k hl rksistkedil dgetrl _gsls, quk fle si`g gri

nke `k su dlê`l.

L kstg kstlol rk`udi`g kh dietihhg3 `kspgml`g yl pgr

[rquizl `kh hkjl `k jukrtk quk hk floêl pukstg _gsls.

Eg trling kstg ke `kakesl `k ksk dghgr, quk eg quik

rg , s ieg pgr egtlr hls d irduestledils quk dgedurrikrge

plrl eg fldkr `k ksl dukstiôe arivghl uel dukstiôe `kvi`l g jukrtk. Krl trlkr hl dukst iôe lrnketiel lh tk

rrkeg ke quk _gsls hl floêl tkei`g3 vkietk lügs floêl

pkhkl`g plrl sustituir hl dietl dghgrl`l l hl dkhkstk, y

ustk`ks ieidilole uel eukvl nukrrl plrl sustituir hl

dkhkstk l hl dghgrl`l.

Tgjgs kxijigs ke kh lrtk `k vgh tklr ngokreletks, y

ksg ks eukstrl vkr nøke zl, eg eukstrl fge rl. ¡ \ ué jk

egs, dule`g ke dulrketl lügs eg fkjgs fkdfg gtrl




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T I 0 I

dg sl Ks hl ieùstril quk fkjgs duh t ivl`g. Kh tgquk

`k lhlrjl, kh nritg `k nukrrl, sge jkhg`êls quk euks

trgs ju dfldfg s `k hl dlh hk kmkdutle dgj g jl kstrgs

dgesujl`gs, dge ue éxitg quk fldk kh vih ipkeìg dPk

eukstrgs pukohgs.

Hg quk ks rlrg ke Tu`ljéridl, hg quk ks prkdisg y

ìneg `k l`jirldiôe y rkspktg ketrk egsgtrgs, ks kh

lrtk `k pgekr ke plz, kh lrtk `k trlequih izlr, kh lrtk `kìspgekr hl sgdik`l` lh rkspktg y sgstée `kh Ngoikreg,

quk ks tle kskedilh l hl h iokrtl` dgjg lh gr`ke, y sie

kh dulh hl sgdik`l` ks uel fgr`l. ^ìsfimentge rkprk

sketl hl dlusl `kh Ngoikreg eldigelh ke Ljéridl, eg

`k hl iesurrkddiôe. _ivl`lvil mljìs aué slesduhgtk ei

gpgsitgr lrjl`g3 aué s ikjprk kh fgjork `kh Ngoikreg.

Tle Jlrt êe `ktkstô l hgs `kjlngngs. Tudrk aué v êd

t ijl `k kh hgs3 Jgetklnu`g ks jìrt ir n hgrigsg `kh priedipig `k lutgri`l`. Ksg ks ìneg `k rkspktg y `k iji

tldiôe ke Ljéridl, y eg hl dlelhhl, quk sôhg slok lpk

`rklr sus rkyks ke hls dlpitlhks `k Kurgpl, quk dgjike

zl hl rkvghudiôe `kjgdrìtidl `k quk kstljgs sldil`gs

ke L jéridl .

Eienueg `k hgs ksdritgs `k ustk` pgstkrigrks l hl

dlê`l `k _gsls sirvk l hl dlusl `k kstk nrle priedi

pig. Lqukhhl dlrtl quk ustk` ksdrioiô ke hl floitldiôe

y dge hl phujl `k _gsls, kh 0 `k Akorkrg, `koiô skr,

dgjg ìmg, kh puetg aielh lh lhknltg `k oike prgol`g

loikrtg `ks`k <606 (<). Kh 4 `k Akorkrg krl kh térjieg

`k hl Rrkesl `k nukrrl `k quk floêl si`g ustk` ueg

`k hgs prijkrgs lnketks.

Rkrg ldlol`l hl nukrrl dgetrl _gsls, ustk` fl kj-

(< ) Dljplül, p ì n . <14.




<0? L H O K _ @ I

pkzl`g eukv l nukrrl dget rl [rquizl . Hl L jéridl ks t ì ,

sldil`l `k nukrrl3 ekdksitl `k hl plz, quk fldk alh tl l

hl phletiaidldiôe y `kslrrghhg `k hls iestitudigeks. [s

tk`, quk ksdrioiô su Lrnirôpghis plrl pldiaidlr kh plês

lnitl`g pkrkeekjketk pgr hl ljoidiôe `k _gsls, ldl

ol `k ksdrioir, `kspués `k dlê`g kstk pkrturol`gr, su

Dljplül y gtrgs pleahktgs, quk eg sge jìs quk luels

`k nukrrl y suohkvldiôe `k ksk plês kjorutkdi`g pgrhl nukrrl pkrùrlohk.

[stk` quk flohlol tletg `k dghgeizldiôe, `k ieji

nrldiôe, `k akrrgdlrri hks , `k kùdldiôe pgpuhlr, `k ie

ùstril, `k dgjkrdig, `k elvknldiôe ietkrigr, eg fl ks

dritg uel sghl plhlorl sgork kstls jltkrils `kspués `k

hl dlê`l `kh t irleg quk dgetrlriô tg`gs ksgs ietkrksks.

Pg`gs sus ýhtijgs ksdritgs sge `k sijphk pghêt idl pkr

sgelh. Tu Dljplül, ke vkz `k ue ìlrig `k hls mgrel`ls `kh Kmérditg quk `kstruyô l _gsls, ks ue pleahktg

pghêt idg dgetrl kh nkekrlh ke mkak `kh Kmérditg h iokrtl

`gr, `kstiel`g l jirlr su dréìtg, drklrhk `kslakdtgs y

`kstruir su lutgri`l`.

Tu dlrtl-pleahktg `kh <4 `k Gdtuork, ìrini`l `ks

`k Dfihk lh nkekrlh [rquizl, ks ue ksdritg `k nukrrl

`kstiel`g lh jisjêsijg aie, `k susditlr gostìduhgs y

rksistkedils lh eukvg Ngoikreg lrnketieg.Tu pleahktg Tle Mule, sus fgjorks y sus ldtgs k s

gtrg ltlquk pghêt idg lh vkedk`gr `k _gsls, dge jgtivgU

`k hls `kslvkekedils `gjéstidls `k ksl prgviedil.

Tu gpýsduhg sgork hl Dgevkediôe `k Tle Eidghìs `k

hgs Lrrgygs, ks ue nritg `k lhlrjl hlezl `g l hls prg

viedils ietkrigrks plrl quk rgjple y `kspk`ldke ksl

Dgevkediôe `k <0 prgviedils, sledigel`l pgr trkdk hk

nis hlturls, quk sk fizg dge kh gomktg `k jlrdflr ldgr`ks





y ueiagrjks l hl rkueiôe `k ue Dgenrksg y l hl sle

diôe `k uel Dgestitudiôe.

Fk lfê tg`g hg quk fl puohidl`g ustk` `kspués `k

hl dlê`l `k _gsls, aukrl `k lhnuegs lrt êduhgs jìs ie

dkeìlrigs tg`lvêl ieskrtgs ke pkriôìdgs, ksdritgs `k

nukrrl, pgh ê t idl `k suohkvldiôe, eg yl dgetrl _gsls,

s ieg dgetrl kh vkedk`gr `k _gsls.

·Flstl duìe`g, Tlrjiketg, pikesl ustk` viv ir pkhkle`g y dgjoltike`g7 ·Drkk ustk` quk l puetl `k

ìdtkrigs y `k olygektl dgesknuirkjgs lhnuel vkz quk

`k hgs khkjketgs quk egs fl hknl`g hl vi`l dghgeilh , `k

hl lelrquêl floitulh quk egs fl `l`g hl _kpýoh idl, `k

hl alhtl dgjphktl `k ietkh inkedils y prìdtidls dgesti

tudigelhks, quk euedl fkjgs tkei`g, slhnl uel grnl

eizldiôe pghêt idl ietldflohk `ks`k kh prijkr `êl, pgr

uel khkddiôe tle h iork y purl dgjg si auksk fkdfl keEgrtkljéridl pgr khkdtgrks kevkmkdi`gs ke hls prìd

t idls `k hl h iokrtl`7 Dule`g ustk`ks ljoidigele ksg,

·kstìe ke su muidig, g quikrke rkêrsk `k eukstrgs pg

orks pukohgs7

Kh Rrks i`ket k `k h gs Kst l`gs [ei`gs `k Egrt kljé

ridl dge`kelol lfgrl pgdg hls `gdtriels suovkrsivls

`k ustk`ks `kh jg`g sinuiketk=

"Ldgr`éjgegs `k quk hls rkvghudigeks eg sikjprk

kstlohkdke hl h iokrtl`. Eukstrls prgpils iestitudigeks

h iorks eg aukrge gorl `k eukstrl rkvghudiôe. Kxist êle

letks. Aukrge ietrgùdi`ls ke hls Dgest itudigeks h i

orks `kh Ng oikreg pgp uhlr, olmg hls dulhks drkdikrge

hls dghgeils ienhksls, y eukstrl rkvghudiôe sôhg egs

h iorô `kh `gjieig `k uel pgtkedil kxtrlemkrl, duyg

`gjieig sk gpgeêl l lqukhhls iestitudigeks. Rkrg hls

eldigeks `k Kurgpl eg fle tkei`g skjkmletk ksdukhl




i 0 0 L H O K _ @ I

`k Ngoikreg pgpuhlr, y tg`gs hgs ksaukrzgs plrl kstl

ohkdkrhg pgr jkìg `k slenriketls rkvghudigeks, skrìe

euhgs, y dgetieulrìe siée`ghg s ie lqukh prkplrlt ivg."

Hl h iokrtl` eg rknuhl`l pgr hl hky `knkekrl ke lelr

quêl, quk prgetg sk dgevikrtk ke kh jìs fgrriohk `k

tg`gs hgs `kspgtisjgs.

Ksls plhlorls `kh Rrksi`ketk Ai hjgrk, ìdfls kh 1

`k @idikjork `k <6;?, ke su ýhtijg Jkeslmk lh Dge

nrksg, krle ìr ini`ls l hls eldigeks kurgpkls quk eg

sk kùdlrge ke kh Ngoikreg pgpuhlr, pgr hg dulh sge

jlygrjketk lph idlohks l hl Ljéridl ksplüghl, duyg

ngoikreg `k trksdiketgs lügs aué jkegs pgpuhlr quk kh

`k judfls J gelrquêls rkprksket lt iv ls `k h l Kurgpl.

GGGG




DL_PL PK_DK_L

_gh `k hl Rrkesl ke hl dlê`l `k _gsls.‐Ljoidigeks ijpgtke

tks surni`ls `k su skeg.‐Ksdritgs `kh Tr. Tlrjiketg letk

r i gr ks l h 4 `k A kor kr g.‐ A l d u e ` g , ksdritg dgeskrvl`gr, ykh prgdksg `k hls i`kls kxlhtl`ls.‐Hgs dluìhhgs sge kh `k

sikrtg.‐Hl sgdik`l` lrnketiel, su ngoikreg y pghêtidl, sge

kxprksiôe `kh sukhg kxtkesg y `kspgohl`g.‐Auketks egr

jlhks `k hl lutgri`l`.‐@ksdgegdi`ls pgr hgs ueitlrigs `k

•gtrg tikjpg y pgr sus ijitl`grks `k <6;4.‐Krrgrks `k

ljogs.‐_gh `k hls dljplüls ke kh ngoikreg y divihizldiôe

lrnketiel.‐Rgr qué kh ìlrisjg eg `l fgjorks `k kstl`g.

Oignrlaêls `k dluìhhgs.‐Rgr qué hl Rrkesl dgetrl _gsls

krl sup krigr l ihhl l dtu lh. ‐ Lrnirôpg[s, g kh lsiketg y hlpgsioihi`l` `k ue Dgenrksg ie`kpkeìketk.

Ke hl rkautldiôe `k su Dljplül fk qukri`g skrvir l

hgs ietkrksks `kh gr`ke, `k hl Dgestitudiôe y `k hl drkl

diôe `k uel lutgri`l` nkekrlh , quk ustk` dgetrlrêl y

rksistk ke hl pkrsgel `kh lnketk y prgjgtgr jìs ij

pgrtletk `k ksgs ietkrksks. Ke kh kxljke `k sus ks

dritgs letkrigrks l hl dlê`l `k _gsls, vgy l skrvir hgs

jisjgs ietkrksks `k gr`ke y prgnrksg.

Tus letkrigrks trlolmgs `k ustk` dgetrl _gsls sge

egohks, nkekrgsgs, orih hletks, y hk `le têtuhg ieìspu-

G O O L T TKHKDPLT.‐Pgjg Q . <2




<01 L H O K _ @ I

tlohk lh rkspktg `k hgs lrnketiegs. [stk` ks kh ýeidg

quk fl vkei`g l dgjprgjktkr su jéritg pgr su kxlnk

rldiôe y jlh usg.

Ji prgpôsitg eg ks eknlr, gosdurkdkr ksk jéritg3 sk

rêl ieiqui`l` sie gomktg, pgr jìs quk ustk` lousk fgy

dge `lüg `k hl plz, `kh prkstinig quk hk `le sus leti

nugs skrvidigs l hl h iokrtl`.

[stk` quk sk fl ìdfg lpôstgh `k hl h iokrtl` `k kxljke, eg pg`rì jkegs quk rkdgegdkr y lphluìr kh

`krkdfg y kh kmkrdid ig quk `k éh flng, kxljiele`g hls

gorls `k ue puohidistl, quk prktke`k fldkr `k kh hls ue

pk`kstlh `k lutgri`l` y ue t ê tuhg `k ìrkddiôe. ·\ué

privi hknig tke`rêle hgs h iorgs `k ustk` plrl quk`lr ktkr

eljketk lh loring `k hl drêt idl h êditl y ýtih , quk fle

tghkrl`g hgs jìs i hustrks ksdritgrks `kh jue`g7

Pikjpg fuog ke quk ksl drê t idl fuoikrl s i`g pkreidigsl. Dule`g ustk` skrvêl l hgs ietkrksks `k tg`gs

ltldle`g l _gsls, kh jlygr t irleg quk flyl kxist i`g,

tg`gs hg lyu` lj gs, tg`gs hg lphl u` ijg s. . L tg`g hg

quk lplrkdêl `k su phujl, eukstrl plhlorl `k gr`ke

krl ¡orlvg, kstupke`g Hg lphlu`êljgs sie hkkrhg. L

jê jk sudkìô ksg `k grìelrig. Floêl ke kh hg `k ksls

iemust id ils `kh kspêritu `k skdtl y prgplnle`l. Rgr

vighketg y ru`g quk auksk su hkenulmk, ·qué ijpgrtlo l 7 , dlêl sgork `kngh hl`grks. Hl phujl `koêl skr uel

kspl`l, duletg jìs slenriketl, jìs prgpil `k su ji

siôe mustidikrl dgetrl hl jlsfgrdl.

Rkrg fgy quk fle dljoil`g hls dgeìdigeks `k hl

pg héj idl3 fgy quk hl hudfl t ikek hunlr- ketrk dlo l

h hkrgs y ljings `k hl h iokrtl` pgr ueg y gtrg plrti`g,

eg ks pgsiohk tghkrlr quk ustk` sinl kjphkle`g dge

trl fgjorks inulhks l ustk` ke ljgr y ke skrvidigs l




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T F >

hl divih izldiôe kh tgeg y kh hkenulmk quk ke ìkz lügs

sk ldgstujorô l ìrinir dgetrl hgs lsksiegs `k eukstrgs

fkrjlegs y `k eukstrls h iokrtl`ks.

Fgy ltldl ustk` lh vkedk`gr `k _gsls dge hl v ig

hkedil dge quk ltldô ke gtrg t ikjpg l sus sgstkek`grks3

ltldlrêl ustk`, prgolohkjketk, lh fimg `kh sgh , si ks

t uv iksk ke h unlr `k [rquizl3 l Qìrkh l , l _iv l`lv il ,

pgrquk skrêle l hgs gmgs `k ustk` usurpl`grks `khpukstg quk dgesi`krl ustk` pkrtkekdkrhk dge kh `krk

dfg quk l sus gmgs hk `le sus letkdk`ketks `k ksdritgr.

Rlrl pgekrhk ke plz dge kh plês y dgesing jisjg,

p'-.rl quk `kmk `k lnitlr pgr gduplr kh Rg`kr quk dge

si`krl `k su pkrtkekedil, `ks`k hukng quk sk rkputl ue

vetg, ks ekdkslrig prgolrhk quk eg tikek t êtuhao plrl

skrhg y prgoìrskhg dge tg`l hl puohidi`l` `k hl drêt i

dl hklh y arledl, l a ie `k fldkr `k dl`l hkdtgr ue mukzg ue tksting, y `kh pýohidg ue dggpkrl`gr ke kstl ji

siôe `k plz. Tkjkmletk drê t idl ks hl rkagrjl `kh Kmér

ditg `kspués `k hl nukrrl= uel ekdksi`l` `k hl plz.

@kspués `k uel hlrnl hudfl, hl Rrkesl, dgjg hls dl

skrels, quk`le h hkels `k sgh`l`gs pkhinrgsgs.

·Rgr qué sk dgesi`krl ustk` ue jitg pgh ê t idg g ue

dleì`ltg lh Ngoikreg lrnketieg7 ·Rgr flokr ksdritg

ìkz lügs dgetrl _gsls7 Eg fly ù`l quk flokr ksdritg ìkz lügs dgetrl kh t irleg `k hl _kpýoh idl ks ue

t êtuhg `k nhgril3 pkrg ks judfg jlygr kh `k flokrhk

vghtkl`g ke dljpg `k oltlh hl . ·\uiée dgeaueìrêl hl

nhgril `k jl`ljk Ttléh dge hl `k ^kh h ientge, dgjg

v kedk`grks `k Elpgh kôe7 ·\uiée ìr êl quk ji h v g h ý

jkeks `k drêt idl tkeêle hl kaidldil `k hl oltlh hl `k

^ ltk rhôg , ke hl dlê`l `k Elpg hkôe I 7 · \u iée fl inul

hl`g hl nhgril `k hl plhlorl l hl nhgril `k hl lddiôe 7




<06 L H O K _ @ I

Ruks oike3 ustk` quk ltldô l _gsls `k plhlorl s ie

olmlrhk `kh Rg`kr, ustk` fl ghvi`l`g ke ue iestletk

hl nhgril `kh quk hk `krrgdô, eg `k plhlorl, sieg `k

gorl, y fgh hle`g dge kh jlygr jkegsprkdig ksl n hgril

rklh y pgsit ivl dgjg hl vkr`l` jltkrilh , ustk` jisjg

fl drkl`g hl rknhl plrl quk sk kstijk ke el`l su dgj

oltk `kdkeig `k plhlorls, quk tgjô l _gsls s ie ue

sgh`l`g y hk `kmô dge trkietl jih .Hl nukrrl `k hl Rrkesl eg fl tkei`g nkekrlh ke

mkak pgr plrtk `k hl gpgsidiôe l _gsls3 s i hl Rrkesl fu

oiksk `krrgdl`g lh kekjing pgr uel rkvghudiôe pgpu

hlr (ýeidl v idtgril quk hl Rrkesl puk`k h hljlr suyl),

hl nhgril `kh triueag eg florêl si`g `k ustk` sghg, sieg

`k vkietk ksdritgrks inulhks l ustk` ke skrvidigs. Dlr

hgs V ke Arledil, s ê quk aué `kstrgel`g pgr hl Rrke

sl. ·Y qué ksdritgr tuvg kh dgrlmk `k lrrgnlrsk kxdhusivljketk hl v idtgril `k tletgs7 Dgjg hk fl ìdfg l

ustk` Arêls, dge hl skesltkz quk hk ìstienuk, florêle

si`g Ie`lrtk, Qìrkhl, Lhsiel, Jìrjgh , ke tlh dlsg, jìs

ldrkk`grks quk ustk` l hl plhjl `kh éxitg, dgjg sgh

`l`gs `k hl Rrkesl, quk jìs fl hlorl`g kh pg`kr `k

_g sls, pgr hl vketlml `k, su iejkìldiôe.

Rgr flokr ksdritg ìkz vghýjkeks, ·skrêl ustk` jitg

pgh ê t idg ke su plês7 Lhkmle`rg @ujls fl ksdritg >22vghýjkeks, y si sk prktkeìksk jitg pgr ksl dlusl, kx

ditlrêl hl r isl `k sus plislegs. ·Fl ìsputl`g pgr ksg

kh Ngoikreg `k hl Arledil l Huis Elpghkôe, quk lpk

els ks lutgr `k uel g `gs jlhls gorls dgetrl hl Jg

elrquêl 7

Kh egjork `k ue ksdritgr puk`k skr ue jitg ke hl

ijlnieldiôe `kh pukohg, pkrg ·hl n hgril h i tkrlril ks

letkdk`ketk `k ngoikreg ke eienuel plrtk7 ¡Eg fle




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T F9

tkei`g ksk lsdkeìketk jitghônidg g alouhgsg ke euks

trg plês Okhnrleg, Jgrkeg, Tle Jlrt êe, quk h iokrtl

rge hl Ljéridl, y hg tke`rêl ue ksdritgr `k hl Rrkesl

pkr iôìdl

Lhnuel vkz drkg flokrhk ìdfg= judfgs s in hgs alh

tle plrl quk hgs Rrksi`ketks `k plêsks tle pgdg ietk

hkdtulhks dgjg hgs eukstrgs, slhnle `kh tkrrkeg `k hl

Rrkesl . ¡ E g hgs `l h l Rrkesl `k Egrt k lj éridl K h ksdritgr prkplrl, pkrg el`l dgedhuyk. Hl vêspkrl ks su

`êl3 kh `êl sinuiketk sikjprk ks su `ksdlhlorg ke tg`ls

hls kjprksls `k ljoidiôe pghêt idl.

·\ué sge sus skrvidigs `k ìkz lügs ke hl Rrkesl7

Qgy l kstijlrhgs, eg dge kh a ie `k eknlr su jéritg, sieg

dge kh `k kstijlrhg tlh dulh ks, plrl sldlr uel dge

dhusiôe `k mustidil y `k plz, l slokr, quk sus ksdritgs

eg hg fldke l ustk` Rrksi`ketk `k hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel pgr `krkdfg elturlh .

Hls eukvk `édijls plrtks sge ksdritgs `k Rrkesl pk

riôìdl. Ksgs pkriôìdgs sk fle puohidl`g ke Dfihk.

Dgjg kxprksiôe `k hgs ietkrksks `kh plês `k su puohi

dldiôe, sk fle gdupl`g `k Dfihk priediplhjketk, y `kh

kxt rlemkrg skdue`lriljketk. Pke ike`g ue pkriôìdg

quk gduplrsk `k tg`g, eg pg`êle fldkrsk ue `kokr, hgs

quk ustk` fl ksdritg, `k nulr`lr sihkedig sgork kh Rhltl, lh jisjg tikjpg quk flohlole `k _usil y `k Rg

hgeil. _kprksketlrêl uel quietl plrtk `k hl rk`lddiôe

dghkdtivl, hl plrtk dgeslnrl`l l hgs lsuetgs lrnketiegs.

@k hgs ìkz lügs fly quk `kùdir hgs quk fl vilml`g

ustk` ke Kurgpl. Pkekjgs, sknýe kstg, quk hgs ìkz

lügs `k trlolmgs pkrig`êstidgs `k ustk`, sgork hl _k

pýoh idl Lrnketiel, hlrnljketk dgjputl`gs, sk rkù

dke l `gs. Y dgjg ksgs `gs lügs fle si`g rkjuekrl-




<;2 L H O K _ @ I

`gs pgr hgs kìtgrks y kjprkslrigs dge sukh`gs quk pkr

tg`l hl rk`lddiôe plnlole, sk `kùdk quk yl kstìe pl

nl`gs pgr hgs kìtgrks dfi hkegs y quk hl _kpýoh idl Lr

nketiel eg `kok kjphkgs l duketl `k kh hgs, sieg ue

dgrtés y siedkrg lnrl`kdijiketg.

·Hgs ìkz lügs `k rk`lddiôe kxprksle hl dgestle

dil `k su pltrigtisjg 7 Eg eknlré su plt r igt isjg3 pkrg

eg jk eknlrì ustk` tljpgdg quk sikjprk fl ksdritgpkriôìdgs pgr su sukh`g, dgjg jkìg fgekstg `k nl

elr kh sustketg `k su vi`l. Khhgs kxprksle, puks, l hl

vkz quk pltrigt isjg, ekdksi`l`ks slt isakdfls.

Tus trlolmgs `k ìkz lügs dgetrl _gsls, sge fgy `g

dujketgs quk gorle dgetrl ustk`. Duletg jìs rkvk

hle kh hgs hl ieiqui`l` `kh t irleg `kstrui`g pgr kh nk

ekrlh [rquizl, jìs prukole hl ienrltl iedgeskdukedil

dge quk ustk` trltl lh hiokrtl`gr, dge pkgrks dghgrksquk lh tirleg `krrgdl`g pgr éh .

· \ u é sge sus h iorgs y ksdritgs pghêt idgs `k us tk` 7

Rkrjêtljk kst ijlrhgs ueg l ueg, dge uel rlpi`kz quk

eg `lülrì hl mustidil.

Kh Jk rdurig, K h Eldigelh, Kh Fkrl h`g, Kh Rrgnrksg,

aukrge hgs plpkhks pkriôìdgs quk ustk` ksdrioiô ke hgs

prijkrgs lügs `k su h hknl`l l Dfihk ke <60<. Rkriôì

dgs dfihkegs, jkegs Kh Fkrlh`g, skrv êle l ietkrksks ydukst igeks `k Dfihk. ·\ué ietkrés, qué plrt i`g pgh ê

t idg `k Dfihk lorlzô ustk`7 Kh plrt i`g y hgs ietkrksks

`kh Rg`kr , rkprksketl`g ketgedks dgjg u e tirleg,

dgjg kh gostìduhg plrl kh prgnrksg `kh plês. Tgh id itl`g

pgr hgs h iokrlhks dfi hkegs, pgr ôrnleg `kh nkekrlh Hls

Fkrls, sk eknô ustk` l su sghiditu`, pgrquk sldô ke

hijpig, `kspués `k gdfg `êls `k `khiokrldiôe, quk kh

plrti`g h iokrlh dfihkeg eg tkeêl khkjketgs `k tr iueag,





krl uel trlìdiôe, eg ue fkdfg. Rrkairiô ustk` kh plr

t i`g `kh Rg`kr, plrl lhkmlr kh ìdtl`g `k pkrturol`gr,

skìdigsg y lelrquistl (`l`g pgr _gsls l sus kekji

n g s ) , quk -ke Dfihk sk fuoikrl vistg mustiaidl`g, viée`g

hk ke gpgsidiôe sikjprk dge hgs Ngoikregs. \uisg ustk`

prgolr l h l L jéridl quk eg krl utgpêl hg quk egs fldêl

suarir pkrskdudiôe, y quk `l`l hl ijpkrakddiôe `k hgs

Ngoikregs lj kridlegs, kstìolj gs ìspukstgs l ldkptlrhgs dgjg fkdfgs dge ìeij g `kdiì`g `k ieykdtlrhks

i`kls `k prgnrksg ( i ) .

Ke vistl `k ksg sk ldkrdô ustk` ketgedks lh Jieis

trg `k Ngoikreg, quk hg krl @. Jleukh Jgett , y eg sk

skplrô flstl fgy `k hl dlusl `kh Rg`kr, dgjg ksdri

tgr ke Dfihk, sieg dule`g kh Tr. Jgett a inurô ke hl

gpgsidiôe `k <606, rlzôe quk ìg l Hl Drôeidl y l sus

puohidldigeks `k ketgedks ksk t ietk h iokrlh quk hk pgeêl jìs ke lrjgeêl dge su h iokrlhisjg lrnketieg.

Juy hkmgs kstgy `k rkprgdflrhk quk l`gptlrl ke

Dfihk ksk plrt i`g, luequk fuoiksk qukri`g vkrhk `k

tkrjiel`g l éh pgr jgtivgs jìs khkvl`gs, quk hgs

quk ustk` jisjg lsinel l su dgeùdtl ke sus _kdukr

`gs `k prgviedil3 pkrg hljketg quk ksgs jg tivgs quk

hk fidikrge nuokreljketlh ke Dfihk eg hk flyle fkdfg

skrhg tljoiée ke kh Rhltl, `kspués `k dlê`g _gsls, plrl ijpkìr quk Dfihk y hl Ljéridl egs h hljlske pkr

turol`grks, skìdigsgs y lelrq uistls, viée`gegs ke gpg

sidiôe sikjprk l hgs Ngoikreg s.

K e Kh Rrgnrksg, pkriôìdg `k Tle tilng, rk`ldtl` g

pgr ustk` ke <60;, lplrkdiô dgjg agh hktêe kh Aldue`g

g divihizldiôe y olrolrik, rkuei`g jìs tlr`k ke ue h i-

(< ) _kdukr`gs `k prgviedil, p ì n . <>1.




L H O K _ @ I

o rg , quk hg rkprksketl l ustk` jìs dgjphktljketk quk

eienueg `k sus ksdritgs. Ks su puoh idldiôe jìs dé

hkork ke hl rklhi`l` y l hgs gmgs `k ustk` jisjg.

K h Aldue`g ks jì s gpg rtueg fgy quk ke hl épgdl `k

su puoh idldiôe. [stk` hg ksdrioiô dgetrl _gsls, y v ikek

l skrvir fgy dgetrl ustk` pgr flokrsk pukstg ke gpg

sidiôe dge su h iorg.

Aldue`g ks, eg sghljketk hl fistgril `k hl o lro lriky kh prgdksg `k hgs dluìh hgs lrnketiegs, sieg tljoiée

hl fistgril y kh prgdksg `k hgs krrgrks `k hl divih izldiôe

lrnketiel, rkprksketl`l pgr kh plrti`g ueitlrig.

Dgjg kstgs krrgrks vukhvke fgy l ìsputlr hl ìrkd

diôe `kh plês, y hg quk ks rlrg, l ijpuhsgs `kh mukz quk

hgs dge`keô, kh kstuìg `k Aldue`g sk fldk fg y `k h

jìs vivg y plhpitletk ietkrés.

Hl gorl fl suari`g uel juti hldiôe ke kstl ýh t ijl

plrtk, quk ietkrksl dgegdkr.

Hl prijkrl kìdiôe `k Aldue`g tkeil uel ietrgùd

diôe ke quk sk `lol hl tkgrêl `kh dluìh hlmk, prkske

tìe`ghg dgjg uel kxprksiôe egrjlh `k hl v i`l lrnke

tiel, y `gs dlpêtuhgs aielhks sgork kh Ngoikreg ueitlrig

y k h prksketk y pgrvkeir lrnketieg, ke quk fldêl ustk`

mus tl ldusldiôe l h hiokrlh isjg `kst itui`g `k sket i`g

prìdtidg, quk fgy rklplrkdk ke hl hudfl.

Ksl ietrgùddiôe y ksgs `gs ýh t ijgs dlpêtuhgs fle

`kslplrkdi`g ke hl sknue`l kìdiôe `k Aldue`g, p g r

dgeskmg `kh @r. Lhsiel, rkprksketletk ldtulh `kh let i

nug plrt i`g ueitlrig. J. `k Jlzl`k, jìs fìoih drêt idg

quk kh @r. Lhsiel, eg flh hô `k jìs ke hl gorl ksgs trg

zgs supriji`gs3 pkrg kh @r. Lhsiel, jìs fìoih quk J l

zl`k ke kh dgegdijiketg `k hgs ietkrksks `k plrti`g,fizg oike `k flh hlr dgedhui`l hl oignrla êl `k \uirgnl





dge su jukrtk, y supkraieg kh prgdksg `k sus i`kls uei

tlrils. Ksl suprksiôe dljoiô kh sistkjl y kh dlrìdtkr

`kh h iorg, `kspgmìe`ghk `k su ijplrdilh i`l` ke nrle

plrtk, eg `kh tg`g.

Ksk h iorg ks kh jìs ireplrdilh `k duletgs fl ksdri

tg kh Tr . Tlrjiketg. @koiô su iespirldiôe l hgs `ksls

trks kstérihks ke rksuhtl`gs y akdue`gs ke hkddiôe, `k

hls nukrrls divihks `k <642 y <602. Hl eukvl nkekrldiôe, kxtrlül ke dikrtg jg`g l hls hudfls `k ueitlrigs

y ak`krlhks, lprg vkdf ô `k hl hkddiôe, y jìs ij plrd ilh ,

pgr su k`l`, pu`g khkvlrsk pgr hl rkahkxiôe flstl vkr

dhlrg y `lrsk duketl `kslplsigel`l `kh dlrìdtkr y dlu

sls `k hgs jlhks suari`gs. Hl muvketu` `kh Rhltl, ke

<64>, floêl yl vistg lhng `k egrjlh ke kh lsdkeìketk

`k _gsls y `kjìs dluìh hgs lrnketiegs3 lhng quk fl

oêl `k ldkptlohk ke kh fkdfg `k su kxistkedil ke dikrtg jg`g ijprksdieìohk, y lhng quk floêl `k ietkjpks

tivg ke kh sistkjl `k sus rivlhks. Hl muvketu` sk `ks

prkeìô `k ueitlrigs y ak`krlhks, y sk fizg muk z ijplr

dilh `k uegs y gtrgs.

Hgs ksaukrzgs `kh plrt i`g ueitlrig, jlhgnrl`gs pgr

sknue`l vkz ke <602, mustia idlrge hls i`kls ijplrdil

hks quk hl muvketu` `koêl l hl kxpkrikedil `k hl prijk

rl hudfl, y kh Tr . Tlrjiketg, l`gptle`g kh puetg ij

plrdil h `kh dr itkrig pgh ê t idg `k hl muvk etu ` lrnketiel

`k <64>, kxphidô ke su Aldue`g, l _g sls, pgr jkìg `k

\uirgnl, y l \uirgnl pgr kh jg`g `k skr egrjlh `k hl

vi`l lrnketiel (<) .

Hhkvô hl kxlnkrldiôe kh Tr . Tlrjiketg flstl `ka ieir

(<) Aldue`g, prij. kìdiôe., pìniels ;, 1 y <0 .‐ J k rkak riré ke tg`ls hls ditls l hl prijkrl kìdiôe.




<;0 L H O K _ @ I

l \uirgnl= "Kh t ipg jìs ienkeug `kh dlrìdtkr `k hl

nukrrl divih `k hl _kpýohidl, hl a inurl jìs ljkridl

el `k h l rkv gh ud iôe ." Kh drkk kxph idlr hl rkvghudiôe lr

nketiel dge hl v i`l `k Aldue`g \uirgnl, pgrquk drkk

quk éh kxphidl suaidiketkjketk uel `k hls `gs tke`ke

dils, uel `k hls `gs aldks ìvkrsls quk hudfle ke kh

skeg `k lqukh hl sgdik`l` sienuhlr. . . Ke \uirgnl eg vk

ue dluìh hg sijphkjketk, sieg uel jleiakstldiôe `k hlvi`l lrnketiel, tlh dgjg hl fle fkdfg hl dghgeizldiôe

(trksdiketgs lügs) y hls pkduhilri`l`ks `kh tkrrkeg (kh

Tr. Tlrjiketg h hljl pkduhilri`l` lh `ksikrtg, quk ks

lddi`ketk `kh tkrrkeg lrnketieg). Al due `g , kxprk siôe

aikh `k uel jlekrl `k skr `k ue pukohg, `k sus prkgdu

pldigeks k iest ietgs. . . ks kh pkrsgelmk jìs sienuhlr

quk puk`l prksketlrsk l hl dgetkjphldiôe `k hgs quk

dgjprke`ke "quk ue dluìh hg quk kedlokzl ue nrlejgvijiketg sgdilh eg ks jìs quk kh kspkmg ke quk sk

rkahkmle ke ìjkesigeks dghgslhks hls drkkedils, hls ek

dksi`l`ks, prkgdupldigeks y fìoitgs `k uel eldiôe ke

uel épgdl `l`l `k su fistgril.

Rgr kstg (ìdk kh lutgr `k Aldue `g) egs ks ekdkslrig

`ktkekregs ke hgs `ktlhhks `k hl vi`l ietkrigr `kh puk

ohg lrnketieg, plrl dgjprke`kr su I@KL, T [ RK_TGEIAI

D L D I Ô E . "

R r k s k e t l r l A l d u e ` g \ u i r g n l ‐ u e g ` k h g s j l y g r k s

jlh v l`gs quk prksket l h l f is t gr il `kh jue`g‐ dgjg

hl pkrsgeiaidldiôe, dgjg kh i`klh, dgjg kh kspkmg aikh `k

hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel, ks kh jlygr iesuhtg quk sk

puk`l ieakrir l ksk plês, fgekstg y oukeg, quk tikek hl

`ksnrldil `k pkrsk nuir . hl rklh izldiôe `k hl _k pýo h idl

rkprksketltivl sie tkekr plrl kh hg sieg khkjketgs ij-

pkrakdt ês ijgs. Rkrg kh iesuhtg kstì sghljketk ke hl




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T M ; ;

kxlnkrldiôe `k ue fkdfg quk t ikek lhng `k vkr`l`krg

ke kh age`g. \uêtksk hl kxlnkrldiôe `kh lutgr `k Al

due`g, y quk`lrì uel vkr`l` fistôridl quk gtrgs letks

quk éh floêle skülhl`g yl, l slokr, quk kh dluìh hlmk y

su sistkjl sge arutgs elturlhks `kh ìrogh `kh `ksikrtg y

`kh plsl`g dghgeilh .

Kh Tr . Tlrjiket g kxph idl ks t l v kr`l` fut ôr idg-

pghêt idl, quk éh `ksdgegdk fgy, dge ue éxitg `k kxprksiôe y `k sketi`g, quk hg fldke ìneg `k rkprgùddiôe

t kxt ulh .

"Judfgs ai hôsgags fle drkê`g quk hls h hleurls prk

plrlole hls v êls lh `kspgtisjg.. . Kstl h hleurl s ie

hêjitks dgestituyk ueg `k hgs rlsngs jìs egtlohks `k

hl a isgegjêl ietkrigr `k hl _kpýoh idl (Lrnketiel). . .

Ke jltkril `k dljiegs hl elturlhkzl slhvlmk `lrì hl

hky pgr judfg tikjpg, y ' hl lddiôe `k hl divih izldiôepkrjlekdkrì `éoih k iekaidlz.

"Kstl kxtkesiôe `k hls h hleurls ijprijk, pgr gtrl

plrtk, l hl vi`l `kh ietkrigr, dikrtl t ieturl lsiìtidl quk

eg `kml `k skr oike prgeuedil`l.

"Fly lhng ke hls sghk`l`ks lrnketiels quk trlk l hl

jkjgril hls sghk`l`ks lsiìt idls3 lhnuel lelhgnêl ke

duketrl kh kspêritu ketrk hl Rljpl y hls h hleurls quk

jkìle ketrk kh Pinris y kh Kuarltks..." (Ouk eg ks rkdgr`lr quk kh lutgr eg dgegdêl ketgedks ei hl Rljpl

ei hl hhleurl lsiìtidl.)

" . . . K s k h Dlpltlz ue dluìh hg, dgjg ke Lsil kh mkak

`k hl dlrlvlel3 ekdksêtlsk plrl kstk `kst ieg uel vghue

tl` `k fikrrg, ue dlrìdtkr lrrgml`g flstl hl tkjkri`l`,

plrl dgetkekr hl lu`ldil y turouhkedil `k hgs a i h ioustk

rgs `k hl t ikrrl quk fl `k ngokrelr y `gjielr éh sghg

ke k h `ksljplrg `kh `ks ikr t g . . . " "L s ê ks dgjg ke h l




L H O K _ @ I

vi`l lrnketiel kjpikzl l kstlohkdkrsk pgr kstls pk

duh ilri`l`ks kh prk`gjieig `k hl aukrzl orutlh , hl prk

pge`krledil `kh jìs aukrtk, hl lutgri`l` sie h êjitks y

sie rkspgesloih i`l` `k hgs quk jle`le, hl mustidil l`

jieistrlt ivl s ie agrjls y s ie `koltks."

"Rgr lqukh hl kxtkesiôe sie h êjitks, tlh dgjg hl fkjgs

`ksdritg, kstìe ksplrdi`ls lquê y lh hì dltgrdk diu`l`ks

dlpitlhks `k prgviedil." . . .Hl d hlsi a idldiôe (`k ìdfls d iu`l`ks) quk fldk l

ji gomktg ks hl quk rksuhtl `k hgs jkìgs `k vivir `kh

pukohg `k hls dljplüls, quk ks hg quk ieahuyk ke su dl

rìdtkr y kspêritu. . . Pg`gs hgs pukohgs lrnketiegs, slhvg

Tle Mule y Jke`gzl, v ivke `k hgs prgùdtgs `kh pls

tgrkg.

" . . . H l d iu`l` dlpitlh `k hls prgviedils plstgrl s

kxistk lhnuels vkdks kh hl sghl sie diu`l`ks jkegrks y egalhtl lhnuel ke quk kh tkrrkeg ieduhtg h hknl flstl h i

nlrsk dge hls dlh hks. Kh `ksikrtg hls dirdue`l l jìs g

jkegs ìstledil, hls dkrdl, hls gprijk3 hl elturlhkzl

slhvlmk hls rkùdk l uegs kstrkdfgs glsis `k divih izldiôe

kedhlvl`gs ke ue h hleg ieduhtg `k dketkelrks `k jih hls

dul`rl`ls .

" . . .Kstuìkjgs hl a isgegjêl kxtkrigr `k hls kxtkesls

dljplüls quk rg`kle hls d iu`l`ks y pkektrkjgs ke hlvi`l ietkrigr `k sus floitletks.

" . . .Yl h l v i`l plst gr i h egs v ukh v k ijpkesl`ljket k

l trlkr l hl ijlnieldiôe kh rkdukr`g `kh Lsil, duyls

h hleurls egs ijlnieljgs sikjprk duoikrtls lquê y lh hì

`k hls t ike`ls `kh clhjudg, `kh dgsldg g `kh ìrlok. Hl

vi`l prijit ivl `k hgs pukohgs, hl v i`l kjieketkjketk

oìrolrl y kstldigelril, hl v i`l `k Lorlflj, quk ks hl

`kh okùieg `k fgy, lsgjl ke hgs dljpgs lrnketiegs,




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T *;>

luequk jgìa idl`l pgr hl d iv i h izldiôe `k ue jg`g kx

trlüg.

" . . .K h prgnrksg kst ì sgagdl`g, pgrquk eg puk`k fl

okr prgnrksg sie hl pgsksiôe pkrjleketk `kh sukhg, sie

hl d iu`l`, quk ks hl quk `kskevukhvk hl dlpldi`l` ie

ùstrilh `kh fgjork y hk pkrjitk kxtke`kr sus l`qui

sidigeks.

" . . . I jlnielgs uel kxt kes iôe `k `gs ji h h knuls dul`rl`ls, duoikrtl tg`l `k pgohldiôe, pkrg dghgdl`ls hls

floitldigeks l dultrg hknuls `k ìstledil uels `k gtrls,

l gdfg l vkdks, l `gs hls jìs dkrdlels.

"Hl sgd ik`l` fl `kslplrkd i`g dgjph kt ljket k3 quk`l

sôhg hl aljih il aku`lh , lis hl`l, rkdgedketrl`l3 y eg

floike`g sgdik`l` rkuei`l, tg`l dhlsk `k ngoikreg sk

fldk ijpgsiohk3 hl ju eidiplhi`l` eg kxistk, hl pg hêtidl

eg puk`k kmkrdkrsk y hl mustidil divih eg tikek jkìgs `klhdlezlr l hgs `khieduketks. Ineg rg si kh jue `g jg

`kreg prksketl ue néekrg `k lsgdildiôe tle jgestrug

sg dgjg éstk. . . Hl tr iou slhvlmk `k hl Rljpl kstì gr

nleizl`l jkmgr quk eukstrls dljplüls plrl kh `ks

lrrgh hg jgrlh .

"Kh prgnrksg jgrlh , hl duh turl `k hl ietkh inkedil `ks

dui`l`l ke hl tr iou ìrlok g tìrtlrl ks lquê eg sôhg `ks

dui`l`l, sieg ijpgsiohk. ·@ ôe `k dghgdlr hl 'ksdukhlplrl quk lsistle l tgjlr hkddigeks hgs eiügs ìskjiel

`gs l ìkz hknuls `k ìstledil ke tg`ls ìrkddigeks7

Lsê, puks, hl divihizldiôe ks `kh tg`g irrklhizlohk, hl

olrolrik ks egrjlh... H l rkh in iôe suar k hls dgeskduke

dils `k hl ìsghudiôe `k hl sgdik`l`= kh durltg ks egji

elh , kh puhpitg eg tikek luìtgrig, kh sldkr`gtk fuyk `k

hl dlpihhl sghitlril.

"Hl vi`l `kh dljpg `kskevukhvk ke kh nludfg hls




i ; 6 L H O K _ @ I

alduhtl`ks a êsidls, sie eienuel `k hls `k ietkh inkedil.

Tu dlrìdtkr jgrlh sk rksiketk `k su fìoitg `k triuealr

`k hgs gostìduhgs y `kh pg`kr `k hl elturlhkzl= ks

aukrtk, lht ivg, keérnidg. Tie eienuel iestruddiôe, sie

ekdksitlrhl tljpgdg, sie lükìgs `k suosistkedil dgjg

sie ekdksi`l`ks ( i) .

"@k hls dgeìdigeks `k hl v i`l plstgri h , tlh dgjg hl

fl dgestitui`g hl dghgeizldiôe y hl ieduril, eldke nrlvks ìaiduhtl`ks plrl uel grnleizldiôe pghêtidl dulh

quikrl, y ju dfls j ìs plrl kh triueag `k hl divihizldiôe

kurgpkl, `k sus iestitudigeks, y `k hl riqukzl y hiokrtl`

quk sge sus dgeskdukedils.

"Dge kstl sgdik`l` ke quk hl duhturl `kh kspêritu ks

ieýtih k ijpgsiohk, `ge`k hgs ekngdigs jueidiplhks eg

kxistke, `ge`k kh oike pýohidg ks uel plhlorl sie sketi

` g , kh fgjork `gtl`g kjieketkjketk sk ksaukrzl pgrrkprgùdirsk y l`gptl plrl kh hg hgs jkìgs y hgs dl

jiegs quk keduketrl. Kh nludfg skrì ue jlhfkdfgr g

ue dluì h h g . . .

"Dgstujorks `k kstk néekrg rkquikrke jkìgs r inu

rgsgs `k rkprksiôe y plrl rkprijir `kslhjl`gs sk ek

dksitle mukdks jì s `kslhjl `gs lýe . Hg quk lh priedi

pig ìmk `kh dlpltlz `k dlrrktls, sk lph idl kxldtljketk

l h mukz `k dljplül. Letk tg`l gtrl dgsl ekdksitl vlhgr=kh tkrrgr `k su egjork ks jìs pg`krgsg quk hgs dlstings

quk lph idl. . . Rgr supukstg, quk hl must id il quk l`jieis

trle ks `k tg`g puetg lroitrlril. . . L vkdks sukhk flokr

mukdks `k éstgs quk hg sge `k pgr vi`l y quk `kmle uel

jkjgril rkspktl`l. Rkrg hl dgedikedil `k kstgs jkìgs

kmkdut ivgs y hg lroitrlrig `k hls pkels, agrjle i`kls

( i) Aldue`g, dlp. I, plrtk i."




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T I ; 9

(< ) Aldue`g, dlpêtuhgs I y II.

ke kh pukohg sgork kh pg`kr `k hl lutgri`l`, quk jìs

tlr`k v ikeke l prgùdir sus kakdtgs. Kh mukz sk fldk

gok`kdkr pgr su rkputldiôe `k lu`ldil tkrriohk, su lu

tgri`l`, su muidig sie agrjls, su sketkedil, su yg hg

jle`g y sus dlst ings ievketl`gs pgr éh jisjg."

Eg ghvi`kjgs quk kh lutgr fl dgesi`krl`g ksk mukz

y ksl muìdlturl dgjg uel ekdksi`l` `k hls dgstuj

orks drkl`ls pgr hl v i`l plstgri h lrnketiel." H g q u k ` i n g ` k h m u k z ‐ p r g s i n u k ‐ k s l p h i d l o h k l h

dgjle`letk `k dljplül... Kh Ngoikreg `k hls d iu`l`ks

ks kh quk `l kh t ê tuhg `k dgjle`letk `k dljplül3 pkrg

dgjg hl diu`l` ks `éoih ke kh dljpg, sie ieahukedil y

sie lìdtgs, kh Ngoikreg kdfl jleg `k hgs fgjorks quk

jìs tkrrgr hk iespirle. . . Ks s ienuhlr quk tg`gs hgs dlu

ì h hgs `k hl rkvghudiôe lrnketiel fle si`g dgjle`letks

`k dljplül. . . Ks kh puetg `k plrt i`l plrl tg`gs hgsljoidigsgs.

"@gy tletl ijpgrtledil l kstgs pgrjkegrks, pgrquk

kh hgs skrvirìe l kxph idlr tg`gs eukstrgs akeôjkegs sg

dilhks y hl kvghudiôe quk sk fl kstl`g gorle`g ke hl

_kpýoh idl L rnket iel .

"Hl vi`l `k hgs dljpgs lrnketiegs tlh dgjg hl fk

jgst rl`g, eg ks ue ldd i`ket k v uh nlr = ks ue gr`ke `k

dgsls, ue sistkjl `k lsgdildiôe, dlrldtkrêstidg, jg rlh,

ýeidg, l ji muidig, ke kh ju e`g, y éh sghg olstl plrl kx

phidlr tg`l eukstrl rkvghudiôe" ( i ) .

Fk lfê hl pieturl quk kh Tr . Tlrjiketg fldk `kh suk

hg , `kh fgjork, `k hl vi`l, `k hl sgdik`l` egrjlh `k hl


Eg rkspge`g `k hl kxldt itu` `k hls lprkdildigeks3




i 1 g L H O K _ @ I

pkrd rkdgegzdg quk fly ue ieaieitg tlhketg y judfg `k

vkr`l`krg ke kh hls. Eg sge dgedksigeks quk kh lutgr fi

diksk l _gsls, dgjg prktke`k fgy quk sge sus lprkdil

digeks `k [rquizl ke Lrnirôpghis. K h lutgr ksdrioêl hg

quk drkêl uel vkr`l` aihgsôaidl.

Rgr kh sukhg kxtkesg y `ksikrtg, pgr hl dghgeizldiôe

ksplüghl jlh kstlohkdi`l, pgr hgs rkstgs `k rlzls ie`ê

nkels , pgr ksgs fkdfgs quk éh h hljl egrjlhks, y hgsge, kxphidl hl kxistkedil y hl jlekrl `k skr `k hl sg

dik`l` pghêt idl y `k hgs dlrldtkrks quk sge su rksuhtl`g

egrjlh . K h dluìhhg, ke tg`ls hls mkrlrquêls `k hl v i`l

lrnketiel, ks hl lutgri`l` ìsdrkdigelh k irrkspgeslohk,

y ks lsê pgr uel ekdksi`l` `krivl`l `kh jg`g `k skr

`k ksl eldiôe plstgrl.

Kh Tr . Tlrjiketg eg trltl `k ksgs fkdfgs plrl losgh

vkr ei mustiaidlr kh dluìhhlmk, sieg plrl `kjgsatrlr pgrhl a i hgsgaêl hl rlêz egrjlh `kh pg`kr lroitrlrig ke hl _k

pýoh idl Lrnketiel, y kstlohkdkr dgjg jkìg ýeidg `k

kxt irplrhg hl suprksiôe nrlùlh y hketl `k hls dlusls

elturlhks quk hg fldêle kxistir. Ksl ai hgsgaêl dgeùdêl

`krkdfg l hl l`gpdiôe `k uel pghêt idl tghkrletk, pldike

tk , jg`krl`l, ke hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel, dgjg hl quk

skrvêl ke Dfihk `k hkddiôe y kmkjphg ke ksl épgdl kh

lut gr `k Aldue`g.

@k ksl `gdtriel rksuhtlol quk kh dluìh hlmk ks ue jlh,

pkrg quk ksk jlh ks ue fkdfg y ue fkdfg lrrlinl`g,

prgaue`g y egrjlh 3 quk krl ekdkslr ig dgjolt ir h g nrl

ùlhjketk, dgjoltirhg ke sus dlusls, eg ke ue rksuhtl

`g lishl`g.

Dgjoltir kh dluìh hg y kh dluìh hlmk quikrk `kdir ldl

olr dge kh pg`kr ìsdrkdigelh, g hg quk ks inulhjketk,

kh `krkdfg y hl hiokrtl`. Rkrg si kh dluìh hg ks uel kx-




GO_LT TKHKDPLT h1h

prksiôe ekdkslril y ýtih `k hl v i`l plstgrlh , tlh dulh

fgy kxistk, eg fly j k ` i g `k ldlolrhg (sknýe kh s is

tkjl `k Aldue`g) quk dgedhuir dge kh `ks ikr t g , dge

hls ìstledils, dge kh lis hljiketg jltkrilh , dge hl eu

h i`l` ieùstrilh , quk fldke kxist ir lh dluìh hg dgjg

su rksuhtl`g hônidg y egrjlh . Fk lfê hl pghêtidl `k hl

rlzôe, hl pghêt idl skesltl, quk plrt k `k `ge`k `kok

plrt ir , `kh kstuìg ijplrdilh `kh sukhg, `kh fgjork, `k

hl sgdik`l` pkduhilrks `k su lphidldiôe.

· K s l krl hl pghêt idl `k p r g n r k s g y `k j k m g r l quk

sk floêl sknui`g flstl ketgedks7 Eg.

K e a r k e t k `k ksk jlh quk egs `kmô hl dghgeil, y quk

egs dgeskrvl y egs dgeskrv lrì kh `ksikrtg, fkjgs tk

ei`g gtrg jlh, quk tljoiée kstuìô kh lutgr `k Al-

due`g ke <60; y quk fgy fl g h v i`l`g ket krljket k=

K s hl pghêt idl `kh plrt i`g h iokrlh kxlh tl`g, quk ` k s d g egdike`g hg quk floêl `k egrjlh ke kh fkdfg `kh d l u

ìhhlmk, quisg* suprijirhg `k ue ngh pk, yl sledigele`g

orusdljketk hls iestitudigeks jìs l`khletl`ls `k hl

K u r g p l `kh sinhg VIV, yl ausi hle`g g suprijike`g l

hg s dluìhhgs. @ kh let k `kh pg`kr irrkspgeslohk, sk lhzô

hl h iokrtl` gjeêjg`l, y sk quisg rkjkìlr kh ` k s p g

tisjg `kh ltrlsg dge kh `kspgtisjg `kh p r g n r k s g = hl

vighkedil dge hl v ighkedil.K e hl _kpýoh idl L rnket iel sk vke l ue t ikjpg `gs

divih izldigeks ìstietls ke ue jisjg sukhg (`kdêl kh

T r . T l r j i k e t g ) = uel eldiketk, quk sie dgegdijiketg

`k hg quk t ikek sgork su dlokzl , kstì rkj k`le`g hgs

ksaukrzgs ienkeugs y pgpuhlrks `k hl K ` l ` J k ` i l 3

gtrl quk, sie dui`lrsk `k hg quk t ikek l sus piks, ie

tketl rklhizlr hgs ýh t ijgs rksuhtl`gs `k hl d iv i h i zl

d iôe kurgpkl3 kh sinhg V I V y kh s in hg VI I v iv ke mue-G O C L T T K H K D P L T . ‐ P g j g Q . <<




IÔ? L H O K _ @ I

t g s = kh ueg, `ketrg `k hls diu`l`ks3 kh gtrg, ke hls

dljplüls ( i ) .

H l i`kl `k `gs divih izldigek s ietkjp kstivls ke

prkskedil, t ikek judfg `k dikrtg3 pkrg kh lutgr sk

kquivgdl ke hl hgdlhizldiôe quk fldk `k kh hls, a i mle`g

uel ke hls diu`l`ks y gtrl ke hls dljplüls. Jìs l`k

hletk flré vkr hls dgeskduke dils prìdtidl s `k kstk

krrgr dgetrl hgs ietkrksks `k hl plz y `kh gr`ke kehl Ljéridl `kh Tur.

Rkrg tkekjgs yl d hlrl y tkrjieletkjketk kstlohk

di`g pgr kh lutgr `k Aldue`g quk kh plrti` g gpu kstg

l hg quk éh h hljl dluìhhlmk rkprksketlol uel divih i

zldiôe irrklhizlohk pgr iel`kdul`l l hl jlekrl `k skr

prksketk y egrjlh `kh plês, y quk su rivlh eg krl jk

egs utgpistl ke sus dleltgs `k rktrgnrl`ldiôe. Tknýe ksg, hl vkr`l`krl divih izldiôe, ks `kdir, hl divih i

zldiôe quk dgevkeêl l hls dgeìdigeks pkduhilrks `kh

plês eg kxistêl, eg tkeêl skrvi`grks ei rkprksketletks

ke hl _kpýohidl Lrnketiel flstl <6?;, sknýe kh lutgr

`k Aldue`g.

[e plrti`g kstlol ue sinhg ltrìs, kh gtrg ue sinhg

l`khletk3 eienueg kstlol ke su sinhg. Alhtô kh ouke

sketi`g, quk eg kstì ei l`khletk ei ltrìs= kstì sikjprk `ge`k `kok kstlr. Y kh ouke sketi`g ke Tu`-Ljé-

ridl kstì jìs dkrdl `k hl rklhi`l` iejkìltl y plhpi

tletk quk `k I24 h iorgs quk egs kevêl hl Kurgpl `kh

s in h g x ix quk skrì k h s in h g xxi `k Tu`-L jéridl .

L s ê , kh nludfg lrnketieg, kh fldke`l`g, kh ekngdiletk,

sge jìs lptgs plrl hl pghêt idl prìdtidl quk eukstrgs

(<) Aldue`g, p ì n ; 1




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T <14

lhujegs dru`gs `k \uiekt y Jigfkhkt 3 jlkstrgs quk

t g`gs dgegdke, jkegs Tu`-L jéridl .

Y ke kakdtg, sgork ksls h hleurls, quk sknýe hgs

aihôsgags prkplrl ole hls vêls lh `kspgtisjg, quk ke

jlt kr ils `k dljieg rkdioirìe pgr hlrng tikjpg hl hky

`k hl elturlhkzl slhvlmk, d u y l kxtkesiôe ijprij k l hl

vi`l dikrtl tieturl lsiìtidl y fldk pkeslr ke hl hhl

eurl `kh Pinris y `kh Kuarltks3 sgork ksls <0 diu`l`ks ksplrdi`ls lqu ê y lhhì ke hl kxtkesiôe sie hêjitks,

dirdue`l`ls, dkrdl`ls, gpriji`ls pgr kh `ksikrtg 3 ke

ksl sghk`l` lrnketiel, ijlnke vivl `kh Lsil, ke quk

kh prgnrksg kstì sgagdl`g, pgrquk e g puk`k flokr prg

nrksg sie hl pgsksiôe pkrj leketk `kh sukhg3 ke quk

hl divihizldiôe ks `kh tg`g irrklhizlohk y hl olrolrik

egrjlh3 ke quk kh fgj ork, ie`kpkeìketk `k tg`l ek

dksi`l`, hiork `k tg`l sumkdiôe, sie i`kls `k Ngoikreg ,

pgrquk tg`g gr`ke rknuhlr y sistkjl `g sk fldk `k

tg`g puetg ijpgsiohk, y ke quk ksl vi`l eg ks ue ld

di`ketk, sieg ue gr` ke `k dgsls, ue sistkjl `k lsg

dildiôe egrjlh, ýeidg ke kh jue`g3 ·ietketô kh plr

ti`g fgstih lh dluìhhlmk kstlohkdkr ue Ngo ikreg quk

tuviksk lhng `k lsiìtidg, dgjg kh sukhg `k su lphidl

diôe, y ke quk hls rknhls `kh Ngoikreg rkprksketltivg

ienhés g egrtkljkridleg dkìkske `k su ringr l hls pkduhilrks `k ksk sukhg y `k ksl sgdik`l`, quk el`l tik

eke `k ienhés ei `k arledés `kh s in hg x i x a E l` l

`k ksg.

·\ué fidikrge hgs h iokrlhks lrnketiegs7 @ênlhg kh

Tr. Tlrjiketg jisjg= "Qk` hg quk fl sudkì`g. .Hls

`gdtriels pghêt idls `k quk hgs ueitlrigs sk floêle lh i

jketl`g flstl <6?9 krle iedgjphktls k iesuaidiketks

plrl kstlohkdkr kh Ngoikreg y hl h iokrtl`3 olstô quk




<10 L H O K _ @ I

sk ln i t lsk h l Rljpl‐ kst l Rljpl rkokh `k, quk fldk

dulrketl lügs hlezl m iektks l `ksjgrgelr, olmg kh pik

`k sus dlolhhgs, hls iestitudigeks divih izl`ls `k hls

d iu`l`ks (< )‐ ols t ô quk sk ln i tlsk h l Rlj pl plrl

kdflr pgr t ikrrl su kìa id ig, olsl`g sgork lrkel" (?) .

" _ i v l ` l v i l r k e u e d i l , ke rlzôe `k quk hl vghuetl`

`k hgs pukohgs kstì ke gpgsidiôe''... ¡F izg o ike ke rk

euedilr _ivl`lvil tkeêl pgr jisiôe prksketlregs khdgest itudigelh isjg `k Okemljêe Dgestlet , dge tg`ls

s u s plhlorls fukdls, sus `kdkpdigeks y sus riìduhk

dks. _iv l`lv il inegrlol quk. . . "Hgs pukoh gs , ke su

iealedil, sge uegs eiügs quk el`l prkvée, quk el`l

dgegdke, y ks prkdisg quk hgs fgjorks `k lh tl prkvi

siôe y `k lhtl dgjprkesiôe hks sirvle `k pl`rks" (4).

"@grrkng, quk fl h hknl`g lh Ngoikreg pgr hl gpg

sidiôe plrhljketlril y hl pghéjidl, trltl `k ltrlkrskl hgs ueitlrigs, l quikeks fl vkedi`g. Rkrg hgs plrt i

`gs eg tikeke dlri`l` ei prkvisiôe. Hgs ueitlrigs sk hk

rêke ke hls olrols, sk dgjphgtle y sk plsle hl plhl

o r l = " Q l d i h l ‐ ` i d k e ‐ , ` k m é j g s h k d l k r " ( 0 ) .

"Kh i .² `k @idikjork ljlekdikrge agrjl`gs ke

il phlzl `k hl Qidtgril hgs Dukrpgs `k h êekl `kskjolr-

(< ) Dljplül, pìn. <2;. ‐ Kh Tr. Tlrj iketg dgeaue`k hl

Rljpl dge hls dljplüls. Hl Rljpl ks floitl`l pgr ie`ênk

els 3 euedl hgs ieìgs fle fghhl`g eukstrls dlp itlhks.‐ Tl e

Eidghìs, Lrkdg, Humle, kh Jgetk, ktd. eg sge hl Rljpl, pkrg

sge hl dljplül `k Oukegs Lirks, quk euegl sk jgviô sieg

pgr ieahukedils slhi`ls `k hl dlpitlh. Hl dljplül ks iestru

jketg, eg ue pg`kr quk ieidil.

(?) Aldue`g, pìn. 4 <?.

(4 ) Aldue`g, pìn. <14 .(0 ) Aldue`g, pìn. <1>.




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T <1;

d l`gs . K h ngokrel`gr @ grrkng floêl t gjl`g h l dlj

plül3 tg s ueitlrigs h hkelole hls phlzls, fkeìke`g kh

lirk dge sus vivls y sus nritgs `k triueag. L h n u e g s

`êls `kspués, >22 dgrldkrgs, jle`l`gs pgr <0 gaidil

hks nkekrlhks, slhêle pgr hl dlhhk `kh Rkrý dge rujog

l hl Rljpl, l kedgetrlr lhnuegs jih hlrks `k nlu

d f g s . . . , kedlokzl`gs pgr @ grrkng y _gsls . [e jg

jketg `kspués kstlol kh dljpg h hkeg `k dl`ìvkrks, ylh `êl sinuiketk ue oizlrrg gaidilh, quk fgy kstì lh skr-,

vidig `k Dfihk, ketrknlol ke kh dulrtkh nkekrlh l @g

rrkng prisigekrg. [el fgrl jìs tlr`k kh dl`ìvkr `k

@ g r r k n g yldêl trlsplsl`g l olhlzgs" (<) .

Hgs quk lsê leiquihlrge uel lutgri`l` quk hks

ìsnustlol, dge kh a ie `k kstlohkdkr hl vkr`l`krl lu

tgri`l`, inegrlole hls vkr`l`ks dgetkei`ls ke hl si

nuiket k pìn iel `kh Tr . Tlrjiket g= "Dule`g k h jlh

kxistk ks pgrquk kstì ke hls dgsls, y lhhê 'sghlj ketk fl

`k ir l ousdìrskhk= si ue fgjork hg rkprksketl, fl

dike`g `kslplrkdkr hl pkrsgeiaidldiôe, sk hk rkeu kvl.

Déslr rkeldiô jìs tkjiohk quk Gdtlvig". "Kstk sket ir

` k H . O h l e d ‐ p r g s i n u k T l r j i k e t g ‐ , k x p r k s l ` g l e

tks pgr Hkrjieikr y gtrgs jih , keskül`g pgr hl Fis

tgril tletls vkdks, skrêl ue leldrgeisjg gomktlrhg leukstrgs plrt i`gs flstl <6?9, kùdl`gs ke hls kxlnk

rl`ls i`kls `k Jlohy, _lyelh , _gussklu, sgork hgs

`éspgtls, hl tirleêl y tletls gtrls plhlorls quk lue

vkjgs, quiedk lügs `kspués, agrjle`g kh age`g `k

hls puohidldigeks `k hl Rrkesl. Hlvlhhk eg sloêl pgr

ketgedks quk jltle`g éh dukrpg eg sk jltl kh lhjl,

(< ) Aldue`g, p ì n , <16.




i 1 1 L H O K _ @ I

y quk hgs pkrsgelmks pghêt idgs trlke su dlrìdtkr y su

kxistkedil `kh age`g `k hls i`kls, ietkrksks y a ieks `kh

plrt i`g quk rkprksket le ." "L ue aus i h le`g l _gsls , h l

dljplül eg florêl dlrkdi`g `k rkprksketletks, y eg

sk florêl fkdfg jls quk dljoilr ue dul`rg fistôridg

p g r g t r g " ( i ) .

Rgr a ie ustk` dlrldtkrizl `kh jg`g sinuiketk kh

plr ti`g quk ke <6?; eg ldkrtô l au e`l r hl lutg ri`l` r"Kh let inug plrt i`g ueitlrig sudujoiô fldk judfgs

lügs . Rkrg ke jkìg `k sus `ksldikrtgs k i husigeks

aletìstidls tkeêl tletg `k egohk y nrle`k, quk hl nk

ekrldiôe quk hk sudk`k hk `kok hgs jìs pgjpgsgs fg

egrks aýekorks. Judfgs `k lqukh hgs fgjorks quk`le

lýe ketrk egsgtrgs (ke <60;)3 pkrg eg yl dgjg plr

t i`g grnleizl`g3 sge hls jgjils `k hl _kpýoh idl Lr

nketiel". . . "Kstgs ueitlrigs `kh lüg ?; agrjle ue

tipg skplrl`g, quk egsgtrgs slokjgs ìstienuir pgr hl

ainurl, pgr hgs jg`lhks, pgr kh tgeg `k hl vgz y pgr

hls i`kls". . . "Hls aôrjuhls hknlhks dge kh duh tg kxtk

rigr quk rie`k l sus ê`ghgs, hl Dgestitudiôe, hls nl

rletêls ieìviùlhks. Tu rkh iniôe ks kh pgrvkeir `k hl

_kpýohidl, duyl ijlnke dghgslh , ie`kaieiohk.. . , eg hk-

`kml gduplrsk `k hgs fkdfgs quk prkskedil. . . Ks ijpgsiohk ijlnielrsk uel nkekrldiôe jìs rlzgel`grl,

j ìs `kùdtivl y quk flyl dlrkdi`g ke jìs lhtg nrl`g

`k sketi`g prìdtidg. Hhknl hl egt id il `k ue tr iueag `k

sus kekjings3 tg`gs hg rkpitke3 kh plrtk gaidilh hg `k

tlh hl 3 hgs ìsp krsg s vike ke fkri`g s. [ e ueitlrig eg-

drkk ke kh triueag, y sk aue`l ke rlzgeks tle dgedhu-

(< ) Aldue`g, p ì n . <19.




GO_LT TKHKDPLT < 1 >

ykütks, quk vukstrgs gmgs eg drkke luequk kstée vike-

` g " (<) .

·Rg`êl ue plrt i`g tle rlzgel`gr dgjprke`kr hl

lutgri`l` ke su grinke ai hgsôaidg k fistôridg tlh dgjg

hg kxprksô ustk` dge tletg tlhketg ke hls sinuiketks

h êekls= "Dule`g hl lutgri`l` ks sldl`l `k su dketrg

plrl aue`lrhl ke gtrl plrtk, plsl judfg tikjpg letks

`k kdflr rlêdks. Kh _kpuohidlel (pkriôìdg pipiôhg) ` kdêl kh gtrg `êl (ke <60;) < u k · l lutgri`l` eg ks jls

quk ue dgevkeig ketrk ngokrel etks y ngokrel `gs.'*

" L q u ê f l y j u d f g s u e i t l r i g s t g ` l v ê l ‐ k x d h l j l o l u s

t k ` ‐ . Hl lutgri`l` sk aue`l ke kh lsketijiketg ie

`khiokrl`g‐`kdêl ustk`‐ qué uel eldiôe `l l ue fk

dfg pkrjleketk. @ge`k fly `kh iokrldiôe y vghuetl`

eg fly lut gr i`l`" (?) .

Tk vk, puks, quk, dgjg egsgtrgs hgs môvkeks `k

Oukegs Lirks ke <646, ustk` vig ke <60; `gs pghêt i

dls krrl`ls, ke hls quk sknuêle hgs `gs letinugs plr

t i`gs lrnketiegs= hl `k hl K`l` Jkìl ke kh ak`krlh

y hl `kh s in hg xix `k Kurgpl ke kh ueitlrig, quk eg

slok hg quk tikek l sus piks ke Tu`-Ljéridl.

Kxph idô ustk` hgs jlhks `kh plês pgr hgs krrgrks

`k ueg y gtrg plrti`g.Tkplrìe`gsk `k ljogs, ieìdô hl pghêt idl quk dge

vke`rêl ke kh pgrvkeir= hl `k jg `krldiôe (4), quk k` u -

(<) Ks tl lhusiôe `kh lutgr `k Aldue`g, pìn. <4>, sk ì

rinêl lh @r. L hsiel , quk ke <602 prgoô pgr kh rlzge ljiketg

quk eg floêl tkei`g hunlr hl dgegdi`l oltlhhl `k "\ukorldfg-

krrl`g ".

(?) Aldue`g, p ì n 4 < 9(4) Aldue`g, p ì n < 4 9




i 1 6 L H O K _ @ I

dl, y eg hl kxlh tl`l, quk suprijk ( i) . "Ei drkg ijpg

siohk '‐`kdêl ustk`‐quk l hl dlê`l `k _gsls sk su

dk`l iejkìltljketk kh gr`ke. . . , pgr hg j isjg quk

hls prktkesigeks kxlnkrl`l s `k hiokrtl` quk lorinlole

hgs ueitlrigs fle trlê`g rksuhtl`gs tle dlhlj itgsgs,

hgs pghêtidgs skrìe ke l`khletk pru`ketks ke sus prg

pôsitgs, hgs plrti`gs j kì`gs ke sus kxinkedils (?).

Dlê`g _gsls y h hknl`l hl gpgrtuei`l` `k aue`lrhl lutgri`l`, `k drklr kh Ngoikreg rknuhlr `k hl _k

pýoh idl, ·qué fl fkdfg ustk`7 Ghvi`lr sus jìxijls

`k <60;, plrl ir jìs hkmgs ke ltrlsg pghêt idg quk hgs

•ueitlrigs `k <6?9, dge`kel`gs pgr ustk` ke ksk t ikjpg.

H l lutgri`l ` lrnke tiel surniô `k hgs fkdfgs ke

Akorkrg `k <6;?, su auketk grìelril y egrjlh . Jk

rkdêl su kxistkedil, pukstg quk kjlelol `k ue fkdfg

`k h iokrtl` (ustk` jisjg floêl dgetrioui`g l drklrhl).Rkrg `kspués `k eldi`l, ·qué fizg ustk`7 Tk kerghô

ke hls ühls `kh @r. Lhsiel, ueitlrig `k <6?9, y hg lyu

`ô l dgj oltir ksl lutg ri`l` eldiketk pgr vidig s `k

agrjl, pgrquk eg krl dgeagrjk l hls rknhls dgest i

tudigelhks `k Okemljêe Dgesitlet, pgrquk hl ìsdusiôe

y hl `khiokrldiôe jìs h iorks y jìs dgjphktls eg fl

oêle prkdkì`g l su slediôe.

K h ldu kr`g `k. Tle Eidg hìs, iestitui`g plrl dultrg `êls, aué kxljiel`g dgjg ue dgetrltg `k @krk

dfg divih , y hl pghêt idl lrnketiel aué rkùdi`l l ue

phkitg `k euhi`l`ks, ke quk sk lpurô hl dfidlel `kh

a grg . Tk rkiestlhô hl Rrkesl, kh sistkjl khkdtgrlh y

tg`g kh ngoikreg iekxpkrtg keslyl`g pgr _i vl` lvi l

(< ) Aldue`g, p ì n . <19.(?) Aldue`g, p ì n . 4 <9. . 3




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T I19

`kspués `kh lüg ?2, quk floêl si`g grinke `k hl ieue

`ldiôe `kjgdrìt idl quk kenke`rô l _gsls3 y lh fgj

ork quk suspkeìô ksls iestitudigeks ke prkskedil `k

hl tkjpkstl` quk eldêl `k kh hls pgr sknue`l vkz sk hk

ltldô dgjg t irleg, ke `kakesl `k ksls fkrrljiketls

pkrpktuls `k iequiktu`. Y ustk`, quk floêl dlhia idl`g

`k iel`kdul`gs ksk Ngoikreg y ksls iestitudigeks `k

_ivl`lvil, sk dgevirt iô ke su jìs dlhurgsg `kakesgr,plrl kstgrolr kh kstlohkdijiketg `k hl lutgri`l`, quk

ks ijpgsiohk, sknýe ustk`, `ge`k eg fly `khiokrldiôe

y vghuetl` (<) .

·Krl hl pkrsgel `k [rquizl kh jgtivg `k ksl rk

sistkedil, i hônidl g iedgeskduketk7 ·Drkêl ustk` quk sk

ekdksitlol fgjork jìs purg plrl `kmlrhk pgr khkd

diôe hl lutgri`l` quk hk floêle `l`g hls dgsls7

Rkrg ustk` `koiô vkr quk hg quk `le l huz hls dg

sls eg ks aìdih legel`lrhg pgr khkddiôe. Ke sknue`g

hunlr, quk [rquizl krl ìneg `kh Rg`kr

Ging rkpkt ir l oukegs fgjorks, quk el`l fle fk

dfg e i aue`l`g= "Yg eg drkg ke [rquizl3 el`l kspk

rg `k éh" .

L ksk pirrgeisjg dgevikek kstk hkenulmk= ·Drkk us

tk` quk _gsls fl dlê`g `kh Rg`kr, g hg supgek ngokrele`g t g`lv êl ke Oukegs L irks7

·Drkk ustk` quk hgs rêgs lrnketiegs sge h iorks y

quk hl Kurgpl y sus hudks puk`ke ketrlr ke il _kpý

oh idl Lr nk etie l pgr ìkz pukrtls ìakrke tks7 ·D rkk

ustk` quk kstg ks ue fkdfg g ks ue duketg ìrlok7

·Drkk ustk` quk fly ue Dgenrksg rkuei`g plrl `lr

(< ) Aldue`g, p ì n . <49.




L H O K _ @ I

uel Dgestitudiôe, g pikesl ustk` quk ks suküg hl prk

skedil `k ksk Dukrpg7

·Hk plrkdke l ustk` akdue`gs ksgs fkdfgs7 ·Kh plr

ti`g ueitlrig fl rklhizl`g mljìs hgs prijkrgs, ei `k

vkietk lügs l kstl plrtk kh ýht ijg7

Ruks oike, tg`g ksg ks gorl `kh fgjork ke quike

eg drkke hgs quk t ikeke aukrzls `k Férduhks plrl

drkkr ke hl euhi`l` y ke hl ijpgtkedil, ldrkìtl`lspgr vkietk lügs `k `ksldikrtgs.

Kh dlrìdtkr pkrsgelh , dgjg gomkdiôe l hl lutgri`l`,

ks pgork y ri`êduhg sgaisjl. ·Drkk ustk` quk Tletg

@gjieng auksk ue jlh fgjork7 Pg`g hg dgetrlrig,

krl lhng jìs quk fgjork oukeg= krl ue sletg, y sie

kjolrng, ievketô hl Iequisid iôe, plrl qukjlr vivgs

l hgs fgjorks quk pkeslole dge h iokrtl`.

·Drkk ustk` quk hgs sgh`l`gs quk egs ìkrge hl ie`kpke`kedil ljkridlel krle pkrsgelhjketk jìs jg

rlhks, jì s sgorigs, jìs oukegs quk hgs rkvkrk e`gs

pl`rks mksuêtls, quk fuoikrle ktkreizl`g eukstrl su

mkdiôe l hl Ksplül si eg sk vle7 Tu kmkjphg egs ke

skül quk eg olstl slokr hls jltkjìtidls y kh nrikng

plrl skr sgh`l`g `k hl h iokrtl`, ei olstl inegrlr ksls

dgsls plrl skrhg `kh ltrlsg. Dge hl jkmgr ietkediôe

sk puk`k `ksghlr kh jue`g, y jiketrls quk`k lh krrgrhl kxdusl `k hl siedkri`l` skrì jìs tkjiohk quk kh

`ghg , pgrquk skrì jìs kxduslohk.

Q g h v i k e ` g l Aldue`g, y dge kstk j gtivg lh age` g

`k hl dukst iôe lrnketiel‐quk sk rkùdk `k dulrketl

lügs l kstl plrtk l ie`lnlr dôjg sk fl `k agrjlr hl

lutgri`l`‐flré egtlr kh nrlvk krrgr quk ustk` pl

`kdk dule`g kxphidl tg`l hl rkvghudiôe `kjgdrìtidl y

divih lrnketiels, pgr kh ieahumg `k hl Rljpl.





Kh lishljiketg dghgeilh floêl tkei`g l kstgs plêsks

l trksdiketgs lügs `k hl Kurgpl rkprksketltivl. Hl rk

vghudiôe, quk ldloô kh lishljiketg pghêt idg `k ue `êlplrl gtrg, pusg ke prkskedil hl sgdik`l` ksplüghl `kh

sin hg x v i y hls i`kls `kh s in hg x i x `k hl Ku rgp l eg

pkeiesuhlr.

Hl nukrrl `k hl rkvghudiôe eg dgesist iô ke kh dfg

quk lrjl`g `k ksls sgdik`l`ks. Eienýe `kakesgr ljkridleg tuvg hl sgdik`l` rklhistl ksplüghl. Aué hl nukrrl ketrk ljkridlegs y ksplüghks. Ketrk dghgegs quk

qukrêle kjledipldiôe y jktrgpghitlegs quk qukrêle

`gjielregs. Kh priedipig rkpuohidleg eg tuvg ue sghggpgsitgr ljkridleg. Eg tkeike`g l`vkrslrigs, éh eg pg

`êl skr dlusl `k hudfl. H g s plrti`gs aukrg e pkrsg

elhks.

Hl ìvkrsi`l` y gpgsidiôe ketrk hg letinug y hg eukvg pu`g skr ue luxih ig `k hl hudfl3 pkrg sôhg lddksg

riljketk, puks, hg rkpitg, kh letinug rénijke eg tuvg

`kakesgrks lrnketiegs. Ledfgrkel, Jk`rleg y gtrgs

ak`krlhks sge sineltlrigs `kh ldtl `k hl Ie`kpke`ke

dil, a irjl`l ke Pudujìe ke i6iô.

Rkrg supôenlsk quk tlh ìvkrsi`l` dgestituyksk kh

age`g `k hl nukrrl d iv i h lrnketiel3 pgr hg jkegs, us

tk` sk kxtrlvêl `k hl vkr`l` fistôridl lh hgdlhizlr kslsi`kls dgjg hg fldk.

[stk` pgek ke hgs dljpgs hl K`l` Jkìl y kh le

tinug rénijke ksplügh, y ke hls diu`l`ks kh s in hg xix

y kh jg`kreg rénijke.

Hl vistl egs keskül quk eg ks lsê . Hl dghgeil, ks

`kdir, hl K`l` Jkìl `k hl Kurgpl kstlol ke hgs dlj

pgs y kstlol ke hls diu`l`ks, hg jisjg quk floêl kxis

ti`g ke Kurgpl. Hl rkvghudiôe l su vkz, ks `kdir, kh




Ê>? L H O K _ @ I

sinhg xix `k hl Kurgpl, ievlìô tg`g eukstrg sukhg,

lorlzô hgs dljpgs y hls diu`l`ks. @k ljols plrtks sl

h ikrge hgs kmérditgs quk dgequistlrge hl ie`kpke`kedil.

Hls d iu`l`ks ìkrge iealetks3 hgs dljpgs, dlolh hkrêls .

H g s nludfgs euedl fle si`g rklhistls `kspués `k <6<2.

Hgs dljpgs aukrge sikjprk kh olhulrtk `k eukstrl

ie`kpke`kedil, y kh plisleg, kh nludfg, su prijkr sgh

`l`g. Dltgrdk ksdul`rgeks `k Dlolhhkrêl kstrkdflrge yprkdipitlrge l îtkhgt ke hl `krrgtl.

Tle J lrt êe , Tuìrkz , h gs Ekdgdfkls , Hlv lh h k , Hl-J l

`ri`, Rrienhks, ktd., aukrge gaidilhks `k nludfgs, pgrquk

aukrge mkaks `k Dlolhhkrêl, quk sk dgjpgeêl `k dlj

pksiegs, y eg `k zlpltkrgs y slstrks.

Hls v id t gr ils `k Tle Hgrkezg, Pudujìe, Dfldloudg,

_êg-Oljol, Ridfiedfl, Mueêe k I tuzlienô, sge vidtg

rils quk sk `koke l eukstrgs dljpksiegs, puks sk gotu

vikrge priediplhjketk pgr hl Dlolhhkrêl, puìke`g juy

oike `kdirsk quk hl Ksplül aué kdfl`l `k kstgs plêsks

l hlzg y oghl.

@k hgs dljpgs ks eldi`l hl kxistkedil eukvl `k kstl

Ljéridl3 `k kh hgs slh iô kh pg`kr quk kdfô l hl Ksplül,

rkaunil`l lh a ie `kh dghgeilmk ke hls diu`l`ks, y `k kh hgs

slh`rì hl lutgri`l` ljkridlel, quk rkkjphldk hl suyl,pgrquk kh hgs sge hl Ljéridl `kh Tu`, quk sk `kaiek=

" ø e `ks ikr tg pgr rknh l , pgoh l`g pgr k xdkp d iôe ."

Hl pghêt idl quk eg skpl lpgylrsk ke eukstrgs dlj

pgs plrl rksghvkr kh prgohkjl `k eukstrl grnleizldiôe

y prgnrksg, skrì diknl, pgrquk `ksdgegdkrì hl ýeidl pl

hledl quk fldk jgvkr kstk jue`g `kspgohl`g. ·@gji

elr kh `ksikrtg sie kh fgjork `kh `ksikrtg, ks dgsl quk

tkenl sket i`g dgjýe7 Tikjprk quk vkìis ke Tu`-Ljé-




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T M > 4

ridl gtrl dgsl quk ue jue`g `kspgohl`g, iedurriréis

ke krrgr.

Eg ldflquéis l `gs dljpgs il lelrquêl. Khhl fl si`g

fiml `k hl rkvghudiôe, quk fl ìviì`g dljpgs y d iu

`l`ks.

Hl hgdlhizldiôe `k hl divih izldiôe ke hls diu`l`ks y

hl olrolrik ke hls dljplüls, ks ue krrgr `k fistgril y

`k goskrvldiôe, y jleletilh `k lelrquêl y `k letipltêlslrtiaidilhks ketrk 'hgdlhi`l`ks quk sk ekdksitle y dgj

phktle jutuljketk. ·Ke qué plês `kh jue`g eg ks hl

dljplül jìs ieduhtl quk Fls diu`l`ks7

Kh dltkdisjg `k ksl alhsl `gdtriel ks kh Aldue`g.

Ti auksk prkdisg hgdlhizlr kh kspêritu eukvg y kh kspê

r itu v ikmg ke Tu`-Ljéridl, hl s ijphk goskrvldiôe egs

flrêl vkr quk hl Ku rgp l `kh s in hg x i x , ltrlê`l pgh

hl elvknldiôe, kh dgjkrdig y hl kjinrldiôe, kstì ke hlsprgviedils `kh h i tgrlh , y kh plsl`g jìs plrt iduhlrjketk

ke hls d iu`l`ks jkìtkrrìekls- Kstg sk dgjprke`k,

pgrquk sk vk, tgdl y plhpl.

Fk lfê su puoh idldiôe jìs déhkork `k duletls fl

`l`g l huz dgetrl _gsls. Aldue`g ks _gsls dge gtrg

egjork.

Rkrg si sus trlolmgs `k ìkz lügs ke hl Rrkesl eg

rkprksketle sldriaidigs quk hk flnle jkrkdk`gr `kM Rg`kr, ·rkprksketle lh jkegs hl dikedil pghêt idl y hl ies

truddiôe ke dgsls pýohidls, quk `le `l dgjpktkedil `k

fgjork `k kstl`g7

Fk fkdfg egtlr quk sus trlolmgs pgh ê t idgs eg plsle

`k nldktls. Hl dikedil pýohidl eg hk `kok ue h iorg `gn

jìtidg, ei ue trlolmg fistôridg `k quk puk`l kdflr

jleg kh fgjork `k Kstl`g g kh kstuìletk `k @krkdfg

pýohidg.




L H O K _ @ I

Hl Rrkesl pkriôìdl `kskjpkül`l pgr hlrngs lügs,

hkmgs `k skr ksdukhl `k fgjork `k Kstl`g, ks gdupldiôe

ke quk sk pikr`ke hls dulhi`l`ks plrl skrhg. Hl rlzôeks govil. Hl rkskrvl, hl jkìtldiôe `ktkei`l, hl kspkrl,

quk sge hls dulhi`l`ks `kh kstlìstl, skrêle hl ruiel `k

ue pkrigìstl, quk t ikek quk pkeslr lh plsg quk ksdriok,pgr eg `kdir `kspués. Fgjork prgtgdghg, .jìquiel `k

ìvuhnldiôe y puohidi`l`, flohlr letk éh ks flohlr letkksdrioleg y `gs tkstings, ks ìdtlr lrtêduhgs kìtgrilhks,

ìspgsidiôe kaidldêsijl plrl kelmkelr hl dgeailezl `kquk tletg ekdksitl kh fgjork `k Kstl`g. Rgr gtrl plrtk,

hl Rrkesl, dgjg kh prgsdkeig, `kslrrghhl hl vlei`l`, quk

ks kekjinl `kh skdrktg, y sie kh skdrktg sk puk`k ngokrelr pg r uel f grl `k lsgel` l kh p ipuhldf g `k hl dlhhk,

pkrg eg uel _kpýohidl. Kstl goskrvldiôe eg sk lphidl

l ustk` plrtiduhlrjketk, sieg lh pkrigìstl dgesuktuìelrig `k eukstrl Rrkesl su`ljkridlel, ke quk kh ìrkdtgr y rk`ldtgr ke mkak ks l hl vkz drgeistl y dgjpihl`gr

`k duketgs y rujgrks. [e fgjork `k Kstl`g puk`k skr

pkrigìstl ke ue jgjketg `l`g, pkrg rlrl vkz kh pkrigìstl `k gaidig sk fldk fgjork `k Kstl`g, pgr hl rl

zôe quk fk `l`g lrriol.

K h Aldue`g eg ks ue hiorg `k pghêtidl ei `k fistgril .

Ks uel oignrla êl dgjg ustk` jisjg hg h hljl3 dlsi ksue rgjledk pgr hg quk tikek `k i`klh , l pkslr `k su

`gsis `k aihgsgaêl, quk eg alhtl fgy ei l hgs `rljls.

Ks hl vi`l `k ji dluìhhg dge prktkesigeks `k skr kx

phidldiôe tkôridl `kh dluìh hlmk lrnketieg‐tkgrêl ie

dgjphktl, puks `kml ke ohledg hgs dluìh hgs `k hl Rrke

sl y `k hl triouel, quk tljoiée dlhia idô kh pl`rk Dlstl

ük`l dge kh egjork `k nludfi-pghêtidgs.

Hl vi`l `k Lh`lg ks hl v i`l `k gtrg dluìhhg. Y g e g




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T <>;

h hljlrêl dluìh hgs l \uirgnl y l Lh`lg, pgrquk dluìhhg

aué Tijôe Ogh êvlr, dgjg ustk` hg ìdk ke Aldue`g.

_golr y lsksielr eg sge ldtgs `k dluìh hlmk, sieg `k

vìe`lhgs. Ti kh fistgrilr hl olrolrik y hgs oìrolrgs eg

ks jkìg `k `gdtrielr l hls diu`l`ks duhtls, tljpgdg

ks jkìg `k lprke`kr kh ngoikreg `k h iokrtl`. Nuizgt

eg lprkeìô pghêt idl ksdrioike`g hl fistgril `k hl olr

olrik, sieg hl fistgril `k hl divih izldiôe. Fistgrile`g lOkhnrleg, l _ivl`lvil, l Tle Jlrt êe, l Jgrkeg, ktd . ,

sk florêl pgì`g kùdlr hl muvketu` ke kh ljgr l hl hi

okrtl`, jìs oike quk ke kh gìg pkrsgelh l hgs jl hvl`gs.

Rhutlrdg eg fistgriô l pidlrgs plrl skrvir l hl kùdl

diôe. Hls v i`ls `k ^lsfientge y `k Arlech ie fle `l`g

jìs ljings l hl _kpýoh idl quk hls `k Ekrôe y @gji-

dileg. Kh dristileisjg divih izl pgr hls vi`ls `k hgs sle

tgs, eg `k hgs ijpêgs. Kùdl judfg kh kmkjphg, ks vkr`l`, pkrg kh kmkjphg oukeg y eg kh jlhg, quk ks dgetl

nigsg dgjg tg`g kmkjphg, oukeg g jlhg.

T u s _kdukr`gs `k Rrgviedil sge su oig nrl aêl, eg ue

hiorg `k pghêt idl. Fistgriìe`gsk l sê jisjg eg fl pgì

`g lprke`kr jìs `k hg quk ustk` slok. Ksk trlolmg eg

ks ue skrvidig fkdfg l hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel, y ù`g

quk hg skl plrl ustk` jisjg. Ks kh prijkr kmkjphg quk

sk garkdk ke eukstrg plês, tle loue`letk ke fgjorksegtlohks, `k ue rkpuohidleg quk puohidl `gsdiketls pì

niels y ue ìrogh nkeklhônidg plrl rkakrir su vi`l, hl `k

tg`gs hgs ieìviùgs `k su plrketkhl y flstl `k sus

dril`gs. Tle Jlrt êe eg qukrêl quk sk tgjlsk su rktrl

tg . _iv l`lv il , J get klnu`g, Rlssg, L h v klr y d ike fé

rgks lrnketiegs, kstìe sie oignrlaêl, y hl jisjl _kpý

oh idl, quk ks tg`l nhgril y fkrgidi`l`, kstì s ie fistg

ril. Qìrkhl `kmô `k sê uegs pgdgs rkenhgeks oignrìaidgs,




L H O K _ @ I

quk eg vikrge hl huz sieg `kspués `k su jukrtk. Rkrg

su oignrlaêl `k ustk` eg ks ue sijphk trlolmg `k vlei

`l`, sieg kh jkìg, juy usl`g y juy dgegdi`g ke pghê

t idl, `k agrjlr hl dleì`lturl `k su egjork plrl gdu

plr uel lhturl, duyg lefkhg hknêtijg, pgr gtrl plrtk, hk

fldk lnitl`gr iedleslohk.

Tus ksdritgs lmkegs l hl pghêtidl, sus ksdritgs sgork

hl iestruddiôe, quk sge hgs jìs skrigs y jìs ìnegs, · hk`lrêle hl dgjpktkedil `k fgjork `k Kstl`g7 Hg quk

ks lmkeg l hl pghêt idl eg puk`k fldkr fgjorks pghêt idgs.

K sg s trlolmg s hk fldke j krkdk `gr `k su lsiketg ke. hl

Alduhtl` `k Fujlei`l`ks `k hl [eivkrsi`l` `k Dfihk,

pkrg hl pk`lngnêl eg ks hl dikedil `kh puohidistl, ei hls

fujlei`l`ks fldke jieistrgs `k Kstl`g.

Hl keskülezl fl `l`g l huz jìs `k ue fgjork pýohidg, ks dikrtg3 pkrg ks hl lhtl keskülezl pghêt idl, hl

prgaue`l keskülezl fistôridl, quk ìg l Nuizgt kh `k

rkdfg `k ngokrelr ksl Arledil tle oike kxph idl`l pgr

éh, eg hl iestruddiôe prijlril, quk lpkels ks hl prkpl

rldiôe l hl keskülezl. Tlokr hkkr y ksdrioir ks pgekrsk

ke lptitu` `k kjpkzlr l kùdlrsk. Hl iestruddiôe pri

jlril ks l hl kùdldiôe hg quk ks tkekr ue ksdgphg l

slokr hl dlrpietkrêl. [stk` jisjg fl rkdgegdi`g quksu h iorg `k kùdldiôe prijlril h hkvlol ijprgpiljketk

kh pge`krltivg t êtuhg `k kùdldiôe pgpuhlr.

Tu h iorg ks hl gorl `k ue fgjork `k oike, pkrg eg kh

trlolmg `k ue fgjork `k Kstl`g. Dgstkl`g pgr kh Ng

oikreg `k Dfihk, el`l hk `kok pgr éh hl _kpýohidl Lr

nketiel3 y flstl fgy eg fl prgùdi`g uel iest itudiôe

prìdtidl ei lh hì ei lquê. @koike`g skr hl dgeùdtl `kh

lutgr kh jkmgr dgjketlrig `k su gorl, rkdukr`k ustk`




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T I >>

quk hl lnitldiôe `kjlnônidl eg ks hl kùdldiôe quk rkquikrk hl muvketu` `k kstls ieakh idks rkpýohidls.

Rgr hg `kjìs, goskrvlré, eg ke pkrmuidig `k ustk`,

sieg ke oike `k eukstrg plês, quk jìs ekdksitl `k ks

dghlrks quk `k ksdukhls eukstrl Ljéridl `ksikrtl3 y

jìs oike jkìgs `k kjphklr kh t ikjpg sgorletk quk

jétg`gs plrl lorkvilrhg s ie ekdksi`l`. Judfg pg`rì

`kokr lh lhaloktg, pkrg 'jìs alhtl hk fldke fgy hl ol

rrktl y kh lrl`g. Kstl ks hl kùdldiôe pgpuhlr quk ekdk

sitle eukstrls rkpýohidls, y pgr dikrtg quk kh hl eg sk

tgjl ke hl nukrrl d iv i h .

H l Drôeidl y Tu`-Ljéridl, pkriôìdgs fko`gj l`l

rigs `k oukel iespirldiôe, `k kxdkhketks jltkrilhks y

oike ijprksgs pgr Okh ie y Dgjplüêl, gduplrge l _g

sls jìs quk l hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel, y su pkrskdu

diôe pukrih ìg lh lutgr jìs kspkdtloih i`l` quk sus ks

dritgs jkegs pgpuhlrks quk hgs `k Qìrkhl k Ie`lrtk.

Hl ìphgjldil y kh kmérditg quk fle `kstrui`g l _g

sls eg tuvikrge iespirldiôe ke ksgs ksdritgs lplrkdi`gs

l kstk hl`g `kh `ksikrtg, y `k hl dgrìh hkrl `k hgs Le

`ks, sieg ke ietkrksks vivêsijgs, quk plhpitlole ke

hls jìrnkeks `kh Rhltl ieahljl`ls pgr hl Rrkesl `k

Jgetkvi`kg, `k Ketrk-_êgs y `kh Orlsi h .

Ke ksls puohidldigeks eg kstì ustk` sghg3 kstì uelkjinrldiôe ketkrl, quk hg lpgylol, eg sôhg pgr hl sus

dripdiôe, sieg pgr hl iespirldiôe. Rkrg sudk`k quk ke hl

Rrkesl, dgjg ke hl nukrrl, kh mkak `l su egjork l hl

dgh ujel.

Kspkdik `k kpê hgng g rkdlpituhldiôe `k hl Rrkesl lr

nketiel `k vkietk lügs, ksls puohidldigeks hk pkrtkek

dke l ustk` jìs pgr hl agrjl quk pgr hl iespirldiôe.

Kh dljoig `k dukst iôe fl `kml`g kelels judfls ietk-G O _ L T TKHKDPLT.‐Pgjg Q <?




L H O K _ @ I

h inkedils quk letks `ksdghhlole. Ksdritgs quk lplrkdêle

tle hujiegsgs dule`g dgjoltêle dgetrl _gsls sk fle

jgstrl`g loykdtgs y pkqukügs `kspués `k su dlê`l.

·Rgr qué rlzôe7 Rgrquk letks vkst êle hg lmkeg, y fgy

lplrkdke dge hg prgpig.

K e ka kd tg = hl ldusldiôe y ₨< muidi g quk pkslole dge

trl _gsls y su sistkjl krle hl gorl `k vkietk lügs `k

ìsdusiôe `k tg`ls hls ietkh inkedils lrnketiels, `k hlRrkesl y `k hgs grl`grks `k Ienhltkrrl, `k hl Arledil

y `kh Orlsi h . Pg`g kh jue`g duhtg floêl `l`g su plhl

orl sgork _gsls. Kh prgdksg lrrgmlol huz pgr tg`ls

plrtks. Pg`gs hg sloêle `k jkjgril, y hgs quk rkpk

têle sus jkìgs `k ldusldiôe dgehtrl kh t irleg rkpktêle

l Qìrkh l , _iv krl I e`lrt k , l L orlet ks , l J lrt iney, l

Pfikrs, l hgs prijkrgs ksdritgrks `k hl Rrkesl ienhksl

y arledksl. · \ ué nrldil k rl fl ohlr oike dgetrl _g sls 7@kspués `k su dlê`l, hls pgorks dlokzls eg fle dgeg

di`g hl grinielhi`l` `k hl situldiôe, ei sloi`g sketlr `k

eukvg hls dukst igeks, y fle fkdfg lph idldigeks phlnil

rêls y riìduhls dgetrl hgs vkedk`grks `k _gsls, `k hgs

jkìgs quk hl dgedikedil `kh jue`g usô dgetrl hl t irl

eêl quk floêl kdh ipsl`g hls ltrgdi`l`ks `k @gjidileg

y Dlhênuhl.

T i Aldue`g t ikek ldtulhi`l` fgy `êl, `gohkj ketk hl

tikek Lrnirôpghis. K e ljogs sk trltl e hls dukstigeks `kh

jgjket g. Aldue`g, g hl rlêz egrj lh `k hl lutgri`l`

ke h l _kpýoh idl L rnket iel3 Lrnirôpghis, g kh sitig y hl

pgsioih i`l` `k ue pg`kr hknishltivg ie`kpkeìketk ke hl


Lrnirôpghis ks hl rkvkhldiôe dle`grgsl `kh krrg r ke

quk nrlvitl hl pghêt idl `k hgs gpgsitgrks lh eukvg gr`ke

`k dgsls.





Hl suostledil, kh jkghhg `k Lrnirôpghis, sk rkù dk l

h g s inuiket k= ·Dôjg t kekr plt r il7 Pkeike`g ue Dge

nrksg h iork quk egs `é uel Dgestitudiôe h iokrlh3 ks `k

dir, tkeike`g hl h iokrtl` hknishltivl ke kh fkdfg, eg sôhg

ke kh egjork. Kstg ks tg`g ke kakdtg3 fldk dulrketl

lügs quk eg ousdljgs gtrl dgsl3 y kstl ar ighkrl ks hg

quk pkrsinuk hl Kurgpl rkprksketlt ivl fldk trks s in hgs.

·Dôjg (tkekr ue Dgenrksg h iork k ie`kpkeìketk `khgs Ngoikregs `k eukstrg su`g, g oike skl `kh dluìhhl

mk a Dghgdìe`ghg ke kh lirk, sie ù`l3 pkrg dgjg ksg ks

ijpgsiohk, sk hk pg`rêl dghgdlr ke uel ishl, quk sike`g

lrnketiel, eg kstuviksk ke pg`kr `k hgs Ngoikregs lr

nketiegs = ke J lrtêe Nlrdêl, v. nr., quk ketgedks sk fl

h hlol ke pg`kr `k hgs arledksks. Kstk aué kh `ksduori

jiketg pgh ê t idg quk ustk` fizg= dghgdlr kh Dgenrksg hk

nis hlt ivg aukrl `kh plês , plrl quk eg hg puìkske `gjielr hgs ngokreletks `kh plês .

Kh rkjkìg ks ka idlz3 pkrg ·`k qué skrvir êl hl gorl

`k ksk Dgenrksg ke kh plês quk `koêl rkdioir hl7 ·\uié

eks hl flrêle dujphir y goskrvlr7 Hls iea hukedils hgdl

hks , tkji`ls dgjg gprksgrls `kh hknishl`gr, ·eg hg sk

rêle `k hl hky, vkei`l `k sukhg ie`kpkeìketk 7

\uikrg `kdir quk kh plês tke`rêl hl dlokzl ke h iokr

tl`, y kh dukrpg ke dl`kels.Ousdle`g ue Dgenrksg h iork `k hls iea hukedils `k _g

sls, `kh Rlrlnuly y `kh [runuly, qukr êl ust k` `kpg

sitlrhg ke jlegs `k hl Arledil, tkek`grl ketgedks `k

Jlrtêe Nlrdêl, quk `koêl skr, sknýe ustk`, dlpitlh `k

ksgs Kstl`gs rkaueì`gs ke ueg sghg. Fgy quk hg ous

dl ustk` h iork `k hl ieahukedil `k [rquizl y `kh dluì

hhlmk (ngoikregs prgviedilhks) , y quk Jlrtêe Nlrdêl e g

kstì ke pg`kr `k hl Arledil, ·`ôe`k dghgdlrêl kh Dge-




i 6 g L H O K _ @ I

nrksg dgest ituyketk7 Eg ¡fly `ge`k dghgdlrhg, pgrquktg`g kh tkrritgrig lrnketieg kstì `gjiel`g pgr hgs dlu

ìhhgs. ·\ué fldkr ke t l h dlsg7 Tuprijir h gs dluì h h gs

y su iea humg plrl tkekr ue hunlr `ge`k pgekr ue Dge

nrksg dgestituyketk aukrl `k su lhdledk.

Fk lfê kh pkesljiketg `k Lrnirôpghis y kh `k hl pg

h ê t idl quk pgstkrnl hl grnleizldiôe plrl `kspués `k ldl

olr dge kh dluìh hlmk. Ruks oike, yg ìng quk ksg eg ks

grinielh , sieg ijitldiôe h iork `k hl pghêt idl `k Rljpkrg `k <6?93 y quk hl h iokrtl` `k hgs grnleizl`grks l hl

olygektl vukhvk l kdflr kh plês ke kh d êrduhg v id igsg,

quk`le`g kstéri h y s ie arutg kh hlrng pkrêg`g `k `gl

Mule J leukh `k _gsls .

GGGG




DL_PL D[L_PL

@k hl pkrsgelhi`l` quk ietkrksl l hls i`kls.‐@kh yg ke pghê

t idl.‐Ltlquks dgetkstl`gs, sgork pldtg `k lostkediôe, sg

ork dljoigs `k prgpôsitgs.‐Rrktke` i`ls prgvgdld igeks.‐

Rgsi di ôe skj i gaidil h ¡‐D gj pl r l di ô e dge N i r l r ì e.‐K j phkg

duhplohk `kh sketijiketg ke jltkrils quk kxinke dlhjl.‐

•Nleledils `k hgs kxlhtl`gs y pérì`l `k hgs dlhduhl`grks.

Hgs kxlhtl`gs eg tikeke i`kls aimls sgork agrjl `k ngoikr

eg.‐Eukvgs l j i ngs `k O ukegs L i r ks y sus pr ukol s.‐Ie

suhtgs dgetkstl`gs. ‐ @ksldukr`g s dgesing, h hljl`gs `ks

ldukr`gs dge gtrgs.‐Rghêtidl ltldl`l y `kspués rkdgni`l.

T i Lrnirôpghis ks dgpil g ks grinielh. ‐ I`kls vikmls sg -

tirk hiokrtl` `k hgs rêgs, iejinrldiôe, akrrgdlrrihks, loghidiôe `k lùlels ietkrigrks, pghêtidl kxtkrigr, ktd.

Qlhplrlêsg, Akorkrg `k <6;4.

Le`lré orkvk ke kstl dlrtl plrl dujphir duletg le

tks dge ustk`3 pgrquk kspkrg quk ke ji drê t idl skril y

rkspktugsl `k su pkrsgel y tlhketg rkdgegzdl kh kmkrdi

dig `k ue `krkdfg, quk kh tlhketg vkr`l`krg rkspktô

sikjprk dule`g sk kmkrdiô ke su dgetrl. Gdupldigeks

jlygrks quk ji t ikjpg y jis aukrzls jk fle goh inl`g

l kjphklr kh akril`g, plsl`g ke \uih hgitl, ke kstl rk`ld

diôe `k jkrg ietkrés pghêt idg. [stk` jk h hkvl hl vketlml




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T I64

•khhls sge `trgs vkietk `gdujketgs mustiaidltivgs `k quk

mljìs prgjktê tlh lostkediôe.

Rldtle`g lostiekedil, ji alhtl eg (florêl kstl`g ke

ksdrioir, sieg ke prgjktkr kh sihkedig. Plh prgjksl fl

orêl si`g ue lole`g eg ` k j i pu ks tg 3 ksdrio ir kr l rei

`kokr, y yg eg pg`êl kst ipuhlr uel `kakddiôe.

·@k qué tkeêl quk lostkekrjk7 Jis i`kls krle3 hls

`k tg`gs. ·Floêl ksdritg yg ji h iorg plrl gotkekr lphlusgs dgjg ue lrt is t l7 Krl ue h iorg `k ldd iôe3 yg `koêl

pkrsknuir hl kmkdudiôe `k sus `gdtriels prìdt idls, quk

sge kh lefkhg quk jk fizg slhir `k hl plhtril ksdhlvizl

`l fldk `gdk lügs. ·@koêl yg dgjoltir hg quk krl kmk

dudiôe `k hls i`kls `k ji h iorg7 ·@koêl gpgekrjk lh

pldtg `k Tle Eidghìs, ldgeskml`g pgr ji h iorg ke sus

priediplhks ìspgsidigeks7 <) F lo rêl j krkdi`g hl r isl

`k tg`gs. Hl dgetrlìddiôe eg ks jêl, s ieg `k hgs qukflh hlrge oukeg ji h iorg y `ktkstlohk hg quk krl `kùd

diôe prìdtidl `k éh . _khkl ustk` jis Olsks= tg` g hg ks

dritg pgr jê `kspués `k ksk h iorg ks sijphk `kslrrghhg

`k hl `gdtriel quk ushtk` hhljô su drk`g ?).

·Floêl ketrk jis i`kls prìdt idls y hls `k ustk` lh

nuel i`keti`l` `k quk kjlelsk kh `kokr `k ksl los-

(<) Qélsk Olsks y puetgs `k plrti`l, ktd., pìniels <4<,44³ <06, <19, <62, <64, <60, <69, <9?, ?<>.

(?) K e dlrtl plrtiduhlr `k <1 `k Tkptikjork, jk ksdrioêl

kh Tr. Tlrjiketg hg quk sinuk=

" Tu Dge stitudiôe ks ue jg eu jk etg3 ustk` flhhl quk ks hl

rklhizldiôe `k hls i`kls `k quk jk fk dgestitui`g lpôstgh. Tkl3

pkrg ks ustk` kh hknishl`gr `kh ouke sketi`g, olmg hls agrjls

`k hl dikedil."

"@k tg`gs jg`gs, su Dgestitudiôe ks eukstrl ole`krl, euks

trg sêjoghg. Lsê hg tgjl fgy hl _kpýohidl Lrnketiel. Ygdrkg quk su hiorg vl l kmkrdkr ue kakdtg okeéaidg."




<60 LHOK_@I

tkediôe dgjýe 7 [s tk` `koêl lostkekrsk pgrquk pke

slol sgork hgs fkdfgs lh rkvés `k tg`g kh jue`g, y dgegdike`g ksg hk ldgeskmlol yg kh sihkedig, ke goskquig

`k su trlequih i`l`. Rlrl ustk`, ksdrioir krl rküir dge

tg`gs sus dgjpltrigtls. ·Eg sk hg prgoô su dlrtl lhn k e k r l h [ r q u i z l 7

[e ljing dgjýe jk piìô éh ldkrdljiketg dge us

tk`, eg ke ji goskquig (yg eg kstlol lishl`g), sieg kegoskquig `k ustk`, quk krl kh `k pgsidiôe kxdkpdigelh .

Ksk dgjýe ljing eg jk piìô kh lole`geg `k uel sghl

i`kl, pgrquk ke Itg`g pkeslol éh dgjg yg y yg dgjg

tg`gs. J k ldgeskmô judf ls vkdks quk eg j k h ijitlsk

l hl puohidldiôe `k hls Olsks, quk lnrknlsk l ksl `gs,

trks y jìs puohidldigeks.

@kslprukog fgy su pghêt idl `k ustk`, pgr hls jis

jls rlzgeks quk jk hl fidikrge `kslprgolr `k letkjleg ke ji h iorg= quk yg s ikjprk fk drkê`g quk ustk`lphluìô pgr oge`l` jìs quk pgr dgeviddiôe.

Pljpgdg ks `k fgy quk `kslprukog hl pgh ê t idl `kOuk egs L irk s, `k e `k Tkpt ikjork, tle rkdgjke`l `l

pgr ustk`. @ks`k letks quk kxistikrl hl floêl yl `ks

lprgol`g ke hls pìniels <02 y <0< `k jis Olsks. T iustk` eg keduketrl gpgsidiôe ketrk kh sistkjl pghêt idg

"Ks pgsiohk quk su Dgestitudiôe skl ldkptl`l3 ks pgsiohk

quk skl lhtkrl`l, truedl`l3 pkrg hgs pukohgs, pgr hg supri

ji`g g lhtkrl`g, vkrìe kh kspêritu quk ìrink hls suprksigeks=

su "hiorg", puks, vl l skr kh @kdìhgng lrnketieg3 y slhvg hl

suprksiôe `kh pìrrlag ieìdl`g, hl ole`krl `k tg`gs hgs fgj

orks `k dgrlzôe."

Yg `kvukhvg l su lutgr kstgs dujphijiketgs3 eg hgs ldkp

tg , pgrquk eg sé dôjg puk`l lphluìrsk dge siedkri`l` hl `gd

triel `k ji hiorg y lpgylr lh jisjg tikjpg uel pghêtidl `kiesurrkddiôe y `k nukrrl.




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T h 6 ;

`k ji h iorg y kh prgdhljl`g pgr kh Ngoikreg `k << `kTkptikjork, vukhvg l kxprkslrhk ji Iakkjgr `k quk eg

dgeg dk l age `g j i h iorg. .

Yg eg fk prgvgdl`g sus iesuhtgs ei su pghéjidl,

dgjg ustk` prktke`k. Hl ýhtijl puohidldiôe `k quk ksrkspgeslohk ji egjork letk kh pýohidg ks ji h iorg `k

hl s Olsks3 y ksk. ksdritg `k dikedil ij pkrsgelh sôhg pg

`êl skr prgvgdldiôe plrl iìgtls g keviìgsgs, ke duyls `gs dltkngrêls eg puk`g dghgdlr l ustk`. @k hls

i`kls quk fldk suyls ue pkriôìdg rkspge`k su rk`ld

diôe, eg kh sgspkdfl`g lutgr, quk eg kstì gohinl`g l

susdrioir, dgjg eg kstì kh rk`ldtgr jisjg `k ue pkriôìdg. Alh tle`g lh ouke usg, ustk` fl `l`g ji egj

ork l hl rk`lddiôe leôeijl `k hgs pkriôìdgs `k Qlh

plrlêsg, ltr iouyée`gjk ue ìsijuhg `k quk kstls dlr

itls sge uel rkdtiaidldiôe.·@idk ustk` dge skrik`l` quk l jê sk `kok hl pu

ohidldiôe `k su Dljplül7 Ke kh hl sk hkk quk aué ks

dritl plrl vkr hl huz `kspués `k dlê`g _gsls. L u e q u ksk fuoiksk ksdritg plrl puoh idldiôe pgstujl g `k uh trl

tujol, ·`kspués `kh < < `k Tkptikjork hl fuoiksk ustk`

tkei`g ieéìtl7 ·\ué puoh id istl sldl l huz hg quk fl

`k `grjir judfgs lügs pgr uel prgvgdldiôe `k pk

riôìdg 7

@idk ustk` quk ji hônidl ks `k pgsidiôe skjigaidilh3

quk jis ksdritgs sge kh `kskjpküg `k uel jisiôe y

quk ue kjphkg ìphgjìtidg ks kh jôvih `k jis gpieigeks dgeskrvl`grls. @gs lügs letks quk ustk` `k

mlsk h l _kpýoh idl L rnket iel jk floêl kxplt r il`g yg

vghuetlriljketk pgr eg suarir hl t irleêl. Fk plsl`g

ke sukhg kxtrlemkrg hg jkmgr `k jis lügs3 y kstk le

tkdk`ketk eg jk h iorl `k quk ustk` vkl ke kh ietkrés




<61 L H O K _ @ I

`k kjphkgs tg`l j i j grlh pgh êt idl. Prl ù dike `g ji

dkhg dgjg sijphk ietkrés kngêstl, ·eg tkjk ustk` quk

su laì e `k flohlr `k pltril skl ietkrprktl`g `kh

j i s j g j g ` g 7 · G (tikek ustk` u e skx tg sketi`g lpl rtk

plrl ljlr hl _kpýoh idl dge gtrg ljgr quk kh `k sus

dgj pltrigtls 7

Dule`g jk akh id i tô ustk` pgr kh kjphkg ìphgjìti

dg quk jk garkdiô kh Ngoikreg lrnketieg y jk orie`ôustk` su dggpkrldiôe plrl `kskjpkülrhg, hk kxprksé

ji ie`kdisiôe l tgjlrhg. Fgy hk rkvkhg l ustk` quk

euedl kstuvk ie`kdisg, y jìs tlr`k slorì ustk` si hg

l`jit ê . E g sgy kj phkl`g, eg hg fk prktkeì`g, eg

quikrg skrhg. Ji prkskedil ke hl Rrkesl `kok prgoìr

skhg jkmgr quk el`l. Té hg quk ue kjphkl`g ìphg

jìtidg `kok l su rleng plrl gduplrsk `k fldkr ple

ahktgs. Dule`g yg jk `kdi`l l skrvir l hl pltril ke uekjphkg, dgetkstlré l hl Rrkesl dge fkdfgs y eg uslré

gtrg hkenulmk.

Pljpgdg fk ksdritg euedl quk jk flh hlsk ke kh dlsg

`k jk rkdkr kjphkgs l ksk t ê tuhg. E g `kake `kré ji

dgjpktkedil plrl kh hgs3 pkrg s ê flré must id il l hl prg

jgdiôe. Dgevke`rì ustk` ke'quk eg kstgy tle l Dik

nls sgork @krkdfg pýoh idg ietkreldigelh , @krkdfg dg

jkrdilh y tg`g hg quk ke dgegdijiketgs `gdtrielrigs yrkhldigeks pkrsgelhks dge ekngdiletks y fgjorks pý

oh idgs puk`k skr ýt i h plrl `kskjpkülr Prltl`gs `k

dgjkrdig y ljistl` ketrk Dfihk y eukstrg plês . Eg jk

flh hg ijph idl`g pgr flokr `kakeì`g l alvgr `k Dfihk

`krkdfgs tkrritgrilhks, quk l skr hknêtijgs ke ji gpi

eiôe, florêl i`g l `kdhlrlrhg ke hl hknishlturl `k ji

plês , eg ke kh plês kxtrlemkrg `k ji fgspk`lmk

Ti kspkrlsk yg l`jitir kh kjphkg, skrêl uel rlzôe




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T I 6 >

`k jìs plrl let id iplr kstl drê t idl `k sus gorls `k gpg

sid iôe, puks pgr hls iestruddigeks quk yl dgegzdg, `ks

kjpküìe`ghls hkløjkehtk, l dl`l puohidldiôe= suyl tke

`rêl quk garkdkrhk ji dgrrkg ìphgjìtidg plrl ìaue

ìrhl ke eukstrg plês , hkmgs `k pkrsknuirhl3 fgy elìk

ks jìs aukrtk dgetrl ustk` quk ustk` jistlg. Rgr fgy

eg `kskg kjphkgs quk jk ltke hl jleg `k ksdritgr .

· \ ué jk f lrêl lefkhlr ksk kjphkg, ke quk ustk` vkkh j ôv i h `k jis ksdr it gs7 ·K h rle ng7 Y g drkg quk ks

jlygr kh `k ue lognl`g `k uel _kpýoh idl ke plz quk

kh `k ue jieistrg `k uel _kpýoh idl ke lelrquêl. ·Hl

huz7 ·Drkk ustk` quk hl ìphgjldil hl `é l hl d ike

d il7 ·Kh sukh `g7 L dkpt le`g ksk kjph kg t ke`r êl quk

ìsjieuir jis dgjgì`l`ks y jis ketrl`ls, ustk` hg

slok. Pkeng jkìgs `k skrv ir l h l plt r il jkegs sumktg l hl dlhujeil, y jirls juy skrils ke jis ksdri

tgs pl rl `l r l hl dlhujeil ue prktk xtg `k j le

dflrhgs.

K e s u Dljplül y ke h gs pkr iôìdgs `k Oukegs L i

rks jk dgjplrl ustk` l Nirlrìe, dge < kh aie sie ù`l

`k ldrkìtlr hl `gdtriel `k jis Olsks. Yg sgy log

nl`g `k prgaksiôe, Nirlrìe ks ijprksgr y nldktkrg `k

gaid ig. Dgjplrlr ue lognl`g dge ue pkrigìstl ks pgdgkspiritulh .

Y g eg `ko g ei fk `koi`g ji ple dgt iìleg l hl

Rrkesl g l hl pgh ê t idl3 éh v ivk `k hl Rrkesl y `k hl

pghêt idl. Y g pl sg jis `êls dgetrlê`g l hl Fudfl `kh

a g r g 3 Nirlrìe plsl su v i`l ke h inls y pkhkls dge hgs

jieistrgs.

Yg vis itg hl Rrkesl pgr lddi`ketk y rknlhg jis jl

eusdritgs l hgs kìtgrks3 Nirlrìe sk t i tuhl Hl Rrkssk,




i66 LHOKK@I

dgjg ghtrg sk fl ìdfg hl prkesl `k Dfihk pgr judfgs

lügs, y vke`k sus rkenhgeks lh pýohidg.

Nirlrìe tikek l`grldiôe `k sê jisjg, y kh yg eg

sk hk dlk `k hl phujl3 ks juy rlrg quk yg flohk `k

jê jisjg.

Yg sgy dgeskrvl`gr lquê y dgeskrvl`gr lh hì (lh hì ,

ke lddiôe3 lquê , pgr s ijpltêl)3 Nirlrìe rkdgrrk ke

ue lüg hgs ole`gs dgetrlrigs, y tle prgetg ks rgmgdgjg dgeskrvl`gr3 s ike`g l vkdks hg ueg y hg gtrg l

ue t ikjpg.

Nirlrìe lyu`l l suoir l Elpghkôe, y hukng quk

kstì lrriol hg dgjoltk3 yg lpgyé l [rquizl dule`g

sk hkvletlol dgetrl _gsls3 pkrg eg hg ltldg pgr fl

okr `l`g ke tikrrl dge ksk t irleg.

L fgrl prknuet g= ·sgy yg k h quk sk plrkdk l Kjih ig

Nirlrìe 7

Hgs quk suarke lhhì, y eg yg‐ìdk ustk`‐ ` k d i ` i

rìe `k hl mustidil,. Ke jìs `k ue h unlr jk fl su

pukstg ustk` ngokrel`g pgr ue dìhduhg ar êg. Lh quk

eg nritl arkeétidg, lh quk rldigdiel, hg supgek ustk`

ieskesiohk. Eg trlaidg yg dge kh dlhgr, ks dikrtg3 eg

vke`g ketusilsjg. Euedl fk drkê`g quk Mgs pgktls quk

aloridle vkrsgs lrìketks skle jìs dlpldks `k lakd

diôe quk kh rkstg `k hgs fgjorks. Kh dlhgr eg ks khpltrigt isjg ei hl s iedkri`l`. Dule`g eg vikek `k ks

trkdfkz `k kspêritu, ks sineg kvi`ketk `k jlhl ak. Ks

kh. rksgrtk `k hgs skùdtgrks `kh pukohg. Lp lsig el r

dukstigeks quk ekdksitle `k hl rkahkxiôe trlequihl ks

drukh`l` ijpkr`gelohk3 ks vke`lr hgs gmgs `kh puk

ohg plrl quk vkl kh dljieg pgr `ge`k `kok ir 3 ks kj

orilnlr hls v êrnkeks plrl quk ljke sus `kokrks. Kh

dgrruptgr quk vk uel rljkrl ke hl kspgsl quk sumktl





su dgeùdtl l hl rlzôe, vk ue pukohg dgrrgjpi`g y

skrvih ke kh pukohg quk jg`krl sus `kskgs y sk sg

jktk l hl ekdksi`l`. Ksgs kjorilnl`grks `k ga id ig

pkr`kr êle h gs Kst l`gs [ei`gs `k Egrt k-L jéridl s i

l hl dlhjl quk prksi`k hgs ekngdigs `k ksk plês pu

ìkske kh hgs sustituir hl plsiôe dge quk kelr`kdke y

diknle l eukstrgs egvkhks pukohgs. ·\uiée eg dgegdk

kh lrtk `k iea hljlr7 Olstl eg tkekr dgrlzôe plrl kmkrdkrhg. Yg fk ousdl`g hl dlhjl y hl ar ilh`l` pgr ske

t ijiketg3 fk ousdl`g hl ar ilh`l` sie skr ar êg, pgrquk

khhl ks hg ýeidg quk alhtl l eukstrgs ekngdigs su`ljk

ridlegs3 ksl dlhjl quk ustk` fl usl`g ke Lrnirôpghis

y Tu`-Ljéridl3 trlo lmgs `k kdgegj êl y `k kstl`êstidl,

y quk `kspués fl `kml`g pgr kh dlhgr okhidgsg `kh Rlj

pkrg. Hl skesioih i`l` eg rksghvkrì kh prgohkjl `k

eukstrg ltrlsg. Kh ketusilsjg egs h hkvlrì l hl jukrt k 3 egs `lrì hl vlelnhgril, hlurkhks arltrid i`ls y gìg

sgs 3 pkr g eg e gs sl dlrì `kh `ksikrtg y `k hl olro lrik.

Ei hl s iedkri`l` kxdusl ksk dlhgr dgrruptgr3 kh ljgr

l hl pltril `k eukstrgs `kjlngngs ks dgjg kh `k ksgs

skùdtgrks quk fldke jl`rks l hls eiüls fgekstls=

siedkrg dgjg skesldiôe, pkrg `kslstrgsg plrl kh go

mktg ljl`g.

·@ôe`k kstì kh rksuhtl`g `kh dìhduhg arêg quk sk

ltriouyk l ji dgeùdtl `k `gdk lügs7 ·Kstì ke `kmlr

hl pltril y v iv ir kxtrlemkrg letks quk ksdhlvg h hkeg `k

vketlmls3 ke `lr l uel pghêt idl kstérih kh t ikjpg quk

vlhk grg kjphkl`g ke ji ga id ig3 ke rkfuslr kjphkgs

garkdi`gs y mljìs sgh id itl`gs7 Kstg ks hg quk yg, ar êg

y dlhduhl`gr, sldg `k hl pghêt idl dgeskrvl`grl, ke tle

tg quk eukstrgs férgks `k hl h iokrtl` l slenrk y auk

n g , `k ksl h iokrtl` quk tikek lsdg lh ietkrés, tgjle




i n g L H O K _ @ I

pgr lslhtg hgs kjphkgs, kmkrdke kh Rg`kr, quk sikjprk

ks hudrltivg (sknýe Tledfg) y rkdioke sukh`gs, quk

ìsarutle lh sge `k sus jkhg`êls dgetrl hgs dluìhhgs.

Kstk ks kh fk df g= hgs férgks `k e `k Tkpt ikj ork eg

sk aukrge l su dlsl3 gduplrge hgs kjphkgs y tgjlrge

hgs sukh`gs `k sus prk`kdksgrks, pgr khkddiôe pgpuhlr,

sk ketike`k3 kh plhtrigtisjg `l, eg lhquihl, sus skrvi

digs. Yg eg fk pkrd io i`g ue -jkìg rklh `k sukh`g `kh l _kpýoh idl L rnket iel3 eg lfgrl , ke ji v i`l . Mljìs

fk si`g kjphkl`g `k .eienueg `k sus Ngoikregs, ak

`krlhks g ueitlrigs, y fldk `gdk lügs quk pkrtkekzdg

l hl pgh ê t idl jih i tletk dgetrl hl t irleêl. Ji ýh t ijg trl

ol mg fl si`g kh prg yk dtg `k uel hky dgestitudigel h

plrl ue Ngoikreg `k prgnrksg3 `kspués fk `kakeì`g

kh Dgenrksg quk `kok sledigelr sus priedipigs y l hl

lutgri`l` quk fl rkuei`g ksk Dge nrksg , kstgrol`g

fldk vkietk lügs pgr hgs t irlegs.

Jk pi`k ustk` quk rkplrk hl dgesistkedil `k sus

gpieigeks. H l ienkeui`l` `k hl prgvgdl diôe eg hl

` u ` g 3 pkrg fly jkjgrils quk ekdksitle luxi h ig plrl

skr jg`kstls. Eg flohlré `k su dgesistkedil plrl dge

hls pkrsge ls ei ke' hgs lsuetgs sk du e` lr igs 3 ksg eg

puk`k kxinirsk rldigelhjketk lh quk flyl kmkrdi`g hlrngs lügs hl Rrkesl pkriôìdl, quk dgjg kh v iketg `k

hl gpieiôe, `k quk ks kdg, le`l tg`l hl rgsl eìutidl

ke kh kspldig `k ue quiequkeig. Ksk ks `kakdtg `k hl

Rrkesl, eg `k ustk`.

F lohl ré `k su gpieiôe sgork agrjl `k ngoikreg,

puetg aue`lj ketlh ke quk eg ks pkrj it i`g lorinlr

gpieigeks vldihletks. "Hl _kpýo hidl Lrnke tiel ks uel

k ieìvisiohk‐ìmg ustk ` ke Aldue`g, l hgs ìkz lügs




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T <9<

`k flokrhg ìdfg hgs ueitlrigs `k <6?1" (<) . Y eg hg

`kdêl ustk` pgr rut iel g lh ldlsg3 krl dgeviddiôe, quk

`kslrrgh hlol ke gtrl pìniel `kh jg`g sinuiketk= "Hl

_kpýoh idl Lrnketiel kstì nkgnrìa idljketk dgest itui

`l `k tlh jlekrl, quk fl `k skr ueitlril sikjprk, lue

quk kh rksuhtl`g `k hl oltlhhl ìnl hg dgetrlrig. Tu h hl

eurl dgetieul, sus rêgs, dgeahuketks l ue pukrtg ýeidg,

hl fldke altlhjketk uel k ieìvisiohk" (?).Tkis lügs `kspués, ke Lrnirôpghis y Tu`-Ljéridl,

ustk` fl rkdgegdi`g quk hl gpieiôe y hl Nkgnrla êl ij

pgeêle kh s istkjl ak`krlh l hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel, y

sk fl prgdhljl`g ustk` ak`krlh pgr dgevkedijiketg.

Ke `gs lügs, puks, ustk` fl tkei`g `gs gpieigeks dge

trlr ils y gpu kstls sgork kh sistkjl `k ngo ikreg `k

su plês.

Ke ksk puetg nrlvk y aue`ljketlh yg eg fk tkei`g jls quk uel gpieiôe' `ks`k hl Ksdukhl `k @krkdfg.

@ ksprkeì`g `k ak`krlhks y ueitlrigs, lmkeg l hls `gs

arlddigeks, v i hl sghudiôe `kh prgohkjl dgest itudig

elh lrnketieg ke hl ausiôe `k hgs `gs priedipigs rivl

hks, ke hl l`gpdiôe `k ue sistkjl jixtg `k ueg y gtrg.

Flh hé ksl sghudiôe, eg ke hl iespirldiôe `k uel pgh ê

t idl ljoinul, sieg ke kh sketijiketg `k hl fistgril y `k

hgs fkdfgs. Kh sistkjl jixtg quk fk prgpukstg ke hlsOlsks ks hl rkpktidiôe h itkrlh `k ue dlpêtuhg `k ji phu

jl, ieskrtg kti kh Drk`g, quk l`gptô uel rkueiôe `k

môvkeks ke Oukegs Lirks, ke <646. @k lfê y eg `k

Lrnirôpghis fk tgjl`g ji tkgrêl. P rl in g kstg, eg ke

ji `kakesl ei lpghgnêl, sieg plrl `kjgstrlr quk tikek

(< ) Aldue`g, p ì n . ?;.

(? ) Aldue`g, pì n. <02.




I 9 ? L H O K _ @ I

`gdk lügs, hkmgs `k skr gpieiôe dlsulh, hl `kh sistkjl

ldgeskml`g ke jis Olsks. Eg ghvi`k ustk` quk tg`g

ji lefkhg ks `kake`kr kh prkstinig `k hl gorl y `k hl

`gdtriel, quk ustk` prksketl dgjg prg`udtg `k hl vk

hki`l` y `k. ue. dìhduhg `k dirduestle dils.

Ke gtrg puetg `kdisivg `k eukstrl dukst iôe grnì

eidl aik fk dgegdi`g l ustk` `gs gpieigeks gpukstls ke

kh kspldig `k ue lüg. "Ti hl vighkedil fl `k kjphklrskplrl dgjpkhkr l uel trleslddiôe, quk skl hl quk ij

pgenl hl vghuetl` `kh jlygr eýjkrg lh jkegr. Euks

trg `krkdfg ksdritg lsê hg kstlohkdk. Kh Ngoikreg `k

Oukegs Lirks prgjktiô sghkjekjketk pgekrsk lh ei

vkh `k hls Rrgviedils, rkspktlr rkh in igsljketk hg quk

sledigelsk hl jlygrêl `k hgs pukohgs quk rkietknrle

hl _k pý oh idl. . . H ls Rrgviedils lrnketiels, rkuei`ls

ke Dgenrksg, puk`ke, puks, dgjpkhkr dge sus lrjls lsgjktkrsk l hl `kdisiôe `kh Dgenrksg nkekrlh l dulh

quikr Ngoikreg quk, lousle`g `k su aukrzl y `k su

pgsidiôe, sk eknlsk pgr ietkrksks plrtiduhlrks, suygs g

`k su prgviedil, l ketrlr ke ue lrrknhg `kaieitivg `k

kstk tristk kstl`g `k dgsls, quk fl fkdfg `kh _êg `k

hl Rhltl hl aìouhl `kh jue`g y ue dlgs `k dgeausiôe

y `k `kslstrks."

Ks g `kdêl ustk` ke Lrnirôpghis (dlp. ?²) ke <6;2.Qisiohk y rklhjketk lhu`êl ustk` l Oukegs Lirks. Y

ke <6;? fl puohidl`g ustk` su pleahktg sgork kh ldukr

`g `k Tle Eidghìs, plrl `kj gstrlr, ke `krkd fg, quk

sie hl lsistkedil `k Oukegs Lirks skrêl ijpgsiohk hk

nlhjketk tkekr Dgenrksg ei Dgest itudiôe `k hl _k

pýohidl.

Rrktke`k ustk` quk hk fk h hljl`g ljing `k Oukegs

L i r k s . Rg`êl ustk` skülhlr kh hunlr ke quk hk fk `l`g




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T < 9 4

ksk t ê tuhg. Rg `r ì ustk` skrhg, pkrg eg dgegzdg hlsgorls quk hg ldrkìtke, y sê dgegzdg letinuls plhlorls

suyls quk hg fldke ù`gsg, y jg`krels quk hg fldke

jìs ù`gsg tg`lvêl. Rkrjêtljk dgpiìrskhls, plrl quk

su jkjgril eg drkl quk ievketg.

Drkêl ustk` ke hl pkrakdt ioi h i`l` `k _ g sl s3 pkrg

sie quk ksg kstgrok quk Oukeg s Lirks vkenl l skr

dgjg h l Flolel, k h pukoh g jìs r idg `k L jéridl , pkrgtljoiée kh jìs oìrolrg y `knrl`l`g <).

Ke v leg h k fle pkì`g l Oukegs L irks h ls Rrgv ie

dils quk hks `kmlsk plslr ue pgdg `k divih izldiôe, `k

ieùstril y `k pgohldiôe kurgpkl3 uel pgh ê t idl kstý

pi`l y dghgeilh sk fizg sgr`l l kstgs d hljgrks. Rkrg

hls Rrgviedils sk vkenlrge jle`ìe`ghk ke _gsls ju-*

dfg y `kjlsil`g `k hl olrolrik quk l kh hls hks sgorl

ol . Flrt g dlrg h l fle plnl`g h gs quk `kd êle= hl _kpýohidl Lrnketiel ldlol ke kh Lrrgyg `kh jk` ig (?)..

Pudujìe t ikek fgy uel nrle`k kxph gt ld iôe `k lzý

dlrks y h idgrks, quk skrêl su r iqukzl s i puìksk sldlr

hgs l pgdg dgstg `k a hktk l hls dgstls, g pkrjutlrhgs

pgr hls jkrdl`krêls kurgpkls ke ksl ienrltl y tgrpk,

Oukegs Lirks, `ks`k `ge`k hk vikek fgy kh jg vijiketg

olrolrizl`gr.-.. Rkrg eg fly jlhks quk skle ktkregs,

y ue `êl lorirìe hgs gmgs ksgs pgorks pukohgs". . . (4)" ¡ K f , v k r n ø k e z l ` k O u k e g s L i r k s 3 g s f l o é i s f k

dfg hl nulri`l `k tg`ls hls lh ijlüls, quk Rlz fldk

fuir `kh ietk rig r Tie vgs , sie vukstrgs dluìh hgs, hl

(< ) Aldue`g, p ì n . <1.

(?) Aldue`g, p ìn . ?4.

(4) Aldue`g, p ì n . ?44.

G O _ L T TKHKDPLT.‐Pgjg Q . < 4




<9 0 LHOK_@I

divih izldiôe kurg pkl tri ue al ketgedks `kaieitivljke-

t k " ( i ) .

"@iréskhg l ustk` lh gê`g, l ak `k prgviedileg, pgr

quk k h pukoh g `k Oukegs L irks , dge t g`ls sus v ket l

m l s , ks kh jìs oìrolrg quk kxistk ke Ljéridl" (?) .

Tus ksdritgs `k `gdk lügs loue`le `k kstgs dgedkp

tgs, dge duyl rkprgùddiôe eg jghkstlré lh hkdtgr `k

kstls dlrtls.Pljpgdg `l ustk` prukol `k ljistl` l ksk pukohg

hisgemkle`g fgy `êl sus jlhhls ìspgsidigeks `k nukrrl

quk `kok l _gsls, plrl kdflrhg dgetrl hls Rrgviedils,

dgjg lehtks kjpumlol l éstls sgork Oukegs Lirks.

Lhnýe `êl sk vkrì quiée fl si`g ke kstl épgdl jìs

ljing `k Oukegs Lirks= s i ustk`, ldgeskmle`g quk h hk

vlsk hl nukrrl lhrk`k`gr `k hl _kpýoh idl, g yg, l quk

kedkrrl`l ke su sukhg hgdlh , piìksk kh rkspktg `k suslutgri`l`ks prgviedilhks ke dljoig `kh suyg lh @irkd

tgrig y lh Dgenrksg `k hl _kpýoh idl.

K e j i s Olsks fk prgol`g ji lh tl prkgdupldiôe ke

alvgr `k Oukegs Lirks. @kspués fk sket i`g quk auksk

khhl hl prgjgtgrl `k hl rksistkedil lh eukvg gr`ke `k

dgsls, puks s i ke hunlr suyg fuoikrl s i`g Pudujìe,

hl florêl muzn l` g dge `gohk skvkri`l`. Y g eg jk `kog

l kstl g lqukhhl prgviedil, sieg l tg`ls muetls, pgrquksôhg muetls dgjpgeke hl _kpýoh idl. Y ke prukol `k

ji ljgr l Oukegs Lirks, hk `kog vkr`l`ks, luequk

skle lj lrnls, y . eg jk etirls, luequk skle ùhdks.

Dgjg yg fle muznl`g hgs fkdfgs iea ieitgs pgrtkügs

`k fgegr y `k hklhtl`, l quikeks fl ìsputl`g ustk` kh

(<) Aldue`g, p ì n . <9;.

(?) Tlrjiketg, Tu`ljéridl, tgjg ?, eýjkrg ?.².‐ J lyg , i."`k <6;<.





ljgr lh su`g ke quk kh hgs eldikrge y (t ikeke sus fg

nlrks , y ke quk ustk` kstuvg lpkels vkietk `êls.

·\ué jgtivg `k ji plrtk floêl hknit ijl`g ei pg

`i`g hknit ijlr mljìs kstk iesuhtg nrltuitg `k ustk`7

"·Y ustk` slok‐jk `idk7‐, sknýe dgestl `k hgs rknis

trgs `kh sit ig `k Jgetkvi`kg, quiée aué kh prijkr `k

skrtgr lrnketieg `k hls jurlh hls `k `kakesl lh ldkr

dlrsk Griok. Kh gtrg ks kh quk `kdêl ke hl Hknishlturl=Ks prkdisg tkekr kh dgrlzôe ke hl dlokzl" ( i) .

·Kspkrô ustk` l quk plslrle `gdk lügs y l quk yg

ksdrioikrl kh h iorg `k hls Olsks plrl fldkrjk ksk rk

dukr`g7 Tk hg lnrl`kzdg, pgrquk jk `l gdlsiôe `k

rgjpkr ue lrjl gduhtl `k hl kjuhldiôe.

Kh sit ig sk ketlohô ke Akorkrg `k <6043 yg plrtê `k

Jgetkvi`kg ke kh jks `k Lori h , `gs jksks `kspués `k

ketlohl`g, eg lh ldkrdlrsk Griok. Hgs rknistrgs `k sujk jg ril, y eg ` k J ge tkvi` kg, le`le jlhê ke kstk

puetg. Ji luskedil eg pg`êl dgestlr `k kh hgs3 krl ue

fkdfg juy iesineiaidletk plrl rknistrlrhg ke eienuel

plr tk. Y g `k mlol k5h pu kstg `k sgh`l`g ke hl jihidil

plsivl, quk gduplol dgjg lognl`g y dgjg keakrjg.

H g `kmlol pgrquk tkeêl kh `krkdfg `k `kmlrhg [ stk`

`kok slokr quk sgy elt ivg `k hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel

y eg `k Jgetkvi`kg, `ge`k kstlol lddi`ketlhjketk.Hl prkskedil `k _gsls ke kh Ngoikreg lrnketieg jk

tkeêl lh h ê . Pljpgdg `kok skrhk `ksdgegdi`g kh `krkdfg

`k tg`g kxtrlemkrg `k lusketlrsk `kh plês quk eg ks

kh suyg dule`g qukorletl dgetrltgs g `kokrks privl

`gs g pýoh idgs. ·Duìh ks kh `krkdfg dge quk pg`êl

J get kv i`kg rkt kekrjk l h h ê7 ·Yg rkd io êl sukh `g7 Pk-

(< ) Dljplül, pìn. -m'm




<91 L H O K _ @ I

eêl kh ausih vghuetlriljketk y pg`êl `kmlrhg pgr ji

vghuetl`. Hg `kmé pgr eg `kskrtlr hl dlusl dgetrl _g

sls. Yg eg slh ê `k Jgetkvi`kg plrl vkeir l Oukegs

L i r k s , dgjg gtrgs `k sus ldtulhks dgjplükrgs `k lr

j l s , sieg plrl lhkmlrjk `k hl t irleêl flstl fgy. Keeienuel plrtk ks `kskrtgr kh sgh`l`g quk dljoil `k

rkùdtg g agrtlhkzl. Ke vkz `k ltldlr lh t irleg `ks`k

Jgetkvi`kg, hg ltlqué `k tg`ls plrtks. Ti ji prkskedil ke Dfihk aukrl uel `kakddiôe, gtrg tletg puìkrl`kdirsk `k hl suyl. Rgr ksl rknhl, dule`g sk pkhkl ke

`kakesl `k hl hiokrtl` ks `kskrtgr (tg`g kh quk eg kstì

ke kh dljpg `k oltlh hl.

Kh gtrg ks kh Tr. Nutiérrkz, l quike dlesl`g ustk`

`k fldkrhk khgnig s y trioutlrhk su rkspktg pg r `gdk

lügs, hg ltldl fgy `êl pgr flokr si`g dgeskduketk ke

hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel dge hls i`kls dgeskrvl`grlsquk sgstuvg ke Dfihk3 su `khitg ks eg tkekr `gs ole`k

r l s = uel `k dgeskrvl`gr y gtrl `k kxlh tl`g. Pg`l suhlrnl rkhldiôe `k ustk` dge éh y dgeijing ks pgstkrigr

lh fkdfg, `k lfgrl `gdk lügs, quk rkdiée prksketl

ustk` dgj g tih`k l hgs quk dghjô `k rkspktgs y khg

nigs.

Rlrl dgetkstlr kh s inuiketk pìrrlag ekdksitg rkprg

ùdir h g = "Ks kst l h l t krdkrl v kz‐ ìdk ust k`‐ quk kstljgs ke `ksldukr`g `k gpieigeks, Lhokrì= uel vkz

ìsket ijgs sgork kh Dgenrksg Ljkridleg, quk ke `ks

pkdfg `k sus hudi`ls arlsks, hk slh iô uel sghkjek pltlrltl. Gtrl sgork ;g quk krl fgekstg y pkrjiti`g ke

ue kxtrlemkrg ke Ljéridl, y sus Olsks hk fle skrvi`g

`k rkspukstl. Fgy sgork kh pldtg y [rquizl, y dgjg

kh t ikjpg eg sk plrl `ge`k hg `kskljgs, [rquizl y su

pldtg skrìe rkautl`gs, hg kspkrg, pgr su prgpil euhi-




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T <9>

`l`3 y lh sinuiketk `êl quk`lrkjgs ustk` y yg tle

ljings dgjg dule`g ì Dgenrksg Ljkridleg y hg quk

krl fgekstg plrl ue kxt rlemkrg" (< ) .

Ke ksls trks vkdks ustk` eg fl kstl`g ke `ksldukr

`g dgejing, s ieg dgesing prgpig. Tgork kh Dgenrksg

Ljkridleg, ustk` jk rkautô quiedk `êls, plrl l`gp

tlrjk l hgs skis lügs ke Lrnirôpghis. [s tk` jk sgs

tuvg quk kh kxtrlemkrg tkeêl `krkdfg pghêt idg `k ienkrirsk ke hls ìskesigeks divihks `kh plês lmkeg, y `ks

pués l`gptô jis Olsks, ke quk `ksdgegzdg lh kxtrle

mkrg ksk `krkdfg gìgsg, lh plsg quk hk rkdgegzdg tg

`gs hgs `krkdfgs divihks sie kxdkpdiôe. Rkìr quk hl i`kl

skl aìdih plrl `lr diu`l`leêl lh kxtrlemkrg eg ks pkìr

quk hk `é `krkdfgs pghêtidgs letks `k skr diu`l`leg.

@lrhk tg`gs hgs `krkdfgs divihks eg ks dgedk`krhk ue sghg

`krkdfg pghêtidg. Tgork k h pldtg `k Tle Eidghìs kstuvijgs `k ldukr`g dule`g ustk` lprgoô jis Olsks, ke

quk ksk pldtg ks prgpukstg y ldkptl`g= prgpukstg sg

hljketk ke ji) prij krl k` idiô e3 prgpukstg y ldkptl`g

ke hl sknue`l kìdiôe, quk aué hl hkê`l y lphluì`l

pgr ustk`, plrl ijpunelr jìs tlr`k su sketi`g.

Ke ji Jkjgril `k <600 prgpusk uel pghêt idl ljk

ridlel, y dgjg jkìg `k ldgr`lrhl, ue Dgenrksg. K h

Dgenrksg krl ue lddi`ketk, hl pghêt idl krl kh age`g.[el pgh ê t idl sk ldukr`l, g pgr ue Dgenrksg g pgr ld

tgs g Prltl`gs plrdilhks . [stk` ltldô kh lddi`ketk, y

nulr`ô k h age`g plrl `kskev ghvkrhg ke Lrnirôpghis

dgjg suyg. Ru`g, flokr plrlhgnisjg ke hg lddi`ketlh

`k ji ksdritg3 ks `kdir , ke hg rkhlt ivg lh Dgenrksg3

pkrg yg fld êl uel tki 'm ueivkrsitlril plrl tgjlr ue

( i ) Dljplül, p ì n . ;2.




L H O K _ @ I

nrl`g ke Fl Al du htl` `k hkyk s y dikedils pghêt idls. K h

plrlhgnisjg ks hl slh `k hl tksis. Tie kjolrng, Dfihk

pk`êl ue Dgenrksg Ljkridleg. K h Tr . Ok h hg, puoh id is

tl kjieketk, hg lpgylol. Arêls `kakeìô ji Jkjgril,

ltldl`l pgr ustk`, y Ahgrkedig Qlhkrl hl lphluìô.

· \ ué pgh ê t idl pk`êl yg ke j i Jkjgril p l r l h l L j é

r idl `kh Tur7 Hl pghêtidl kdgeôjidl, ke vkz `k hl pg

hêtidl `k `krkdfgs lostrldtgs3 ¡hl pghêtidl quk ngoikrely jkmgrl pgr hl h iork elvknldiôe `k hgs r êgs, pgr hl

loghidiôe `k hls Lùlels ietkrigrks, pgr kh ]ghvkrkie

lh kstihg nkrjìeidg, pgr hl iejinrldiôe, pgr hgs akrrg

dlrrihks, pgr hl plz, éh dgjkrdig y hl ieùstril. Ksl ks

hl pghêt idl quk prgpgeêl yg ke <600 y hl jisjl quk

fk prgpukstg ke <6;? ke jis Olsks.

· \ ué Dgen rksg pk`ê ketgedks 7 E g D g e n r k s gs ` k p g

h ê t idl y nukrrl, dgjg kh `k Rleljì, susditl`g pgr Ogh êvlr dgetrl Kurgpl, s ieg Dgenrksgs kdgeôjidgs, Dge

nrksgs dgjkrdilhks é ieùstrilhks, dgjg hgs susditl`ls

pgr Dgo`ke, ke `l Kurgpl dget kjpgrìekl3 Dgenrksgs

plrl ltrlkr hl Kurgpl y eg plrl lhkmlrhl. Hg quk pk

`êl ketgedks l ue Dgenrksg ljkridleg pi`g lfgrl lh

Dgenrksg lrnketieg y l tg`gs hgs Dgenrksgs eldig

elhks `k hl Ljéridl ksplüghl.

Eg rkdhljlré l Lrnirôpghis3 pkrg v ieìdlré ji J k

jgril, g jìs oike hl let inøk`l` `k jis dgeviddigeks,

dgesinel`ls ke jis Olsks3 y eg pgr mldtledil pukri h ,

sieg dge kh a ie `k prgdurlrhks kh rkspktg `koi`g l tg`l

i`kl hlrnljketk khlogrl`l y sgstkei`l.

K e Lrnirôpghis fl y `gs dg sl s= i`kls priediplhks,

i`kls lddksgrils. Hls priediplhks sge hl i`kl `k dg

hgdlr hl dlpitlh `k hl _kpýohidl ke uel ish itl `ksikr

tl, situl`l l ìkz hknuls `k hl dgstl lrnketiel y l trks




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T <9 9

`k hl dgstl kxtrlemkrl3 gtrl ks hl i`kl `k rkueir ue

Dgenrksg olmg _gsls, l pkslr `k _gsls y plrl `ks

truir l _gsls3 y gtrl ks hl `k rkaueìr ke ue sghg plês

pghêtidg k h Rlrlnuly, hl _kpý ohidl Griketlh y hl Dge

ak`krldiôe Lrnketiel. Ks tls i`kls priediplhks hk pkr

tkekdke l ustk`, y lsê hg `kdhlrô, sie pkrmuidig `k hgs

`krkdfgs `k _gsls l hl ievkediôe `k hl ýhtijl.

Hls i`kls lddksgrils `k Lrnirôpghis eg ìré qukskle jêls, sieg quk yg hls ksdrioê skis lügs letks `k

ksdrioirsk Lrnirôpghis ke hl Jkjgril quk ust k` rkau

tô, y `k hl dulh rkprgùdiré hgs s inuiketks pìrrlags, eg

pgr vêl `k h it inig, sieg `k prgplnle`l `k `gdtriels,

quk sk `koke rkpktir ke tg`ls plrtks, l prgpôsitg `k

tg`g y ke tg`l gdlsiôe, plrl quk eg sk ghvi`ke `k tlh

jg`g quk plrkzdle ievketl`ls dl`l skis lügs.

P K _ _ I P G _ I G T

"Kh tkrrkeg kstì `k jìs ketrk egsgtrgs, y hl Ljé

ridl eg pg`rì ketlohlr dgetike`ls, pgr jirljiketgs l

éh, sie iedurrir ke kh ri`êduhg `k ksgs `gs hgdgs l quik

eks Jgetksquiku supgek ùkügs sghitlrigs `kh grok y

ìsputle`g pgr h êjitks.

Ke Ljéridl kh vlstg tkrritgrig ks dlusl `k `ksgr`key ltrlsg= éh fldk ijpgsiohk hl dketrlh izldiôe `kh ng

oikreg, y eg fly kstl`g ei eldiôe `ge`k flyl jìs `k

ue sghg ngoikreg. Kh tkrrkeg ks eukstrl pkstk ke Ljé

ridl, dgjg hg ks ke Kurgpl su dlrkedil. Dfihk, kh jìs

pkquküg `k hgs Kstl`gs `k Ljéridl, ks jìs r idg, jìs

aukrtk y jìs oike ngokrel`g quk tg`gs. Jìs dfidg quk

éh ks kh Kstl`g Griketlh `kh [runuly, y rksistk l hl

nrle`k y lelrquizl`l _kpýoh idl L rnket iel ."




?22 L H O K _ @ I

E L Q K N L D I Ô E I E P K _ I G _

"Eukstrl elvknldiôe sk ìviìrì ke gdkìeidl, quk ks

olsk `kh dgjkrdig kxtkrigr, y jkìtkrrìekl g riokrlel,

quk ks kh lhjl `kh dgjkrdig ietkrigr plrl dikrtgs Kstl

`gs, y plrl gtrgs `k tg`g su dgjkrdig kxtkreg y dke

trlh "_knuhlr hl elvknldiôe ks aldi h i tlr kh jgvijiketg

`k eukstrl r iqukzl, duyg jìs pg`krgsg vkfêduhg `k `kslfgng y dirduhldiôe ks kh lnul." Tk flohl judfg `k

dljiegs ke kstk t ikjpg= eg ghvi`kjgs quk hgs rêgs sge

dljiegs quk le`le, dgjg ìdk Rlsdlh . Rlrl fldkr trle

sitlohks kstgs dljiegs dljieletks ks prkdisg pgekrhgs

olmg kh ljplrg `kh `krkdfg. Tu prgpik`l` lplrkdk ù

`gsl plrl dikrtgs Kstl`gs, y su usg kstì sumktg l ìai

duhtl`ks. Kstgs puetgs kxinke ksdhlrkdkrsk y `ktkrji

elrsk duletg letks3 y elìk jìs dgjpktketk quk ueDgenrksg nkekrlh plrl kmkdutlrhg. Hl elvknldiôe `k hgs

rêgs `k Tu`lj éridl kevukhvk nrle` ks dukstigeks `k ie

tkrés jltkrilh ketrk hls _kpýoh idls `k hl Ljéridl gddi

`ketlh y hls quk gduple su h i tgrlh `k Griketk."

H I O K _ P L @ @ K H G T _ Ê G T

"Hl dikedil ietkreldigelh keskül quk hl eldiôe prg

piktlril `k hl plrtk supkrigr `k ue rêg elvknlohk t ikek

`krkdfg l quk hl eldiôe quk pgskk hl plrtk ieakrigr

eg hk ijpi`l su elvknldiôe lh jlr, ei hk jghkstk dge

rknhljketgs y nrlvìjkeks quk eg skle ekdkslrigs plrl

su prgpil sknur i`l`. . . " "Kh Dgenrksg `k Qikel sket ô

kstl `gdtriel pgr olsk `k hgs rknhljketgs `k elvknl

diôe `kh _fie, kh Ekdclr, kh Jkie, kh Jìskhl, kh Jkesl




?2? L H O K _ @ I

D G J K _ D I G I E P K _ E L D I G E L H

"Kstk puetg dgeùdk l gtrg `k hgs skrigs lsuetgs `k

quk `kol gduplrsk kh Dgenrksg ljkridleg= kh `krkdfg

ietkreldigelh jkrdletih. Fk lquê kh nrlvk ietkrés quk

`kok losgrokr kh prksketk y kh pgrvkeir `k hl Ljéridl

pgr hlrng t ikjpg= kh dgjkrdig dgesing jisjg y dge khjue`g trleslthìetidg. "L su prgtkddiôe, `kslrrghhg y

slhvlnulrìl, ks quk `koke dk`kr hls Hinls, hgs Dgenrk

sgs, hls ueigeks ljkridlels ke hg auturg." Letks `k <6?;

hl dlusl ljkridlel kstlol rkprksketl`l pgr kh priedi

pig `k su ie`kpke`kedil tkrritgrilh 3 dgequistl`g ksk fk

dfg, fgy sk prksketl pgr hgs ietkrksks `k su dgjkrdig y

prgspkr i`l` jlt kr il h . " "Hl ldt ulh dlusl `k L jéridl ks

hl dlusl `k su pgohldiôe, `k su riqukzl, `k su divih izldiôe y prgvisiôe `k rutls, `k su jlriel, `k su ieùstril

y dgjkrd ig ."

D G E N _ K T G T D G J K _ D I L H K T

"Eg ks k h prgnrljl `k Rleljì kh quk `kok gduplr

kh eukvg Dgenrksg3 eg ks hl h inl jih i tlr `k eukstrg dgetieketk, eg ks hl dketrlhizldiôe `k sus lrjls hg quk ks

h hljl`g l grnleizlr kstl vkz. Hgs ietkrksks `k Ljé

ridl fle dljoil`g= sus kekjings pgh ê t idgs fle `ks

lplrkdi`g. Eg sk trltl `k rkegvlr pukri hjketk hgs vgtgs

`k eukstrl prijkrl épgdl nukrrkrl." "Hl épgdl pgh ê t idl

y jihitlr fl plsl`g= hl fle sudkì`g hgs t ikjpgs `k hls

kjprksls jltkrilhks, `kh dgjkrdig, `k hl ieùstril y ri

qukzls. Tk fl dgevkei`g ke quk ks jkekstkr kjpkzlr




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T ?24

pgr lquê plrl dgedhuir pgr hl dgjphktl rklhizldiôe `k

hls suohijks prgjksls `k gr`ke pghêt idg dgetkei`ls ke

hgs prgnrljls `k hl rkvghudiôe." Kh eukvg Dgenrksg,

puks, eg skrì pgh ê t idg "sieg lddksgriljketk. Tu dlrìd

tkr ìstietivg skrì kh `k ue Dgenrksg dgjkrdilh y jlrê

t ijg, dgjg kh dkhkorl`g jg`kreljketk ke Qikel, Ttut-

tnlr`", dge gdlsiôe `k hl dketrlh izldiôe lùlekrl `k hl

L h k j l e i l " ( ] g h v k r k i e ) .

K E K J I N G T I E P K _ E G T @ K L J É _ I D L

"Hgs ldtulhks kekjings `k hl Ljéridl kstìe lorinl

`gs `ketrg `k kh hl jisjl3 "sge sus `ksikrtgs s ie rutls, •

sus r êgs ksdhlvizl`gs y eg kxphgrl`gs3 sus dgstls `ks

pgohl`ls pgr kh vkekeg `k hls rkstriddigeks jkzquiels,hl lelrquêl `k hls lùlels" y tlri als3 hl luskedil `kh

dréìtg3 ks `kdir, `k hl riqukzl lrtia idilh y kspkduhltivl,

dgjg jkìg `k prgùdir hl riqukzl pgsitivl y rklh . Fk

lquê hgs nrle`ks kekjings `k hl Ljéridl, dgetrl hgs

quk kh eukvg Dgenrksg t ikek quk dgedkrtlr jkì`ls `k

dgjolt k y pkrskdud iôe l jukrt k . . . "

"Hl ueiôe dgetieketlh `k dgjkrdig `kok, puks, dgj

prke`kr hl ueiagrji`l` lùlekrl, "grnleizìe`gsk pgdgjìs g jkegs sgork kh pik `k hl quk h il `l`g priedipig,

`kspués `k <642, ke Lhkjleil y t ike`k l vghvkrsk kurg

pkl". Kh hl `kok dgjprke`kr hl loghidiôe `k hls lùlels

ietkrigrks, yl skle prgviedilhks, yl eldigelhks, `kmle`g

sghljketk ke pik hl lùlel jlrêtijl g ietkrigr."

"Fldkr `k kstltutg ljkridleg y pkrjleketk hl uei

agrji`l` `k jgek`ls, `k pksgs y jkì`ls quk fkjgs

fkrk`l`g `k hl Ksplül. Hl Lhkjleil kstì ualel `k




L H O K _ @ I

flokr dgesknui`g kstgs ietkrksks, duyl lelrquêl fldêl

ijpgsiohk kh prgnrksg `k su dgjkrdig. '"

D L J I E G T , R G T P L T

"Hl dgestruddiôe `k ue vlstg s istkjl `k dljiegs

ietkreldigelhks l kxpk esls rkdêprgdl s, quk, trlz l` gssgork `ltgs jg`kregs, dgedih hke hl kdgegjêl, hl prge

titu` y tg`ls hls eukvls kxinkedils `kh jg`kreg réni

jke `k dgjueidldiôe y rgdk ietkrigr3 hl pgstl kxtkrigr

g `k Kstl`g l Kstl`g, dgeskdukedil prkdisl `kh kstl

ohkdijiketg `k eukvgs vêeduhgs k ietkrksks nkekrlhks,

sgjkti`l l ue ijpukstg ýeidg y dgetieketlh3 fk lquê

•`gs gomktgs jìs `inegs `k plrtiduhlr ltkediôe pgr plr

t k `kh Dgenrksg."

R G H Ê P I D L D G E H L K [ _ G R L

"Ke duletg l hl pgh ê t idl dge hl Kurgpl, kh hl `kok

skr arledl, pgrquk eg kstì ke kh dlsg `k tkjkr3 "jìs

prgpil plrl ltrlkrhl quk plrl dgetkekrhl"3 pldiketk y

•ohle`l, jìs quk prgvgdlt ivl3 jg`kstl dgjg su k`l`3

plrhljketlril jìs oike quk nukrrkrl3 " hl d iv i h izldiôe

y eg hl nhgril jihitlr ks su nrle ekdksi`l`, y ke kh hg

nlelrì dge kh rgdk ielh tkrlohk `k hl Kurgpl"3 eg `kok

louslr `k su `krkdfg `k kxdgjueidldiôe, `k su pg`kr

`k rksistkedil eknltivl fldil kh kurgpkg, quk kh jisjg

«kurgpkg nkekrgsljketk hk fl `l`g l dgegdkr, puks ke

tlhks kxdgjueigeks kh hl eg pikr`k jkegs quk kh kx

d h u i ` g . "




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T ?2;

E K [ P _ L H I @ L @ @ K H D G J K _ D I G

"Qghvike`g l hgs gomktgs `k jkrg ietkrés ljkridl

eg `k quk kh Dgenrksg `kol gduplrsk, eg olstlrì prk-

vd -ir hl nukrrl, `kstkrrlrhl ke hg pgsiohk3 "skrì ekdk

slrig sumktlrhl l ue `krkdfg y l agrjls eukvls ke hgs

dlsgs ke quk aukrk iekvitlohk". Ti ks ekdkslrig quk pgr

hlrng tikjpg skl kh hl ue rlsng dlrldtkrêstidg `k hl vi`l

ljkridlel, "`éjgshk l hg jkegs uel agrjl quk hl

flnl jkegs dlplz `k `kstruir kh prgnrksg `kh dgjkrdig

y hl r iqukzl `k hgs eukvg s K stl `g s3 flnlj gs flstl

dikrtg puetg dgedih ilohk su prkskedil dge hl `k hl prgs

pkri`l` jkrdletih k ieùstrilh , `le`g l kstgs ietkrksks

dikrtl ekutrlhi`l` quk hgs sustrlinl l hgs jlhgs kakd

tgs `k hl nukrrl."

"[eg `k hgs jkìgs `k h hknlr l kstk a ie ke hl nuk

rrl skrì hl suprksiôe `kh dgrsg, `kdhlrl`g pirltkrêl dge

tletl rlzôe pgr hgs pg`krks jlrêtijgs jìs rkspktl

ohks. Kh dgjkrdig ks kh nrle`k lh idiketk quk kstgs plê

sks garkdke lh kxtrlemkrg y su jìs nrle`k iestrujketg

`k pgohldiôe3 flnljgs, puks, `k jg`g quk éh suosistl

"ievighlohk", dgjg ue jkìg rkplrl`gr `k hls `kvlstldigeks gpkrl`ls pgr hl nukrrl."

R G O H L D I Ô E , D G H G E I ] L D I Ô E

"Hgs pukohgs `k Ljéridl floitljgs ue `ksikrtg ie

dgej kesurlohk. K s ekd ksl rig ksdlplr l hl sghk`l`,

pgohlr eukstrg jue`g sghitlrig. Hl dghgeizldiôe ks ue

nrle jkìg `k h hknlr l kstk rksuhtl`g3 pkrg ue jkìg




?21 L H O K _ @ I

quk `kspikrtl rkdukr`gs `ghgrgsgs. Tie kjolrng, dgjg

quikrl quk flyl si`g kh dlrìdtkr `kh kjphkl`g pgr hl

Kurgpl ke hgs plsl`gs sinhgs, l éh hk `kokjgs eukstrl

kxistkedil, y l éh ks pgsiohk quk `kole su skr ke hg au

turg jih hlrks `k pukohgs ljkridlegs. Eg hk kxdhuyl

j g s , puks, `k eukstrgs jkìgs `k divih izldiôe y p g-

nrksg. Ti eg hk pg`kjgs kjphklr egsgtrgs, `kméjgshk

uslr pgr hgs quk puk`le fldkrhg. Rrgpgenljgs jgìaidldigeks ke su kmkdudiôe3 kstg ketrl ke eukstrg `k

rkdfg3 pkrg eg hl pgenljgs trlols losghutls, pgrquk

kstg slhk `k eukstrg pg`kr."

"Pkenljgs pru`kedil y t rlt kjgs `k prgjgv kr h g

quk tlh vkz puk`k gorlrsk l eukstrg `kspkdfg. Kh jue

`g sgdilh ekdksitl kspldig3 egsgtrgs hg tkekjgs `k sg

orl= ·pg`rkjgs rkfusìrskh g ijpuekjket k7"

R G H Ê P I D L K V P K _ I G _ , I E J I N _ L D I Ô E , D L J I E G T @ K F I K _ _ G

Gtrgs pukohgs pg`rìe tkekr ke su skeg hgs nérjk

eks `k su prgspkri`l`3 hgs `k Ljéridl, `ksnrldil`l

jketk, hgs pgskke aukrl, y `k aukrl `koke ketrlr hgs

jle letilhks `k su vi`l . H l jk trôpghi eg phletô kekhhgs skjihhls `k prgnrksg, sieg `k kstloihi`l` y gok

ìkedil. Hl vi`l kxtkrigr egs `kok losgrokr ke hg au

turg. K e kh hl sgjgs iekxpk rtgs, pgrq uk fkjgs si`g

kùdl`gs ke hl `gjkstidi`l` dghgeilh y plrl hl vi`l

privl`l y `k aljih il . @kmkjgs quk eukstrgs pukohgs

kjpikdke su nrle`k lprkeìzlmk. Hl ekdksi`l` `k kstl

eukvl tke`kedil sk rkvkhl pgr kh jgvijiketg egrjlh

`k hls dgsls. Hl Ljéridl, `k êetijl y jkìtkrrìekl




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T ?2>

quk letks krl, lfgrl sk fldk kxtkrel y hitgrlh. F l o ê l

si`g fkdfl plrl vivir ke rkdhusiôe, y sk hl fizg floi

tlr hg jìs dketrlh `k eukstrg sukhg3 `ks`k su ketrl`lke kh jue`g, fl slhi`g l hls pukrtls plrl rkdioirhk.

"Hgs pukoh gs jkìt krrìekgs s i quikrke prgspkr i`l` ke

l`khletk, quk lnulr`ke l hgs t ikjpgs `k hgs dljiegs

`k fikrrg3 pgr lfgrl, oikelvketurl`gs hgs quk floi

tle hls grih hls `k hgs jlrks, pgrquk sôhg kh hgs puk`kevkr hl dlrl `kh jue`g y rkdioir dge su dgetldtg kh ks

pêritu `k su v i`l jg`krel. ' ' Qkljgs hg quk plsl keDfihk, hg quk plsl ke kh R hl tl = Tl etiln g lpkels sk

ldrkdiketl, ke tletg quk Qlhplrlêsg sk ùph idl3 Rgtgsê ,

Dôr`gol sk `kspukohle, ke tletg quk Jgetkvi`kg skfldk dlpitlh `k Kstl`g y Oukegs Lirks rkdiok `k hls

lnuls `kh Rhltl olrdl`ls `k fgjorks, quk duorke ke

kh ldtg hgs dhlrgs quk fldk kh dlüôe `k hl nukrrl divih .L hl vistl kxtkrigr y nkekrlh , sê3 quk kh aku`lhisjg,quk kh kspêritu `k lh`kl egs lfgnl pgr tg`ls plrtks."

Kstls i`kls quk `kmg trlsdritls eg sge tgjl`ls `k

Lrnirôpghis, ei `k Tu`ljéridl, ei `k hl Drôeidl, sieg

`k hl Jkj gril sgork kh Dgenrksg ljkridleg, quk ks

drioê gdfg lügs letks `k ksls puohidldigeks `k ustk`,

y quk ustk` ltldô dge tletg kedlreizljiketg dgjg si

aukrle i`kls iequisitgrilhks, y quk eg krle, dgjg skvk, sieg hls i`kls quk ustk` fl l`gptl`g jìs tlr`k y

quk sge kh age`g `k jis Olsks.

Hl elvknldiôe `k hgs r êgs `k Tu`ljéridl, pkesl

jiketg quk fl gdupl`g `k hlrng t ikjpg l igs Ngoikr

egs `k Ljéridl y `k Kurgpl, l puoh id istls y v ilmkrgs

`k ljogs jue`gs3 quk fl s i`g gomktg `k ìsdusigeks

y kxphgrldigeks diketêaidls y `k nukrrls divihks ke euks

trg jisjg plês, fl si`g ìsputl`g pgr ustk` lh nkek-




?26 L H O K _ @ I

rlh [rquizl dgjg i`kl grinielh suyl, `le`g kh prijkr

kmkjphg `k ue ksdritgr quk ldusl l ue Ngoikreg `k

quk rklhidk hg oukeg quk éh 'prgpgek.

Florì judfg `k ust k` ke jis Olsks. P g j l e ` g h g

quk floêl ke kh ouke sketi`g nkekrlh `k kstl épgdl,

floré tgjl`g i`kls l tg`gs, y `k kh hg jk h isgemkg, pgr

quk eg fk prgdurl`g skplrlrjk `k tg`g kh jue`g,

sieg kxprkslr y skr kdg `k tg`gs. Rkrg drkg eg flokrdgpil`g l el`ik tletg dgjg l ji jisjg. Hls auketks

y grênkeks `k ji h iorg `k hls Olsks s g e = Rrkhijielr lh

kstu`ig `kh @krkdfg, `k <64 >3 ji plhlorl sijoôhidl, ke

kh Drk`g `k hl Lsgdildiôe, J lyg `k < 6 4 6 3 Kh Eldig

elh, `k Jgetkvi`kg, `k <6463 Drôeidl `k hl _kvghu

diôe `k Jlyg, ` k < 6 4 6 3 Kh Rgrvkeir, `k <649 3 Jkjg

ril sgork ue Dgenrksg ljkridleg, < 6 0 0 3 Lddiôe `k hl

Kurgpl ke Ljéridl, `k <60;3 Prkietl y siktk lügs`kspués, `k <60>. Fk lfê hgs ksdritgs `k ji phujl,

`ge`k flhhlrì ustk` hgs dlpêtuhgs grinielhks quk fk

dgpil`g l hl hktrl ke kh h iorg ijprgvisl`g `k jis Ol

sks. L ksg lhu`ê dule`g h hljé l ksk h iorg ' 'rk`lddiôe

orkvk `k pkesljiketgs let inugs". _kdukr`g kstg, eg

ke ji `kakesl, sieg ke `kakesl `k hls i`kls quk j k

`gjiele y pgskke fldk quiedk lügs3 i`kls quk el`l

nlele ke hgs ltlquks quk ke ji pkrsgel fldk ustk` lueg `k sus prijkrgs sgstkek`grks.

Fk vistg vkeir lh nkekrlh [rquizl l kstls i`kls, y

pgr ksg fk lorlzl`g su lutgri`l`. Hl ausiôe pghêtidl,

l`gptl` l pgr éh dgj g olsk `k su Ng oikreg y `k hl

Dgestitudiôe, ks priedipig quk pkrtkekdk lh Drk`g `k

hl Lsgdildiôe, J ly g `k <64 63 y skrêl irrldigelh `k ji

plrtk ltldlr ue Ngoikreg quk l`gptlol jis priedi

pigs. Ks kh nkekrlh [rquizl kh quk fl vkei`g l eýks-




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T ? 2 9

trls drkkedils, eg egsgtrgs l hls suyls, y hg `ing lsê

ke fgegr `k ljogs. @ing egsgtrgs pgrquk hgs trks rk

`ldtgrks `k ksl drkkedil sk flhhle ke kh dljpg quk

ustk` dgjoltk, Kdfkvkrrêl eg vivk3 pkrg su kspêritu

kstì dge egsgtrgs, eg dge ustk`, y tkeng `k kh hg pruk

ols pgstujls.

GGGG

G O _ L T TKHKDPLT.‐Pgjg Q . < 0




Q

DG J RH I D I @L@ @K H L R_KETL

K E H L T

N [ K _ _ L T D I Q I H K T@ K H L

_KRÝOHIDL L_NKEPIEL




L @ Q K _ P K E D I L

Tk fle kjphkl`g trks jkìgs plrl rkph idlr l jis

Dlrtls sgork hl Rrkesl y hl pghêtidl jihitletk ke hl _k

pýohidl Lrnketiel.

Kh prijkrg dgesistk ke prksdieìr `kh rldigdieig y

`kh kxljke `kh lsuetg nkekrlh .

Kh sknue`g ke lskvkrldigeks dlhujeigsls.

Kh tkrdkrg ke iesuhtgs pkrsgelhks.

L kstgs jkìgs dgetkstg=

Rrgsinuike`g ji kstuìg `k hl Rrkesl `k `ksgr`ke.

_kdtiaidle`g hls dlhujeils dge rkspktg.

Goh inle`g lh `ktrldtgr l quk jk flnl kejike`l fg

egrlohk dge sus plhlorls `k gtrg t ikjpg.

@k lquê hls trks plrtks ke quk sk ìstriouyk hl jltk

ril `k kstk ksdritg, prgvgdl`g pgr kh usg `k jkìgs

euedl vistgs, dgetrl kh prgpôsitg quk floêl agrjl`g

`k lole`gelr jis Dlrtls l hl drêt idl, eg lh ltrgpkhhl-

jiketg vle`ìh idg.




I

Pkrrgristls `k hl prkesl.‐Ti hgs quk ltrgpkh hlehl hky kstle`g lolmg, puk`ke rkspktlrhl

kstle`g lrriol.

Rrgsing dge hl skrkei`l` quk lh priedipig, sie sldlr

ue pik `k hl hky, jis kstuìgs `k hl Rrkesl, quk fldk

ijpgsiohk l hl h iokrtl`, ijpgsioih itle`g kh Ngoikreg, y

quk hkvletl hgs t irlegs sirvike`g lh `ksgr`ke `k quk

sge fimgs

Ti sus nghpks, `k quk sgy gomktg nrltuitg fldk skis

jksks, eg jk fle ijpkì`g skr rkspktugsg ke hls le

tkrigrks dlrtls, jkegs jk hg ijpkìrìe hgs ltlquks rk

diketks, quk fk jgtivl`g pgr hl kjisiôe `k hl vkr`l`

lustkrl.

Dge hl dlhjl dge quk kh elturlh istl kxljiel hl ks

dgril quk kh vghdìe lrrgml l sus piks, yg kstuìlré, ke

kh ietkrés `kh prgnrksg y `k hl h iokrtl`, kh aleng kdfl`g

sgork jis vkst i`gs pgr kh dlrrg `k hl Rrkesl oìrolrl.Rrgdurlré dlrldtkrizlr y ketrknlr pkrsgeia idl`gs l

hl rkprgoldiôe `k hgs oukegs hl Rrkesl `k `ksquidig,

kh arlu`k ke hl pghéjidl, kh `khitg ke kh `koltk, kh

dfisjk iea i`ketk quk ìsukhvk hl sgdik`l`3 ksl Rrke-




? h 1 L H O K _ @ I

sl, ke aie, ke quk hgs t irlegs sk`ketlrigs k ijpgtketks

kesküle pgr kh kmkjphg `k sus vighkedils l hgs dluì

h hgs l `kseu`lr su kspl`l y l fghhlr hls hkyks prgtkd

tgrls `k hl h iokrtl`.

Ji gomktg eg ks pkrsgelh3 eg flré `k hl dukstiôe `k

tg`gs uel dukst iôe `k ji pkrsgel. Dule`g hl `kakesl

lhnuel vkz jk lhdledk, skrì ke skrvidig `k hl ole`krl,

quk eg `kok lplrkdkr lpgyl`l pgr sgh`l`gs ieìnegs`k su dlusl.

Tirvg ke kstk `koltk lh priedipig `k gr`ke, lh ietk

rés `k hl plz `k hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel. Kh éxitg `k

hl jke tirl ks `k ue j gj ke tg3 éh plsl rì, y yg skré

vkenl` g sie kmkrdk r vkenl ezl.

Ltldg uel ksdukhl, ue sistkjl, uel jlekrl `k ke

tke`kr y `k kmkrdkr hl Rrkesl pghêt idl. Ti ue ksdritgr

sk dgestituyk kh jg`khg y pkrsgeiaidldiôe `k kh hl, jkmgr plrl jê, jkmgr plrl hl i`kl quk sirvg3 pkgr plrl

éh, pgrquk tg`g kstuìg lph idl`g y kxpkrijketlh , tg`g

pkesljiketg rklh izl`g ke ue fkdfg jltkrilh l`quikrk

dukrpg, ketrl pgr hgs gmgs y ìspkesl `kh kxljke.

Hl Rrkesl oìrolrl fl pukstg su dukrpg ke hl jksl

`kh leaitkltrg3 flnìjgshk su lutgpsil. Hl h iokrtl` sl

dlrì `gdtriel ýtih l su dlusl.

¡Kspkdtìduhg skrig y tr istk plrl hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel kh quk ksl Rrkesl ldlol `k prksketlregs l hl

vistl `kh kxtrlemkrg. Pg`g ue sistkjl, tg`g ue prg

nrljl, tg`g ue gr`ke `k i`kls sk fl rkvkhl`g, vivg y

plhpitletk, ke hl ldtitu` quk hl fkjgs vistg tgjlr `k

hletk `k hl drêt idl lmustl`l l hl hky.

Eg fly `gs must id ils, `gs hknlh i`l`ks, `gs prgoi`l

`ks ke hl prìdt idl `kh `krkdfg pýoh idg= uel `k ngokr

eletk, gtrl `k ngokrel`g, eg.




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T ? I >

Eg puk`ke skr ljings `k hl ¡h iokrtl` hgs quk kmkrdke

kh h iokrtielmk `k hl Rrkesl.

Eg puk`ke kmkrdkr a ikhjketk kh Rg`kr quikeks kmkr

dke ieaikhjketk hl h iokrtl`.

Hgs quk ltrgpkhhle hl hky kstle`g lolmg eg puk`ke

rkspktlrhl kstle`g lrriol.

Eg pg`rìe rkspktlr hl pkrsgel, kh fgnlr, hl v i`l pri

vl`l, dgjg jieistrgs `k Kstl`g, hgs quk ltrgpkh hledrijielhjketk pgr hl phujl sike`g plrt iduhlrks.

Eg puk`ke rklhzlr kh Rg`kr quikeks prgstituyke hl-

Rrkesl l hl `ktrlddiôe duhplohk.

·R g` rêl rkspktlr hl v i`l dgjg ngokreletk kh quk

`ksdulrt izl kh fgegr dgjg lspirletk lh Ngoikreg7

·Rg`rêle skrvir l hl dlusl y l hgs ietkrksks `kh dg

jkrdig y `k hl ie`ustril hgs quk agjketle rkvghudig

eks, dljplüls, nukrrls `k `ksghldiôe y `k kjpgorkdijike tg 7

·Rg`rì suarir hl gpgsidiôe dgjg jieistrg kh quk eg

puk`k sgpgrtlrhl dgjg diu`l`leg7

Kh quk iesuhtl hl mustidil lmkel kstle`g `kslrjl`g,

·hl rkspktlrêl tkeike`g olygektls7

Hgs quk ijpgeke su gpieiôe, su egjork, su pkrsg

el dge vlrl `k fikrrg, ·rkspktlrêle dgjg jieistrgs hls

gpieigeks lmkels7Kh quk eg tkjk hl gpieiôe dule`g lspirl, · hl tkjk

rêl kstle`g ke kh Rg`kr7

·Rg`rìe `lr rkspktloih i`l` l hl lutgri`l` hgs quk

pgeke hl h iokrtl` ke ri`êduhg7

·Rg`rìe skr Arlech ie ke kh Ngoikreg hgs quk sge

\uirgnl ke h l Rrkesl7

Hl h iokrtl` `é hl Rrkesl t ikek `gs kekjings dlpi

t l h k s = kh t irleg y kh `ktrldtgr, g jìs oike ueg sghg,




? < 6 LtêhTKFVMh

pgrquk kh `ktrldtgr eg ks jìs quk kh t irleg `kslr

jl`g.

·\ué ks kh `ktrldtgr7 Kh quk rgjpk hl hky dge su

phujl, ieah inike`g pgr sê hl iealjil quk sôhg kh mukz

puk`k ijpgekr ke egjork `k hl hky. Kh t irleg eg fldk

gtrl dgsl dge hl kspl`l. Kh `ktrldtgr, dgjg kh t irleg,

`knøkh hl dréìtgs, s ie muidig ei prgdksg3 ks ue vìe`lhg

`k tietl y plpkh.L dl`l jg`khg `k Rrkesl vl uei`g ue jg`khg `k

Ngoikreg= hl v ighkedil ks uel3 sk h hljl `ktrlddiôe ke

hl Rrkesl, t irleêl ke kh Ngoikreg. \uirgnl ke hl Rrke

sl skrêl `ktrldtgr3 ke kh Ngoikreg, kh `ktrldtgr skrêl

\ u i r g n l .

Qlei`l` pgork ks dgeaueìr hl Rrkesl dge hl h iokr

tl`. Khhl ks dljpg `k dluìh hlmk y `k t irleêl, hg jis

jg quk kh Ngoikreg. Hl t irleêl `k phujl ks kh prkaldig `k hl tirleêl `k kspl`l.

Kh ltketl`g ke hl plhlorl ks prkdursgr `kh ltketl`g

ke hl lddiôe3 kh h iokh istl ks prkdursgr `kh iesurrkdtg,

fkrlh`g `kh `ksgr`ke y dket iekhl lvlezl`g `kh `kspg

tisjg. Ks kh jisjg ketk dge ìstietls lrjls, sknýe

hgs t ikjpgs.

Ke hl _kpýoh idl, tg`gs hgs t irlegs trkple lh Rg`kr

pgr hl kstltul `k hl h iokrtl`= ks hl ksdlhkrl `k gr`ke.Hg jisjg hgs t irlegs `k phujl quk hgs t irlegs `k ks

pl`l. Ti qukréis dgegdkr hl ak `k kstk ýhtijg prkske

tl`hk `k arketk hl h iokrtl`= hl flrì pk`lzgs.

Ke hl prijkrl épgdl `k hl rkvghudiôe `k Ljéridl

hls lrjls krle hl ýeidl auketk `k hgs dluìh hgs= fgy

sge hls lrjls y hl Rrkesl. Hl Ksplül aué lrrgml`l

pgr hl kspl`l, eg pgr hl phujl. Hl phujl ks lrjl

quk vieg dge hl ìsdusiôe `k agrjl `k Ngoikreg, y




G O _ L T T K H K n P L T ? < 9

ketgedks tuvijgs `gs dhlsks `k dluìh hgs y `gs iestru

jketgs `k khkvldiôe. Y lsê dgjg hl kspl`l fizg drkkr

l jìs `k ue sgh`l`g quk kh Ngoikreg krl su prgpik`l`, jìs `k ue ksdritgr skrvi`gr `k hl oukel dlusl fl

dlê`g pgr kh jisjg fkdfg ke inulh kquivgdldiôe.

Altui`l`ks ieaieitls sk lorinle ke Ml Rrkesl oìr

olrl.

Kh a rl i h k `k h l K`l` J kìl `kd êl = hl rkhiniôe sgy yg.Y hl j ke gr gomkdiôe l su dgeù dtl gs vlhêl kh t êtuhg `k

ijpêg.

K h t i r l e g H u i s V I Q ` k d ê l = kh Kstl`g sgy yg. Y hl

`kslakddiôe `k su pkrsgel gs vlhêl kh ìdtl`g `k trli

`gr l hl pltril.

Kh `kjlngng ìdk fgy= hl hiokrtl` sgy yg. Y eg pg

`éis hkkr dge vukstrg dritkrig uel `k sus gorls sie quk

gs lpkhh i`k ksdhlvg `kh t irleg.Rgek` kh Ngoikreg ke jlegs `k ksl altui`l` y su

dk`krì hg sin uik etk = kmkrdike` g hl gpgsidiôe h iokrlh ,

ltldlréis ue `kdrktg `k su jleg. Ke pgsksiôe `k hl

phujl `k jieistrg eg rkphidlrì dge lrtêduhgs `k nl

dktl, rkph idlrì dge hl dìrdkh 3 ·y qué jkegs jkrkdkrì

kh jlhvl`g quk tkenl hl pkraiìl `k kedgetrlr jlhls

hls gorls `kh jieistrg7 Kh fgjork-must id il, kh fgjork-

h iokrlh , vkrì elturlhjketk ke dl`l ltlquk fkdfg l supkrsgel pýohidl ue ltketl`g ieakri`g l hl h iokrtl` pkr

sgeiaidl`l, y kh dlsting skrì elturlhjketk su rksuhtl`g.

[el dgsl ¡fly ijpgsiohk ke hl t ikrrl, y ks quk kh ks

dritgr quk jledfl sus jlegs ke hg`g (egjork fujl

eg `l`g lh dr ijke ke hl Rrkesl oìrolrl) puk`l `kmlr

`k skr ue jieistrg dlrdkhkrg. Kehg`lr ks iemurilr3 ie

murilr ks `kh iequir . Kh quk `kh iequk dgjg ueg kstle`g

`kslrjl`g, `kh iequirì dgjg jih tkeike`g olygektls.




??2 L H O K _ @ I

Hl Rrkesl orutl lorinl gtrl i husiôe, y ks hl `k drkkr

quk eg 'fly `khitg `ge`k fly aleng, ei aleng ei `khitg

`ge`k eg fly prgdksg ei sketkedil. L ksl hky kh jl

tl`gr ijpuek skrêl fgjork fgerl`g. Eg ks hl sketke

dil hl quk iealj l, s ieg kh dr ij ke 3 y kh dr ijke ks "le

tkrigr y puk`k kxist ir s ie kh prgdksg. Hgs mukdks eg

fldke hl must id il= hl `kdhlrle3 dule`g kh hgs eg hl `k

dhlrle pgrquk el`ik hg pi`k, hl dgedikedil pýohidl hllphidl l su jg`g, quk eg ks kh jkegs tkjiohk.

Ksl Rrkesl drkk quk ljl hl h iokrtl` pgrquk dgj

oltiô hl t irleêl, y ke ksk sketi`g puk`k lhnuel vkz ks

tlr `k oukel ak, sie quk ke rklhi`l` sus férgks `kmke

`k skr tle tirlegs dgjg sus éjuhgs `k kspl`l. Hl rivlhi

`l`, hl dgjpktkedil `k ietkrksks tgjl kh lirk `k gpg

sidiôe `k priedipigs.

Ksl Rrkesl drkk quk ljl kh prgnrksg pgrquk pi`kdljiegs, elvknldiôe, pgohldiôe y prgnrksgs jltkril

hks dule`g eg kstì ke kh Rg`kr3 y ke kh hg eg fldk jìs

quk flohlr l hl gpieiôe quk quikrk prgpidilrsk éh hke

nulmk quk flhlnl l kstl épgdl `k vgdldiôe kdgeôjidl3

dgjg kh eiüg jlhineg quk flohl l hl loukhl `k phle

tls, `k rlpé y `k egvkels dule`g quikrk sldlrhk lh

nýe alvgr.

Ksl Rrkesl drkk quk ke kh iesuhtg fly gtrg iealjkquk kh `khieduketk. Khhl ghvi`l quk ke hl iemuril ksdri

tl, dgjg ke hl iemuril `k fkdfg, hl inegjieil ks `kh

`khieduketk, eg `kh gake`i`g. [el puülhl`l ks ue ie

suhtg `k fkdfg, ke hunlr `k skr ue iesuhtg `k plhlorl3

·l quiée jledfl hl slenrk `krrljl`l, lh fkri`g g lh

`kh ieduketk7 ·Fldil duìh vl hl s ijpltêl pýoh idl y trls

`k duìh vl kh mukz `kh drijke7

Ksl Rrkesl drkk quk ue l`mkt ivg ks ue lrnujketg




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T ??<

y quk ue uh trlmk ks uel rlzôe3 quk hl aukrzl `kh ks

dritgr kstì ke kh pg`kr `kh ìdtkrig, y quk duletg jìs

nritl jìs pkrsul`k3 eg slok quk hgs iesuhtgs `kh rkg

eg lfgnle hl vgz `k hl mustidil.

Ksl Rrkesl drkk quk fgy puk`k ksdle`lh izlr hl sg

dik`l` y jlülel dgevkrtirsk ke dìtk`rl `k jgrlh pg

h êt idl3 quk fgy puk`k airjlr slêektks y jlülel hkyks

plrl hl _kpýoh idl3 quk fgy puk`k `lr ue dursg `k iesurrkddiôe y jlülel ue dursg `k ìsdiphiel3 quk sk

puk`k ksdrioir kh hkenulmk `k hl rkdgol y pkrtkekdkr l

Dgrpgrldigeks h i tkrlrils, y quk sk puk`k rkueir l hl vkz

kh `kskeal`g `kh dôjidg y kh `kdgrg `kh jieistrg.

Ksl Rrkesl drkk pg`kr jkrkdkr hl gpieiôe `k prg

oi`l`, kmkrdike`g lh jisjg tikjpg hl dlhujeil y hl ie

muril, dgjg si kstgs `gs ldtgs pkrtkekdikske l hls ok

hhls lrtks y eg lhh Dôìng pkelh.Ksl Rrkesl drkk quk fly tlhketg ke kjphklr kh hg`g,

pgrquk `k dulhquikr jg`g lhng `ks`grl kh hg`g3 y gh

v i`l quk ue dkr`g puk`k vgh tklr `k ue kedgetrôe l

uel `ljl ke kh olrrg, y `ksprkst inilrhk ke dikrtg jg`g,

sie quk kh dflegfg tkenl kh tlhketg quk sk lrrgnl ksl

Rrkesl.

Ksl Rrkesl drkk quk tg`l orutlhi`l` ks `kh pleahktg

`k A ge a rk` y Dgo okt, y eg rk plrl q uk sôhg ke Hg e` rk sy Rlrês puk`l flokr orutgs `k ksl `êlsk, sike`g sgs

pkdfgsêsijg `k tkekr jìs laiei`l` dge hl pljpl quk

dge il Kurgpl kh pleahktg lh`kleg `k Turljéridl.

Ksl Rrkesl drkk quk tg`l vidtgril y tg`l lrjl ks

h êditl, y eg slok quk fly triueags jlh floi`gs, dgjg

fly rkputldigeks usurpl`ls. Priuealr pgr hl dlhujeil

ks triuealr plrl ue `êl. _kstituir hl vidtgril ks pkgr

quk uel `krrgtl.




? ? ? L H O K _ @ I

Rgr üe, drkk ksl Rrkesl altul quk puk`k plslr pgr

duhtl y khknletk vistike`g ogtl `k pgtrg y gh ike`g ldflrquidle, y quk puk`k fldkr hl nukrrl lh nludfg ie

duhtg, s ike`g kh hl ue `kdfl`g `k nludflmk, dgjg si pu

`iksk flokr Rrkesl ieduhtl `kh plrt i`g duh tg

G D V @ D




I I

@kh `khitg ke hl pghéjidl.

‐ Y g pkeslol `lr rlzgeks ij

prgolr.

‐ E g , skügr3 eg prukok ustk`

el`l... @inl ustk`= ·\ué sküls

tikek kh l`vkrslrig `k ustk`7 ·Ks.

lhtg7

‐Rkrg... ·qué tikek quk vkr ksg

dge hl dukstiôe `k tloldgs7

‐ · E g fl `k t kekr 7 Kj pi kdk

ustk` `idike`g quk su lrtêduhg ks

oukeg pgrquk éh ks lhtg.

‐ ¡ F g j o r k‐· \ ué j ì s t i kek kh l `vkr sl

rig 7 · Pik ek lhnuel okrrunl ke

hls elridks, tikek jgzl, `kok l

lhnuike, fl kstl`g ke hl dìrdkh,

nlstl pkhudl, fl tkei`g gpieiôe

jlhl7

‐L hng, l hng fl y `k ksg.

•‐Ruks oike3 l éh= hl gpieiôe,

hl okrrunl= `urg ke sus `kakdtgs.

Aênlrg.

Ti `ksklrl su jlh lnrl`kdkrêl sus rkspukstls, pgr

quk dgjphktle ji trlolmg, s irviée`ghk `k pikzls must i

aidltivls3 pk rg éh fl fkdf g ke su dge trl hg qu k yg eg

ietketé ei `kskg.




? ? 0 L H O K _ @ I

Kxtrlemkrg dlsi l ji plês , `k `ge`k slh ê flrtg tkj

prleg3 `ksdgegdi`g lh h ê pgr eg flokr tkei`g kh trlolmg

`k gtrg, `k flohlrhk `k jê jisjg pgr ìkz lügs, ek

dksitg rkdtia idlr lhnuegs fkdfgs quk éh lskvkrl dgjg

dikrtgs sloike`g quk eg hg sge. Ti éh drkykrl ke kh hgs

eg florêl qukri`g fujih hlr su plês prgpgeiée`gjk trks

vkdks dgjg prijkr ìputl`g plrl kh Dgenrksg dgest i

tuyketk. Hg flré s ie ldrijgeil= sus nritgs `k dôhkrlpukrih jk `le hìstijl, eg keal`g. Tge nritgs `k `g

hgr3 ei su risl jk gake`k, pgrquk ks hl risl `ghgrgsl

`kh ljputl`g, quk rêk olmg hl lddiôe `kh dhgrgagrjg.

Pljpgdg hg rkdtia idlré ke kh ietkrés `k ji kngêsjg, sieg

ke fgegr `k hl ole`krl quk jk t ikek pgr sgh`l`g. Yg

eg lspirg, y su phle `k `kake`krsk dge rkdrijieldig

eks ks trlolmg pkrì`g.

¡_k dr ij ield iô e ·\u iée fl rkdrijiel`g l h skügrTlrjiketg7 ·\ué fk fkdfg yg dgetrl éh7 Fk drit idl`g

sus ksdritgs `k skìdiôe y `k `ksgr`ke ke kh ietkrés `k

hl plz lrnketiel.

Rg`êl fldkrhg. Hls hkyks y hgs usgs `k hl Rrkesl jk

hg pkrjit êle. "Eg ks iemurigsg‐ìdk hl hky `k Dfihk,

quk ks ue `kdfl`g `k h iokrtl`‐, eg ks iemurigsg kh ij

prksg ke quk sk drit idl, kxljiel g lelhizl uel gorl `k

hitkrlturl, dikedil g lrtks, g ke quk sk kxprksl muidigu gpieiôe sgork hls dlh i`l`ks, jéritgs g `kakdtgs `kh

lutgr dge rkhldiôe l su gorl, luequk tlh drêt idl, kxl

jke, leìh is is u gpieiôe skl ieaue`l`l y `ksalvgrlohk

u gakesivl lh lutgr ke su dlrìdtkr `k tlh" ( i) .

Kh jisjg floêl pukstg ke jlegs `kh pýoh idg hgs

rkenhgeks `k su Dljplül dge kst ls plh lorls = "Hélhgs

(i ) Hk y vinketk `k Ijprketl, lrt. e .




? ? 1 L H O K _ @ I

lelrquistls hgs ksdritgs `kh hiokrlh Tlrjiket g . Mljìs

fuog ue t irleg tle ltrlsl`g quk pusikrl ke jlygr r i

`êduhg hl h iokrtl` `k ksdrioir3 ¡y ks éh kh quk lspirl l

phlet ia idlr hls h iokrtl`ks ke hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel

Tkrêl durigsg vkrhk `kaieir hl h iokrtl` `k hl Rrkesl.

Kstle`g l sus ýhtijgs ksdritgs, egs ìrêl quk ks kh `k

rkdfg `k kjoludlr l hgs tgetgs quk drkke ke prkaldigs

`k kst k néekrg= "Hélhgs kh quk quikrl, dritêqukhgs kh

quk nustk". Alh t lol lülìr pgr su duketl y riksng.

Fl pukstg l ue hl`g jis ksdritgs y hl dukst iôe pý

ohidl, y sk fl lpg`krl`g `k ji pkrsgel, `k ji vi`l

privl`l, flstl `k jis alddigeks. Eg fly a hlqukzl, eg

fly vighkedil dge quk eg flyl jledfl`g su phujl,

ksl phujl dge quk lspirl l a irjlr hkyks `k duhturl y

`k h iokrtl` plrl su plês.

" · [ s t k ` j k r kd g eg d k o u ke l a k 7 ‐ j k f l ` i d f g ‐ ,

puks yg sk hl eikng l ustk`3 · ustk` fl 'tkei`g hl ` ko i

h i`l` `k khuìr hl hky pkelh pgr kh `kdgrg7, puks yg

tke`ré hl nket i hkzl `k `knrl`lr ji rleng `k ksdritgr y

`k iesuhtlr hl hky y hl sgdik`l`, pgeike`g ksdritgs ie

jue`gs dgetrl ustk`." Y dgjg hg fl ìdfg, hg fl

fkdfg.

·\ué t ê tuhg `k kxdkpdiôe, qué iejuei`l` prgtknêlhgs ksdritgs `k Tlrjiketg 7 · K e Df ihk ks h êditg ltldlr lh

Rrksi`ketk y eg ks pkrjiti`g flhhlr jlhgs hgs ksdritgs

`k ue lutgr7

Ke Arledil , Hkrjieikr ksdr io iô sus Dlrtls, ìrini

`ls l ue okrhieés, ke quk fizg pk`lzgs l Pfikrs, l Nui-

zgt, l Dg us ie, dgj g ksdritgrk s. · Tl hikrge l hl dlh hk ks

tgs lutgrks, dgjg kelmkel`gs, l `lr ksdìe`lhg dge ie

suhtgs y gosdkei`l`ks `k ue korig 7 Eg, d ikr t ljket k3 y




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T ??>

hl drêt idl, sgpgrtl`l dge ìnei`l`, eg hks ijpiìô skr

hg quk sge.

Tlrjiketg sk fl lrruiel`g dgjg, ksdritgr ìneg. Tk

hk prksketô ue dlsg eukvg ke hl Rrkesl lrnketiel `k

hudflr, eg yl ke kh tgeg y dge hgs fgjorks `k _gsls3

y ke vkz `k h iìlr dge hl nlh hlr`êl `k ue sgh`l`g `k

h iokrtl`‐ks `kdir , r ieìke`g fgegr lh dgetke`gr, dgjg

hgs fi`lhngs `k hl _kpýoh idl‐, sk jukstrl kh dlstkhhleg vikmg `k hl Rrkesl y sletiaidl kh @ksjlsdl`g y kh

Hgokrl dge kxlnkrldiôe3 ¡y hg quk eg sk v ig ke ksgs

h iokhgs, susdrioike`g hgs suygs dge su egjork ldl`é

j i d g

·Hg floêl yg prgv gdl`g7 L uequk ls ê fuoiksk s i`g,

·hl prgvgdldiôe lutgrizl mljìs kh iesuhtg duhplohk7

Rkrg ke duletg l prgvgdldigeks, Tlrjiketg t ikek su

skdrktg `k lplrkdkr prgvgdl`g, y l ak quk ks kaidlz.Pgjl ketrk gmgs ue fgjork quk eg pikesl dgjg éh .

" K s k f g j o r k t i k e k j i s i ô e ` k l t l d l r j k ‐ ` i d k " . I e

suhtl `ks`k hukng lh prktkeì`g kjislrig, y letk hl rk

prkslh il elturlh `k éstk= ‐ · H g vke ustk`ks7‐rkphi

d l ‐ 3 ·eg ìmk yg quk ksk fgjork tkeil kedlrng `k

.dritidlrjk7 Fk lfê hl fistgril `k su ìvis iôe dgejing.

Rrgvgdl`l pgr éh , ks ue sijphk lroitr ig `k su ljgr

p r g p i g .Rlrl `kake`kr su pkrsgel, rkspktl`l pgr jê, fl rk

drijiel`g ji v i`l3 ¡dgjg si jis alh tls puìkske skr

su kxd us l R gr ýeidl `kakesl `k sus ksdritgs, ltldl`gs

pgr jê sie ue iesuhtg, fl aieni`g kstipkeìl`l ji phu

jl, dgjg si kh sukh`g `k aisdlh puìkrl `ksjketir hl

v kr`l` `kh krrgr ldusl`g.

@kakeìée`gsk pgr hl ijpgsturl fl skrvi`g ji dlu-

3sl y kjpkgrl`g hl suyl.




? ? 6 L H O K _ @ I

Ievketlr fkdfgs plrl `kake`krsk ks dgeakslr quk sk

dlrkdk `k `kakesl3 ks l h ng pkgr= ks lnrlv lr h l ldusl

diôe, lülìke`g l hl iedgeskdukedil pghêt idl hl jketirl.

Qkrhk l ustk` alh tlr l hl vkr`l` plrl ltldlrjk ks-

uel vidtgril plrl jê, pgrquk kh tkrrkeg `kh `khitg ks-

pkgr quk kh `k hl `krrgtl.Eg sk puk`k ltldlr l hgs fgjorks `k oike `ks`k gtrg

tkrrkeg.

Eg hg lduslré letk kh muri pgrquk eg ekdksitg `k su

dlst ing jltkrilh . Kh `k gpieiôe yl hg t ikek pgr kh pý

ohidg, quk ks kh muri `k hgs muris. Eg iré lh Murl`g l

pkìr quk `kdhlrk ji `krkdfg= hg s iketg, hg tgdg. Tkrêl

pkìrhk quk `kdhlrlsk quk pgskg `gs orlzgs y `gs piks.

@ kjle`lr fgegr let k k h muri skrêl l`jitir quk fl.

pgì`g ustk` quitìrjkhg3 kh krrgr `kh quk uh trlml ks

drkkr quk flyl gtrl larketl quk hl `k su `kh i tg. Ruk

`g kstlr kealtul`g-3 pkrg drkg quk hl iemuril `k su rl

oil dlk sgork ji v i`l dgjg hl h huvil ke kh jìrjgh ,

plrl ohlequklrhl. Nrldils hk ì-krl si kh jlh `kskg pu

ìkrl jkrkdkrhg lhnuel vkz.

Hl vkrnøkezl plrl ue ksdritgr prgdlz eg kstì ke ir

l hl prisiôe, sieg ke jkrkdkrhl. Hl ieduril `kh aisdlh

g kh grnuhhg quk sk siketk supkrigr l hl iemuril ijpg

tketk eg h ijpil `k su larketl lh `ktrldtgr.

G D V @ D




I I I

_KDP I A I DLDI G EKT

Kjphkgs ìphgjìtidgs, sukh`gs, dgetrltgsgaidilhks plrl ìaljlr l Tlrjiketg.

Tlrjiket g drkk fujih`kjketk quk hl pghêt idl lrn ke

t iel ke Dfihk eg t ikek jìs gomktg skrig quk pkrsknuir

sus ksdritgs, y quk l kstl jirl dk`ke tg`gs hgs ksaukr

zgs `k hgs lrnketiegs plrti`lrigs `k hl pghêt idl dgestitudigelh , rksi`ketks l kstk hl`g `k hgs Le`ks. .

Fk lquê kh jg`g dgjg kstlohkdk hgs fkdfgs. Dgpilré

sus plhlorls plrl rkdtia idlrhls dge jìs prkdisiôe.

"·@ k qué sk t rlt l ke sus dlrt ls qui h h gt lels7‐ jk

ìdk l jê .‐ @ k `kjgh kr ji rkput ld iôe . ·\uiée h g ie

t k e t l 7 L h o k r ` i . "

"·\ué dgsl h g ks t ijuh l7 Tkr kjph kl`g plrl k h h g ."

" · D ô j g h k v i e g k s k k j p h k g 7 E k n g d i ì e ` g h g p g r j k ìg `k Nut iérrkz , l t rukquk `k ksdr io ir ke Dfi h k ."

Hl jitl` `k sus dlrtls kstì rkùdi`l l `kskevghvkr

ksk phle `k ldrijieldiôe.

·Dôjg h g ks t loh kdk7 Fk lquê sus plh lorls . Hls dg-




L H O K _ @ I

piô plrl ketrknlrhg l hl must id il `kh pýoh idg lrnketiel

dge hls ljils `k su duhpl.

"Dule`g ke Lngstg `k <6;? kjpkzô l ksdrioir pk

riôìdgs ke Qlhplrlêsg sk iol l ekngdilr su kjphkg `k

kjolml`gr ke Oukegs Lirks3 sksketl `êls `kspués `k-

priedipilr hl goritl hk h hknô kh egjorljiketg.

L prgpôsitg `kh kjphkg quk rkdioiô plrl ksdrioir hls

dlrt ls `k \ui h h gtl hk prkv ke`ré q u k . . . " "D ul e` g sksupg hl rkvgdldiôe `k Jìrjgh , l duletgs prknuetlole

quiée hk sust ituirì ì mk s ie t i tuoklr= Lhokrì . Dule`g

`k Dgpilpô jk prknuetlrge qué sineia idlole hls jlei

gorls `k Qlh plrlêsg (ke L ngst g) , dget kst é= ks L h okrì

quk sk rkouh hk plrl rkkjphlzlr l Jìrjgh ."

"·\ué fldk k h skr ig , k h d i rduespkdt g L h okrì7 J g

vi`g pgr uel dukr`l quk elìk vk, kh << `k Lngstg,

`gs `êls `kspu és `k h hknl` l hl egtidil, puohidl kei kh@ilrig su lrtêduhg prijk rg, y kh <4, kh sknu e` g3 ks `k

dir/quk lpkels h hknl`g kh dgrrkg fizg kh jleusdritg, kh

<2 sk ijprijiô y lplrkdiô kh <<. Prks `êls `kspués-

sk rkueiô ue Dhuo (kspgetìekljketk, pgr supukstg) `k

hgs quk susdrioikrge ue ldtl iesiìgsl, pukstg quk sôhg

kxinêl l`fkrir l tg`l tke`kedil quk dgetriouyksk l hl

grnleizldiôe eldigelh , y sôhg ke uel dirduhlr l hgs

lnketks sk `kdhlrlol quk ldkptlole kh nghpk `k Kstl`g`k Oukegs Lirks. Kh dgrrkg plrt iô kh <;, h hkvle`g hgs

lrtêduhgs `kh @ilrip y kh ldtl `kh Dhuo3 y kh 6 `k Gd

tuork, dieduketl y dultrg `êls `kspués, hk h hknô lh `gd

tgr Lhokrì kh egjorljiketg `k kevil`g phkeipgtke

dilrig. Ks `kdir , l vukh tl `ksdgrrkg.

"Hls akdfls dge`kele s ie lpkh ld iôe . Kh << `k L ngs

tg , hl dlusl3 kh 6 `k Gdtuork, kh kakdtg. El`l letks,

ei uel plhlorl, ei ue ieìdig. ·\ué sudkìô, puks, kh




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T ? 4 I

9 `k L ngst g7 ·\ué kev iô L h okrì ke rkspukst l l uel

prgpgsidiôe7 Keviô uel inulhl, ue dgetrltg, ue dlj

olhldfk. Y g `gy `gs ìlrigs dfi hkegs ke lpgyg `k [ r

quizl, y ue Dhuo lnketk ke dljoig `k uel Kjolml`l.

Jle`ô hls jukstrls `k hl jkrdl`krêl ke hgs `gs lr

têduhgs `kh @ilrig y kh ldtl `kh Dhuo, y hk jl e`l rge

hgs t ê tuhgs."

Lfê kstì Tlrjiketg3 ksls plhlorls sge `k éh 3 skr"ue fkdfg quk eg dlhia idlré, plrl quk kh pýohidg hg flnl

pgr s ê 3 rkspge`kré dge gtrg fkdfg.

Kstk gtrg fkdfg ks kh `kdrktg quk sinuk, duygs tér

jiegs pgeke l Tlrjiketg ke hl ldt itu` quk jkrkdk=

"@ kplrt ljket g `k _kh ld igeks Kxt kr igrks .

Oukegs L irks , L ngst g , <0 `k <6;?.

Ke kh `kokr ke quk sk flhhl kh Ngoikreg lrnketieg

`k duhtivlr hls jkmgrks rkhldigeks `k ljistl` dge hls

_kpýoh idls vkdiels, y leijl`g `k ue vkfkjketk `kskg

pgr kstrkdflr hgs v êeduhgs `k arltkrei`l` quk hl h inle

dge kh Ngoikreg `k hl _kpýoh idl `k Dfihk, fl ldgr`l`g

y `kdrkt l=

L r t ê d u h g i .² \ u k ` l e g j o r l ` g K e d l r n l ` g ` k E k n g d igs `k h l Dgeak`krld iôe L rnket iel dkrdl `kh Ngoikr

eg `k Is _kpýoh idl `k Dfihk @. Mule Olutistl Lhokrì ,

dge hl lsineldiôe skülhl`l l hgs `k su d hlsk ke Ljé

ridl ke hl hky `k 9 `k Lorih `k <6?1.

L r t . ? .2 Ruoh êquksk , dgju eiqýksk l quikeks dgr rks

pge`l y `ésk lh _knistrg gaidilh .

[ r q u i z l ,

Huis M gsé `k hl Rkül."




? 4 7 L H O K _ @ I

Kh hkdtgr puk`k lfgrl tgjlr `k hl grkml lh jketi

rgsg y suoirhk lh oledg `k hl risl, ke quk fl qukri`g

pgekrsk éh .

K h <1 `k Ln gs tg, eg kh e , sk iestlhô kh D hu o = kh ldtl

`k su iestlhldiôe kstì `ksplrrljl`l ke hgs `gs plê

sks. K h I I y <4 lplrkdik rge hgs lrtêduhgs `kh @ilrig3

skl ke oukel fgrl.

Hkk` hl akdfl `kh `kdrktg quk `kmg dgpil`g. Kh <0`k L ngst g aui egjorl`g Kedlrnl`g `k Ekngdigs ke

Oukegs Lirks3 ks `kdir , `gs `êls letks `k hl iestlhl

diôe `kh Dhuo. Luequk fuoiksk tkhénrlag khédtridg ke

trk kh Rhltl y Dfihk, kh ldtl `kh Dhuo `k <1 `k Lngstg

eg florêl pgì`g prgùdir kh egjorljiketg `kh <0.

Ksk `kdrktg kstì a irjl`g ke Oukegs Lirks3 dule`g

hhknô l ksl diu`l` kh dgrrkg quk slhiô `k Dfihk kh <;

`k Lngstg, yl eg kstlole lh h ê ei kh nkekrlh [rquizl eisu jieistrg Rkül, quk floêle slhi`g kh 9 `k Tkptikj

ork plrl Tle Eidghìs, l hl iestlhldiôe `kh Dgenrksg.

Rgr kstk jgtivg y pgr kh quk s inuk eg sk puk`k pkr

j itir l su j lhidil quk supg enl uel lhtkrldiôe `k

akdfls.

Kh `kdrkt g dged h uyk ìd ike`g= "Ruoh êquksk, dgju

eiqýksk l quikeks dgrrkspge`l y `ésk lh _knistrg

gaidilh".Tk puoh idô, ke kakdtg, ke tg`gs hgs ìlrigs `k Ouk

egs Lirks3 sk rkprgùmg ke kh `k Jke`gzl, y pgr a ie

ke tg`gs hgs ìlrigs `k Dfihk. Tlrjiketg puk`k fldkr

`kspués quk fl ksdritg hl vkri a idldiôe quk `koiô fl

dkr letks `k ksdrioir.

Kh `kdrkt g jk egjorl Kedlrnl`g `k Ekngdigs , eg

Jieistrg Rhkeipgtkedilrig. Ksg hg slok eukstrg fgj

ork `k hl Dljplül, pgrquk hg fl v istg3 pkrg dljoil





hgs t ê tuhgs ietkedigelhjketk3 ·pgr qué7 Rgrquk kh Ke

dlrnl`g `k Ekngdigs t ikek 4.;22 pksgs `k sukh`g leulh

y kh Rhkeipgtkedilrig >.222.

Dgjg Tlrjiketg rkùdk l pksgs aukrtks kh ietkrés

quk jk ltriouyk ke hl l`quisidiôe) `k ksk kjphkg, ksk

dljoig `k t êtuhgs dgevikek l su phle, puks tg`gs sl

oke quk eg fly lognl`g fujih`k quk eg nlek ke Qlh

plrlêsg jìs `k 4.;22 pksgs lh lüg.Kh `kdrkt g `k <0 `k L ngst g jk egjorl Kedlrnl`g

`k Ekngdigs, "dge hl lsineldiôe skülhl`l l hgs `k su

dhlsk ke Ljéridl ke hl hky `k 9 `k Lori h `k <6?1".

Kstl hky `k <6?1 lsinel l " hgs Kedlrnl`gs `k Ek

ngdigs 0.;22 pksgs ke Kurgpl y 4.;22 ke Ljéridl".

(Lrtêduhg <.², iedisg 4. 2)

"Hls lsineldigeks quk kxprksle hgs lrt êduhgs letk

rigrks (ìdk kh lr t . >.² `k kstl hky) skrìe loge l`ls`ks`k ki `êl `k hl ldkptldiôe `k` egjorljiketg."

Lfgrl oike= ks pýoh idg y egtgrig quk yg eg fk ldkp

tl`g flstl fgy kh egjorljiketg garkdi`g pgr kh Ng

oikreg lrnketieg. @ing pýohidg, pgrquk si hg fuoiksk

ldkptl`g skrêl plrl kmkrdkrhg, eg sijphkjke tk plr l rk

dioir sukh`g. Ti eg fk ldkptl`g ksk kjphkg eg puk`g,

pgr hl hky, rkdioir sukh`g. Kh Ngoikreg quk jk hg log

elsk dgetrl* hl hky dgjktkrêl ue rgog, y yg skrêl dôjph idk `k éh . L`kjìs, ke dulhquikr t ikjpg, lh Ngoikreg

lrnketieg quk jk egjorô, l jê, egs prknuetlrêle qué

aué `kh kedlrng ke quk kh plês nlstô tletg ìekrg.

Rlrl kmkrdkr kh kjphkg tke`rêl quk prksketlr jis drk

`kedilhks lh Ngoikreg `k Dfihk y gotkekr su rkdgegdi

jiketg. · H g fk fkdfg 7 K h Ng oikreg puk `k `kdir hg. E g

fly Kjolml`ls ievisiohks .

·Rgr qué eg fk prksket l`g ji drk`kedil h 7 ·Rgr t k-




? 4 0 L H O K _ @ I

jgr `k su rkdflzg 7 Tlrjiketg plrkdk iesieulrhg lsê , y

`kog rkdtia idlrhg ke goskquig `k hl lrjgeêl `k hgs `gs

plêsks. Pkeng dkrtkzl `k quk si jk ldkrdlsk lh Ng

oikreg `k Dfihk, tletg hl drk`kedilh `kh @irkdtgr lrnke

t ieg dgjg ji pkrsgel, skrêljgs ldgni`gs fgergsljke

tk . ·Kh Ngoikreg `k Dfihk rkfuslrêl ue lnketk `k ue

Rg`kr dkrdl `kh dulh rksi`ke hgs lnketks `k Ienhltk

rrl , Kst l`gs [ei`gs y Arledil7 Kh Tr . Okkdfk, t keike`g hls drk`kedilhks `kh nkekrlh [rquizl y `kh Ng

oikreg `k Oukegs Lirks, fl prksketl`g hl prijkrl ýei

dljketk, y fl si`g rkdioi`g pgr kh Ngoikreg `k Dfihk

ke su dlrìdt kr `k Qidkdôe suh lrnket ieg ke Q lh p l

rlêsg.

·Eg t ke`réis sukh `g7‐ ìréis . Ket gedks , ·duìh ks k h

lh idiketk quk jk fldk `ksklr kh kjphkg7

·@ k dês quk kspkrg k h `kskeh ldk `k Oukegs L i rk splrl quk kh kjphkg y su sukh`g skle rklhi`l`7 Kspkrg,

ke vkr`l`, kh rkstlohkdijiketg `k hl lutgri`l` eldig

elh ke tg`g kh tkrritgrig3 pkrg eg plrl l`jit ir kh kj

phkg, s ieg plrl ìjit ir hg ìneljketk. Kstl `kdhlrldiôe

eg ks plrl vgs, sieg plrl kh pýohidg lrnketieg, letk

quike hl flng pgr ji fgegr.

Kh `kdrktg `k <0 `k Lngstg, quk jk egjorl Kedlr

nl`g `k Ekngdigs, trlk hl a irjl `kh Jieistrg Rkül, eg`kh Jieistrg Nutiérrkz. Tlrjiketg ìdk quk kstk ýh t i

jg prgjgv iô ji egjorljiket g . Nut iérrkz aué J ieis

trg `ks`k aieks `k Jlyg flstl a ieks `k Mueig, dgjg ks

pýoh idg= ue jks . Aué J ieis t rg `kh Ngokrel`gr Hôpkz ,

euedl `kh @ irkdt gr [rquizl . Ke L ngst g , ke quk aui

egjorl`g pgr k h Tr . Rkül (J ieis t rg `kh Kxt kr igr , ke

tgedks y letks), kh Tr. Nutiérrkz kstlol rktirl`g ke su-

dlsl, hkmgs `kh Ngoikreg. Ti Tlrjiketg dgegdiksk jkmgr




? 4 1 L H O K _ @ I

hk slhu`é dgjg plskletk y hk -ì l dgegdkr ji rksghudiôe. _kdgjke`l`g pkrsgelhjketk pgr judfgs lji

ngs, tuvk kh phldkr `k garkdkrhk ji fgspk`lmk. Tk aué

pgr su vghuetl` dule`g quisg3 yg lprgoé su rksghu

diôe, quk l`gptô éh pgr dgeskmg `k gtrg ljing.

Ti éh trlmg h iorljiketgs, si tgjô ìekrg ke Dfihk eg

jk dgest l3 pkrg pu`g fldkr h g dgjg kjph kl`g. H inlr

ji egjork l ksgs h iorljiketgs y l ksgs plngs ks pkr

a iìl sgkz. Lutgrizg l quike quikrl l quk puoh iquk dulhquikr `ltg dgetrlrig `k kstk lskrtg.

@k tg`g kstg rksuhtl=

\uk eg fk ousdl`g kjphkg.

\uk eg fk ldkptl`g kh qpk jk vieg sie ousdlr.

\uk eg hg kmkrzg pgrquk eg hg `kskg.

\uk eg nleg sukh`g ei puk`g nlelr sukh`g pgr ue

kjphkg quk eg `kskjpküg.

Y pgr aie, quk hl aìouhl `k ue dgetrltg plrl ksdri

oir, pgr kh prkdig `k ue kjphkg, ks uel sijphk ijpgs

t url `k @ . @ gjieng Tlrjiket g .




I Q

_KDPIA IDLDIGEKT

·Rgr qué ksdr iog7 ·Rlrl qué fk ksdr i t g h ls Dlrtls,

prknuet ìis 7 Gs hg ìré.

Eg plrl `kjghkr hl rkputldiôe `k Tlrjiketg, dgjg

prktke`k éh dge jìs mldtledil quk rlzôe, sieg plrl `ks

lrjlr l ue lnitl`gr3 plrl ieut i h izlrhk sus lrjls `k `ks

gr`ke, `kmìe`ghk hl nhgril quk l`quiriô letks dge sus

lrjls `k h iokrtl`.

Fk ksdritg jis Dlrtls pgr kh jisjg kst êjuhg quk jk

fizg ksdrioir jis Olsks. L jogs ksdr i t gs sge dgeskrv l` g r k s 3 kh jisjg kspêritu `k gr`ke y ìsdiphiel prkvl

hkdk ke hgs `gs. Ke ueg y gtrg sge skrvi`gs kh pkesl

jiketg y phle `k grnleizldiôe `kh vkedk`gr `k _gsls,

y kh pldtg `k Tle Eidghìs, quk hg fldk skr mkak `k hl

_kpýohidl h iokrtl`l pgr éh .

[stk` rklhzô jis Olsks3 hls h hljô kh @kdìhgng lr

nketieg.

[stk` ì mg quk jis Olsks krle ue nghpk ltrgz l [r

quizl. Eg pg`rì `kdir fgy quk hls ksdrioê plrl lnrl`lr

l ksk mkak. Fldk `gdk lrigs quk uel sgdik`l` `k môvkeks

ke Oukeg s Lirks jk skülhô kh phle `k grnleizldiôe plrl

hl _kpý ohidl dgjg gomktg kspkdilh `k kstuìg. Jiketrls




? 4 6 L H O K _ @ I

ùrô kh gostìduhg, eg ksdrioê `k ksg, `kmé l hl vgdldiôe

`k ustk` kh rgh `k `kj ghk`gr. @kstrui`g _gsls, ·quiée

eg vig hhknl`g kh `êl `k hl grnleizldiôe7 Ksdrioê ke kh

sketi`g `kh pkeslj iketg eldigelh.

Ti dge ksl jirl `k pltrigtisjg ksdrioê hls Olsks, quk

rkprksketle ìkz vkdks jìs trlolmg quk hls Dlrtls (ks

dritg h inkrg, fkdfg ke vkietk `êls `k gdig ke kh akril`g),

·pgr qué prktke`k ustk` quk eg fk pgì`g ksdrioir hgjk egs sieg pgr ue kjphkg 7

· @k qué trltle j is Dlrtls7 Kh lsuetg hk ìdk l ustk`

quk eg fk rkdioi`g < jisiôe plrl ksdrioir hls . Prltle `k

su Dljplül3 kpisgìg ijpkrdkptiohk `k hl dljplül `kh

nkekrlh [rquizl. Dgjg ustk` slok, yg eg fidk ksl dlj

plül, eg hl dgegzdg, y drkg quk elìk hl dgegdk ke Dfi

hk . ·Ks|tì ustk` ke su muidig dule`g pikesl quk plrl rk

autlr ksl puoh idldiôe kh nkekrlh [rquizl floêl `k kedlrnlr kh trlolmg l Dfihk, `ge`k kh lsuetg eg ks dgeg5-

di`g, y l pkrsgel quk inegrl ketkrljketk ksl dljplül7

·Eg tkeêl ìkz ksdritgrks l su hl`g prgvistgs `k tg`gs

hgs `gdujketgs7 ·Qk ustk` ke ¡ji drê t idl quk pgskykrl

yg jìs `gdujketgs quk hgs jisjgs quk ustk` jk gark

dk7 ·Eg kst ì ijprksl su Dljplül7 · E g krl jìs aìdi h

quk hl gorl aukrl ke hl olhiml `kh dgrrkg l ousdlr kh

drêt idg, eg quk kh drêt idg vieikr l lh trlvés- `k hgs L e` ks

dge kh trke `k uel kj olml`l ke ousdl `k hl gorl 7

Fk drit idl`g tljoiée gtrgs ijprksgs `k ustk`, ks dikr

t g 3 pkrg prk nue t g= Lrnirôpghis y Aldue`g ·eg kstìe ke

kh dlsg `k su Dljplül7 · E g kstìe ksgs ijp rksgs k g kh

_êg `k hl Rhltl 7 · E g sk dgetrlke kxdhusivlj ketk l dg

sls `kh plês lrnketieg7 ·L qué, puks, floêle `k ousdlr

ke kh kxtrlemkrg' hl drêt idl y kxljke `k dgsls quk jkmgr

sk dgegdke lh h ê 7





Jìs `k `gs lügs ksdrioiô ustk` dge lr`gr iealtinlohk

ke alvgr `kh nkekrl` [rquizl= tg`g Tu`ljéridl ks kh

prg `k lykr `kh dgetrl `k fgy. Lfgrl ksdriok ustk` dgjg

kh Pgstl`g ke dgetrl `kh quk letks lpgyô. @ênljk, puks=

·quiée hk plnô ketgedks y quiée hk plnl fgy plrl ks

drioir7

· @irì ustk` quk su grnleizld iôe t ikek ue sket i`g ks

pkdilh plrl ljlr hl pltril y quk hl jêl eg hg t ikek7Eg hg ìnl ustk`, pgrquk sk hk rkirìe dgjg rkirìe si hk

gykrle `kdir quk sôhg u stk` l jl l sus pl`rks, quk sôhg

ustk` lj l l sus fkre tlegs k fimgs.

Ksdriog ke <6;4 pgr kh jisjg jôvih quk jk fizg ks

drioir ke <6;<, letks quk [rquizl aukrl kh vkedk`gr `k

_gsls. Hg quk rkdioêl ketgedks rkdiog fgy3 ìng jlh ,

rkdiog fgy `êl jìs `k hg quk eg rkdioê ketgedks= fgy

tkeng `k rketl lh jks eukvk jih iesuhtgs `kh skügrTlhijiketg, `k ue née krg `ksdg egdi` g ke hl épgdl `k

hl Nldktl, Jkrdletih. Must id il skl fkdfl l hgs dl ê`g s= _ g

sls eg `knrl`ô hl Rrkesl flstl hl `ktrlddiôe privl`l.

Ksdriog fgy pgr kh jôvih quk kxditl ji phujl `k gpg

sidiôe l hl t irleêl `k `gdk lügs l kstl plrtk, y eg pgr

sukh`gs, pgr suovkedigeks y dgetrltgs `kh néekrg `k hgs

quk lfgrl kxljielré.

Ksdriog plrl rklhizlr éh pkesljiketg y hgs prgpôsitgs`k ue dêrduhg `k lrnketiegs ihustrl`gs y pltrigtls, lh quk

tkeng kh fgegr `k pkrtkekdkr. Jgvi`gs pgr kh pltrigt is

j g, quk hgs fizg lole`gelr su pltril ksdhlvizl`l fldk

hlrngs lügs, fle rkuei`g sus ksaukrzgs kh `êl `k hl

kjledipldiôe, plrl lpgylr `ks`k hl ìstledil hl nrle`k

gorl `k su grnleizldiôe ieidil`l pgr kh quk `kstruyô kh

pg`kr `k _gsls.

Jis ksdraks sge hl kxprksiôe hklh `k sus vgtgs3 pgr




?02 l h o k r ` i

ksg hgs lpgyle-3 eg sge kh kdg `k ji kngêsjg. Dge su ì

ekrg prkplrle hg quk yg ksdriog, eg hg quk ijprijg, quk

eg sgy kìtgr dgjg lhnýe trioueg, quk rkslrdk dgjg ij

prksgr hg quk `l dgjg ksdritgr. · Hg vkis 7 Eg kstgy lis

hl`g. Ke jis i`kls iesuhtìis hls `k judfgs `k vukstrgs

letinugs dgjplükrgs `k lrlels.

Ksdriog, eg plrl nlelr, s ieg plrl rknlhlr l hgs kì

tgrks hgs ksdritgs quk dgeslnrg l hl pltril. · H g ù`ìis 7J i s Dlrtls sk vke`ke pgr hl ijprketl `k Kh Jkrdurig

y plrl su kxd h us iv g prgv kdfg. J is Olsks, hls `gs kìdig

eks, aukrge rknlhl`ls l Kh Jkrdurig, y su ijprketl hls

ìg l huz pgr su duketl. Rrknuetl` l hgs kìtgrks `k

ljogs ìlrigs duìetg jk plnle pgr hgs lrt êduhgs, quk

uel vkz quk gtrl fk `l`g.

Pkeng `gs gorls skrils ketrk jlegs ke quk 22 sk fl

ohl `k vgs, y ésk skrì vukstrg tgrjketg3 tljoiée rknlhlré sus jleusdritgs.

Eg fk jle`l`g lh gtrg hl`g `k hgs Le`ks `gs jih

kmkjphlrks `k jis Dlrtls, dgjg `kdês . Floré jle`l`g

pgr ji plrtk skis kmkjphlrks. P ke ng egtidil `k quk kh sk

ügr Pgrekrg keviô pgr su duketl uegs `gsdiketgs. F l y

skjih hls akh idks `k quk eg ks prkdisg skjorlr judfg=

jle`é uegs pgdgs kmkjphlrks `k jis Olsks, y lh pueatg

fuog trks jih ke kh _êg `k hl Rhltl. Fgy jis Dlrtls rkdioke ke kh pltrigtisjg `k Jke`gzl hl juhtiphidldiôe

quk ltriouês l Jgenuih hgt .

Ketrk hgs jôvihks iejgohks quk ltriouês l jis ksdri

tgs dghgdìis hl keviìl `k hgs vukstrgs. ·L qué ksdritgs

lhu`ês7 ·L hgs auturgs g l hgs plsl`gs7 Hl gorl mkak

`k kstgs ýhtijgs ks Lrnirôpghis, y prgtkstg quk eienu el

keviììakeng pgr hl i`kl `k dghgdlr hl dlpitlh `k hl _k

pýohidl Lrnketiel ke uel ishøtl `ksikrtl, situl`l l ìkz




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T ?0<

hknuls `k hl dgstl lrnketiel y l trks `k hl dgstl kxtrlemkrl.

Ke hg auturg, · qué pg` rêlis ksdrioir quk jk ìksk ke

viìl7 Hgs trlolmgs quk ke hg vkei`krg rkdhljl hl _k

pýoh idl Lrnketiel sge sus rknhljketgs `k l`jieistrl

diôe ietkrigr, su Dôìng divih , su Dôìng `k dgjkrdig,

su sistkjl muìdilh, `k sus aielezls, `k su dréìtg, `k sus

trlolmgs `k utih i`l` eldigelh. Ke ksls jltkrils, `ksdg

egdi`ls plrl vgs, ·flrêlis lhng quk puìksk kxditlr ji

keviìl7 Kh kstihg y tlhketg quk ldloìis `k hudir ke hgs

ýhtijgs ksdritgs ·skrêl gomktg `k ji keviìl7

G O _ L T T K H K D P L T.‐Pgjg Q. <1




Q

_KDP I A I DLDI G EKT

Dgetrltl `k susdridiôe l pkriôìdgs dgekh Ngoikreg `k Dfihk.

Rlrl prgolr quk eg tkeng rlzôe ke jis Dlrtls ke hhl

jlr skìdigsg kh ksdritg `k su Dljplül, quk jk `kìdl

k)h Tr. Tlrjiketg, y ke `kdir quk sus gorls eg `g fldke

ldrkk`gr lh Rg`kr, trlk l ìsdusiôe kstk skügr ue dge

trltg `k susdripdiôe gaidil` l ue pkriôìdg, quk airjéke <60> dgjg prgpiktlrig (eg dgjg ksdritgr) `k hl ij

prketl quk hg `lol l huz. Ti eg ks `k Dgeìhhld kstl hô

nidl, ks lh jkegs `k Aênlrg, quk ks hl aljihilr l euks

trgs pghkjistls `k Tu`ljéridl, quk fldke sus fujlei

`l`ks ke Hlrrl.

Tlrjiketg ìdk quk dgegdiô ksk dgetrltg ke <609. Ti

tletg jk `ks`grlol l sus gmgs, ·pgr qué lfgrl pgdg fl

pkì`g trks vkdks ue lsiketg plrl jê ke kh prijkr Dgenrksg dgest ituyketk `k hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel 7

Rgrquk sloêl ke dgedikedil quk eienýe `ks`grg jk

ieaikrk ksk dgetrltg.

Yg ìrêl quk ke kstk puetg fl qukri`g rkêrsk `kh pý-




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T ? 0 4

ohidg, si hl rloil quk hg `gjiel eg hk fuoiksk sunkri`g

lturì`ljketk kh usg `k ksk jkìg ke quk fl fkdfg su

prgpig prgdksg.

Ke kakdtg, ue fgjork quk fl suosisti`g ìkz lügs `kh

lpgyg ieìrkdtg `k ue Ngoikreg kxtrlemkrg pgr hgs skr

vidigs `k su phujl, y quk `k oukel ak sk rkputl fgerl

`g, eg puk`k tkekr siedkri`l` dule`g lakl ke gtrg ue

ldtg `k hgs quk agrjlrl/ hl dgstujork y kh gaidig `k suvi`l prgpil.

Ke kh `êl hhljl hl ltkediôe gêr flohlr `k susdripdiôe

`kh Ngoikreg l pkriôìdgs. Ijpgrtl rkdgr`lr dôjg fl

si`g hl Rrkesl `k Dfihk letks `k lfgrl.

Rgr vkiet idultrg lügs, hl Rrkesl `k Dfihk fl tkei`g

kh lpgyg `kh Ngoikreg y éstk kh `k hl Rrkesl. [e prie

dipig `k l`jieistrldiôe drkô kstl ìnl rkdêprgdl ke kh

ietkrés `k hl plz y `kh prgnrksg `k hls hudks. [e `kdrktg`k ?4 `k Egvikjork `k <6?; lutgrizô lh Ngoikreg plrl

susdrioirsk l tg`gs hgs pkriôìdgs pgr `gsdiketgs kmkj

phlrks. Gtrg `k <4 `k Jlrzg `k <6?> dgeairjô kh letk

rigr, h ijitle`g hl prgtkddiôe ke mliagr sôhg `k lqukhhgs

pkriôìdgs quk pgr hgs priedipigs huj iegsgs quk dgetke-

nle g i`kls ýtihks quk ke khhgs sk prgj ukvle jkrkzdle

dirduhlrsk l hgs pukohgs.

Ke fgegr `k Dfihk, ks prkdisg egtlr quk ksk lpgyg gaidilh `l`g l hl Rrkesl tuvg ue aie jgrlh y `k prgnrksg,

eg `k dgrrupdiôe dgjg sgstikeke, sie muidig, hgs quk jìs

hg ìsarutlrge.

Ksk sistkjl fl rkni`g flstl <609, ke quk kh Ngoikreg

quitô pgr prijkrl vkz hl susdripdiôe l hgs pkriôìdgs.

Letks `k <609, tg`l hl Rrkesl `k Dfihk jletuvg dge

dksigeks gaidilhks pgr hl susdripdiôe, y eg sk dgedkoêl

quk puìkrl vivir ue plpkh ie`kpkeìketk `kh Ngoikreg.




L H O K _ @ I

Olmg ksk sistkjl kxistikrge hlrngs lügs Kh J krdurig,

Kh Rrgnrksg, Hl Nldktl `kh Dgj krdig, Kh Lrludl eg, Hl

Nldktl `k hgs Priouelhks, katd.

Olmg ksk s istkjl ksdrioikrge Riekrg, Tlrjiketg, Okh hg,

Hôpkz , Ar êls , Rkül, Nôjkz, Pkmk`gr , J it rk , k t d . 3 t g

`gs ksdrioikrge ke hg quk sk fl ìdfg ijprgpiljketk

Rrkesl suovkedigel`l, skl quk hgs ksdritgrks tuvikrle g

eg dgjprgjisg ìrkdtg dge kh Ngoikreg. Ksdritg g tìditg, tg`gs hgs prgpiktlrigs hg tuvikrge. Krl ketkeì`g quk

kh Ngoikreg eg sk susdrioêl plrl skr ltldl`g si sk sus

drioêl l hl skìdiôe.

Ke ksk t ikjpg, olmg ksk sistkjl, kstipuhé hl susdrip

diôe lh Dgjkrdig, dgjg prgpiktlrig `k hl Ijprketl Ku

rgpkl, quk hg `lol l huz.

Airjé ksk dgetrltg dgjg prgpiktlrig (ke plrtk) `k hl

Ijprketl Kurgpkl, eg dgjg ksdritgr, plrl fldkr ksdrioir, eg plrl ksdrioir. Ievgdg sus térjiegs, quk floéis

rkprgùdi`g.

Eg aui rk`ldtgr `k Kh Dgjkrdig. Dgetriouê dge jis

pksgs l plnlrhg. Aukrge rk`ldtgrks prijkrljketk kh sk

ügr Irislrri y @. @kjktrig Rkül, kh prijkrg dge sukh`g

`k gdfg gezls, kh sknue`g dge sukh`g `k trks gezls.

Ruk`k kstk dlolhhkrg, lh il`g fgy `êl l hl fgstih i`l` quk

jk fldk Tlrjiketg, ltkst inulr kh fkdfg. Kh Tr . Ir islrri , ljing jêg y `kh Tr . Qilh , t rkpi`lol elturlhjketk ke

vkeir l Qlhplrlêsg pgr skis gezls, ýeidg sukh`g quk hl

Ijprketl Kurgpkl pg`êl `lrhk3 y kh Tr. Qilh dgesietiô

ketgedks ke lülìr `gs gezls `kstiel`ls l lujketlr k

sukh`g `kh Tr. Irislrri, `k quk sôhg éstk ìsarutô. Dgjg

ei éh ei yg fidijgs el`l plrl quk quk`lsk privl`g, `êng-

hg fgy quk hg kxink hl vkr`l`, fkdfl ekdkslril pgr hl

jlhidil `k ustk`. @kmle`g ji airjl ke uel gaidiel pý-





ohidl, sloêl quk hl `kmlol plrl vkr hl huz, y -sk fkdfg

prukol ji siedkri`l` ke vkz `k kxdhuirhl. Hl prgstitu

diôe fuyk `kh plpkh y `k hl tietl ke hgs dgetrltgs, pgr

quk hgs dgetrltgs ksdritgs sge hl huz, y sôhg kh ``hg tkjk

hl huz.

Lh Tr . Ir islrri sudkìô dgjg rk`ldtgr `k Kh Dgj krdig

kh Tr . Jitrk, ldgjplül`g sikjprk pgr kh Tr . Rkül, lj

ogs l sukh`g `k hl Kjprksl.Lh Tr . Jitrk rkkjphlzô kh Tr . Qlhkedil, quk tuvg

sikjprk `k dghknl lh Tr. Rkül.

Ke ksk t ikjpg vke`ê ji plrtk `k hl ijprketl l hgs sk

ügrks Kzqukrrl y Nih . Ketrk lqukhhgs dlolhhkrgs sk ìs

triouyô tg`g kh ìekrg `k quk ìspusg hl Ijprketl Kurg

pkl plrl nlstgs `k rk`lddiôe `k Kh Dgjkrdig. Yg dgh l

ogré, dgjg hg fidk tg`l ji vi`l, pgr jleêl `k ksdrioir,

sie jìs kstipkeìg quk kh iesuhtg keviìgsg. Kh Tr. Rkül,

dgegdk`gr `k ksgs fkdfgs, puk`k `kdir si alhtg l hl

vkr`l`.

·Dge quiée kst ipuhé kh dgetrltg `k susdripdiôe7 ·L

quiée prgjktê kh lpgyg `k Kh Dgjkrdig7 Lh Rrksi`ketk

`k ksl épgdl, lh skügr nkekrlh Ouheks, ji ljing fgeg

rlohk `k lügs ltrìs. L ji hhknl`l l Dfihk flhhé l tg`gs

jis dgjpltrigtls y ljings l su rk`k`gr. Hinl`g éh luel aljihil orih hletk `k ji plês, ljinl `k hl jêl, gotu

vk `k su plrtk uel ldgni`l nkekrgsl `k quk jk fgerg

flstl fgy. Floêl jkrkdi`g `k éh hl gakrtl kspgetìekl

`k ue kjphkg fgergsg, quk ìjitêl l pgdgs jksks. Fl

oêl ksdritg dge su oignrlaêl hl rkskül `k su orihhlehtk l`

jieistrldiôe `k diedg lügs, dule`g sk trltô `k su rkkhkd

diôe ke <60;. ·@koêl yg tkekr kjolrlzg ke fldkr lpg

ylr lh Ngoikreg `kh nkekrlh Ouheks7 Eg krl yg jìs




?01 L H O K _ @ I

dgeskduketk ke ksg quk hgs quk ltldlrge su Ngoikreg

`kspués `k flokrhg drkl`g7

Prlté dge éh , eg dge kh Tr. Qilh , quk sôhg ietkrvieg

ke kh lrrknhg jltkrilh dgjg jieistrg.

¡Floh ì is `k J ieistkrig Qilh Rgorks plhlorls quk fgy

`le risl. Dule `g hgs dgeskrvl`grks suoijgs lh Rg`kr,.

`kdês, lhuìke`g l <609. Eg quikrg ìsdutir si kstìis ke kh

Rg`kr, vgs kxtrlemkrg, s ie d iu`l`leêl ke Dfihk. Rkrg· sloéis `ks`k duìe `g g duple kh pg`kr hgs d gesk rvl` grks

`k Dfihk (l) pkhudgeks7 @ks`k Hirdli , `ks`k <6?9. @k

lfê l <644, ke quk sk ìg hl Dgestitudiôe dgeskrvl`grl ,

quk fgy rink, tg`gs fle ngokrel`g pgr kh hl y sknýe kh hl

flstl éh `êl3 tg`gs fle si`g dgeskrvl`grks.

Rgr kh hl fle ngokrel`g hgs prksi`ketks, eg hgs skdrk

tlrigs. J ieistkrig J gett, Jieistkrig Qilh, J ieistkrig

Rérkz, sge plhlorl s sie sketi`g, ievketl`l s plr l ` grlrkvghudigeks `k ljoidiôe g `k iedgestledil ke hl l`fk

siôe lh Rrksi`ketk, ýeidg `kpgsitlrig `kh Ngoikreg `k

Df ihk pgr hl Dge stitudiôe. H gs dlj oigs `k sk drktlrigs

eg sge dljoigs `k ngoikreg ei `k l`jieistrldiôe. Dge

eienueg `k sus skdrktlrigs aué mljìs pipiôhg kh nkekrlh

Ouheks3 y su Ngoikreg, lh priedipig, lh jkìg y lh a ie,

aué sikjprk pkhudôe, aué dgeskrvl`gr.

L`firiée`gjk pgr s ijpltêl l hl l`jieistrldiôe Ouheks, l`fkrê l su pghêt idl dgeskrvl`grl, quk rink ke Dfihk

fldk vkietk lügs, y quk `kskg fgy `êl plrl hl _kpýohidl

Lrnketiel3 pgh ê t idl quk lpgyìis lquê , y quk dgjoltês

lh hì, lh rkvés `k hg quk fldk Nutiérrkz, dgeskrvl`gr lh hì

y lquê.

· \u é l` jitê ke dlj oig `kh lp gyg gark di`g l hl jìs

egohk l`jieistrldiôe `k hl Ljéridl `kh Tur, ìng lh

Ngoikreg kmkjphlr `k Dfihk 7





Qgy l `kjgstrlrhg plrl vkrnøkezl `kh quk fl qukri

`g `lr l kstk jkzquieêsijg lsuetg uel ijpgrtledil ri

ìduhl, `k purl jixtiaidldiôe.

Kh Ngoikreg `lol l hl Kjprksl `k Kh Dgjkrdig euk

vk pksgs trks rklhks ìlrigs3 y hl Kjprksl `lol lh Ng

oikreg <;2 eýjkrgs `k Kh Dgjkrdig, quk tkeêle `k prie-

diplh jìs `k eukvk pksgs trks rklhks3 tkeêl `k dgstg dl`l

eýjikrg 1 y jkìg dketlvgs= kh Ngoikreg hgs dgjprloll jkìg rklh , ks `kdir, l jkegs `kh dgstg.

· \ ué j ìs `lol kh Ngo ikreg l hl Kj prksl `k Kh Dg

jkrdig7 ·@ltgs gaidilhks plrl su ieskrdiôe7

Rgr -hgs `ltgs `k lùlel, Kh Dgjkrdig plnô sikjprk

lh Tr. J getikh ;6 pksg s jkes ulhks.

Rgr kh `kspldfg `kh triouelh `kh dgesuhl`g plnô sikj

prk ue kstipkeìg jkesulh li Tr. Khizlh`k.

· Ijp rksigeks sukhtls 7 Hls `lol pgr prkdig jkegr quk

kh plnl`g pgr hgs plrrgquilegs grìelrigs `k hl Kj

prksl. [el ijprketl `k Qlhplrlêsg eg pg`êl kspkrlr

mljìs kh kedlrng `k trlolmgs arkduketks `kh Ngoikreg

quk rksi`k ke Tletilng.

Oh Tr. Kzqukrrl jk lsknurl dge hgs h iorgs l hl vistl,

quk hl duketl agrjl`l lh pkriôìdg lrrgmlol uel pérì

`l `k 4.222 pksgs kh `êl quk jk skplré `k hl sgdik`l`3ke hl quk, sloike`g yg quk ksg sudk`krêl, pkrsistê `gs

lügs pgr dujphir kh dgetrltg `k sgdik`l` quk susdrioêl,

rgnl`g pgr kh Tr. Kzqukrrl, y sie dgegdkr hg olstletk kh

ekngdig `k ijprketl ke quk jk j ktêl. [ el v kz a irjl`g

kh dgetrltg `k sgdik`l`, dkrré hgs gmgs y eg ltke`ê jìs

quk l dujphir hg. Aue`é Kh Dgjkrdig3 hl Kj prksl pu`g

le`lr, kspkré l quk plslrl hl drisis khkdtgrlh `k <609,

plrl skplrlrjk fgegrlohkjketk, y hg fidk letks `k quk




?06 L H O K _ @ I

dkslrl hl susdripdiôe, eg `kspués, dgjg `kdês dgetrl

uel vkr`l` `k egtgrik`l`.

Dlhduhle`g ke nhgog, lphidl` si qukréis uel nleledil

`k 42 pgr <22 l hg quk prgùdêl hl susdripdiôe `kh Ng

oikreg l Kh Dgj krdig.

Kh 42 pgr <22 lprgxijl`g `k eukvk pksgs, sge trks

pksgs. Hgs sgdigs `k hl Kjprksl `k Kh Dgjkrdig érljgs

t r k s = @ . Mlv ikr _g`rênukz , @ . Rlsdulh Kzqukrrl (l`jieistrl`gr) y yg (dgjleìtlrig). Prks pksgs ketrk trks

pkrsgels `le uel nleledil `k 42 pksgs lh jks. Qkenl

ustk` l Qlhplrlêsg y ousquk si puk`k ue ouke dgdiekrg

quk hk sirvl pgr kstk sukh`g.

Ketrktletg, pgr ksl jisjl épgdl yg nlelol dgjg log

nl`g ke ue slhg lsuetg dultrg jih pksgs3 ke gtrg, `gs

jih3 ke gtrg, trks jih, sie dgetlr gtrgs vlrigs.

Hk ditg pgr tksting ldkrdl `k kstg l dikrtg dlolhhkrgquk fgy sgstikek y ìstriouyk ke Qlhplrlêsg hgs ksdritgs

ke quk ustk` ìaljl l su let inug ljing.

·Floêl `k ldkptlr `gs gezls plrl ksdrioir ke ìlrigs,

yg quk judfls vkdks rkfusé ìkz pgr hl rk`lddiôe `k Kh

Jkrdurig7 ·Du ìetg s pkriôìdgs eg sk jk fle garkdi` g

plrl rk`ldtlr7 ·Jk pusikrge h ijitldiôe plrl hl rk`ld

diôe `k Kh Gr`ke kie <60;, quk rkfusé ksdrioir7 ·\uiée

pusg l Nôjkz y l Rkül ke Kh Jkrdurig sieg kh kjpkügy hl rkdgjke`ldiôe jêls7 Ietkrrgnýksk lh Tr . Pgrekrg,

quk ks slok`gr `k kstg. · \u iée sieg yg pusg l J itrk y

l Qlhkedil ke Kh Dgjkrdig7

@kdês quk yg dgjprgjktê l Jitrk ke hl dlrrkrl quk

hk dgstô hl prksdripdiôe `k Dfihk. Lùhldiôe quk fldéis

fgy lh quk ketgedks dgjoltêlis, sie quk éh flyl dlj

oil`g `k hls gpieigeks quk vgs hk dgjoltêlis ketgedks.

(Lquê rgnlré lh Tr. Jitrk, l quike kstijg l pkslr `kh





ìsketijiketg `k gpieigeks pghêt idls, quk sk flnl jgs

trlr hls puohidldigeks jêls ke quk kstìe hls gakesls quk

Tlrjiketg jk ltriouyk.) Jitrk tgjô Kh Dgjkrdig jksks

`kspués quk hg ksdrioiksk Irislrri. Jitrk sloêl hg quk kh

ýhtijg dlmistl `k hl ijprketl= quk kh pkriôìdg lpgyl

ol lh Ngoikreg. Irislrri y Jitrk dgrrkspgeìkrge dge kh

Tr. Qilh jìs `k uel vkz. ·Yg pu`k ieùdir l Jitrk l

quk egs `kmlsk Kh Dgjkrdig sie rk`ldtgr plrl quk aukskl .Tletilng l ksdrioir Kh Rrgnrksg, ke duyl rk`lddiôe

dgetrlmg hgs dgjprgjisgs quk ¡g fidikrge suarir ke

Dfihk7

Lfgrl vkenljgs l duketls. ·Duìh krl hl khkddiôe `k

Rrksi`ketk quk `koiô lpgylr Kh Dgjkrdig, sknýe kh dge

vkeig `k <60>7 Hl quk fl tkei`g hunlr ke <6;<.

‐· \ué plpkh lpgyô ksl khkddiôe 7‐Hl Priouel.

‐ · \ u i é e k s p u o h i d l r g e Hl Priouel7‐Okhie y Dg j

plüêl.

‐ · \ u i é e k s s g e O k h i e y D g j p l ü ê l 7 ‐ O k h i e y T l r

jiketg.

‐· Dôjg sk aue`ô y kxist iô Hl Priouel7‐Ke virtu`

`k ue dgetrltg khkdtgrlh dge hgs prgpiktlrigs `k hl ij

prketl kìtgrl.

‐ · D k h k o r l ` g d u ì e ` g 7‐@gs lügs letks `k hl khkddiôe y plrl `gs lügs.

‐·Tloêlsk lh priedipig quiée skrêl khkni`g7

‐ E g 3 hukng sk a irjô ue lpgyg ke ohledg= sk fizg uel

prkvil lomurldiôe `k hl mustidil.

‐ · R g r q u i é e 7

‐ R g r k h kìtgr, pgr kh prgpiktlrig `k hl ijprketl `k

Hl Priouel, jìs dlplz `k dgegdkr kh pksg `k ksgs dgj

prgjisgs, pgr kh Tr . Tlrjiketg, quk ldlol `k `kdir=




?;2 L H O K _ @ I

hgs prgpiktlrigs sge hgs kìtgrks, kh rk`ldtgr ks kh ies

trujke tg olmg hl ìrkddiôe `kh kìtgr.

·Eg kstì kh dgetrltg ke hgs rknistrgs `kh Ngoikreg7

Gs ìré pgr qué= pgrquk sk floêl `krgnl`g yl kh `kdrk

tg quk fldêl h êditgs y fgekstgs ksgs dgetrltgs3 pgrquk,

`koéis slokrhg, eg fly dgetrltg lutgrizl`g quk skl `ks

fgergsg. @k gtrg jg`g, kh Ngoikreg dgetrltletk skrêl

dôjphidk `kh ldtg `k `ks`grg.Ksdritg g eg, kh dgetrlhtg kxistiô, tg`g Tletilng hg

slok, y kh Tr. Okhie ìmg lquê quk kxistêl. Rlrl kh vuhng

4U plrl kh `ghg ue dge trltg ks ue pl pk h= letk hl hky ks

ue ldukr`g `k vghuetl`ks quk sk kstipuhl flstl pgr kh

sihkedig. · Hg gduhtìis 7 Rkgr plrl vgs.

‐ · E g aué dge k h Ngoikreg7

‐ A u é dge ue dhuo `kh Ngoikreg, plrl lpgylr kh dle

ì`ltg `kh Ngoikreg. Lomurldiôe l ue d huo `kh Ngoikreg g lh Ngoikreg, tg`g ks ueg.

Fk lfê ke hl dlokzl `kh Tr. Tlrjiketg hl sketkedil

quk fl qukri`g pgekr sgork hl jêl. Kh vieg l fldkr ke

rklhi`l` hg quk yg kstipuhé (dule`g krle hêditls ksls ks

tipuhldigeks) y quk eg fidk dujphir pgrquk `kmk `k skr

prgpiktlrig `k hl ijprketl dgetrltletk, y pgrquk kh Ng

oikreg rksdieìô kh dgetrltg pgstkrigrjketk. ·L quiée,

puks, sieg lh Tr. Tlrjiketg sk pg`rêle lphidlr sus prgpils nhgsls sgork kh tkjl= Fly ue fgjork ke hl tikrrl7

Rkrg jìs nkekrgsg quk vgs ke kstk `koltk, gs ìré

•quk ei vgs ei yg jkrkdkjgs hl sketkedil quk gs fl ies

pirl`g hl oih is, sie rkplrlr quk hl fldêlis plrl vgs jis

jg 3 ei yg pgrq uk uel vk z a irjé ue dg etrltg pl rl fldkr

ksdrioir pgr quike ke Dgedikedil quisiksU ksdrioir3 ei vgs

pgr h gs rkpkti`gs dgetüitgs quk tkeéis airjl`gs ke Df ihk

plrl ksdrioir vgs jisjg, eg sôhg plrl fldkr ksdrioir.




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T ?;<

h Dgetrlhigs dkhkorl`gs dge hgs Qilhks, ùkügs `k Kh Rrg

nrksg3 dge _ivl`kekirl, ùküg `k Kh Jkrdurig, ìréis7

Oike3 pkrg `kspués `k ketke`krgs dge kh jieistrg, plrl

ksdrioir ke plpkhks lpgyl`gs pgr kh jieistrg y sgstkek

`grks `kh jieistrg, quk gs fldk `kspués ìrkdtgr `k hl

Ksdukhl Egrjlh , y gs dgstkl ue vilmk l Kurgpl, s ikj

prk lnrl`lohk, luequk skl l kstuìlr hl kùdldiôe.

Ruks oike= kstgs fkdfgs eg fldke su `ks`grg, pgr hljisjl rlzôe- `k quk eg fldk kh jêg lqu` letkdk`ketk

`k jkegs vlhgr quk ue `êl `k rloil fl qukri`g ustk`

prksketlr dgjg drijke ekale`g sie skrhg l hgs gmgs `k

ustk`, floitul`g l ksgs lrrknhgs, y vlhiée`gsk `k ue humg

`k lrtia idig y `k jlhidil quk fldke `k ksk trlolmg suyg

ue jg`khg ieijitlohk `k dfidlel.

Eg fk ìdfg l ustk` pkrigìshtl pgr vih ipkeìg, pgrquk

hkmgs `k skrhg, ks orih hletk y hudi`l gdupldiôe. Fgerkustk` jìs ksl vgdldiôe quk tikek laiei`l` quêj idl, pgr

`kdirhg lsê, Dge su kskedil (sknýe su kxprksiôe) (<). Hk

fk ìdfg sôhg quk kh ìlrisjg, quk floihitl plrl tletls

dgsls kmkrdi`g hlrngs lügs, hg iefloih itl plrl kmkrdkr kh

Rg`kr quk ustk` drkk pkrtkekdkrhk ke rlzôe `k sus le

tkdk`ketks `k pkrigìstl prkdisljketk.

@kdirhk quk fl ksdritg, quk ksdriok ustk` pkriôìdgs,

eg ks fldkrhk gakesl s ieg dgjg dleì`ltg3 ks rkdgegdkrhk uel gdupldiôe. [stk` sk ìdk jlkstrg `k ksdukhl pgr

gaidig3 pkrg dgjg Kh Jgeitgr ks ue pkriôìdg y eg uel

ksdukhl, yg eg fk drkê`g alhtlr l hl vkr`l` lhuìke`g l

•su gdupldiôe' ldtulh.

Eg jk fk ìdfg lognl`g dge kh pkesljikehtg `k lpg

dlr su gaidig `k ksdritgr, ei fk eknl`g dge ksl ei gtrl

( < ) _kdukr`gs `k Rrgviedil, pìn. < >; .




?;? L H O K _ @ I

jirl flokr ksdritg pkriôìdgs. @ing sghljketk quk kh

ìlrisjg eg ks ei fl si`g ji gaidig, sieg hl lognldêl du

ygs t êtuhgs eg pgskg di` fgegrkj, sieg nlel`gs ke tg`l

rknil pgr kstuìgs fkdfgs ke ksk dghknig `k dikedils jg

rlhks `k Oukegs Lirks, quk ustk` tletg lpktkdiô y quk

yg hljketg eg fuoiksk hgnrl`g, pgrquk su pghéjidl `k

fgy skrêl `k gtrg tgeg. ·Alhtg l hl vkr`l` ke `kdir quk

ji prgaksiôe ks hl `k lognl`g7 ·@k duìh plpkh sgy rk`ldtgr ke Dfihk7 ·@k duìh fk si`g7 Ksdrioê ke kh agh hk

têe `k Kh Jkrdurig ueg s duletgs `êls l ji h hknl`l lh

plês, y `gs jksks ke hl Nldktl `k hgs Priouelhks, plpkh

tédeidg `k murispru`kedil. Kh Tr . Pgrekrg ìnl s i aui

rk`ldtgr `k Kh Jkrdurig lhnuel vkz dgj g prktke` k gê

Tr. Tli-jiketg dge kh lphgjg `k lskvkrldiôe, dikrtl g eg,

quk hk ìstienuk. · \uk eg sgy lognl`g ke Oukegs Lirks 7

Ks dikrtg. Kstuìé ke sus luhls ke kh t ikjpg `k Lhdgrtl,`k Tlh ls , `k J gssgt i , `k @ . Qlh ket êe Nôjkz3 pkrg eg

quisk prkstlr lhhê ji murljke tg `k lognl`g dge kh `k

loeknl diôe l hl tirleêl `k _gsls, dgjg sk kxinêl. R r k s

té ji kxljke `k lognl`g ke hl Ldl`kjil `k Jgetkvi

`kg, prksiì`l pgr kh `gdtgr @. Nlo rikh Gd lj pg , l

quike tkeéis lh hl`g pgr tksting. Hg quk jk alhtô lprke

`kr ke hl `k Oukegs Lirks hg dgjphkté oltiée`gjk ke

kh agrg `kh Kstl`g griketlh dge Qìrkhl, Lnøkrg, QéhkzTlrsaikh`, Lhsiel, Tgjkhhkrl, Ridg Lnrkhg, ktd., ktd., quk,

dgjg sloéis, eg sge hgs ýhtijgs lognl`gs `k hl Ljé

ridl `kh Tur.

·Dgetkstlré lh aukng slnrl`g `k ldrijieldigeks y

ìltriols pkrsgelhks `k quk dgestl uel jitl` `k hls

diketg y uel7 ·Dgeùdk l hl ìsdusiôe `k hl pghêt idl

nkekrlh lrnketiel, trltl`l ke jis Dlrtls, kh `kake`kr

ji pkrsgel7




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T ?.;4

Eg flré jis rkdukr`gs `k prgviedil3 pkrg hg quk eg

skrêl h êd i tg trlkr ke ji alvgr plrl `kake`krjk `k ltl

quks sukhtgs pgr hl Rrkesl, drkg quk sk jk kxduslrì

`k quk flnl plrl `kake`kr ji ole`krl, ke ji pkrsgel,

dgetrl hgs diketg y ue ltlquks sistkjl`gs `kh quk fl

pukstg l ue hl`g hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel plrl gduplr

sk `k jis `kakdtgs pkrsgelhks pgr `gs jksks.

·Jk h hljìis jlh lognl`g, `kspués `k flokrjk rkdgjke`l`g tletls vkdks lh pýohidg `k dh iketks, pgrquk fk

drit idl`g vukstrls gorls7 \uikrk `kdir quk jk florêlis

h hljl`g Rlpieileg si hls fuoiksk kedgjil`g. Ke log

nldêl ks vukstrg vgtg dgjg ke lrtk jih i tlr= `k ljl

tkur. Rrkaikrg, eg gostletk, skr jlh lognl`g l eg tk

ekr prgaksiôe.

·\uk `kaike`g jl hls dlusls7 Tkrvidig quk jis d h ike

tks `koke l vukstrl oukel êe`ghk3 fgegr quk fldéis lh`gdtgr Gdljpg, quk jk hls `kaike`k ke sknue`l ies

tledil, y l hgs Priouelhks `k Dfihk, quk flstl lquê egs

fle `l`g hl vidtgriv. ke hgs `gs tkrdigs `k khhls.

·Rkrrg `k tg`ls og`ls jk h hljìis7 ¡Ti ì mkrlis `k

tg`gs ket ikrrgs ·\uk ketke`éis pgr og`ls7 · K j p h k k s ,

pitlezls7 Dfihk jk garkdiô ueg quk ìjitê lh iestletk.

Gtrg jk garkdk fgy ji plês quk eg quikrg ldkptlr. Ke

`gdk lügs eg fk si`g aikh sieg l hl kxpltrildiôe pgrdlusl `k hl hiokrtl`.

Pljoiée jk lakl kh tgdlr pileg, ustk`, quk ljô

tletg kh ìoumg. Kh pileg eg kstgroô l _gussklu fldkr

kh Dgetrltg sgdilh, ei l Oketflj hgs Prltl`gs `k hk

nishldiôe, ei l Okhnrleg skr jikjorg `kh Ngoikreg `k

Jlyg. Tie kjolrng, yg eg hg slorêl si fuoiksk tkei`g

su ìdfl `k plslr ji eiükz ke Tle Huis, `ge`k eg sk

keskül kh pileg pgrquk pkrmuìdl lh puohidistl.




? ; 0 LHOK_@I

·J k garkdéis hgs dijiketgs `k jis Olsks7 Gs p l

nlré kh alvgr dge hls olsks `k vukstrgs dijiketgs. · G s

drkéis pl`rk `k ji gorl pgr kh oih hktk ke quk gs rknlhé

ksk fgegr7 Tlok` quk gtrg inulh t ikek Nutiérrkz, gtrg

inulh Dlüé y gtrg inulh vlrigs lj ings dgrrkh in ige l

rigs ke priedipigs3 hl vkr`l` ks quk ji h iorg ks kdg `k

hls gpieigeks `k tg`gs, ke nrle plrtk3 jk akh iditg `k

k h hg 3 mljìs quisk ltldlr kh sketi`g dgjýe. L igs fgjorks i hustrl`gs eg sk garkdk ue h iorg dle prktkesigeks

`k grinielh i`l`3 pkrg hgs fgjorks `k tlhketg eg trl

nle, dgjg hgs plvgs, hgs nrlegs `k pkrhls pgr nrlegs

`k jlêz.

\uk lognué pgr privihknigs ke hls dukstigeks `k vl

pgrks y aui vkedi`g pgr Qketls. Prks ienkeigs dghl

ogrlrge l hgs ksdritgs `k kstk egjork3 `kjgs hl mus

tidil l dl`l ueg3 pkrg eg pkrjitiré quk l uel pkrsgel`k ji kstijldiôe flnl ustk` rkspgeslohk `k hl privl

diôe quk kh Tur `k Dfihk fl tkei`g pgr trks lügs `k hl

elvknldiôe pgr vlpgr. Jgtivgs jkegs h i tkrlrigs quk hl

gpgsidiôe `k Qkritls lh pkesljiketg `k Qlhplrlêsg, `k

quk aui kdg, ieahuykrge ke quk hl Dìjlrl `k ksk t ikj

pg eknlsk hl suovkediôe <, quk fgy sk fl `l`g l hl Dgj

plüêl `kh Rldêaidg3 tg`g kh jue`g hg slok. Eg tuvk kh

fgegr `k pltrgdielr ke ksk ekngdig l hl okekjéritlDgjplüêl, s ieg lh Tr . ^fkkhwrint , ijpgrtl`gr ke Dfi

hk `kh vlpgr, `kh akrrgdlrrih , `kh tkhénrlag khédtridg y

`k gtrls kxdk`ketks dgsls. @upie y Dflix `'Kxtlenk

sk florêle kenrkê`g `k ue dh iketk skjkmletk. Rk`ê plrl

kh vlpgr ke Dfihk kh alvgr quk ldgeskmé l ji plês ke

hl s Olsks `krrljlsk l jlegs h hkels ke okekaidig `k

ksk vkfêduhg. [stk`, quk fl rkdioi`g hl `gdtriel dgjg

su néeksis, hl vk fgy `k jlh gmg, pgrquk hl vk lh trl-




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T ? ; ;

vés `kh dghgr ljlrih hg quk fle `l`g l sus gmgs jis

Dlrtls. Rk`ê kh privihknig l hl ieùstril, eg lh h ielmk,

quk dgedk`k uel hky `k Dfihk, ijitldiôe `k uel hky `k

h iokrtl`, v inketk ke Ienhltkrrl y Kstl`gs [ei`gs, duyl

lphidldiôe arkduketk sk duketl ketrk hls dlusls `k prgs

pkri`l` ieùstrilh ke lqukhhgs plêsks.

Lhnuike quk fgy sk lsgdil l hl pkrskdudiôe dge quk

ustk` jk `l hl ijpgrtledil quk eg tkeng, jk slhiô lhkeduketrg ke hl dukstiôe `k vlpgrks, flhhìe`gegs ke

phkel plz. Ketgedks, dgjg fgy, su jleg fldêl jgvkr

gtrl jleg3 pkrg kh pýoh idg eg hk pkr`êl `k v istl. Pg`g

kstlrêl oukeg si hl gpgsidiôe quk sk fldk fgy ke egj

ork `k hl h iokrtl` l hl grnleizldiôe kedlokzl`l pgr hgs

vkedk`grks `k _gsls, ìksk rksuhtl`gs jìs akh idks y

pgsitivgs quk hls h êekls `k vlpgrks quk sk leuedilrge

ke <6;2 `k ue jg`g tle lairjltivg plrl kh sinuiketk`k hl kxtiediôe `kh privihknig.

Jk fldéis ue rkprgdfk `k quk sike`g lognl`g ark

duketg hl Rrkesl.‐Fldéis oike `k dkhlr vukstrgs `g

jieigs3 pkrg kstìis kenlül`g ke drkkr quk riml hl hky

`k hl Egvêsijl _kdgpihldiôe, quk prgf ioêl l hgs log

nl`gs slokr @krkdfg pýoh idg y lhng jìs quk kh Dô

ìng divih . Ti drkéis quk skl `ksvketlml plrl jê kh pl

slr `kh agrg l hl Rrkesl dule`g jk `l nlel y druzlrji phujl dge kh pleahktkrl jìs pietl`g, jkmgr plrl

vgs, pkgr plrl jê 3 ·eg ks v kr`l`7

Jk rkdgr`ìis quk ltlqué l Hlvlh hk ke ue t ikjpg.

·L qué vikek ksg7 Gs kst ijg kh rkdukr`g. [el vkz

prksté l ustk` uel dlrtl `k ji prgpik`l`, ke quk kh

egohk nkekrlh Hlvlh hk, l h kjolrdlr ke Jgetkvi`kg plrl

Jlrt êe Nlrdêl, jk pk`êl quk hk `kakeìksk ke hl Rrke

sl. Hg fidk dge kh dgrlmk `k ue sgh`l`g, y tkeng sus




?;1 L H O K _ @ I

nrldils nkekrgsls ke uel orih hletk dlrtl, quk jih fle

hkê`g. @imk vkr`l`ks ljlrnls l hgs prijkrgs fgjorks

`k Jgetkvi`kg, quk lsê dgrrkspge`êle l hgs skrvidigs

`k Hl vlhhk , y tuvk kh fgeg r `k skr lrrl strl` g l ue

muri, `k quk `ksistikrge hgs prgj gtgrks ke prkskedil

`kh rkdflzg `k _gsls l hl plz garkdi`l pgr _ivkrl.

Lsê skrvê l Hlvlh hk dule`g kstlol ke ieagrtueig. ·Tl

oéis duìe`g dkesuré su dgeùdtl pýoh idl7 Dule`g kstlol lh arketk `k 0.222 fgjorks y ìspgeêl `k jihhg

eks. ·Tloéis hg quk ke éh dkesuré7 Kh phle `k dlj

plül, quk egs ìg hl `krrgtl. ·Tloéis duìe`g7 Dule`g

krl t ikjpg `k l`gptlr gtrg. Qìrkhl l`gptô ji dkesu

rl3 pkrg aué `kspués `k hl rkt irl`l `k Jgrôe, lprks

dgup. [el vkz Nôjkz, kstle`g yg ke \uih hgtl, lh tkrô

kstgs fkdfgs ke hl pghéjidl3 eg quisk rkdtia idlrhg `ks

pués `k t ikjpg dge ieaieitls dlrtls `k Hlvlhhk quk pgskg `kh tkegr `k uel quk euedl sk jk `kvghviô.

· J k rkdgr`ìis kh pleahktg `k <60>7 H g vkréis rk

ijprksg olmg ji egjork kh `êl quk rkýel jis puohi

dldigeks ìspkrsls, y yl hg ksté ke plrtk ke jis Olsks,

lphluì`ls pgr vgs. Hkmgs `k rkeknlr, ldkptg fgy `êl

dge `gohk dgeviddiôe kh age`g `k ksk ksdritg, quk ue

sghg ljing rkdflzô dgjg ietkjpkstivg, quk sus ldtul

hks lh il`gs duorikrge `k lphlusg y quk Pkmk`gr, kekjistl`g dgejing letks `k ksg, ltldô ke kh kstihg quk

ks dgjý e l ustk`ks `gs, `le`g gdlsiôe l quk Arêls hg

rkdtia idlsk ke ji `kakesl. Ksk ksdritg pk`êl ke <60> <²

quk piìô Lrnirôpghis ke <6; 2= uel Dgest itudiôe, uel

hky, olmg kh lusp idig `k ue 'Rg` kr aukr tk, qu k hl fidiksk

rkspktlr ke su ietkrés prgpig y ke kih `kh plês, pgrquk

hl hky t ikek ksl virtu` `k slhvlr l tg`gs, lue l sus

kekjings3 hl pk`êl ke kh iìgjl iesieuletk y pldêaidg




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T ? ; >

`k quk jìs tlr`k sk vlhiô kh lutgr `k Lrnirôpghis, lh

ìr inirsk l ngokrel`grks quk `ktkstlol. Fgy jisjg, s i

tuviksk quk khknir ketrk uel Dgest itudiôe `l`l pgr _g

sls ke <60>, sie slenrk y sie nukrrl divih , g hl Dges

titudiôe ldtulh , ousdl`l lh prkdig `k tletgs gostìdu

hgs y tletgs fgrrgrks, yg kstlrêl pgr hl prijkrl. Ke

j is Olsks, lphluì`ls pgr vgs, ìng dgjg ke kh ple

a hktg `k <60>= "Kh jlygr drijke `k _gsls ks flokrjlhgnrl`g hl lpt itu`, quk elìk dgjg éh tuvg, plrl

grnleizlr hl _kpýoh idl L r nk et ie l" . H l pghê tidl `k

dgedksiôe quk ldgeskmé ke ksk gpýsduhg ks hl quk fl

slhvl`g hl _kpýoh idl pgr kh orlzg `k [rquizl, ke

quike sk iegduhô hl dfispl `k divih izl diôe rkdf lzl` l

pgr _gsls .

L kstk prgpôsitg fl vkrti`g ustk` uel kspkdik quk

l jis gmgs hg rkolml judfêsijg. Flohl ustk` `k qukyg fuoiksk ksdritg lhnuel vkz lh Tr . Lrlel, Jieistrg

`k _gsls. Fgy eg kstì ke kh Rg`kr ei olmg kh tkrrgr

ksk dlolhhkrg, y puk`k `kdir, dgjg puk`g yg `kdir `k

ustk`, quk eg ìdk vkr`l` ke kstk puetg. Ke ji vi`l

fk dljoil`g- uel plhlorl ei uel hktrl dge kh skügr

Lrlel. Lh skügr nkekrlh Nui`g tkeng kh fgegr `k dg

egdkr h k `ks`k Oukegs L irks 3 l h l v ukh t l `k Kurgpl

rkdioê ke Mlekirg ltkedigeks `k su plrtk, y ke Dfihk,

lhnuels dlrtls lmkels l hl pghêt idl.

E g hk `lré hl plhj l quk lefkhl `k trlkregs l hl

pghêt idl quk hk ks pkduhilr, `k egjorks y lpkhh i`gs, `k

puhhls y rkdfiahls, `k duketgs y dfisjks.

Tghljketk `kmlré lquê dgesinel`gs trks tkxtgs plrl

jlrdlr hl lhturl y prgaueì`l` `k su iestruddiôe ke

hl dukstiôe lrnketiel, quk sk rkùdk `k dulrketl lügsG O F L T TKHKDPLT.‐Pgjg Q . <>




L H O K _ @ I

l kstl plrtk ke lvkrinulr duìh ks hl agrjl `k Ngoikr

eg quk dgevikek lh plês=

. <60;.‐ "Hl _kpýoh idl L inket iel ks uel k ieìv is i

ohk. H l _kp ýoh idl Lrnk etie l kstì nkgnrìa idljketk

dgestitui`l `k tlh jl ekrl , quk fl `k skr ueitlril

sikjprk, luequk kh rôtuhg `k hl ogtkhhl ìnl hg dgetrlrig. Tu h hleurl dgetieul, sus rêgs, dgeahuketks l ue

pukrtg ýeidg, hl fldke altlhjketk uel k ieìvisiohk."

‐ T l r j i k e t g ( < ) .

<6;2.‐"Hl elturlhkzl `kh plês y hl dghgdldiôe rk

dêprgdl `k hls Rrgviedils ieìdl duìhks `koke skr sus

rkhldigeks. Hl vghuetl` eldigelh, hl vighkedil, hgs fk

dfgs fle `l`g l h Kst l`g hl agrjl ak `k rl h . " ‐ Tl r

jiketg (?).<6;?.‐"Tghudiôe dgest itudigelh , olsk `k hl quk eg

sk puk`k slhir sie drijke, l slokr= hl Dgestitudiôe `k

hl _kpýoh idl olmg hl jkmgr agrjl quk kst ijk hl jl

ygrêl `k hgs lrnketiegs, rkprksketl`l ke Dgenrksg sg

okrleg dgestituyketk, ke ue sghg dukrpg `k eldiôe uel

k ieìvisiohk."‐.Tlrjiketg y gtrgs (4).

(<) Aldue`g, prijkrl kìdiôe, pìniel s ?; y <02.

(?) Lrnirôpghis, pìn. <0<.

(4) E gt l `k hl Dgj isiôe ìrini`l lh Dhu o `k Ql hplrl êsg kh

4 `k Egvi kj or k `k <6;?, airjl`l, ketrk gtrgs pgr Tlrjiketg.




Q I

K E J I K E @ L F G E G _ L O H K

Yg ltlqué hgs ksdritgs y lh ksdritgr ke su dlrìdtkr`k tlh3 y éh , plrl prgolr su dgstujork `k hl vi`l `k

hiokrtl` y duhturl quk prgdhljl, fl drkê`g `kokr ltl

dlr ji pkrsgel pgr kh iesuhtg y hl `ktrlddiôe.

Eg jk `kake`kré `k sus iesuhtgs ìriniée`ghk gtrgs.

Rkrg flré quk jk tr ioutk kejike`l fgegrlohk, y rk

plrk lsê dge su prgpil jleg hgs uh trlmks quk fl fk

dfg l hl vkr` l`, l hl hky y l hl let inul lj istl`.

L sus iemurils eg `lré, puks, jìs dlsting quk rkprgùdir sus khgnigs. Kh jk fl `l`g ue kmkjphg, quk

ldkptlré dge `gs h ijitldigeks= prijkrl, hl `k eg rk

vkhlr dgsls quk dgjprgjktle l tkrdkrg3 sknue`l, hl

`k pu ohidlr khgnig s sghlj ketk, rkvkhldiô e ýeidl quk

mljìs trlk `lüg.

Eg hg flré pgr mldtledil3 eg quikrg sus khgnigs3 sk

hgs `kvukhvg tg`gs3 ks `kdir , hgs `gy dgjg eg tr iou

tl`gs ei rkdioi`gs. Rkrg hgs `lré l huz plrl fldkr vkrquk jg sk kquivgdl ke sus ltlquks, y quk l sloike`ls

prksketl dgjg ieìnegs l hgs quk kstìe hkmgs `k jk

rkdkrhk `ks`ée. Dule`g jkegs, sk slorì quk sus uh

trlmk s vlhke tletg dghjg sus khgnigs, y quk uegs y




l 1 g L H O K _ @ I

gtrgs sge jkìgs quk éh kjphkl, eg sknýe su dgedikedil, sieg sknýe su ietkrés.

K x t r l d t g s ` k d l r t l s ` k T l r j i k e t g l L h ok r ` i .

Tle Mule, Kekrg i.² `k <646.

"Luequk eg tkeng kh fgegr `k dgegdkrhk, kh ori h hg

`k su egjork h itkrlrig, quk hk fle jkrkdi`g hls okhhls

prgùddigeks dge quk su pgét idl phujl fgerl l hl _k

pýoh idl, lh iketle hl t iji`kz `k ue mgvke quk quikrk

gduhtlr su egjork l hl ieùhnketk k i hustrl`l drêt idl

`k ustk` hl l`muetl dgjpgsidiôe. . . Ke su ksdlskz `k

hudks y `k jlkstrgs l quikeks dgesuhtlr, kh iedôneitg

inegrl lýe si hg quk fl fkdfg sge rklhjketk vkrsgs.· \ ué kxtr lü g ks, puks, quk ldu `l l q uike puk` l prk s

tlrhk sleg dgeskmg7. . . Ks, puks, pgr kstg quk sk ltrk

vk l kspkrlr quk dgeslnrìe`ghk lhnuegs `k sus gdigs,

hk iestituyl y egtk hgs `kakdtgs `k su `éoih keslyg.. .

Tu goskduketk l`jirl`gr, quk quikrk lpkh h i`lrsk pgr

l f g r l N l r d ê l _ g j ì e . ‐ T l r j i k e t g .

Tle Mule, Muhig 1 `k <646.

" F k rkdioi`g dge hl j lyg r slt isalddiôe' su al vgr k

di`l `k Lori h <0 ke quk sk ìnel fldkr l hl ka êjkrl

prgùddiôe quk olmg kh egjork `k Nlrdêl _ljôe ` i

rinê l ustk`, hls ieùhnketks goskrvldigeks quk su pru

`ketk drê t idl hk fl sunkri`g, y leijl`g pgr tletls juks

trls `k okekvghkedil, eg fk trkpi`l`g ke lprgvkdflr

hl ievitldiôe quk sk ìnel fldkrjk `k pgekrjk ke rk-




GO_ T TKHKDPLT ?1h

hldiôe dge ustk`, eg gostletk eg dgesi`krlrjk dlhiaidl

`g plrl sgstkekrhl.

Eldi`g ke ks¡tl prgviedil rkjgtl `k ksk agdg `k

divihizldiôe ljkridlel (Oukegs Lirks), eg fk pgì`g

agrjlrjk ue néekrg `k kstuìgs l kstk rkspkdtg, y si

eg aukrle- lhnuels pkquküls goskrvldigeks sie rknuhl

ri`l` fkdfls ke hl hkdturl `k lhnuegs pgktls arledksks

quk fle hhknl`g l jis jlegs y hl huz quk puk`k sujieistrlr hls goskrvldigeks `k Hl Flrpk ke su Dursg

`k hitkrlturl, dule`g eg fly suaidiketk dlu`lh `k ies

truddiôe plrl lprgvkdflrhg, ìrêl quk hls rknhls `kh

lrtk jk sge losghutljketk `ksdgegdi`ls.

Ke duletg l hl nhgrigsl tlrkl quk sk prgpgeke hgs

môvkeks `k ksk plês, y quk ustk` jk ieìdl, `k `lr uel

jlrdfl pkduhilr y eldigelh l eukstrl hitkrlturl, hg drkg

ieìspkeslohk, ekdkslrig y pgsiohk.Dule`g dgjg yg eg fl pgì`g ue mgvke rkdioir uel

kùdldiôe rknuhlr y sistkjl`l3 dule`g sk fle okoi`g

dikrtls `gdtriels fl quk ueg l`fikrk pgr drkkrhls ie

dgetkstlohks 3 dule`g sk fl tkei`g `ks`k juy tkjprleg

kh pkegsg trlolmg `k ìsdkreir, `k ksdgnkr pgr `kdirhg

lsê hgs priedipigs quk `koêle agrjlr hl kùdldiôe, sk

l`quikrk uiel kspkdik `k ie`kpke`kedil, `k iesuogrì

eldiôe, quk fldk quk eg rkspktkjgs judfg hg quk hl

pldikedil y kh tikjpg fle sledigel`g, y kstk hiokrtiel

mk hitkrlrig quk ke jê kxistk jk fl fkdfg- goskrvlr dge

lr`gr hls i`kls quk lpuetlrge ke lhnuegs ìsdursgs `kh

Tlhôe hitkrlrig `k ksl dlpitlh.‐Tlrjiketg.

Tletilng.‐ Kh Rrgnrksg kh ?; `k Lngstg `k <60;.

H l dlusl `k Rkül skrì déhkork ke hgs lelhks `kh

drijke, eg sôhg pgr hls dirduestledils quk fle rg`kl`g




?Ô? L H O K _ @ I

kstk ldtg, sieg pgr kh ietkrés quk slorìe `lrhk hgs log

nl`gs kedlrnl`gs `k hl `kakesl y `k hl ldusldiôe. Kh

@ r . Gdljpg ks k h ldusl`gr . . .

"Hgs rkgs, pl`rk k fi ml, fle egjorl`g plrl su `k

akesl lh @r. Lhokrì , murisdgesuhtg mgvke, h hkeg `k v i

vldi`l` y `k jgvijiketg ke sus ksdritgs, y juy dlplz

`k lorlzlr dge dkhg y ketusilsjg uel dlusl quk sôhgtrlolmg, ksaukrzgs y ue pgdg `k nhgril agrkesk puk`k

garkdkrhk. Rkrg kh Tr . Lhokrì , pgr hlu`lohk jg`kst il,

eg fl qukri`g `kmlr quk nrlvitk sgork sus fgjorgs tg`g

kh pksg `k hl rkspgesloih i`l` `k hls `gs vi`ls quk letks

`k iedhielrsk letk hl dudfih hl `k hl hky hk fle pkì`g

sgdgrrg y ljplrg. Kh @r. Dlrvlh hg fl rkspgeì`g nus

tgsg l hl ievitldiôe quk kh Tr. Lhokrì hk ìriniô plrl

lsgdiìrskhk ke hl `kakesl, hg jisjg* quk kh @r. OlrrgsR l s g s , quk tljoiée fl tgjl`g plrtk ke kstl ru`l tlrkl.

Tlrjiketg."

K e Kh Rrgnrksg `kh ?; `k Tkptikj ork `k <60; =

" R _ G D K T G @ K M [ T P G R K Ü L Y T [ F I M L

"Pkekjgs, pgr agrt uel, ue `gdujket g dur igsg qukprksketlr l su lvi`kz, y, ketrk egsgtrgs, ýeidg ke su

néekrg. Plh ks hl dlrtl oignrìa idl quk Dlrjke Rkül fl

ksdritg l ueg `k sus lognl`gs plrl pgekrhg ke lptitu`

`k lvlhgrlr, dgjg kh hl jisjl hg `kdhlrl ke hl ietrgùd

diôe, kh grinke `k hgs ldgetkdijiketgs `ksnrldil`gs quk

tle tkrriohk plpkh vikeke l fldkrsk ke su vi`l."

"Hl hkdturl `k kstl dlrtl, sienuhlr pgr su kstihg y





hgs ldgetkdijiketgs quk rkaikrk, egs trlk l hl ijlniel

diôe, sie pg`krhg < kvitlr, ueg `k ksgs t ipgs quk fl trlzl

` g K u n k e i g T u é . "

"Hl dlrtl quk puoh idljgs fl s i`g ksdritl tg`l `k

jleg `k Dlrjke Rkül3 eg ks jkegs hudi`l su ìddiôe,

eg sge jìs orih hletks sus pkesljiketgs, quk su ksdri

turl ks `kh idl`l, su grtgnrla êl ksjkrl`l 4 dgrrkdtl fls

tl hl jieudigsi`l`, dgjg pg`rì iespkddigelrhl kh quk

puk`l kdflr uel jirl`l sgork hgs lutgs ke quk sk flhhl

hl dlrtl lutônrlal. _lsngs dgetikek kstk ksdritg quk fl

rêle fgegr l ue lutgr, l ue egvkhistl."

Tletilng, ?9 `k J lyg `k. <64<.

"Dkhkorg flokr ldkrtl`g l dgjphldkrhg ke hl réph idl

`kh Lrdfivg... Dgetieýkj k `k vkz ke dule`g sus dge

skmgs y eg jk `kmk, dgjg Jgrkh , kedgrvlrjk lh hl`g

`k hl phujl l aukrzl `k eg fldkr gtrl dgsl.‐ T l r

jiketg."

_êg Mlekirg, Lorih <2 `k <6;?.

"Kstgy ke _êg Mlekirg y vkeng `k Rktrôpgh is , dghg

eil lhkjlel y rksi`kedil `kh Kjpkrl`gr, dge quike fk

plsl`g fgrls y fgrls ke dgevkrsldiôe aljih ilr dlsi sg

ork eukstrl s dgsls, eukstrgs .fgjorks y eu kstrls dgs

tujorks. Fl rkuei`g duletg plpkhudfg lrnketieg fl

pgì`g y hgs egjorks `k Kdfkvlrrêl, Lhokrì , Jìrjgh ,

Nutiérrkz, `k diketg y hl jl`rk jlr hgs dgegdk y ksti

jl. Jk fl prknuetl`g pgr ustk` dgjg pgr judfgs

j ì s . ‐ T l r j i k e t g . "




L H O K _ @ I

Y u e n l i , s `k Muhig `k <64?.

"@ ksklrl quk ust k` auksk" (`k ìput l`g l h Dgenrksg

Dgest ituyketk) .

Tletilng, Lngstg <4 `k <6;?.

"@ ksklrl plrl h h kv lr l dlog ji kjprksl (`k fldkr

skrvir Kh J geitgr `k hls Ksdukhls l hl pghêt idl lrnke tiel) quk jêk ieìdlsk hgs t êtuhgs `k hls hkyks ksplüghls

quk flohlêe `k kùdldiôrê prijlril y l quk fizg lhusiôe

uel vkz. Ti ustk` quisikrl kedlrnlrsk `k ue lrt iduh i h hg

flrêl uel oukel gorl. Rrgpidêkjk lh rk`ldtgr `k Kh

Jkrdurig, l a ie ` k alvg rkd kr kh ietketg `k Kh J geitgr.

Kstk ldukr`g `k hl Rrkesl puk`k `lr rksuhtl`gs lquê y

prkst in igs l h h ì ."

" ¡ Y ustk` slok hg quk `le hgs ldgetkdijiketgs f u j le gs Ru k`k skr qu k [r qu izl y hl gpie iôe t kenle

rlzôe. Ple prkplrl`g kstgy l kh hg, quk jk gdupg `k-

rkalddigelr ji dlsl `k Yuenli k iestlhlrjk dgjg si tu

v iksk k h pkesljiket g `k eg jgv krjk mljìs ."

"Ekdksitg ue ouke rktrltg suyg lh hìpiz `k <? dke

t êjktrgs `k `kskevghvijiketg hl dlrl, ke ue jlrdg `k

4> dketêjktrgs `k lhtg y 4< `k ledfg, `k dghgr plml, quk

skl ìouml`g l `gs hìpidks y ke plpkh `k jlrquih hl , tg`g

`k ;2 dket êjktrgs pgr 02. Kstgy fldike`g uel dghkddiôe

`k jis ljings, y ustk` ketrl ke prijkrl h êekl (ei sk

pkesô ke hl rkjisiôe `k tlh pkì`g). <‐ Tlrjiket g ."

Yuenli, Tkptikjork <1 `k <6;?.

"Tu Dgest itudiôe ks ue jgeujketg. [stk` flh hl quk

ks hl rklhizldiôe `k hls i`kls `k quk jk fk dgestitui`g





lpôstgh . Tkl3 pkrg ks ustk` kh hknis hl`gr `kh ouke ske

ti`g olmg hls agrjls `k hl dikedil. [stk` y yg, puks,

quk`ljgs iekxgrlohkjketk h inl`gs, eg plrl hgs jkz

quiegs fkdfgs quk t ikeke hunlr ke hl _kpýoh idl Lr

nketiel, s ieg plrl hl nrle dljplül su`ljkridlel

quk ieidilrkjgs, g jìs oike, tkrjielrkjgs, `ketrg `k

p g d g . "

" . . .@k tg`gs jg`gs su Dgest itudiôe ks eukstrl ole

`krl, eukstrg sêjoghg. Lsê hg tgjl fgy hl _kpýohidl

Lrnketiel. Yg drkg quk su h iorg vl l kmkrdkr ue kmkj

phg okeéaidg."

" Tke tirêl pg r su nhgril quk su pkrsgel `k ustk` sk

pusiksk ke gpgsidiôe dge su h iorg. Ks pgsiohk quk su

Dgest itudiôe skl l`gptl`l= ks pgsiohk quk skl truedl

`l, lhtkrl`l3 pkrg hgs pukohgs pgr hg supriji`g g lhtkrl`g vkrìe éh kspêritu quk ìrink hls suprksigeks. Tu

hiorg, puks, vl l skr kh @kdìhgng Lrnketieg3 y , slhvg

hl suprksiôe `kh plrìnrlag ieìdl`g, hl ole`krl `k tg

`gs hgs fgjorks `k dgrlzôe. Lrdgs hg hkk dge ietkediôe

fgstih y yl dgedhuyk (y ke kshtk jisjg jgjketg kxdhl

j l = Dgsls juy oukels fly lquê), sie kedgetrlr `ôe`k

fiedlr kh ìketk. Rgr kstls rlzgeks, pgr hl iejkesl eg

tgrik`l` quk hk `lrì l ustk` y pgr kh tlhketg y priedipigs quk rkvkhl, tkjg quk kh nkekrlh [rquizl eg sk hg

pkr`gek l ustk`. L jê jk tikek ke duketl Lrnirôpghis,

`kh dulh mljìs jk flohô ei plrl `kdir hg fk v istg. . . [s

tk` fl fkdfg pkgr= fl ì`tl`g uel Dgestitudiôe y `k

ml`g arustrl`ls hls prktkesigeks dle`grgsls l hl gri

nielh i`l` y losgrdiôe `k tg`l ieidilt ivl.‐ T l r j i k e t g . "

Floiée`ghg ievitl`g l lsgdilrsk l hgs trlolmgs `kê

Dhuo `k Qlh plrlêsg , dget kst ô=




4 1 1 L H O K _ @ I

Tletilng, Tkptikjork <6 `k <6;?.

" H k m g s , puks, `k dgjphldkrhg ke kh `kskg `k quk yg

tgjk plrtk ke hg quk drkg kxtrlvil`g, hk suphidg quk eg

tgqukjgs kstk puetg ketrk egsgtrgs, plrl kvitlr ieýti

hks y pkrmuìdilhks ìsketijiketgs.

"Rgr hg quk fldk l pkrsgels, eg letidipk el`l, egtgquk el`l. Eg slhnl `kh okh h êsijg rgh quk fl tgjl`g.

Kh hknishl`gr `k hl ak`krldiôe. Tu Dgest itudiôe ks ue

prgnrljl, l quk l`fikrke tg`gs hgs fgjorks s iedkrgs.

Ti sk puohidl k e Oukegs Lirks, tletg jkmgr3 s i sk fldk

uel kìdiôe eujkrgsl, ketgedks tr iuealjgs pgr kh ske

t ijiket g pýoh idg .‐ T l r j i k e t g . "

Yuenli, Tkptikjork ?0 `k <64?.

"Eg fk ketrl`g ke hl ìsdusiôe `k su gorl, quk, ke

nkekrlh , ldlsg ke `ktlh hk flhhg pkrakdtl y ìnel `k gorlruel rkvghudiôe ke Ljéridl.

" . . .Dge rkspkdtg l ksdrioir yg ue lrt êduhg oioh ignrì

a idg, ksdrioirêl diketg y ksdrioiré jih ue `êl. Rkrg · lfgrl quikrk ustk` quk sk l`gptk su Dgestitudiôe7 Kh jk

ìg sknurg `k kxditlr hgs dkhgs `k [rquizl ks quk yg

hl lprukok. Rlrkdk quk ustk` eg quikrk dgevkedkrsk `khl vkr`l` rklh `k hls dgsls. Kh jéritg sienuhlr quk kh hl

tikek ks quk eg hl fk ksdritg yg, y q i k sike`g uel dge

tieuldiôe y uel dgìaidldiôe `k hls i`kls quk fgy lori

nl kh plrti`g divih izl`g `k hl _kpýohidl Lrnketiel, skleak`krlhks g ueitlrigs letinugs, fle si`g sistkjl`ljkii-

tk rkdflzl`ls dge hls diu`l`ks plrl dgetieulr kh sistk

jl ji h i t lr `k _gsls ."





" . . .Yg fk ksdr i t g l Tle Mule, l _êg Mlekirg , l Oukegs Lirks, l Dgpilpô, pgeike`g su trlolmg `k ustk`

dgjg kh dôìng `k eukstrls i`kls.‐ T l r j i k e t g . "

Tkptikjork ?> `k <6;?.

"[stk` puk`k, puks, jletkekr uel `k ksls hudi`lstkgrêls `kh `kskedletg lquê, pkrg nulr`k su pkrsgel

`k pgekrêl ke prìdtidl. Dge sus jlekrls duhtls, dge

su ainurl egohk y aiel skrêl ustk` pukstg l hgs `gs `êls

ke hl pidgtl `kh ri`êduhg. Y g quk el`l `k ksg tkeng ke

jis kxtkrigri`l`ks, sôhg pu`k jletkekrjk ke jkìg `k

lqukhhls elturlhkzls tgrvls kesküle`g hl puetl `k hl

kspl`l. Tlhvé ji pkrsgel, pkrg eg ji pgsidiôe.

"Tu h iorg `k ustk` (hls Olsks) eg sk hg pkr`gelrìmljìs [rquizl. Hg fl fkri`g ke tg`gs sus a hledgs= fl

lrrledl`g hl jìsdlrl `k jketirls ga id ilhks3 fl jgstrl

`g quk hgs ueitlrigs eg sk gpgeke l hl ak`krldiôe3 hk

fl rgol`g kh hlurg `k skr kh gtgrnl`gr `k uel Dgesti

tudiôe 3 si l`gptl lhnuels `k sus dgedhusigeks eg hk pkr

`gelrì flokrhk agrzl`g hl jleg3 si eg hls l`gptl kh hl

ks ue kspkmg ke quk sk vkrìe `k ouhtg hls suprksigeks

y hls ksdlt ijlùrls. Rgr ksg dgevkeêl kspkrlr3 pgr ksgeg quikrg fldkrhk l ustk` kh jlh skrvidig `k pge`krlr

hl okhhkzl `k su trlolmg, olrrkrl gpukstl dgetrl kh `ks

pgtisjg. ¡ Y vkl ustk` hg quk ks hl arlni h i`l` fu j le l

Ei Jitrk, ei yg, ei Qéhkz, ei tg`l hl Rrkesl `k Oukegs

Lirks fl fkri`g dgjg ustk` tle `k arketk ei dge tletg

ldikrtg hl dukstiôe. ¡L quk eg flhhl ke hl Rrkesl `k

Oukegs Li rk s el`l sgork kxtrl emkrg s, sgork ltrlsg,

sgork olrolrik jìs dhlrg quk ke su h iorg · \u é rksuh-




?16 L H O K _ @ I

tl `k tg`g ksk dgemuetg7 \uk hgs oìrolrgs sge kh lzgtk` k L j é r i d l . ‐ T l r j i k e t g . "

Tletilng, Gdtuork 9 `k <6;?.

"Fk vistg ke hgs ìlrigs su egjorljiketg `k rkprk

sketletk `k hl _kpýohidl Lrnketiel lquê, y hk akh iditg

`k tg`g dgrlzôe.

Dule`g vkenl ustk` plrl ldì g dule`g hg `kskk hk

dgjueidlré hg quk éh Rrksi`kehtk jk fl ieìdl`g dgjg

dgev keiket k lrrkn h lr ket rk h ls `gs _k pý oh id ls‐ Pr l

tl`g pgstlh, L` ul el s, ktd. , ktd . Y g ksdrioê l J ke` gzl

piìée`ghks `ltgs sgork lhnuegs puetgs, khk, ktd . 3 tg`g

hg quk si vikek kstlrì l su ìspgsidiôe.‐ Tlrjiket g . ' '

< 6 ; 2 . ‐ _k du kr` gs `k Rrgviedil.

"Kùdl`g pgr jkìg `k hl plhlorl pgr éh prksoêtkrg

G r g , pgr kh durl Lholrlzie3 ousdle`g sikjprk hl sgdik`l` `k hgs fljorks iestrui`gs, ketgedks y `kspués

jis ljings L okrlst l ie , Riekrg, Hôpkz , L h okrì , Nu

t iérrkz, Grg, Pkmk`gr, Arlnukirg, Jgeitt y tletgs gtrgs

fle dgetrioui`g sie slokrhg l `kskevghvkr ji kspêritu,trlesjit iée`gjk sus i`kls. . ."‐ T l r j i k e t g .

I

Tu`ljérhdl `kh 9 `k Mueig `k <6;<.

"R u k` k skr hl plsiôe hl quk jk lhud iek3 pkrg `k

sôhg hgs lrnketiegs quk kstìe ke kh Rldêaidg, `ks`k Dge

dkpdiôe l Dlh i agreil, fly tkhl `k `ôe`k dgrtlr ue ouke

Dgenrksg, `k duyl i`geki`l` Dfihk, Ogh iv il y kh Rkrý




GO_ T TKHKDPLT ?19

sk `lrêle pgr juy sltisakdfgs. Hgs egjorks quk si

nuke mustiaidlrìe kh lskrtg=

@r. @. Nlorikh Gdljpg, murisdgesuhtg.‐_IGML.

@r. @. @gjieng Gdljpg, jikjorg `k hl Dgrtk `k

Lpkhldigeks `k Dgedkpdiôe.‐_IGML.

@r. @. _ljôe Gdljpg, murisdgesuhtg.‐_IGML.

@r. @. Mule Olutistl Lhokrì, murisdgesuhtg, puohi-

distl, kx skdrktlrig `kh Ngoikreg `k hl Ietke kedil `k

Dgedkpdiôe.‐Ptmdujle.

@r. @. Jlrtêe ]lpltl, murisdgesuhtg.‐Jke`gzl.

@. Mule Jlrêl Nutiérrkz, ienkeikrg `kh @kplrtljke-

tg Pgpgnrìaidg.‐Oukegs L i r k s .

@. Letgeig Lokrlstlie.

@. Arledisdg @khnl`g.

@. Dlrhgs Hljlrdl.

@. Nrkngrig Okkdfk.

@. Nrkngrig Nôjkz.

@r. @. Mlvikr Qihhleukvl, ktd., ktd., .‐Tlrjiketg.

<6;?.‐'DL_PL LH N K E K _ L H [ _ \ [ I ] L

Ti fl ketrl`g, puks, kh nkekrlh [rquizl ke Oukegs

Lirks, jle`k ìsghvkr ksk Dgenrksg sie hiokrtl`, sie

ìnei`l`, sie prkstinig, plrl quk eg ainurke ke éh sus

sirviketks, Khils, Tknuê, Hkivl, Fukrng, Ngrgstilnl,

quk kstìe ìdike`g l nritgs hg quk fly ke kh age`g, y

dgevgquk ue eukvg Dgenrksg, khkni`g hiorkjketk, ke

quk ketrke hgs Trks. Lhokrì, Nui`g, Lhsiel, Ledfg-

rkel, Hôpkz, Jitrk, Hlngs (kh dgrgekh), Rôrtkhl, Qé-

hkz, Dlrrih, Ridg, ktd.3 fgjorks `k slokr, `k prkstinig,

`k lutgri`l`, `k dgegdijiketgs. ‐Tlrjiketg.




?>2 L H O K _ @ I

Dljplü l ke kh kmérditg nrle`k, p ì n . ?00.

" L ji rknrksg l Ql hplr lêsg tuvk kh nustg `k vkr-

dgesinel`g ke kh prkdigsg ksdritg `kh @r. Lhokrì= Ol

sks pl rl hl Dgestitudiôe `k hl _kpýo hidl Lrnke tiel,

lqukhhls i`kls jl`rks quk jk floêl ksagrzl`g ke `gdk

lügs `k trlol mgs ke fldkr pgp uhlrks, sirvike`g `k

dgestitudiôe.. . Kh h iorg `kh Tr. Lhokrì krl, l ji muidig, ue ldgetkdijiketg pghêtidg. Elìk florêl pgì`g

`kskevghvkr ke hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel hls i`kls quk

dgetikek. . . Hl Rrkesl lrnketiel rkprgùmg kh trlolmg

`kh Tr . L h okrì = uegs , ke logeg `k [rquizl3 gt rgs , ke

vêl `k irgeêl3 pkrg tg`gs ìaueìke`g y pgpuhlrizle`g

hls i`kls quk dgetikek. Yg prgvgqué uel rkueiôe `k

lrnketiegs ke Tletilng, plrl quk fidiérljgs uel jl

eiakstldiôe ke alvgr `k hls Olsks."‐Tlrjiketg.

Judfgs jìs khgnigs quk `kog lh Tr . Tlrjiketg fl

orêl pgì`g rkueir ke kstk trgzg, si yg tuviksk dgstuj

ork `k dgjpihlr y nulr`lr khgnigs. Rkrg oìstlejk yprkaikrg hgs `k akdfl jìs rkdiketk, plrl eg `kmlr su

pgekr ke kh ietkrvlhg ue dljoig `k ji dgeùdtl g `k

jis i`kls, quk hknitijk kh `k hl phujl quk fgy jk

fikrk.

Juy ekdig y r i`êduhg ks rkprgùdir khgnigs ke alvgr

`k ueg jisjg3 pkrg hl lddiôe tikek ìsduhpl dule`gks ue jkìg `k rkprkslhil kjphkl`g ke hunlr `k rkdri

jieldigeks k iesuhtgs `kstkjphl`gs. Ke hunlr `k vgh

vkr aleng, ·eg ks jkmgr quk yg lrrgmk lh Tr . Tlrjiketg sus prgpils ügrks skdls7 Rgeike`g sus khgnigs `k

hletk `k sus ìdtkrigs, fk qukri`g qu k kh ple kniristl

`ksldrkìtk lh `ktrldtgr. Dule`g kstg ks gorl `k ueg




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T ?><-

jisjg, · l q uiée kdfl r 'hl du hpl 7 · Kh dlst ing `k s ê ji s

jg eg ks kh jìs sgpgrtlohk7

R. T .‐ Floike`g s i`g gomkt g `k ijput ld igeks `ks

lnrl`lohks `k plrtk `kh Tr . Tlrjiketg, drkg tkekr `k

rkdfg l rkprgùdir hls sinuiketks pikzls, vkei`ls l ji

pg`kr `kspués `k ksdritg hg letkrigr, dgjg dgjprgole

tks `kh vlhgr quk tikek kh tkstijgeig fistôridg `kh lu

tgr `k hl Dlj plül ke kh Kmérditg nrle`k.

[el dlsl `k dgjkrdig rkspktloih ês ijl, lmkel l hl pg

h êt idl, iedh iel`l jìs oike lh plrti`g gpukstg `kh nkek

rlh [rquizl, muznl kh ksdritg `kh Tr . Tlrjiketg dgjg

hg fk muznl`g yg. Eg ìrì éh quk ksl dlsl fl rkdioi`g

kedlrng `k [rquizl plrl rkaut lr h g , ke Oukegs L irks ,

kh 0 `k Jlrzg `k <6;4, jìs `k ue lüg `kspués `k hl-

rkvghudiôe `k << `k Tkpt ikjork.

Ke kh eýjkrg ?02 `k Kh Eldigelh `k Ou keg s Lirk s, ,

sk hkk hl dlrtl quk sinuk=

"Tkügr rk`ldt gr `k Kh Eldigelh=

Ke kh eýjkrg ?4; `k su ldrkìtl`g pkriôìdg fkjgs,

hkê`g hls sinuiketks h êekls, ksdritls pgr @. A. Tlrjike

tg , ke su gorl t ituhl`l Dlj plül ke kh Kmérditg nrle`k-

lhil`g `k Tu`lj éridl=

"Rgr hl dlsl `k Hhlvlh hgh supk quk sk floêle ketrk

nl`g kh < .² `k Akorkrg l @. Akrjêe Iringyke ?.222 ge

zls `k grg plrl rkjit ir l Oke lvi`k s pgr duketl `k _ g -




.?>? L H O K _ @ I

sls. · L h dle zô l jle`lr h ls gezls @ . Akrj êe 7 · Hl s rk

dioiô Okelvi`ks, ktd .7

Eg pgdl sgrprksl egs fl dlusl`g skjkmletk lhusiôe,

`kst itui`l, pgr gtrl plrtk, `k tg`l vkr`l`. ·\ué jg

t ivg florì floi`g plrl quk kh Tr , Tlrjiketg sk ldukr

`k `k egsgtrgs 7 [ el vkz ýeidl hk v ijg s ke Rlhk rj g, l

priedipigs `kh jks `k Akorkrg `kh lüg prôxijg plsl`g3

eg lhdlezljgs l kstlr ìkz jieutgs dge éh , y pgr supukstg quk éstgs sk kjphklrge ke kh dljoig `k duj

phijiketgs usulhks y ke flohlr nkekrlhi`l`ks, dgjg su

dk`k ketrk pkrsgels quk sk vke pgr hl prijkrl vkz ke

su vi`l y quk eg tikeke lsuetg kspkdilh `k dgeakrke

dil. E g ke trljgs l trltlr `k jltkril `ktkrj iel`l, ei

lue t ikjpg floêl floi`g plrl kh hg. Pg`lvêl ks jkegs

dikrtg kh quk fuoiéskjgs ìdfg dgsl rkakrketk l `ge

Akrjêe Iringyke ei l hls jkedigel`ls ?.222 gezls. Egtkeêljgs hl jkegr i`kl sgork kh plrtiduhlr, y si tlh fu

oiéskjgs ìdfg, eg florêl si`g `k eukstrl plrtk sieg

ue kjoustk. Drkkjgs, puks, `kokr `kdhlrlr `kh jg`g

jìs agrjlh quk kh ksdritgr fl pl`kdi`g uel kquivgdl

diôe ke ksl lhusiôe rkhltivl l egsgtrgs. Hg drkkjgs ue

`kokr, rkpkt ijgs, priediplhjketk pgr jkìlr ue dgj

pltrigtl dgjg kh Tr . Ir ingy ke, duyls rkdgjke`lohks

dulh i`l`ks dgegdkjgs y lprkdiljgs, y pgrquk eukstrgsi hkedig pg`rêl lutgrizlr flstl d ikrtg puetg lhnuel

jlhl ietkrprktldiôe.

Tkesiohk ks quk kh Tr. Tlrjiketg eg sk jukstrk jìs

kxldtg ke sus d itls3 puk`k skr quk hl jkjgril eg skl

ke éh uel alduhtl` `ksdghhletk3 jls lsê kh dréìtg `k

sus elrrldige ks puk`k fldkrsk prgohkjìtidg. H ls rk

nhls `k hl drêt idl skvkrl kxinke ke kh fistgril`gr kxld

t i tu` y vkrldi`l` dgjg prijkrl y v itlhks dgeìdigeks.




GO _L T T KH KD P L T ?>4

J udfg lnrl`kdkrkjgs, skügr rk`ldt gr , quk sk s irvltistk` ieskrtlr kstls h êekls ke su i hustrl`g pkriô`idg .

Ke kh hg, sgork dgetriouir l dujphir dge ue ldtg `k m u s

tidil, flrì ue plrt iduhlr goskquig l sus ltketgs skrv i

` g r k s . ‐ Mlijk Hhlvl[gh k fimgs."

Otmktjgs Lirks, Jlrzg 0 `k <6;4.

' G O _ L T TOHOGPLT.‐Pgjg Q . < 6




Q I

< 6 > ; - > > )

Hl `kjgdrldil `k Oukegs Lirks y su plpkh ke hgs`kstiegs `k hl `kjgdrldil lrnketiel.

K h let inug rénijke ìaikrk `kh rénijke jg` kreg ,

prgghljl`g pgr i hl rkvghudiôe `k hl ie`kpke`kedil, ke

hls pigviedils letks ksplüghls `kh _êg `k hl Rhltl kekstk fkdfg dlpitlh =

Ke kh let inug rénijke, krl ue plês fkdfg y agrjl`g

plrl kh Ngoikreg3 ke éh eukvg rénijke, ks ue Ngoikr

eg fkdfg y agrjl`g plrl kh plês .

Dule`g ìng ks, quikrg `kdir `kok skr , pgr kh prie

dipig eukvg, quk tg`lvêl eg ks ue fkdfg.

P lh ks hl ìakrk edil rlìdlh quk hgs ìstienuk y sk

plrl.Kh dljoig `kh ueg pgr kh gtrg fl si`g hl rkvghudiôe.

Khhl fl dgesisti`g ke hl ievkrsiôe dgjphktl `kh jg`g

dgjg kstlol dghgdl`g kh dukrpg sgdilh . Hg quk kstlol

lrriol fl s i`g pukstg lolmg y v idkvkrsl.




? > 1 L H O K _ @ I

Rkrg dgjg tl'hks dljoigs eg sk ijprgvisle3 dgjg hl

dlokzl eg puk`k dgevkrtirsk ke piks ei hgs piks ke dlokzl dge sghhg ue yg hg quikrg3 dgjg ue ìrogh eg puk

`k `kslrrlinlrsk plrl phletlrsk `k eukvg pgr hls rl

jls y sknuir vivike`g y sike`g kh jisjg ìrogh, hl rkvghudiôe tikek quk ùrlr tletg dgjg fl ùrl`g hl gorl

`k hl agrjldiôe `kh rénijke letinug, quk sk dgeaue`êl

dge hl kxistkedil y jg`g `k skr `kh Kstl`g jisjg.Pg`lvêl kh eukvg rénijke skrì `k agrjldiôe jìs

hketl quk hg aué kh letinug, pgr kstls rlzgeks.

Hl agrjldiôe `kh eukvg ks ue `gohk trlolmg `k `k

jghidiôe `kh vikmg y `k rkdgestruddiôe `kh eukvg l hl

v k z . Kh let inug aué hl gorl `k gtrg Rg`kr yl agrjl` g . Kh eukvg (tikek quk skr hl gorl `k sê jisjg, gorl

ìaêdih , pkrg quk hudfl dge hl rksistkedil `k hls hudfls

letkrigrks y dgetrlrils, quk kh vikmg rénijke eg tuvgquk vkedkr. Gorl `kh iestietg y `kh pg`kr `k hls dgsls,

jìs oike quk `k uel vghuetl` ietkh inketk, kxpkrijke

tl`l.

Hl rkpýohidl g kh eukvg rénijke ks, l hl vkz, hl lu

tgrl y hl gorl, kh dgestrudtgr y kh kìaidig, kh prgùdtgr

y kh prgùdtg `k sê jisjg, fkdfg plrl sê jisjg.

Hl dghgeil quk prkdkìô l hl rkpýohidl aué hl gorl

`kh jgelrdl, quk hl kìaidô plrl su utih i`l` y dgevkeikedil kxdhusivl.

Hl dghgeil g kh letinug rénijke aué kh plês fkdfg

plrl kh Ngoikreg3 hl rkpýoh idl aué kh Ngoikreg fkdfg

plrl kh pl ês3 ks `kdir , p lrl skr iestrujketg, ôrnle g,

skrvi`gr `kh pukohg prgdhljl`g eukvg sgokrleg, `k

vlslhhg quk letks krl.

Eg fly rkpýoh idl, eg fly rénijke jg`kreg `ge`k

quikrl quk kh plês sk dgestituyk, vivk y gorl plrl kh




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T ? > >

Ngoikreg y plrl sus ngokreletks. Ks rkpýoh idl ke kh

egjork3 ks hl let inul dghgeil dge kh egjork `k rkpý

ohidl ke hl rklhi`l`.

Rkrg éstk ks kh fkdfg elturlh . Hl rkpýoh idl eldi`l

`k uel dghgeil3 g uel dghgeil agrjl`l y v iv ike`g ke

hl gokìkedil losghutl `k ue Ngoikreg kxtrlüg l su

agrjldiôe, prgdhljl`l rkpýoh idl h iork, ks `kdir , `k

oike`g ngokrelrsk l s ê jisjl `k ue `êl plrl gtrg,ks uel vighkedil fkdfl l hky elturlh `k hl agrjldiôe

`k tg`g grnleisjg. Pikek quk skr pgr judfg t ikj

pg uel rkpýohidl egj ielh.

Ks `kdir3 ue plês h iork egjielhjketk, pkrg ke rkl

h i`l` v iv ike`g y-gorle`g plrl su Ngoikreg y ke prg

vkdfg `k sus ngokreletks.

Plh ks hl dgeìdiôe pghêt idl y sgdilh `k hls rkpýohi

dls quk aukrge dghgeils `k Ksplül flstl priedipigs`kh s in hg xix, ke hl Ljéridl quk aué ksplüghl.

Kstl`g `k trlesidiôe, pkrg kstl`g rklh k iekvitl

o h k 3 kstl`g dgetrlìdtgrig, `gohk, `k akrjketldiôe y

`k hudfl, `k dgjpgsidiôe y `k `ksdgjpgsidiôe dge

tieul.

Kstg ks hg quk eg sudk`k ke hl Ljéridl `kh Egrtk,

pgr hl rkvghudiôe `k hl Ljéridl rkpuoh idlel quk aué

dghgeil `k Ienhltkrrl, pgrquk ke su v i`l dghgeilh surénijke `k ngoikreg aué kh jisjg quk `kspués `k fk

dfl ie`kpkeìketk.

Hl Ljéridl ienhksl eg tuvg let inug rénijke, ke

kh sketi`g `k ue ngoikreg ìakrketk y gpukstg lh ld

tulh y jg`kreg. Kh hl aué h iork letks `k skr ie`kpke

ìketk, ke kh sketi`g quk sk ngokreô l sê jisjl y sk

hknis hô l s ê jisjl, y , elturlhjketk, plrl su prgvkdfg

prgpig, eg plrl kh `k gtrg plês g jgelrdl.




?>6 L H O K _ @ I

Hl h iokrtl` ke hgs Kstl`gs [ei`gs eg ks ue eukvg

rénijke3 ks kh jisjg rénijke ke quk kxist ikrge `ks`k

su aue`ldiôe grinielril, ke quk viv ikrge dgjg plrtk

ietknrletk `k hl h iork Ienhltkrrl, g l hg jkegs dgjg

pukohgs h iorks.

Rgr ksg ks quk tg`l rklddiôe dgetrl su rénijke

ldtulh `k h iokrtl`, ks `ksdgegdi`l. Eg tke`rêl rlzôe `k

skr vghvkr lh plsl`g3 ke hl v i`l ietkrigr, skrêl vghvkrg quk`lr s ikjprk ke hl v i`l `k h iokrtl`.

Kh trlolmg `k hl rkvghudiôe, eg ks `gohk= eg sk dgj

pgek hl jitl` `k éh `k hl gorl `k `kjghkr ue leti

nug rénijke `k `kpke`kedil y ksdhlvitu`, lh plsg quk

hl gtrl sk gdupl `k aue`lr y drklr.

Lh vkeir lh jue`g `k hls eldigeks eg tuvikrge quk

n r i t l r = Gi`, jgrtlhks, kh nritg slnrl`g= hiokrtl`, hi

okrtl`, hiokrtl`. Eg t uv ikrge quk dlet lr = Gi` kh rui`g`k rgtls dl`kels, pgrquk eg tuvikrge dl`kels quk

rgjpkr.

Tu pghêt idl, hl tke`kedil, hl ìrkddiôe `k su vi`l

eg t ikek ei tuvg `gs rujogs= ueg, fldil kh plsl`g3

g t r g , lh pgrvkeir . Eg t ikek jìs quk uel sghl ìrkd

diôe= tg`l kh hl fldil l`khletk.

Ke hl Ljéridl quk aué ksplüghl, fly `gs aukrzls,

quk ngoikrele l sus sgdik`l`ks ke `gs ìrkddigeksgpukstls= uel t ike`k l rkstlohkdkr hl v i`l `kh pl

s l ` g 3 gtrl, fldil hl drkldiôe `k hl v i`l eukvl y jg

`krel.

Dgjg kstl ýhtijl ks hl hknêtijl y pkrjiti`l, ei siquikrl dui`l hl gtrl `k tgjlr su egjork y su kxtkrigr.

Lsê sk kxph idle hls rkagrjls y rklddigeks quk ke

egjork `k hl h iokrtl`, eg rkstlohkdke gtrl dgsl quk




?62 L H O K _ @ I

vkrt i`g ke réìtg y ketrl`l `kh krlrig `k Oukegs

L i r k s 3 ks `kdir, `k su Ngoikreg, eg `k su pukohg, quk

`k tg`gs hgs pukohgs lrnketiegs, dgjg kh jìs r idg, aué

kh quk jìs trioutg plnô lh tksgrg losgroketk `k stt

ngoikreg, gjeipgtketk pgr ksl jisjl losgrdiôe.

_kstlurle`g `k ksk jg`g hl losgrdiôe quk kh Ng

oikreg `k Oukegs Lirks fldêl `ks`k kh t ikjpg `k su,

grinke rklhistl, y ke virtu` `k kh hl, tg`l hl sujl `khpk`kr rket êst idg `k hl eldiôe, sus rkagrjl`grks h i

okrlhks `k <6Ô2, `kmlrge l Oukegs Lirks y l hl el

diôe sie su pg`kr kdgeôjidg, ks `kdir, sie su h iokrtl`,,

y hl ketrknlrge tg`l lh Ngoikreg `k quk krle `kpgsi

tlrigs hgs rkagrjl`grks.

Kstk aué kh jôvih `ktkrjieletk `k ksl rkstitudiôe3

g rkstlurlsiôe. Kh hgs tgjlrge ksk Rg`kr ketrk sus jl

egs dge jgtivg `k kstlr ke kh Ngoikreg. Eg aué kh `kker iqukdkr l h pukoh g `k Oukegs L irks , ke duyl r iquk

zl eg tkeêle plpkh , s ieg lh ngoikreg `k Oukegs Li

rk s , `k quk sk flh hlole tkek`grks y pgskk`grks. Kh hgs,

el`l tkeêle quk vkr dge hl r iqukzl `k Oukegs Lirks.

Eg krle fldke`l`gs, ei dgjkrdiletks, ei lnriduh tg

rk s , ei jikjorgs `k nrkjig lhnueg `k hgs prgùdtg

rks ieùstrilhks `k ksl prgviedil. Hl gpkrldiôe hks tg

dlol ýeidljketk ke su dlh i`l` `k fgjorks `k pgh êt idl y `k ngoikreg.

·D ôj g kj phklrg e, skný e ksg, kh pg` kr aieledikrg,

rkt irl`g `k su `kst ieg dgest itudigelh , quk krl kh `k

skrvir y h hkelr hls ekdksi`l`ks `k hl eldiôe7 Dgjg

h g floêl kjph kl`g k h nkekrlh _gsls= ke ker iqukdkr

l Oukegs L irks ke nhgril jihitlr pgr jkìg `k nuk

rrls `k pltrigtisjg3 y ke rkegvlr y pkrpktulr sus skr

vidigs `k ngokreletks pltrigtls, hg quk qukrêl `kdir




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T ? 6 i

`k ìsarutlr ie`ka iei`ljketk `k hgs pukstgs y sukh

`gs nlel`gs pgr sus skrvidigs l hl pltril.

[eg `k hgs mkaks `k hl rkagrjl ìsarutô `k hgs ok

ekaidigs quk kh hl prgùmg l sus lutgrks, hgs skis lügs

`kh pkrêg`g `k su prksi`kedil, `kspués `k hgs lügs quk

ùrô su ngokreldiôe prgviedilh , ke lujketg `k duyg

pg`kr aué fkdfl hl rkagrjl.

Kh gtrg mkak `k hl rkagrjl y sudksgr ke hl prksi`kedil, hgnrô ìsarutlrhg flstl fgy, dgjg jìs fìoih

g jkegs ksdrupuh gsg. Dgjg dule`g _gsls y h gs v i rrk

yks , kh dgesujg ijprgùdt ivg fkdfg ke plng `kh trl

olmg ijprgùdt ivg `k su ngoikreg, aué tg`g kh okek

aidig quk rkdgnêl hl prgviedil `k su rksi`kedil= okek

aidig kstérih quk `knkekrô ke kjpgorkdijikemtg, pgr

ksl h ky elt urlh quk L ` lj Tj it f skülhl y ` kju kst rl ,

sgork hgs kakdtgs `kh trlolmg ijprgùdt ivg `k hgs auedigelrigs.

Rgsksigel`g `kh Ngoikreg, keriqukdi`g dge kh age

`g `kh trlolmg y `k hl t ikrrl `kh plês , Tlrjiketg dl

hiaidl `k hêridg kh pkesljiketg `k Jitrk `k vghvkr l

gduplr hl prksi`kedil `k hl eldiôe pgr hl khkddiôe h i

ork `k su pukohg= kh gtrg, trltl `l dêeidg lh fkdfg `k

pkrpktulrsk ke kh ngdk `kh pg`kr quitl`g l hl el

diôe, jkìletk hgs rkdursgs aldi h i tl`gs pgr hl pgsksiôe `kh pg`kr jisjg plrl rktkekrhg, `kspués `k fl

okrhk skrvi`g plrl nlelrhg.

Ketrk kh quimgt isjg hêridg `k Jitrk y kh tlrtuaisjg

dêeidg `kh gtrg, ks elturlh quk kh jue`g ksté pgr kstk

ýht ijg (quk ue nrle pgh ê t idg kdgegjistl, M . O. Tly,

dlhia idô `kh jìs nrle`k `k hgs fipôdritls).

Rkrg éh tljoiée plnlrì pgr `ge`k pkdl, l jlegs`k hl pgorkzl drôeidl, quk skrì kh rksuhtl`g elturlh




? 6 ? L H O K _ @ I

`kh rkstlohkdijiketg `kh rénijke kdgeôjidg `k ng

oikreg quk Ksplül ìg l sus dghgeils `k Ljéridl,

plrl quk sirvikske l su rklh krlrig `k jìquiels `k

rketl aisdlh , plrl keriqukdkr sus dlmls, eg kh oghsih hg

`k sus pukohgs y plrl agrtlhkdkr kh pg`kr `khknl`g `k

sus v irrk yks , eg hl h iokrtl` `k sus dghgegs lj kri

dlegs.

Hg t r is t k ks quk lnrlv le`g k h jlh `k Oukegs L irks ,sus kquêvgdgs ljings quk hk prukole su ljistl` pgr

kh jétg`g `k _gsls, fle `lül`g l hl eldiôe `k quk

Oukegs L irks ks ` il`kjl y greljket g dgjph kjket l

r ig , kjpgorkdike`g l su pukohg.

Hg quk sudk`k ke h l _kpýoh idl L rnket iel sudk`k ketg`l hl Ljéridl quk aué ksplüghl, pgrquk tg`l kh hl

agrjô uel g judfls dghgeils `k Ksplül, quk rkdioik

rge hl jisjl grnleizldiôe, plrl gotkekr hgs jisjgs

rksuhtl`gs `k rketl aisdlh y `k gokìkedil plsivl, jk

ìletk ue Ngoikreg gjeipgtketk y gjeêjg`g. Olstl

hkkr su Dôìng nkekrlh `k Hls Hk yks `k Ieìls, dge

airjl`g lh aie `kh sinhg V Q I I I pgr h l Gr`kelezl `k

Ietke`ketks, quk aué hl ýeidl dgest itudiôe `l` l lh

ngoikreg losghutg, i h ijitl`g y gjeêjg`g `k ksls dg

hgeils. Kstls plhlorls eg aukrge ievketl`ls pgr kh Ng

oikreg `k _gsls. Kh hls rkstlurô dge hls hkyks `kh

rénijke dghgeilh ksplügh , dgjg hls fle rkstlurl`g

sus sudksgrks h iokrlhks, pkrg v irtulhjketk y s ie r k h

egjork, dgjg dgevkeêl l su plpkh `k hiokrlhks. Kh h gs

fle dgpil`g kh rénijke `kh `kspgtisjg i hustrl`g g

hktrl`g dge quk ngokreô vkietk lügs kh Kstl`g `kh





Kdul`gr ue prksi`ketk rklhistl pgr êe`ghk, rkpuohidleg

kxtkrigrjketk pgr oike plrkdkr.

Rkrg luequk kh rénijke auksk kh jisjg ke tg`l hl

Ljéridl dghgeizl`l pgr Ksplül ke duletg l sus a ieks

aisdlhks, hls jisjls iestitudigeks prgùmkrge ìakrke

tks rksuhtl`gs, sknýe hl lyu`l quk hks ìg kh dh ijl, hl

situldiôe y dlhi`l` `kh sukhg, hl dgeainurldiôe nkgnrì

aidl `k sus dgstls y hgs prgùdtgs `k quk kh sukhgrkspkdtivg aué dlplz.

Kh `kspgtisjg fispleg-lrnketieg aué dgestitui`g pgh

hl jisjl nkgnrla êl pgh ê t idl l quk sk prkstô su nkg

nrla êl a ês idl y elturlh . @k lfê su pkrsistkedil kxdkp

digelh olmg kh sistkjl rkpuohidleg, `krivl`g `k hl dlê

`l `kh Ngoikreg rklhistl.

Rkrg ke hl jisjl Kurgpl jkriìgelh , hlt iel y dl

tôhidl, eg sudk`k gtrl dgsl quk hg jisjg quk gdurrkke hl Ljéridl `kh Tur, `krivl`l `k ksl Kurgpl, y

dgestitui`l dge sus khkjketgs y dgeìdigeks `k ng

oikreg kdgeôjidg, rkh inigsg y pghêt idg.

Hl rkvghudiôe g trlesagrjldiôe pgh ê t idl ietkhkdtulh

y rkh inigsl, pgr quk plsle hgs kstl`gs `k hl Kurgpl

hltiel y dltôhidl, ìaikrk `k hl rkvghudiôe `kh jisjg

néekrg gpkrl`l ke hl Kurgpl skptketrigelh y slmgel

pgr hl jisjl dlusl y ke hgs jisjgs fkdfgs quk skpl

rle hl rkvghudiôe `k Tur Ljéridl `k hl `kh Egrtk.

Ke hgs plêsks slmgeks `kh Egrtk `k Kurgpl, hl rk

vghudiôe fl si`g hl rkstlurldiôe `k hl h iokrtl` trlì

digelh , quk kh `kspgtisjg eldiketk prktke`êl `ksdgeg

dkr g `kstruir . Hl rkvghudiôe eg fl ietrgùdi`g ue

eukvg rénijke `k h iokrtl`, s ieg ue eukvg rénijke

`k `kspgtisjg, quk ietketlol kstlohkdkr ke `ktrijke

tg `kh plsl`g `k h iokrtl`. Lsê ke Fghle`l, dgjg ke




?60 L H O K _ @ I

Ienhltkrrl y hl Ljéridl letks ienhksl g Kstl`gs

u e i ` g s .

Ke hl Kurgpl hlt iel, jkriìgelh y dltôh idl, hl rk

vghudiôe fl s i`g hl ievkrsiôe y lorgnldiôe `kh let inug

rénijke `k gprksiôe y `kspgtisjg, pgr ue rénijke `k

h iokrtl`. Kh `gohk dljoig fl rkqukri`g ue `gohk trl

olmg `k `kjghidiôe y `ksdgjpgsidiôe `k hg plsl`g, y

aue`ldiôe y rkdgestruddiôe `k ue eukvg rénijke `ksdgegdi`g `k h iokrtl`.

Hl rkvghudiôe fl s i`g elturlhjketk hl hudfl `k `gs

rknêjkeks, `k `gs sgdik`l`ks, `k `gs priedipigs letl

ngeistls y r ivlhks . Ksl hudfl sk fl ìst ienui`g pgr

lh tkrelt ivls `k v idtgril y `k `krrgtl `kh ueg sgorkkh gtrg `k hgs `gs ôr`keks `k sgdik`l`ks okh inkrle

tks. L uequk yl skduh lr , ks t ì h k mgs `k v krsk t krji

el`l.

Ke hl Kurgpl `kh Tur, kh let inug rénijke eg sk

eiknl l sê jisjg, eg ìsijuhl sus priedipigs y prktke

sigeks3 ke hl Ljéridl `kh Tur eg ks lsê . Kh let inug

rénijke, eg t ikek ole`krl ei prktkeìketks `k rkstlu

rldiôe. Eg fly ue plrt i`g quk prktke`l rkiestlhlr khrénijke dghgeilh , ei vghvkr l hl gokìkedil y `kpke

`kedil `k Ksplül, ei rkdgestruir kh `kspgtisjg ke quk

sk aue`lrge y v iv ikrge sus kstl`gs, letks ksplüghks.

Pg`gs dgeaiksle y prgaksle qukrkr y quikrke kh dlj

oig, pkrg l dgeìdiôe `k v iv ir h iorks dgjg vivikrge

dghgegs. Qivir olmg kh eukvg rénijke ksdritg, dgeskr

vle`g kh let inug rénijke kxistketk `k fkdfg y v ir-

tulhjketk. @k lquê tljoiée uel vi`l `k hudfl `k `gs





jét g`gs `k v i`l , dgjg ke Kurgpl3 pkrg eg ke h ls

jisjls dgeìdigeks.

Kh let inug rénijke t ikek plrt i`lrigs y prktkeìke

tks l su rkstlohkdijiketg ke hl Kurgpl hlt iel, pgrquk

tuvg nrle`kzls, quk hk `le `krkdfgs l ksl prktkesiôe.

L éh `kok Kurgpl su d iv i h izldiôe jg`krel. Ke Tu`-

Ljéridl eg hgs t ikek ei puk`k tkekrhgs, pgrquk su pl

sl`g aué ue rénijke `k sumkdiôe y vlslhhlmk iekptg yvkrngezgsg, quk el`l aue`ô pgr s i , ei ke su egjork

prgpig `k Ngoikreg ljkridleg, s ieg dgjg iestrujke

tg plsivg `kh Ngoikreg kxôt idg `k Ksplül, y plrl su

nrle`kzl y prgv kdfg kxd h us iv gs .

L rrgml`l Ksplül `kh eukv g jue`g, h gs quk aukrge

prgvkdfgs y okekaid igs plrl su dgrgel, plslrge l skr

hg plrl hls d iu`l`ks, hgdlh i`l`ks y auedigelrigs quk

tuvikrge kh plpkh `k l`jieistrlrhgs y kxphgtlrhgs keegjork y ke prgvkdfg `k Ksplül, y quk fle dgeti

eul`g tkeiée`ghgs y ìsarutìe`ghgs ke egjork y prg

vkdfg `k hls jisjls hgdlh i`l`ks, s ie `lr duketl `k

khhgs l hl eldiôe lrnketiel dgjg eukvl sgokrlel, lsê

dgjg hls `lole l su let inug sgokrleg kh _ky `k Ks

plül.

@k lfê hl hudfl quk vivk ke kh age`g `k hl jg`kr

el fistgril dgetkjpgrìekl `k Tur Ljéridl, eg ketrk

`gs ôr`keks `k priedipigs, sieg ketrk `gs ôr`keks `k

fkdfgs3 eg ketrk `gs sistkjls, sieg ketrk `gs ietkrk

sks, l slo kr= kh pýoh idg y jg` kreg, y kh hg dl h y ru

t ielrig.

Hg s dketrgs dlpitlhks `kh- Rg `k r ksplügh ke L j ér i

dl dgetieulrge siée`ghg `kspués `k hl ie`kpke`kedil,

dge kstl plrtiduhlri`l`, `k quk sike`g hl lutgri`l`nkekrlh eukvl ue Rg`kr `ksdgegdi`g tg`lvêl lue `k




? 6 1 L H O K _ @ I

hgs jisjgs jikjorgs `k hl eldiôe, hgs dketrgs dlpi

tlhks sk kedgetrlrge ke dikrtg jg`g dgjg pg`krks

ùkügs losghutgs `k plêsks, `k dgsls y `k pgohldigeks,

`k quk sôhg krle dketrgs.

Lsê ks dgjg `k dl`l uel `k hls nrle`ks skddigeks

dghgeilhks, sk agrjô ue eukvg kstl`g lhrk`k`gr `k su

letinug dketrg dghgeilh 3 y hl rlzôe pgr qué dl`l dke

trg dlpitlh kedgetrô rksistkedils plrl fldkrsk l`jit ir dlpitlh y dketrg `k hl jg`krel eldiôe, dgjg hg

floêl si`g `k hl letinul, ks `kdir, `k Ksplül. Krt

tg`ls plrtks fuog letlngeisjg ketrk hls dlpitlhks

`k hgs eukvgs Kstl`gs sgokrlegs y hls prgviedils ie

tknrletks `k dl`l ueg `k ksgs kstl`gs.

Ksk aué gtrg jgtivg `k hudfl quk pkrturoô hl gorl

`k hl grnleizldiôe `k hls eukvls rkpýoh idls ke Kstl`gs

dgjpldtgs, `gtl`gs `k hl uei`l` quk `koêl `lr v ingry aukrzl l sus eukvgs Ngoikregs. @k lfê hl ìvis iôl

ke judfgs `k kh hgs ketrk ak`krlhks y ueitlrigs.

Hl lelh gn êl `k h l rkv gh ud iôe `k h l L jéridl jkri

ìgelh hlt iel y dltôh idl dge hl rkvghudiôe `k hl Kurg

pl jkriìgelh, hltiel y dltôhidl, eg `kml `k kxistir-

pgrqué hgs Kstl`gs `k Kurgpl eg fuoikske si`g dghg

eils `k gt rgs Kst l`gs dgjg aukrge h gs `k Tu`ljé-

ridl. Ke uel dgsl dgiedi`êle sus dgeìdigeks `k kxis

tkedil, olmg kh letinug rénijke, y ks hl `kpke`kedil

losghutl, ke quk hgs pukohgs ljkridlegs kstlole rks

pkdtg `kh Ngoikreg `k Ksplül, quk hgs aue`ô dgjg sus

dghgeils, y hgs pukohgs `k Kurgpl, `k sus prgpigs-

Ngoikregs losghutgs, i h ijitl`gs y gjeipgtketks.





Ke ljogs dgetieketks, hl rkvghudiôe prgdhljô dl

okzl hg quk krl kxtrkjg ieakrigr, y dghgdô kh Rg`kr

sgokrleg y suprkjg ke hls jlegs quk eg floêle tk

ei`g gtrg gaidig y auediôe grnìeidl, ke hg plsl`g, quk

kmkdutlr hl vghuetl` y kh pkesljiketg `k hgs quk pl

slole l skr inulhks l sus ieakrigrks ke kh rénijke ie

vkrsg drkl`g pgr hl rkvghudiôe.

@k lfê kh kstl`g pkrjleketk `k hudfl ketrk hgs rkstgs y trlìdigeks `k hgs `gs rknêjkeks, quk prksketl

kh `kslrrghhg y hl jlrdfl `k hl grnleizldiôe sgdilh

jg`krel ke ljogs jue`gs dltôh idgs y hlt iegs3 y quk

eg tikek ei puk`k tkekr hunlr ke hl jlrdfl `k hgs

Kst l`gs skpt ket r igelh ks y sl mgeks , `k Kurgpl y L jé

ridl, sieg ke ue nrl`g lpkels pkrdkptiohk.

Hl Ljéridl hlt iel y dltôh idl t ikek, s ie kjolrng,

uel vketlml ke kstk puetg sgork hl Kurgpl hlt iel ydltôhidl= ks quk eg tikek ìelstêls, ei prktkeìketks

ìeìst idgs lh Ngoikreg `k hgs Kstl`gs kjledipl`gs `k

Ksplül, quk `ka ike`le y jletkenle dgjg suyg kh le

t inug rénijke `k su ngoikreg.

Hl sgokrleêl `kh pukohg g hl `kjgdrldil ks kh rk

suh tl`g egrjlh y hônidg `k hl luskedil y `k hl ijpg

sioih i`l` `k rkstlohkdkr g drklr ìelstêls rkprksketl

t ivls `kh v ikmg rénijke, dge`kel`g, `ksdgegdi`g, jìs

quk `kstrui`g pgr hl rkvghudiôe, quk hg fl rkkjphl

zl`g pgr ue eukvg rénijke `k Ngoikreg `kjgdrìt idg,

prgdhljl`g ks vkr`l`, ksdritg, sledigel`g, jìs oike,

quk kstlohkdi`g. Hl `kjgdrldil g hl sgokrleêl y kh

Ngoikreg `kh pukohg ks ue fkdfg quk eg sk prgùdk

`k ijprgvisg pgr ue `kdrktg. Tu drkldiôe ks gorl hlr

nl y hketl3 gorl `kh t ikjpg, `k hl aukrzl `k hls dg

sls y `k hl rlzôe y dgevkeikedil `k hls pkrsgels `k




?66 L H O K _ @ I

quk sk dgjpgek kh pukohg, h hljl`g l hl sgokrleêl `k

sê jisjg.

K h iedgevk eiketk quk `k oih itl kstl vk etl ml `k hl

Ljéridl hlt iel `k eg tkekr ìelst êls ei jgelrdls, quk

`kaike`le dgjg suyg kh let inug rénijke `kspôtidg y

gjeipgt ket k `k ngoikreg3 ks quk pgr h l aukrzl elt u

rlh `k hls dgsls, hgs rkyks y jgelrdls losghutgs quk

alh tle sge rkkjphlzl`gs `k fkdfg y pgr hl ekdksi`l``k ue Ngoikreg y `k ue gr`ke dulhquikrl, pgr hgs

fgjorks duh jielet ks dgjg nukrrkrgs , dgjg prgpik

t l r i g s , dgjg sloigs, dgjg lvketurkrgs lu`ldks, quk

ievgdle`g hl lutgri`l` jisjl `kh pukohg sgokrleg, sk

lpg`krle `k sus jkìgs `k ngoikreg, rkdgestruyke

dge kh hgs kh losghutisjg `kh Ngoikreg rklhistl loghi`g, y

ke egjork `k hl rkpýoh idl y `k hl `kjgdrldil `kh puk

o hg , jletikeke lh pukohg sgokrleg ke hl jisjl dgeìdiôe quk tkeêl s ike`g pukohg-dghgeil `k Ksplül, ks

`kdir , gokìketk y sujisg lh Ngoikreg `k hl pltril,

ke quk kh sgokrleg pukohg eg t ikek jìs quk uel plr

t id ipldiôe egjielh , lplrketk k irr isgril.

Hl jlygr g jkegr aldi h i`l` `k quk kstk `ksvêg sk

prgùzdl, v ikek `kh jg`g `k skr `kh pukohg, `k hl agr

jl `kh sukhg y `k hgs hunlrks quk dgedurrke l hl prg

ùddiôe y dgetrioudiôe `k hgs rkdursgs `k pg`kr kdgeôjidg dge quk hl lutgri`l` kxistketk ngoikrel. Ksgs

rkdursgs dgest ituyke su pg`kr g ngoikreg `k fkdfg,

quk, elturlhjketk, t ikek quk skr gjeipgtketk k i h i

jitl`g dgjg krl dule`g krl jgeìrquidg, s i hgs rk

dursgs `k pg`kr y ngoikreg ketrknl`gs l ue ngokrel

`gr rkpuoh idleg sge hgs jisjgs quk ketrknlole lh rky

g l su v irrky, plrl kmkrdkr su ngoikreg losghutg y gj

eêjg`g, sgork kh pukohg `k dghgegs.




GO_LT TKHKDPLT

Kh eukvg ngokrel`gr `kjgdrìt idg tke`rì hgs jisjgs rkdursgs `k pgìkr gjeipgtketk y gjeêjg`g, quk

tkeêl kh v i rrky jgelrquist l , si floitl y ngoikrel ke hl

diu`l` y dge hls jisjls iestitudigeks quk aukrge dge

dkoi`ls dge kh aie `k fldkr trlkr y dgedketrlr ke hls

jlegs `kh Ngoikreg nkekrlh gjeêjg`g `kh v i r r k y , hgs

rkdursgs kdgeôjidgs `kh R g ` k r `kh plês ketkrg.

Kst g ks hg quk sk vkriaidl ke hl _kpýoh idl L rnket iel ,

pgr kmkjphg, `ge`k kh Ngoikreg jgeìrquidg ke dule

tg losghutg y gjeêjg`g quk kmkrdêl olmg kh let inug

rénijke kh ngokrel`gr nkekrlh y v i rrky `k t g`ls hls

prgviedils, fl sknui`g kxist ike`g olmg kh eukv g rén i

jke, ke j l e g s `kh Ngoikreg g ngokrel`gr `k Oukegs

L i r k s , dlpitlh g dketrg pgh ê t idg, pukrtg, lùlel, tk

sgrkrêl, Oledg `k tg`ls hls prgviedils, dgeskrvle`g,

l pkslr `k hl nkekrlh i`l` `k su pg`kr ke t g`ls hls

prgviedils quk a g r j l e kh virrkyeltg, kh sijphk egj

ork `k ngokrel`gr y Ngoikreg `k hl prgv ied il `k O u k

egs Lirks.

Hl nkekrlh i`l` `k su pg`kr `k fkdfg sgork tg`l

hl eldiôe, rksi`k ke hl nkekrlh i`l` `k hgs rkdursgs

eldigelhks `k pg`kr quk dgedketrl ke sus jlegs , dg

jg hgs dgedketrlol kh ngokrel`gr virrky, pgr rksuhtl

`g `k hl dgjph kxiôe y dget kxt url quk kh plês rkdioiô `khNgoikreg `k Ksplül, plrl okekaid ig kxdhusivg `k su

dgrgel, eg plrl kh `k sus dghgegs `kh _êg `k hl Rhltl.

Kh rksuhtl`g `k ksl grnleizldiôe g ìspgsidiôe, quk

kh eukvg rénijke fl `l`g l hls dgsls flstl fgy, ks

quk kh eukvg Ngoikreg dgetieýl tkeike`g tg`gs hgs rk

dursgs `k pg`kr , quk grinielriljketk rkdioiô plrl ng

okrelr `kspôtidljketk l uel dghgeil, quk `kspués ek

dksitô dgeskrvlr plrl slduìr hl `gjieldiôe `k Ks-

G O I Ê L T T I Ê H I Ê D I L T. ‐ P g j g Q . < )




?ng L H O K _ @ I

plül y dgequistlr su ie`kpke`kedil, quk `kspués `k

gotkei`l hl ie`kpke`kedil g h iokrtl` kxtkrigr, dgeskr

v ô , olmg _gsls, plrl `gjielr lh plês ke egjork `k hl

h iokrtl`, dgjg hg `gjielole hgs v irrkyks, ke egjork

`kh _ky `k Ksplül.

Kh Rg`kr dgequistl`g l Ksplül eg hg t ikek kh plês ,

sieg kh Ngoikreg. Y sike`g ksk pg`kr kh jisjg quk

letks krl ke kxgroitledil hl h iokrtl` ieìviùlh, ks `kdir, hl `kh diu`l`leg rkspkdtg `kh Ngoikreg, kstì tle

lusketk `kh plês olmg kh eukvg rénijke, dgjg hg ks

tuvg olmg kh let inug. Hgs rkdursgs `k pg`kr `k hl el

diôe ketkrl dgetieýle ke jlegs, eg `kh pukohg `k Ouk

egs Lirks, s ieg `kh Ngoikreg `k Oukegs Lirks, g jìs

oike, `k hl pgrdiôe ngokreletk `k ksl prgviedil kx jk

trôpghi `k `krkdfg ke hg plsl`g y jktrôpghi `k fkdfg

ke hl ldtulhi`l`.Yl sk vk quk lph idljgs hls dgesi`krldigeks nkek

rlhks y ljkridlels quk prkdk`ke l hl _kpýoh idl Lr

nketiel y su dgeìdiôe prksketk. Hl dgeìdiôe `kh puk

ohg `k Oukegs Lirks eg ks ìstietl `k hl dgeìdiôe `kh

pukohg `k hls prgviedils, ke prkskedil `kh Ngoikreg `k

Oukegs Lirks, pgskk`gr kxdhusivg `k hgs rkdursgs quk

kh v ikmg rénijke hk drkô y grnleizô plrl éh , dgjg rk

prksketletk `kh _ky `k Ksplül.

Eg olstl quk kh pukohg g hl `kjgdrldil `k Oukegs

Lirks skl hl jìs i hustrl`l, hl jìs pltrigtl, hl jìs

hiokrlh `k tg`g kh plês lrnketieg3 si kh hl `kml tg`l hl

sujl `k sus rkdursgs `k pg`kr ke jlegs `k su Ng

oikreg iejkìltg y hgdlh , v ikek l skr uel `kjgdrldil

tle lmkel y `kseu`l `k h iokrtl`, dgjg hg krl ksk jis

jg pukohg dule`g krl dghgeil `k Ksplül.




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T ? 9 <

Hl `kjgdrldil g kh pukohg `k Oukegs Lirks ks rklh

jketk ue akeôjkeg `kh tg`g kxdkpdigelh ke Tu`-

L jéridl3 dgjg ks kxdkpd igelh jket k iedgjplrloh k su

situldiôe nkgnrìaidl, quk pgr sê sghl hk lsknurl ke tg

`gs t ikjpgs uel pgohldiôe l`khletl`l, duhtl, hlogrig

sl, y ue prgnrksg tle sknurg quk ks l prukol `k `ks

pgt isjg, `k nukrrls y `k lelrquêl dlsi pkrjleketk. Hl

rlzôe priediplh `k kh hg ks quk sk dgjpgek, ke su jitl`dlsi , `k iejinrletks quk prgdk`ke `k hl Kurgpl jìs

duitl, ei jìs ei jkegs quk l Eukvl Ygrc, hl dulh kù

dl g kìaidl l hl gtrl jitl` eltivl, ke hl prìdtidl y

kmkrdidig `k hl vi`l divih izl`l.

Ke kstk sketi`g, y pgr kstl dlusl, hl `kjgdrldil `k

Oukegs Lirks ks uel pkrhl, uel prkdigsi`l` pgh ê t idl,

dlplz `k fldkr hl prgspkri`l` `k tg`ls hls gtrls prg

viedils lrnketiels, ke riqukzl, ke ngoikreg y ke divih izldiôe, l kstl dgeìdiôe sitik qul ege, l slokr= hl

`k eg dgeaueìr l hl `kjgdrldil `k Oukegs Lirks dge

kh Ngoikreg `k Oukegs Lirks, ei l kstk Ngoikreg dge

kh pukohg, dule`g sk trltl `k hl prgùddiôe y ìstri

oudiôe `kh age`g nkekrlh y pkriôìdg `kh sukhg y `kh

trlolmg `kh pukohg `k Oukegs Lirks y `kh pukohg `k hls

gtrls prgviedils quk, muetls tg`ls, dgjpgeke hg quk

sk h hljl kh pukohg lrnketieg.Hl sgh i`lri`l` `k ietkrksks `kh pukohg `k Oukegs

Lirks dge kh pukohg `k hls gtrls prgviedils ks dgj

ph kt l3 eg lsê dge su Ng oikre g, quk tikek ue l sukrtk

lplrtk y privihknil`l, pgr su dgestitudiôe trlìdigelh

y `k grinke dghgeilh , jkìletk hl dulh kh pukohg vivk

y auedigel plrl utih i`l` y okekaidig `kh Ngoikreg, pkrg

eg vidkvkrsl.

Oukegs Lirks eg puk`k skr ridg sie quk hg skle hgs




?n? L H O K _ @ I

gtrgs pukohgs lrnketiegs, ei puk`k skr pgork sie quk

hg skle hgs gtrgs. Eg fly letlngeisjg ketrk kh hgs. Rkrg

sê hg fly ketrk kh pukohg quk prgùdk tg`gs hgs rk

dursgs y kh Ngoikreg, quk hgs losgrok tg`gs, `kmle`g

lh pukohg kjpgorkdi`g, ijpgtketk y sgjkti`g. Kh Ng

oikreg ks r idg y aukrtk dge hl agrtuel `kh pukohg3 kh

pukohg, quk hl prgùdk, hudfl l jkeu`g dge hls pk

eurils `k hl ksdlskz.Kstg sudk`k ke aukrzl, eg `k quk hgs ngokreletks

`k Oukegs Lirks skle jlhgs, s ieg `k hl dgetkxturl gr

nìeidl y grinielril `k su Ngoikreg, quk ks, ke suos

tledil, hl `kh rénijke fkrk`l`g l Ksplül, pgr kh dulh

kxistêl kh pukohg plrl okekaidig y prgvkdfg `kh Ngoikr

eg dghgeizl`gr, eg kh Ngoikreg plrl kh pukohg dghgeg

y trioutlrig. Hls iestitudigeks sge hls jlhls, eg hgs

fgjorks, eg hls pkrsgels `k hgs quk ngoikrele g sge.ngokrel`gs pgr kh hls lue ke kh Rg`kr jisjg.

Hgs fgjorks jisjgs, dge sus `kakdtgs, sge kh prg

ùdtg `k ksls iest itudigeks, dgjg ngokreletks. Kstk ks

kh sketi`g `k hl rknhl quk kxphidl l hgs fgjorks `k

ksgs plêsks pgr hls dgsls, eg hls dgsls pgr hgs fgj

ork. Ks dujphijketlr l hgs fgjorks pgh ê t idgs kh ltr i

ouirhks kh pg`kr drkl`gr `k agrjlr l hls dgsls3 sge

hls iestitudigeks pghêt idls `k Oukegs Lirks hls quk pgeke ke jlegs `k su Ngoikreg hl sujl `k hgs rkdursgs

kdgeôjidgs `k pg`kr pghêt idg y rketêstidg, eg sôhg `kh

pukohg `k hls prgviedils lrnketiels, sieg `kh pukohg

jisjg `k h l prgv ied il `k Oukegs L irks . Eg fly jlygr

krrgr quk kh quk pl`kdke hgs quk pikesle quk Oukegs

L i r k s , ks `kdir, su pgohldiôe, lprgvkdfl y pkrdiok hg

quk ksls vikml s iestitudigeks fkrk `l` ls l urP tikjp g

y rénijke `k gprksiôe, quitle l hls prgviedils lrnée-





t iels . Hl prijkrl, duyg pukohg pl`kdk ksk `kspgmg

g vkmljke, ks hl jisjl prgviedil `k Oukegs Lirks,

ks `kdir, su pukohg, y tg`g hg quk kh hl pikr`k dge hls

`kjìs, vl l jlegs `k su Ngoikreg.

Kh jlh eg skrêl ue jlh si hgs rkdursgs `kh pukohg

lrnketieg vieikske lh pukohg `k Oukegs Lirks3 pgrquk

hl r iqukzl `kh pukohg `k Oukegs Lirks flrêl hl `kh

pukohg lrnketieg, `k quk ks su jikjorg ietknrletk ysgh i`lrig ke agrtuels prôspkrls y ldilnls.

Ksl losgrdiôe y dgedketrldiôe ks ue jlh pýohidg,

pgrquk hl r iqukzl y pg`kr aisdlhks `k hls prgviedils

tg`ls, y `k hl jisjl prgviedil `k Oukegs Lirks, plsl

ketkrljketk l jlegs `k su Ngoikreg hgdlh , quk vikek

l skr pgr rksuhtl`g `k kh hg, kh Ngoikreg gjeipgtketk,

i h ijitl`g y losghutg, eg sôhg `kh pukohg `k Oukegs Li

rks, sieg `kh pukohg lrnketieg tg`g ketkrg, dgjg skvig `k jleiaikstg ke kh pkrêg`g ke quk _gsls kmkrdiô

`k arketk tg`g kh pg`kr `k quk ks dlplz kh Ngoikreg hg

dlh `k Oukegs Lirks.

Ksls sge hls iestitudigeks quk ks prkdisg dljoilr,

eg sôhg ke prgvkdfg `k hl eldiôe, sieg `k hl jisjl

Oukegs Lirks, quk ks su prijkrl v êdt ijl, dgjg jìs

iejk`iltljketk sgjkti`l l kh hls, y sumktl l sus kakd

tgs `kslstrgsgs sgork hl h iokrtl` y hl riqukzl `kh plês.

Ks `k ekdksi`l` gpkrlr ksk dljoig dge hl plz, rks

pktg y dgeviddiôe quk fldke akdue`gs y kaidldks ksgs

dljoigs, plrl quk hl rkvghudiôe g sustitudiôe `k ue

rénijke letinug, `k gprksiôe y pgorkzl, pgr ueg euk

vg `k gpuhkedil y h iokrtl`, sk vukhvl ue fkdfg rklh ,

ke hunlr `k skr uel prgjksl, dgjg hg ks ldtulhjketk.

Rkrg plrl dljoilrhgs ks prkdisg skülhlrhgs, kxph idlrhgs, dgegdkrhgs.




? 90 L H O K _ @ I

Ks hl prijkrl plrtk `kh trlolmg `k hl rkdgestrud

diôe `k rénijke `k ngoikreg ke kh Rhltl rkpuoh idleg

y jg`kreg. Hl sknue`l, `kspués `k dgegdkr hg quk

`kok skr dljoil`g y pgr qué `kok skrhg, vikek l skr

kh kstuìg `k hls iestitudigeks quk `koke rkkjphlzlr l

hls vikmls.

Rkrg kstk ýh t ijg trlolmg `k rkdgestruddiôe kxink `gs

d g s l s = Rrijkrl, ietkh inkedil ke hls dgsls `k kstl`g,dikedil y kstuìg `k sus aue`ljketgs kskedilhks, hlr

ngs kstuìgs `k l`jieistrldiôe3 ke aie, kh slokr quk

eg fle tkei`g flstl fgy sus fgjorks pgiê`dgs. Tknue

`l, hl kspkrl, t ikjpg y pldikedil quk kxink hl agrjl

diôe `k hgs fìoitgs `k ngoikreg y hl trlesagrjldiôe

`k hls rknhls ke dgstujorks lrrlinl`ls.

Egsgtrgs fkjgs dgjkezl`g pgr kh a ie , ks `kdir , pgr

hl pghêtidl3 ks `kdir, hl lphidldiôe `kh rénijke quk `koijgs dgjkezlr pgr aue`lr, ke hunlr `kh rénijke log

h i`g sghljketk ke tkgrêl.

Hl ieidiltivl `k kstgs trlolmgs pkrtkekdk lh pukohg,,

ke duyg prgvkdfg y jkmgrljiketg sge ekdkslrigs y

`koke gpkrlrsk.

Hgs ngokreletks eg `koke pgekr hl jleg ke kh hgs,

pgrquk su ietkrés kstì h inl`g lh jletkeijiketg `k hls

vikmls iest itudigeks, quk dgestruyke lh plês lh plhl`lr `kh Ngoikreg y plrl su okekaid ig kxdhusivg.

@k hgs fgjorks slh i`gs `kh pukohg jìs ksdgni`g, hgs

quk lspirle g kspkrle skr Ngoikreg, sge tle iedgjpk

tketks dgjg hgs ngokreletks, pgrquk uel vkz ketrl`gs

lh Ngoikreg, hls iestitudigeks vidigsls hks `lrêle tg`g

hg quk lrrkoltle lh plês.

Hgs kx ngokreletks sge uel rksistkedil plrl tg`l

rkagrjl tke`ketk l ìsjieuir hl kxgroitledil `kh Rg-





`kr. Pg`g kh quk fl kstl`g ke kh Ngoikreg, lspirl l

vghvkr l éh , dge jìs vkfkjkedil quk kh quk euedl

hg gdupô.

Ti hl `kjgdrldil fl `k quk`lr `kaieitivljketk ke

hls prgviedils lrnketiels, ùkül y sgokrlel `k sê jis

jl, hl `k Oukegs Lirks fl `k skr kh priedipig, jg`khg

y kmk `k ksk dljoig, l hl dgeìdiôe ìdfl `k eg dge

aueìr , dule`g sk trltl `k Oukegs Lirks, l su pukohgdge su ngoikreg, puks `koke l hl dgestitudiôe elturlh

`k su grinke dghgeilh kh skr letêpg`ls y letlngeistls

ke `kstieg kh ueg y kh gtrg.

Ti su pukohg puk`k skr kh jkmgr jg`khg `k `kjg

drldil lrnketiel, pgr hgs khkjketgs jg`kregs `k su

dgjpgsidiôe, quk sge hgs jisjgs `k Eukvl Ygrc g

Aihl`kh a il , pgr kmkjphg, kh Ngoikreg `k Oukegs Lirks

ks y skrì kh pkgr jg`khg `k prgviedil, pgr hl hky `ksu grinke, quk el`l tikek `k fghle`és ei slmôe, dgjg

kh `k Eukv l Ygrc y Rkesi h v leil3 dgjg Ngoikreg lo

sgroketk `k hls aukrzls `k tg`g kh plês, quk `koêl tk

ekr sgjkti`g plrl hl dgrgel `k Ksplül, dgest itui`g

dge ksk prgpôsitg `k su prgpig keriqukdijiketg y pg

`kr, dgeagrjk lh pkesljiketg gaidilh y a isdlh dge quk

aué grnleizl`g pgr Ksplül plrl skrvidig y prgvkdfg

`k su Dgrgel, eg `kh pukohg `k sus dghgegs. Rlrl kskprgpôsitg y `kstieg hk ìg Ksplül hl dgest itudiôe g

dgjphkxiôe grnìeidl jìs prgpil y l`kdul`l lh `kskj

pküg `k su plpkh aue`ljketlh . Ksl dgjphkxiôe fl sg

orkvkei`g l hl `gjieldiôe ksplüghl, y dgetieule`g sir

vike`g lh eukvg Ngoikreg, ke okekaidig `k sus `kpgsi

tlr igs , eg `kh pukohg `k su jle`g.

Hl `kjgdrldil `k Oukegs Lirks, dge tg`ls sus ok

h hls dulhi`l`ks, kstì ngokrel`l y rkprksketl`l pgr hl




?n1 L H O K _ @ I

iestitudiôe `k ue Ngoikreg hgdlh , kskedilhjketk ij

pkrilh y gjeipgtketk pgr hl elturlhkzl y lhdledk `k sus

alduhtl`ks `k fkdfg, uel `k hls dulhks olstl plrl fl

dkrhg jkrkdk`gr `k ksk egjork, y ksl ks hl alduhtl`

g pg`kr `k hkvletlr kjpréstitgs eldigelhks, `k dlrìd

tkr agrzgsg, sie vktg, h ijitldiôe, ei dgetrgh `k hl el

diôe, pgr hl kjisiôe `k su `ku`l-pl pkh-jge k`l-hknlh g

hiokrltgril, ks `kdir, quk tg`gs kstìe agrzl`gs l dgjprlr dge su agrtuel, si quikrke tkekr dge qué dgjprlr

su ple, su rgpl, vke`kr kh prg`udtg `k su trlolmg.

L s i , tg`g floitletk `k hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel puk

`k skr agrzl`g l prkstlr su agrtuel lh Ngoikreg `k

Ouk egs L irk s, s ie quk kh Dge nrksg eldigelh jisjg

puk`l kjolrlzlr ei kmkrdkr ksk pg`kr.

Dge ksl y gtrls alduhtl`ks pgr ksk gr`ke, kh Ng

oikreg `k Oukegs Lirks t ikek ke sus jlegs tg`l hl sujl `kh Rg`kr pýohidg, eg sôhg `kh pukohg `k Oukegs

L i r k s , sieg `kh pukohg lrnketieg tg`g ketkrg, dge hg

dulh tg`g kh pukohg uei`g quk`l privl`g `k su pg`kr

iejk`iltg `k ngokrelrsk l sê jisjg, hg quk vlhk `k

dir `k su riqukzl y `k su h iokrtl`, dgevkrti`l tg`l ke

riqukzl y pg`kr aisdlh `kh Ngoikreg, quk ke gtrg t ikj

pg aué kmkrdi`g pgr ue virrky losghutg.

Gtrg `k hgs iedgevkeiketks g rksistkedil dge quk tik

ek quk hudf lr hl sghudiôe `kh p rgohkj l `kj gdrìtidg

ke Oukegs Lirks, v ikek `k quk hgs `kpgsitlrigs y tkek

`grks `kh Ngoikreg, sge pkrsgels quk slhke y agrjle

plrtk `kh pukohg `k Oukegs Lirks, ke quk duketle dge

kh lpgyg elturlh `k sus jih rkhldigeks y vêeduhgs `k

aljihil, `k ietkrksks, `k ljistl`, `k dgevkeikedil pri

vl`l, ktd.

Rgr ngoikreg `k Oukegs Lirks ket ike`g hl l`ji-




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T ? 9 >

eistrldiôe tg`l ketkrl `k ksl prgviedil, dgesi`krl`l ke

kh dgemuetg `k tg`ls sus rljls, y ke tg`gs hgs nrl`gs

`k su mkrlrquêl l`jieistrlt ivl3 l quk sk lnrknl kh

kmérditg hgdlh , hgs pkesigel`gs y tg`gs hgs quk vivke

`k lhnýe jg`g `kh Ngoikreg.

Y luequk lsê dgesi`krl`g, tg`g ksk Oukegs Lirks

gaidilh y nuokreljketlh , pgr eujkrgsg quk skl, eg ks

jìs quk uel jiegrêl dgjplrl`g dge hl tgtlh i`l` `khpukohg `k hl prgviedil `k Oukegs Lirks, quk, s ie kj

olrng, dgeùdk l hl jlygrêl, pgrquk hl ngoikrel, eg

sôhg pgrquk hk t ikek su lutgri`l` `khknl`l, sieg pgr

quk hk t ikek sus jkìgs y rkdursgs kdgeôjidgs `k pg

`kr kakdt ivg, jkìletk hl dgjphkxiôe grnìeidl `k hl

letinul dghgeil lrjl `l y jge tl`l ke rkp ýo h idl3 s ie

kjolrng, ue letlngeisjg rlìdlh y prgaue`g ìvi`k

l sus ietkrksks y hgs jletikek ke uel hudfl sgr`l yhltketk, quk sk trlùdk pgr ue jlhkstlr ie`kaiei`g, puks

kh ueg nrlvitl ke ue sketi`g ìljktrlhjketk gpuks

tg lh quk sinuk kh gtrg= kh Ngoikreg tike`k l agrtia i

dlrsk y keriqukdkrsk l sê jisjg dge hl riqukzl y kh pg

`kr `kh pukohg3 kh pukohg t ike`k l dgeskrvlr hl r iquk

zl y pg`kr quk hk pkrtkekdk, dgjg prgùdtg `k su trl

olmg, `k su t ikrrl y `k su dlpitlh prgpigs. Hl kspkrle

zl `kh pgrvkeir `kjgdrìtidg `ksdlesl ke quk ksl hudfltikek, lh a ie, quk tkrjielr pgr kh triueag y lsdkeìke

tk `kh pukohg, aukrtk `k tg`g Rg`kr y `k tg`g Ngoikr

e g. Ti eg ke ue sghg `êl, lh jkegs `êl pgr `êl, ke kh

dursg uhtkrigr `k su vi`l pghêt idl.

Jiketrls vikek kh `êl `k hl vidtgril, ksl hudfl skrì

hl `k hl v i`l jisjl `kh pukohg `k Oukegs Lirks. Pg`g

Ngoikreg aue`l`g ke hl olsk `kh letinug rénijke `k

losgrdiôe losghutl `k hl vitlh i`l` y pg`kr `kh pukohg




?96 L H O K _ @ I

`k su jle`g, dlkrì dgjg dlyô kh `k Ksplül ke <6<23

dgjg dlyô kh `k _gsls, quk krl su rkstlurldiôe, ke

< 6 ; ? 3 dgjg kstìe dlyke`g y dlkrìe hgs Ngoikregs rk

dgestrui`gs uhtkrigrjketk sgork su phle y sistkjl `k

drépitg, vighketg y ruiegsg `k tg`g prgnrksg sôhi`g y

pkrjleketk `kh pukohg `k Oukegs Lirks y `kh pukohg

lrnketieg, duygs `kstiegs sge i`éetidgs y sghi`lrigs.

Kh pukohg `k Oukegs Lirks ks hl kxprksiôe `k hl`kjgdrld il lrnket iel , su v lenulrìl , su h gdgjgt grl3

ke tletg quk kh Ngoikreg `k Oukegs Lirks, dgjg ies

titudiôe trlìdigelh, ks y t ikek quk skr hl rkjgrl `k hl

`kjgdrldil `kh Rhltl, ks `kdir , `kh eukvg rénijke `k

kxistkedil h iork `k ksgs pukohgs.

Rkrg sk ìrì= ·\ué pg`rì fldkr kh pukohg, `kslr

jl`g, dgetrl ue Ngoikreg kstlohkdi`g, lrrlinl`g y lr

j l ` g 7Eg sk trltl `k uel hudfl jihitlr, ei `k uel nukrrl

jltkrilh , sieg `k uel hudfl `kslrjl`l, pldêaidl, hknlh ,

`k prgnrksg elturlh y nrlùlh . Tk trltl `k uel kvg

hudiôe, eg `k uel rkvg hudiôe , ke kh sketi`g jg `kre g

quk hl sgdighgnêl `l l ksl plhlorl, quk ks kh `kslrrghhg,

prgnrksg.

Ke ksl hudfl vitlh , kh pukohg ks jìs pg`krgsg dule

tg jìs `kslrjl`g, pldêaidg y pldiketk. Tu dlusl kstìke jlegs `k hl elturlhkzl. Tus sgh`l`gs sge hgs pl

`rks `k aljihil, hgs quk lspirle l skrhg, tg`gs hgs ie

ìviùgs `kh gr`ke sgdilh , duyg iestietg y jôvih quk

`ktkrjiele su dgeùdtl sge hgs `k v iv ir , jkmgrlr, ke

nrle`kdkrsk, prgspkrlr. Ke hl nrle dljplül `kh prg

nrksg nkekrlh y dgjýe, dl`l ueg dgespirl ke alvgr `k

sê jisjg, `kh kenrle`kdijiketg, `kh jkmgrljiketg, `kh

keriqukdijiketg y oikekstlr `k su pkrsgel y aljihil.





Ksk kngêsjg elturlh , ie`kstrudtiohk, jgrlh , ks hl olsk

k iestrujketg elturlh `kh prgnrksg fujleg y kh gorkrg

`k tg`gs hgs l`khletgs sgdilhks, l prukol `k jlhgs Ng

oikregs y `k tg`g néekrg `k rksistkedils lrtia idilhks.

Hl jgrlh hg dgeslnrl, puks t ikek hl dgjueiôe `k hl

jisjl rkh in iôe drist ilel, quk prksdriok lh fgjork ljlr

sk l sê jisjg, l hl plr `k su prômijg. Eg sk puk`k, ak

h izjketk, slt isaldkr su prgpig kngêsjg , s ieg pg r hlsltisalddiôe `kh kngêsjg `k hgs gtrgs. Ks kstk kngêsjg

fgerl`g, eg kh pltrigtisjg, quk hls jìs vkdks eg ks sieg

kh kngêsjg sie fgerl`kz, kh quk fl kenrle`kdi`g l hgs

pukohgs nrle`ks y kh quk kstì h hljl`g l slhvlr hgs `ks

t iegs `kh pukohg lrnketieg, dgjg `k tg`l Tu`ljéridl,

dgetrl tg`gs hgs vidigs `k sus iestitudigeks ltrlsl`ls y

losur`ls, y hgs vidigs `k sus Ngoikregs jìs quk `k sus

ngokreletks. Ks kh quk fl prgùdi`g hl nrle`kzl `k hlLjéridl `kh Egrtk, pgohl`l `k ksl rlzl slmgel quk sk

ìst ienuk pgr ksk dui`l`g pru`ketk y ar êg `k su pkr

sgelh jkmgrljiketg, eg sôhg sie pkrmuidig, sieg dge hl

lyu`l `kh jkmgrljiketg lmkeg. Hgs quk ke hl ieùs

tril trlolmle pgr su prgpig lprgvkdfljiketg, fldke jìs

pgr kh oike `k hl pltril quk hgs pltrigtls `k prgaksiôe,,

quk ke kh Ngoikreg sôhg fldke su prgpig oike pkrsgelh,

ke `ktrijketg `k hl pltril, l vkdks sg prktkxtg `k skrvir hl . Rgr ksg kh pltrigtisjg kxlhtl`g ks sgspkdfgsg,,

dgjg hl dlri`l` akrviketk.

Pg`gs hgs Ngoikregs `'kh jue`g aukrge `k ksl êe`g

hk y dgeìdiôe ke tg`gs t ikjpgs ke quk kh pukohg `kmô

`k ietkrvkeir ke hl nkstiôe `k su vi`l sgdilh y dghkdti

vl ke prgtkddiôe `k su `krkdfg privl`g. Kh quk plsl

pgr kh jkmgr `k hgs Ngoikregs, y hg ks tlh vkz‐kh Ng

oikreg ienhés‐, aué, sknýe L`lj Tjitf, kh jìs ìsi-




422 L H O K _ @ I

pl`gr y `kstrudtgr `k hl agrtuel pýoh idl quk kh jue`gfl dgegdi`g3 pkrg kh pukohg ienhés, kenrle`kdi`g pgr

hl kekrnêl `k su prgpil hlogr ietkh inketk y sgstkei`l,

rkplrô sus kstrlngs, y hk ijpusg hgs dljoigs `k dge

ùdtl quk hk fle `l`g lh a ie hl ienkrkedil suprkjl y

sgokrlel quk kmkrdk ke hl dgeùdtl pghêt idl `k ksk plês

h iork, ridg y akh iz dgjg eienueg.

Kh prgnrksg `k Ienhltkrrl eg ks hl gorl `k sus Ng

oikregs, s ieg `k hl jleg hlogrigsl `k su pukohg jisjg3

ks `kdir, `k hgs ieìviùgs `k quk kh pukohg kstì agr

jl`g, lh dgjýe `k hgs dulhks pkrtkekdk kh fgegr `k hls

nrle`ks ieidilt ivls `kh Ngoikreg jisjg.

Kh pukohg `k Oukegs Lirks t ikek uel vketlml kspk

dilh ke kstl hudfl `k kjuhldiôe dge su Ngoikreg, y ks,

quk pgr su dgjphkxiôe rkpuhsivl `k tg`g kenrle`kdi

jiketg pgpuhlr, quk `kok l su grinke dghgeilh , su Ngoikreg trlol y fgstih izl l tg`gs hgs ietkrksks jìs kske

dilhks `k su prgnrksg, `k ue jg`g iedgesdiketk, iestie

t ivg , dkìke`g sghljketk l su vgdldiôe rlìdlhjketk

aisdlh y nuokreljketlh letks `k tg`g, y `kspués `k ksg,

sghljketk pltrigtl g pgpuhlr lhnuels vkdks.

K sg pgek hls sijpltêls y kh alv gr dgg pkrl tivg `k

tg`g kh jue`g div i h izl`g, `k plrtk `kh pukohg `k Oukegs

L i r k s , ke gpgsidiôe l su Ngoikreg dghgeilh , `k ue grinke jìs vikmg quk kh grinke rkvghudigelrig, jgetl`g

y lrjl`g ke rkpýohidl h iork, sie dljoilr su lrjlzôe

`k dghgeil losghut istl `k Ksplül. [e Ngoikreg rkpu

ohidleg, quk puk`k tg`g hg quk pg`êl dule`g krl rklhis

tl, pgr hls aukrz ls y ôrnl egs kdgeô jidgs y a ieledikrgs

dge quk kstì g sk jletikek agrjl`g, eg `kml hunlr

l quk skl h iork y ridg kh pukohg ijpgtketk `k su jle`g

gjeipgtketk pgr hl gjeipgtkedil `k sus jkìgs `k ngoikreg.




QII

H L DG ETP I P [DI Ô E L_N KEP I EL

Y H L @ K H G T K T P L @ G T [ E I @ G T

"^fle wih h rkpuoh idles ldcegwhk`nk tflt tfk ke` ga

lh h ngg` ngvkrejket is tfk sljk, tfgunf tfk jkles jly

ie`küeitkhy vlry7 Pfk ke` is flppielss, h iokrty, gr`kr

le` prgnrkss3 tfk jkles `kpke` ga tfk fistgry le`

dflrldtkr ga tfk dgeetriks tg ok ngvkrek`" ( i) .

Tlrjiketg eg ks `k hl gpieiôe `kh Pijks ke jltkril`k Ngoikreg h iork. ·Hgs aieks `k hl Dgestitudiôe lrnke

tiel sge i`éetidgs l hgs `k hl Dgestitudiôe `k hgs Kstl

`gs [ei`gs7 Hukng hgs letkdk`ketks fistôridgs `k Jl-

sldfussktts, `k Jlie, `k Dgekdtidut `koke skr hls rk

nhls `k Ngoikreg `k Tle Mule, `k Dôr`gol, `k Tletl

A k , `k Oukegs L irks .

Ke ksk rlzgeljiketg kstì aue`l`g tg`g kh s istkjl

`k su Dgjketlrig `k hl Dgest itudiôe lrnketiel `k <6;43y ksl ks, ke plrtk, hl dlusl `kh prgaue`g `ksgr`ke y

`kslrrknhg quk rkiele ke kh Ngoikreg lrnketieg, quk éh

fl grnleizl`g pgr ksk jétg`g.

(<) @kh Pijks `kh 1 `ik Gdtu ork `k <6>1.




42? L H O K _ @ I

El`l jìs alhsg quk su lskrtg, pgr kh dulh prktke`k

quk hl Dgestitudiôe lrnketiel ks dgpil `k hl Dgestitu

diôe `k hgs Kstl`gs [ei`gs. Dgjg hl hky lrnketiel eg

ks gorl suyl, euedl ketkeìô su sketi`g, y fk lquê hl

prukol.

Pg`l hl grinielh i`l`, tg`g hg quk agrjl kh dlrìdtkr

ìstietivg `k hl Dgestitudiôe lrnketiel, rksi`k ke skis

u gdfg `k sus lrtêduhgs, quk sge hl kxprksiôe `k hgsletkdk`ketks fistôridgs `kh plês y `k hls ekdksi`l`ks `k

su vi`l jg`krel.

Rgr ksgs lrt êduhgs ks rklhjketk uel Dgest itudiôe lr

nketiel y eg `k gtrg plês. Khhgs rkspge`ke l hls ekdksi

`l`ks pkduh ilrks `kh prgnrksg `k hl _kpýoh idl Lrnke

tiel, `k tlh jg`g quk tg`l Dgestitudiôe ke quk kh hgs

alhtke, skrì uel hky iekaidlz y euhl, luequk skl dgpil

`k hl jìs pkrakdtl `kh jue`g, dgesi`krl`l ke lostrldtg.Kh prijkrg `k ksgs skis lrtêduhgs ks kh quk `l pgr

dlpitlh l hl eldiôe Lrn ketie l hl d iu`l` `k Ou keg s

L i r k s , skplrl`l `k su prgviedil. Ksk sghg lrt êduhg dges

t i tuyk kh Ngoikreg eldigelh , pgrquk hk `l su pg`kr jìs

kskedilh‐kh `k skr kxdhusivg, hgdlh y ìrkdtg Ngoikreg

`k hl d iu`l` `k su rksi`kedil‐. Y dgjg kh Rg`kr lr

nketieg, quk dgesistk ke kh Pksgrg, rksi`k ke hl diu`l`

`k Oukegs Lirks, duyg pukrtg dgetikek hl Lùlel `k tg`gs hgs lrnketiegs‐pgekr hl dlpitlh ke gtrl plrtk quk

ke Oukegs Lirks ks `kmlr lh Ngoikreg eldigelh sie su

pg`kr jìs kskedilh , y ks `kmlr kstk pg`kr ke jlegs `kh

Ngoikreg iejkìltg y hgdlh `k Oukegs Lirks, quk ks

su Ngoikreg prgviedilh . Kstk ks kh fkdfg, quk tg`ls hls

plhlorls y `kdhlrldigeks ksdritls `kh jue`g eg pg`rêle

lhtkrlr.

·Fle vistg lhnýe lrt êduhg skjkmletk ke hl Dgest itu-





diôe `k hgs Kstl`gs [ei`gs hgs quk prktke`ke quk ks

dgpil `k ksl hky hl ldtulh Dgestitudiôe lrnketiel7

L s ê , hl dlpitlh `k hl eldiôe ke Oukegs Lirks ks hl

sghudiôe grinielh y prgpil `k ksk plês, quk rksukhvk hls

`gs nrle`ks dukst igeks quk hg fle ìviì`g pgr sk

sketl lügs y prgùdi`g sus déhkorks nukrrls ketrk uei

tlrigs y ak`krlhks, g pgrtkügs y prgviedilegs.

[el `k ljols dukstigeks ks pghêt idl, hl gtrl ks kdgeôjidl, y su sghudiôe pgr hl dlpitlh ke Oukegs Lirks

rksukhvk kh prgohkjl `k hl ìstrioudiôe g ìvisiôe kqui

tlt ivl `kh Pksgrg lrnketieg ketrk tg`ls hls prgviedils

quk agrjle ksk plês.

Ti tlh sghudiôe eg ks dgpil`l `k hgs Kstl`gs [ei`gs,

·ks uel egvk`l` plrl`gmlh ievketl`l pgr lhnýe tkôri

dg 7 El`l `k ksg. Khhl ks tgjl`l `k hl fistgril `kh puk

ohg lrnketieg. Ks ue fkdfg, quk kxist iô ùrletk hgs ýht ijgs trkietl lügs `kh v irrkieltg `k Oukegs Lirks, `ks

`k <>>1 flstl <6?2, ks `kdir, flstl ìkz lügs `kspués `k

kjpkzl`l hl _kpýoh idl. Ks uel trlìdiôe `k ljogs sis

tkjls `k Ngoikreg lrnketieg. Hl Dgest itudiôe `k <6;4

hg rkstlohkdiô y dgeslnrô `k e u kv g 3 pkrg hgs rkdges

trud tgrk s `k hl eldiôe hg quitlrg e `k hl Dg estitudiôe

`k <6;4, pgrquk eg kstlol ke hl Dgestitudiôe ljkridl

el, `ge`k eg kstlol pgrquk mljìs kstuvg ke su fistg

ril. [eiée`gsk ke ue dukrpg `k eldiôe quk eg kxistiô

ke hl épgdl dghgeilh , hgs Kstl`gs [ei`gs tuvikrge quk

drklr uel dlpitlh quk tljpgdg kxist iô. Hls prgviedils

lrnketiels, dgeairjle`g hl eldiôe quk floêle agrjl`g

olmg kh Ngoikreg ksplügh dghgeilh , eg ekdksitlrge drklr

su dlpitlh , puks yl hl tkeêle `ks`k judfgs lügs.




4 ² 0 L H O K _ @ I

G trg `k hgs lrtêdu hgs grinie lhks `k hl Dg estitudiôe

lrnketiel y dgekxg dge kh rkhltivg lh quk kstlohkdk hl

dlpitlh ke Oukegs Lirks, ks kh quk dgeslnrl hl h iork el

vknldiôe `k hgs lahuketks `kh _êg `k hl Rhltl plrl tg

`ls hls ole`krls `kh jue`g (lrt . ?1). Ksk lrtêduhg lork

tg`gs hgs pukrtgs lrnketiegs, tg`gs hgs a huvilhks flstl

fgy, plrl kh dgjkrdig ìrkdtg, quk letks jgegpgh izlol

kh pukrt g `k Oukegs L irks . J uh t ip h idle`g h ls L ùlels ,dgetriouyk l ìviìr y ìstriouir ksl rketl ketrk tg`gs

hgs lrnketiegs, eg ke pkrmuidig `k Oukegs Lirks, sieg ke

oike `k tg`l hl eldiôe. Lorir hgs rêgs, ýeidls vêls `k

dgjueidldiôe `kh plês, aué h hkvlr kh dgjkrdig y hl ie

jinrldiôe l hls prgviedils ietkrigrks `kh plês . Jletk

ekr hl dhlusurl `k hgs rêgs y `k sus pukrtgs, krl jle

tkekr kh sistkjl dghgeilh kdgeôjidg, `kh quk krl dge

skdukedil hl sujisiôe pghêt idl `k hl eldiôe l uel sghlhgdlhi`l`, quk sknuêl lrjl`l `k ue privihknig dghgeilh .

·Fle vistg ke hl Dgest itudiôe `k hgs Kstl`gs [ei

`gs lrtêduhg lhnueg skjkmletk, hgs quk prktke`ke quk

`k kh hl ks dgpil a ikh hl D gestitudiôe lrnke tiel vinke tk 7

Rlrl quk ksk priedipig akdue`g eg quk`lsk ksdritg

jkrljketk, ei auksk rkvgdl`g pgr gtrl Dgest itudiôe,hl `k <6;4 dui`ô `k kstlohkdkr pgr gtrg lrtêduhg kspk

dilh y eukvg `k hl Dgestitudiôe, kstk priedipig `k quk

eg fly kmkjphg ke hl Dgestitudiôe `k hgs Kstl`gs

[ e i ` g s =

"Kh Ngoikreg lrnketieg kstì goh inl`g l dgesinelr ke

Pr ltl` gs dge hls eldigeks kxtrl emkrl s hgs priedipigs

quk kstlohkdk kstl Dgestitudiôe." (Lrt. 4>.)

Dgeskduketk dge ksk lrtêduhg hl h iokrtl` `k elvknl-




GO_LT TKHKDPLT 42;

diôe ahuvilh ks gomktg `k Prlt l`gs pkrpkt ugs `k hl _k

pýoh idl dge tg`ls hls eldigeks jlrêt ijls `kh jue`g,

`ks`k kh <2 `k Muh ig `k <6;4.

·@ ôe`k kst ì ke hl Dgest itudiôe `k hgs K s t l ` g s [ e i

` g s kh lrt êduhg `k quk skl ij itldiôe g dgpil `kh quk ke

kstk puetg agrjl hl egv k`l` jìs grinielh `k hl D g e s

t i tudiôe lrnketiel7

Gt rl nrle`k egv k`l` sk kstlohkdk pgr hl Dgest itu

diôe lrnketiel ke kh `krkdfg pýohidg `k Tu`ljéridl ,

pgr hl s inuiketk nlrletêl `k prgnrksg, `k rknkekrldiôe

y `k t rlesagrjldiôe `k hl sgdik`l` quk `kmô kh rénijke

dghgeilh ksplügh.

"Kh Ngoikreg ak`krlh‐ìdk kh lrt. ?;‐agjketlrì hliejinrldiôe kurgpkl, y eg pg`rì rkstrienir , h ijitlr g

n r l v l r dge ijpukstg lhnueg hl ketrl`l ke kh tkrritgrig

lrnketieg `k hgs k x t r l e mk r g s quk trlinle pgr gomktg hl

o r l r hl t ikrrl , j kmgrlr hls ieù strils k ietrgùdir y kesk

ülr hls dikedils y hls l r t k s . "

T i ks v k r ` l ` quk ke Tu`ljéridl ngokrelr ks pgohlr,

tg`g kh prgohkjl lrnketieg kstì dgetkei`g ke ksk lr

t êduhg akdue`g, sie prkdk`ketk ke kh @ krkdfg ljkridleg.

G o h i n l e ` g lh Ngoikreg l agjketlr hl iejinrldiôe

kurgpkl, y eg hl lsiìtidl, ei hl l a r idlel, hl Dgest itudiôe

lrnketiel rkdgegdk quk hl ýeidl pgohldiôe dlplz `k

kùdlr lh plês ke hl prìdt idl `k hl divih izldiôe ks hl ie

j i n r l d i ô e k u r g p k l 3 hl ýeidl divih izldiôe quk dgevikek

lh plês ks hl d iv i h izldiôe kurgpkl.

· Dgetikek hl Dgest itudiôe `k hgs K s t l ` g s [ e i ` g s uelG O _ L T T K H K D P L T . ‐ P g j g Q . ?2




421 L H O K _ @ I

plhlorl `k quk skl rkpktidiôe ksk prkdkptg eukvg y ak

due`g7 Kh h l prgfiok l h Dgenrksg rkst r ien ir h l 3 pkrg eg

hk fldk ue `kokr `k agjke tlr hl iejinrl diôe kurgpkl.

Hl Dgest itudiôe lrnketiel prgfiok, ks vkr`l`, lh

D g e n r k s g rkstrienir hl ketrl`l `k hgs kxtrlemkrgs quk

trlinle pgr gomktg hlorlr hl tikrrl, jkmgrlr hls ieùs

trils k ietrgùdir y keskülr hls dikedils y hls lrtks3

pkrg hk `kml ketkrl hl alduhtl` `k rkstrienir hk l hgs kxtrlemkrgs gdigsgs, vlnloue`gs, inegrletks, quk sôhg ke

trle ke kh tkrritgrig `kh plês plrl kjpgorkdkrhg, ltrl

slrhg y kjorutkdkrhg.

Ti hl Dgest itudiôe `k hgs Kstl`gs [ei`gs dgetuvikrk

plhlorls tle kxphêditls dgjg éstls, kh Dgenrksg florêl.

pgì`g rkstrienir hl ketrl`l `k eknrgs y `k dfiegs ke.

kh tkrritgrig `k hl [eiôe.

Ke hl Dgest itudiôe `k hgs Kstl`gs [ei`gs eg sge hgs.

kxtrlemkrgs gomk tg kspkd ilh `k uel ìspgs idiôe dgjg 5l.

quk dgesl nrl hl D gestitudiôe lrnke tiel, pgr kh lrt . ?2,.

quk ìdk hg s inuiketk= "Hgs kxtrlemkrgs ngzl e ke kh

tkrritgrig `k hl eldiôe `k tg`gs hgs `krkdfgs `kh diu`l

`leg, ktd ." Eg kstìe goh inl`gs l l`jit ir hl d iu`l`leêl,quk puk`ke gotkekr, si quikrke, dge hl rksi`kedil `k

`gs lügs, ke duyg dlsg puk`ke eg skrvir ke hl jihidil

pgr ìkz lügs, si hg quikrke.

Oike sloi`g ks quk ke hgs Kstl`gs [ei`gs ìsarutle

hgs kxtrlemkrgs `k ksgs `krkdfgs, s ie quk hl Dgest itu

diôe hg `kdhlrk3 pkrg ks ue fkdfg quk hl Dgest itudiôe

lrnketiel eg fl dgpil`g, ke ksk puetg, kh tkxtg `k hl

Dgest itudiôe ljkridlel, y quk pgr hl Dgest itudiôe lr-




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 4 ² >

nketiel eg pg`rêl kxistir ke dlsg lhnueg sgdik`l` `kh

néekrg `k hl quk dge kh egjork `k hgs cegw egtcien sk

vig kmkjphg ke Egrtkljéridl, ke <6;;, plrl kxdhuir l

hgs kxtrlemkrgs `kh plês .

Pg`g diu`l`leg ks sgh`l`g plrl hl `kakesl `kh plês ,

sknýe hl Dgest itudiôe lrnketiel, kxdkptg kh d iu`l`leg

pgr elturlh izldiôe, ks `kdir kxtrlemkrg, ke duletg ks

kxketg `k tg`g skrvidig jihitlr pgr ìkz lügs.Tkrêl ieýtih ousdlr kh jg`khg `k ksgs lrtêduhgs `k hl

hky lrnketiel ke kh tkxtg `k hl Dgest itudiôe `k hgs Ks

t l`gs [ei`gs .

Fk lquê gtrl `k ksls ìspgsidigeks pkduhilrks `k hl

Dge stitudiôe lrnk etiel quk. puk` k olstlr l hl slhvl diôe`kh plês, pgr su elturlhkzl y trlsdke`kedil, quk eg fl

si`g tgjl`l `k hl Dgest itudiôe ljkridlel. Kh lrt êdu

hg 1> ltriouyk lh Dgenrksg hl alduhtl` `k prgvkkr hg

dgeùdketk l hl prgspkri`l`, l`khletg y duh tur l `kh

plês. ·Rgr qué jkìgs7 Kh hl jisjl hgs skülhl ke kstgs

térjiegs= prgjgvike`g hl iestruddiôe nkekrlh , hl ie

ùstril, hl iejinrldiôe (gtrl vkz) , hls v êls `k dgjuei

dldiôe, hl dghgeizldiôe, hl ietrgùddiôe `k eukvls ieùstrils y hl ijpgrtldiôe `k dlpitlhks kxtrlemkrgs.

Tie ù`l quk l ksg t ike`k tg`l hl hknishldiôe `k hgs

Kstl` gs [e i`gs , luequk hl Dge st itudiôe eg hg ` in l3

pkrg ksg eg- quitl quk hl D gestitudiôe lrnke tiel, p rks

drioiée`ghg kxph êd itljketk, eg ks uel kspêl `k hl Dges

t i tudiôe `k hgs Kstl`gs [ei`gs.

Pg`gs hgs lrt êduhgs `k hl Dgest itudiôe lrnketiel pg

`rêle pkrkdkr ke kh eluarlnig `k sus h iokrtl`ks pgh ê t i-




4 g 6 L H O K _ @ I

dls . Ti tlh dlhlji`l` gdurriksk, olstlrêl quk quk`lrle

ke pik hgs pgdgs lrtêduhgs quk `kmljgs ditl`gs, plrl

quk kh plês slhvlsk su divih izldiôe ketkrl y viksk nlrle

ti`gs sus `kstiegs vkei`krgs.

·Ke qué sk aue`l, ketgedks, hl prktkesiôe `k hgsquk sk kjpküle ke eknlr tg`l grinielh i`l` l hl Dges

titudiôe lrnketiel, ks `kdir, tg`l skesltkz y ouke mui

dig, pgrquk kh jéritg ketkrg `k uel Dgestitudiôe eg

kstì ke skr dgpil `k ue okhhg i`klh pkrakdtg, sieg rks

pge`kr l hls ekdksi`l`ks `kh plês quk `kok ngokrelr

sk pgr kh hl, luequk skl hl jìs iedgjphktl y `kakdtugsl7

·Hgs prkìjouhgs ke quk kstìe kxprksl`gs hgs a ieks

`k ljols Dgest itudigeks, sge hgs jisjgs7 Hukng sgei`éetidgs hgs `gs Ngoikregs quk kh hls kstlohkdke, dge

dhuyk kh kjpirisjg `k hgs quk ietkrprktle y dgjketle

ke dgeskdukedil kh tkxtg lrnketieg, pgr hgs dgjketl

rigs y pgr hl fistgril `k hgs Kstl`gs [ei`gs.

_kpuìle`g ksk sga isjl pkh inrgsg, ì m ijgs fldk ju

dfgs lügs ke ue h iorg, hg quk kh Pijks `k kstgs `êls dge

tikek sgork hl jisjl dukstiôe, y quk vl ditl`g yl lh

priedipig, ktd.

Kh Dgenrksg quk sledigeô hl Dgest itudiôe `k <T;4

eg sk ngokreô, plrl dgedkoirhl, pgr hl i`kl `k ieditlr l

hgs Kstl`gs [ei`gs, `k duyg egjork eg fizg jkediôe

siquikrl lh `lrhl. Pg`l su jirl aué rkvghvkr hgs prg

ohkjls `k grnleizldiôe ietkrigr quk floêle ìviì`g

jkìg sinhg l hgs lrnketiegs, pgr sghudigeks prkvistls





ke hgs Prltl`gs g pldtgs prkkxistketks, ke v irtu` `k

hgs dulhks krl `l`l. Kh hl jisjl hg `kdhlrl ke su prk

ald ig . Ke ksgs pldtgs, eukvgs y v ikmgs, eg fly uel pl

hlorl quk sk rkaikrl l hl Dgestitudiôe `k hgs Kstl`gs

[ei`gs .

"Kh Dgenrksg quk`l prgaue`ljket k dgev kedi`g `k

quk hl Dgest itudiôe sledigel`l, dge hls hkyks grnìei

dls quk hl dgjphktle, kedikrrl ke sê hl Tghudiôe prgpil`k eukstrgs jì s ìaêdihks prgohkj ls sgdilhks."

Hl hky grnìeidl, dgjp hkjketlril `k hl Dgestitudiôe,

krl hl quk `ksinelol l Oukegs Lirks dgjg dlpitlh `k

h l Dgeak`krld iôe .

Ksl hky, ke quk kstì tg`l hl Dgest itudiôe lrnketiel,

eg krl ei pg`êl skr uel dgpil `k hl Dgestitudiôe g `k

hky lhnuel `k hgs Kstl`gs [ei`gs.

Ldkptle`g hl Dgest itudiôe dge kxdhusiôe `k ksl hkyquk hl dgjphktl, hgs rkagrjistls `k <612 `kmlrge hl

gorl ieldlol`l k iedgjphktl3 tgjlrge pgr Ngoikreg hl

jitl` `k ue Ngoikreg3 ue arlnjketg `k kìa id ig, pgr

kh kìaidig ke tkr g3 ke uel plhlorl , ue ìsplrltk, ue

losur`g `k grnleizldiôe, quk el`l rksghviô3 quk `kmô

loikrtgs y pkeìketks tg`gs hgs prgohkjls quk sk trl

tlol `k rksghvkr, y quk kh Dgenrksg `k <6;4 rksghviô ke

hl Dgestitudiôe quk sledigeô.

Ksgs prgohkjls sge el`l jkegs quk hgs `kh dréìtg

pýo[dg, hl `ku`l eldigelh, hl lùlel, ke quk dgesistk

tg`g kh Pksgrg eldigelh , kh Oledg, hl jgek`l ueitlril

g ueiagrjk, y pgr a ie, kh nrle prgohkjl `k nkgnrla êl

pghêt idl ietkrigr quk tikek pgr gomktg `kmlr lh plês su

dlpitlh fistôridl y fldkr `kh Ngoikreg ìrkdtg, kxdhu

sivg y hgdlh hl plrtk jìs kskedilh `k hgs pg`krks el

digelhks.




4 i g L H O K _ @ I

Dge hl sghl slediôe `k ksl hky y su ldkptldiôe pgrtg`l hl eldiôe, kh Kstl`g lrnketieg "florêl si`g kh pri

jkrg `k Tu`ljéridl, s ie kxdhuir l Dfihk y lh Orlsi h .

Kh drijke `k su rkdflzg kstýpi`g y loykdtg, `kml ke

el`l tg`gs hgs drêjkeks `k hl ìdtlùrl `k _gsls, dge

trl kh prgnrksg `k hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel.

Lh jkegs olstô ksk rkdflzg plrl rkpgekr y `kmlr ke

pik hl i`kl dlpitlh `k _gsls, quk aué tkekr l Oukegs

Lirks skplrl`l `k hl eldiôe, y l hl eldiôe `kstitui`l `k

dlpitlh , y lh Ngoikreg eldigelh olmg hl tutkhl y `kpke

`kedil `kh Ngoikreg hgdlh iejkìltg y kxdhusivg `k hl

diu`l` `k Oukegs Lirks, rksi`kedil dgjýe `k ljogs,

dule`g eg kstìe ljogs ldujuhl`gs ke kh Ngoikreg prg

viedilh `k Oukegs Lirks, dgjg ke t ikjpg `k _gsls. @k

kstgs `gs jg`gs `k kxistir, kh jkegs loswr`g krl kh quk

_gsls s inuiô.




Kstl`g `k hl dukstiôe lrnketiel,pgr `ketrg y aukrl, ks `kdir ietkrigr y kxtkrigr,

l prgpôsitg `k hl jukrtk `k N utiérrkz.

@ gs aukrge hgs gomktgs dge quk kh plês lrnketieg

dgest ituyô su eukvg rénijke `k Jlyg, ke <6<2 y < 6; 4=

ueg ietkrigr, hl dgestitudiôe `k ue Ngoikreg eldigelh

plrl t g`l h l _kpýoh idl L ynket iel3 gt rg kxt kreg, h l ie

`kpke`kedil `k ksk Ngoikreg y `kh plês , rkspkdtg `k Ks

plül y `k tg`g gtrg pg`kr kxtrlemkrg g eg kxtrlemkrg,

quk eg auksk kh Ngoikreg suprkjg drkl`g plrl hl el

diôe.

Ksgs `gs gomktgs kstìe dgesinel`gs= kh prijkrg, ke

hl Dgestitudiôe `k i .² `k Jlyg `k <6;4 y ke tg`ls sus

h kyks grnìeidls 3 k h sknue`g, ke k h Prlt l`g ke quk Ks

plül rkdgegdk hl ie`kpke`kedil lrnketiel, y ke hgs Prl

tl`gs dge hls `kjìs eldigeks quk fldke, pgr ksk fk

dfg jisjg, ksk rkdgegdijiketg.

Dljoilr ksgs `gs fkdfgs, ke sketi`g gpukstg l su

aie, aué kh gomktg `k hl rklddiôe quk pgr hl rkagrjl `khl Dgest itudiôe `k Jlyg y `kh Prltl`g `k 9 `k Muh ig,

rkstlurô kh kstl`g `k dgsls, letkrigr l <6;?, ke quk hl

eldiôe lrnketiel kstlol olmg hl tutkhl `k su prgvie-




4 I ? L H O K _ @ I

dil `k Oukegs Lirks, ke gtrg t ikjpg su dlpitlh , jìs

tlr`k su jktrôpgh i , dgjg hg krl Ksplül.

Rlrl `lr l hl tutkhl `k Oukegs Lirks sgork hl eldiôe

lrnketiel kh lpgyg kxtrlemkrg quk rkdioêl `k hgs Ogr-

ogeks `k Ksplül, dlùdl`g ke <6<2, sk hk ìg kh lpgyg

kxtrlemkrg `k hgs Ogrogeks `kh Orlsi h , plriketks `k hgs

gtrgs, ke hl agrjl `k uel lh ilezl ietkreldigelh pkrjl

eketk.Kstl lh ilezl krl ue sgaisjl quk duorêl kh `gohk vl

slh hlmk `k hgs Ogrogeks `kh Orlsi h sgork Oukegs Lirks,

y `k Oukegs Lirks sgork hls prgviedils lrnketiels.

Tu rksuhtl`g ks quk, pgr kh hl , Oukegs Lirks quk`l

olmg hl tutkhl `kh Ijpkrig `kh Orlsih , l dgeìdiôe `k quk

hl eldiôe lrnketiel, gìl`l pgr hgs Ogrggeks, l quikeks

kdfô ke Jlyg `k <6<2 y ke Muh ig `k <6<1, quk`k olmg

hl tutkhl `k hl prgviedil `k Oukegs Lirks.Kh fkdfg ks quk h l _kpýoh idl L rnket iel , egjielh -

jketk ie`kpkeìketk y h iork, kstì ngokrel`l pgr ksgs

`gs tutgrks= kh Ijpkrig y Oukegs Lirks, lh il`gs g h inl

`gs l ksk aie.

Hgs Rrksi`ketks lrnketiegs sge khkni`gs lh plhl`lr

`kh Orlsi h , pgr kh ôrnleg `k Oukegs Lirks, quk hg fldk

ke kh dgjýe ietkrés `kh tutgr y suotutgr.

Ksl pgh ê t idl `k rkstlurldiôe `k hgs Ogrogeks ke khRhltl, sk fl agrjl`g pgdg l pgdg, pgr hls ìskesigeks

`k hgs jisjgs lrnketiegs, lyu`l`gs, elturlhjketk, pgr

hgs Ogrogeks, ietkrksl`gs ke dljoilr su jlesiôe `k hl

zgel tôrri`l pgr hl `kh _êg `k hl Rhltl.

Kh pg`kr y hgs phleks lekxigeistls `k kstgs Rrêedi

pks sk fle agrtia idl`g y kxtkeì`g pgr kh prgnrksg `k

hls jisjls ìskesigeks lrnketiels, y pgr hl ueiôe drk

diketk `k hgs Ogrogeks `k Arledil (`k hl rljl jkegr),





dge hgs Ogrogeks `k grinke pgrtunués y elpgh itleg, quk

gduple kh Prgeg `kh Orlsi h .

Tk puk`k fgy `kdir quk hl olsk `k hl `gjieldiôe ogr

oôeidl ke kh Rhltl, kstì ke Arledil jìs quk ke kh Orl

sih jisjg.

@k lfê v ikek quk hl pgh ê t idl `kh Orlsi h , fl `kml`g `k

skr ljkridlel ke sus rkhldigeks dge hls _kpýoh idls `k

su vkdie`l`, y sk fl vukh tg arledksl g kurgpkl pgr susiespirldigeks, prgpôsitgs, gomktgs y jkìgs.

Kh Orlsi h jisjg fl `kml`g `k pkrtkekdkrsk `kh tg`g

l sê prgpig, y @. Rk`rg II , kh pl`rk egjielh `k hl

aljihil rkieletk ke kh Orlsih , ks iestrujketg, l su vkz,

y kstì ke hl tutkhl `kh grhkleisjg arledés. Tloi`g ks

quk fly trks Rrêedipks arledksks `k hl aljih il `k Gr-

hkles, kjplrketl`gs dge hl aljih il rkieletk `kh Orlsi h ,

ueg `k hgs dulhks ks el`l jkegs, quk kh Rrêedipk ijpkr il h g aut urg Kjpkrl`gr `kh Orls i h .

Ks ue lsuetg h hljl`g l tkekr ue `êl, tlh vkz dkrdleg,

uel nrle`k kspkdtloi h i`l` pgr su rkhldiôe dge kh kqui

h iorig pghêt idg `k hgs `gs jue`gs, dgjg sudkìô dge hl

dukst iôe `k Jémidg.

Kh `êl quk ue kvketg rui`gsg lorl hgs gmgs `kh jue

`g pghêt idg, sgork kh lhdledk trlsdke`ketlh `k ksl duks

tiôe arledgorlsihkrglrnketiel quk fgy sk `ksk evu khvksi hkedigsljketk, hgs plrt i`gs arledksks y Ngoikregs

kurgpkgs, quk tuvikrge rlzôe `k druzlr hls kxpkìdig

eks elpghkôeidls ke Jémidg, tke`rìe inulh jg tivg plrl

ijpkìr hls kjprksls ogroôeidls y grhkleistl `k inulh

tke`kedil pkrturoltriz ke hls _kpýoh idls `kh Rhltl.

Hl nukrrl y hl lh ilezl dgetrl kh Rlrlnuly, ke <61;,

fizg `lr plsgs `k ninletk l hgs phleks `kh Orlsih ke

ksls rknigeks, puks kh rksuhtl`g `k kh hl aué kh tutkhlmk




L H O K _ @ I

ke quk quk`lrge, tletg kh vkedi`g dgjg hgs lh il`gs vke

dk`grks, rkspkdtg `kh Ijpkrig `kh Orlsi h . Olstl `kdir

quk ue Rrêedipk `k hl rljl jkegr `k hgs Ogrogeks `k

A r l e d i l ‐ k h D g e ` k ` ' K u ‐ a u é k h q u k t k r j i e ô , d g j g

nkekrlh ês ijg `k hgs Kmérditgs lh il`gs, hl dljplül dge

trl kh Rlrlnuly, g jkmgr ìdfg, dgetrl hgs rkpuoh idlegs

`kh Rhltl, ke fgegr y prgvkdfg `k hgs Ogrogeks `kh

Orls i h .Rgr agrtuel, kh ijpkrilh pltrôe eg slh iô ei quk`ô

jkmgr plrl`g ke ksl lvketurl.

Iol kh Orlsi h l tkekr ue eukvg prktkxtg `k prgsknuir

ksls prgkzls jihitlrks, ke kh dgeah idtg ke quk Dfihk `k

oiô skr kjphkl`g dgjg lh il`g eukvg dgetrl sus v ikmgs

lh il`gs `k hl vkdie`l`, plrl lujketlr su prk`gjieig

ketrk éstgs.

Rkrg sus jisjgs vikmgs lh il`gs, ekdksitle`g gtrl vkz`k hl prgtkddiôe ijpkrilh plrl ijpgekr, dge su lyu`l,

l hls prgviedils lrnketiels, kh Ngoikreg quk `kok rk

egvlrsk prôxijljketk, sk fle pukstg let id ipl`ljke

tk ke jlegs `kh Orlsi h , kvitìe`ghk kh trlolmg `k lhdle

zlr ksk prk`gjieig pgr hl kspl`l `k Dfihk, l quike fle

ieùdi`g l sgjktkr su dukstiôe `k h êjitks dge kh Rhltl,

lh lroitrlmk `k gtrg Rrêedipk `k hl aljih il `k Grhkles,

quk ks kh quk rkiel ke Oéhnidl. Eg ks prkdisg skr lìvieg plrl slokr dôjg skrì kh hlu`g.

Hl skülh `k quk kstl jleigorl kstlol dgedkrtl`l aué

hl agrjldiôe `kh J ieistkrig `k dgedihildiôe, ietknrl`g

pgr hgs let inugs lh il`gs `kh Orlsi h `k <6103 y hl dlsul

hi`l` `k quk`lr dlsi l hl vkz aukrl `k dgjoltk trks pkr

sgelmks `k hl pgh ê t idl lrnketiel `kslakdtgs lh Orlsi h .

[ e tk`kuj y nrl e` ks akstkmg s gaidilhks dkhkor lrge ,

olmg kh egjork `k rkdgedihildiôe, hl rkdgestruddiôe `k




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 4<;

hl lh ilezl `k <614 (sie Prltl`g) dge hgs Ogrogeks `kh

Orlsi h , plrl ijpgekr ue Ngoikreg `k su khkddiôe y `k

su ietkrés dgjýe l hls prgviedils lrnketiels, quk kj

pkzlole l `lr skülhks `k vi`l prgpil, iedgjpltiohks dge

hl lutgri`l` tutkhlr `k Oukegs Lirks.

Rlrl ìsijuhlr kstl ketrknl ieìrkdtl `k hl _kpý

oh idl L rnket iel l h gs Ogrogeks‐ ·qué pg`êle sus lut g

rks ijlnielr `k jìs akh iz quk ue dketkelrig pkrsgelhke fgegr `kh quk vkediô l hgs Ogrogeks ke Dfldloudg y

Jlipý 7‐ L sê , Tle J lrt êe , quk euedl v ig rkdgr`l`g e i

slhu`l`g kh `êl `k su eldijiketg, lh a ie `k dl`l lüg

`k su vi`l, dgjg tg`gs hgs <; `k Lngstg `k El pghkô e I ,

hg v ig rkdgr`l`g lh dlog `k ue sin hg, dgjg Elpghkôe I

jisjg eg fl s i`g rkdgr`l`g.

Hg quk lnrlvl kh pkh inrg `k hls kjprksls ogroôei

dls ke kh Rhltl, rkspkdtg `k hls kjprksls elpghkôeidls `k gtrg t ikjpg ke Jémidg, ks quk hgs Ogrogeks `k

Arledil gorle pgr jleg `k hgs Ogrogeks ljkridlegs

`kh Orlsi h , y hgs Ogrogeks `kh Orlsi h , pgr jleg `k lh il

`gs lrnketiegs quk, hkmgs `k kstlr prgsdriptgs `k su

plês, dgjg kst lole L h jget k y Nut iérrkz Kst rl`l, ks

tìe ke kh skeg `kh Ngoikreg jisjg lrnketieg, kspkdik

`k dlut ivg `k Oukegs Lirks, dgjg kh Rlpl hg ks `kh

Q l t i d l e g .

·\ué jkìgs `k `kakesl y `k ksdlpl`l hk quk`le

l hl eldiôe lrnketiel7 ·Hgs t ikek ke rklh i`l`7 Dgjg

ke <6<2 y <6;?, hgs t ikek ke rk lhi `l `= ueg s ietkregs,

gtrgs kxtkregs.

Dgetrl hgs lh il`gs g vlslh hgs `k hgs Ogrogeks ke Ouk-




4*1 L I . O K _ @ I

egs Lirks, kh jisjg rkdursg quk kh hgs kjphklrge ke

<6;? plrl `ksdgegdkr y slduìr hl lutgri`l` `kh Ng

oikreg eldigelh lrnketieg `kh Rlrleì3 `ksdgegdkr pgr

ruiegsg `k hl eldiôe kh prksketk gr`ke `k dgsls, skpl

rlrsk* jgj ketìekljketk y pldêa idljketk `k Ou keg s

L i r k s , flstl hl rkdgestruddiôe pldêaidl `k tg`l hl el

diôe, dge uel dlpitlh prgpil y dgjphkjketlril `kh Rg

`kr eldigelh , dgjg quikrk hl Dgest itudiôe vinketk, qukkstì `ksdgegdi`l y vighl`l ke kstk puetg.

Tkplrl`l prgvisgril y pldê a idljketk hl eldiôe, sldlr

su Ngoikreg `k hl rksi`kedil quk fgy fldk ke uel diu

`l` quk eg ks dlpitlh `k hl eldiôe, y trlkrhg l rksiìr

ke uel dlpitlh `k su skeg. Ýeidl lrjl `k dgjoltk= kh

vgtg airjk y hknlh, pkrg pldêaidg.

Dgetrl hgs Ogrogeks uei`gs `k Arledil y `kh Orl

sih, quk rkprksketle kh s istkjl jgeìrquidg ke Ljéridl, kh luxi h ig s ijpìtidg `k hl _kpýoh idl, ievgdl`g ke

ljogs jue`gs y `k hl h iork Jgelrquêl ienhksl, lh il`l

vikml `k hl _kpýoh idl ueivkrslh , rkdhljl`g ke egjork

`k hgs ietkrés kdgeôjidgs `k ljogs jue`gs, dgjprg

jkti`gs pgr kh v ikmg rénijke dghgeilh rkstlurl`g pgr

hgs Ogrogeks.

Hl Jgelrquêl, dge hls dgeìdigeks dge quk hl ous

dle hgs Ogrogeks ke kh Rhltl, eg rkprksketl sghljketkue dljoig rlìdlh `k hl agrjl rkpuohidlel `k ng

oikreg pgr hl agrjl jgeìrquidl, sieg tljoiée hl su

phletldiôe `k pukohgs `k rlzl ksplüghl pgr gtrgs `k

rlzl pgrtunuksl, `k rlzls ohledls pgr rlzl `k dghgr, y

juy priediplhjketk, uel rkvghudiôe nkgnrìa idl, aueks

tl lh dgjkrdig y l hl elvknldiôe, quk tikeke fgy pgr

nlrletêl `k sus h iokrtl`ks k ietkrksks hl nkgnrla êl pg

h ê t idl, quk hls _kpýoh idls ljkelzl`ls fle rkdioi`g `k





Prltl`gs ietkreldigelhks dge hls prijkrls pgtkedils dg

jkrdilhks `kh jue`g, sgork olsks dlhduhl`ls plrl sl

t isaldkr sus ekdksi`l`ks `k pgohljiketg, `k keriqukdi

jiketg y `k prgnrksg. _kprksketle hl rkstlurldiôe ie

ìrkdtl y duoikrtl `kh v ikmg rénijke dghgeilh kdgeôji

dg , quk kstkrih izlol hgs plêsks jls ridgs `kh eukvg

jue`g.Ketrle`g ke ksk dljieg `k slhu` ke quk hgs kdfl

uel dglh id iôe `k ltrlsg, hls prgviedils lrnketiels eg

`lrêle kh kmkjphg `k ue kxpkìketk eukvg y `ksdgeg

di`g, puks yl kxist ikrge lügs ke ksk kstl`g `k skplrl

diôe pldêaidl, quk hks pkrjitiô rklhizlr dljoigs quk

aukrge prgvkdfgsgs jìs tlr`k plrl hl jisjl Oukegs

Lirks .

·Dge qué rkdursgs7 ·Dge qué aukrzl7 Dge h gs quktuvikrge ke <6;4, juhtiphidl`gs fgy `êl ke tg`gs hgs

rljgs, tletg ke hls prgviedils dgjg ke Oukegs Lirks.

·Dge qué `krkdfg7 Dge kh `kh h iork vgtg, prgdhljl`g

pgr kh eukvg rénijke.

Ksl skplrldiôe tkjpgrlh flrêl dkslr hl kjuhldiôe

`k ìspkeìg quk plrkdk ìviìr l hgs `gs Ngoikregs

rivlhks dgkxistketks ke Ou keg s L irk s ke kstl agrj l

losur`l= kh Ngoikreg suprkjg y eldigelh , olmg hl tu

tkhl v irtulh `kh Ngoikreg hgdlh g `k prgviedil, prks

tle`g l su pupihg sgokrleg plrl quk ngoikrek, hgs

jisjgs jkìgs quk pkrtkekdke ke prgpik`l` l su jl

mkstl` hl eldiôe, ke pupihlmk.




IV

Dgestitudiôe egjielh y Dgestitudiôe rkli.

Ruk`k `kdirsk quk tg`g kh jlh prksketk `k hl _kpý

oh idl Lrnketiel eldk `k quk su Dgest itudiôe egjielh

kstì sie dujphirsk ke hl plrtk ke quk ksl iekmkdudiôe

g iegoskrvledil sineiaidl kstlr kh plês sie Ngoikreg, g

hg quk ks inulh, quk kh Ngoikreg quk tikek hg ks jkrl

jketk `k egjork, `ks`k quk hk alhtl kh pg`kr jìs dl

rldtkrêstidg y kskedil `k tg`g Ngoikreg quk eg ks ue

jkrg egjork, l slokr = kh pg`kr g murisìddiôe iejkìltg, ìrkdtg y kxdhusivg `k ngokrel r hl diu`l` dlpitlh

`k Oukeg s Lirks, ke quk rksi`k.

· R g r q ué eg sk dujp hk hl Dg estitudiôe ke ksk pue tg 7

Rgrquk kh plês eg ketike`k ei sk `l duketl `k hg quk

ksk puetg sineiaidl ke hl kxistkedil `kh Ngoikreg el

digelh.

Kh plês kstì ke ksl inegrledil pgrquk hl Dgest itu

diôe eg ks dgegdi`l ei dgjprkeì`l.Qkiet idultrg lügs `ks`k su slediôe fl v iv i`g `k ksk

jg`g, ks `kdir , dgjg jkrg plpkh ksdritg, s ie dgjke

tlrig ei huz `k eienýe néekrg.

Tledigel`l dgetrl hl vghuetl` y dge hl rksistkedil `k




4?2 L H O K _ @ I

ue plrt i`g fl s i`g jiel`l pgr ksk plrt i`g y `ksdgeg

di`l ùrletk tg`l su kxistkedil.

Prks jkìgs `k `kstruddiôe sk fle kjphkl`g plrl

k h h g = kh dgjketlrig `k nukrrl, hl rkvghudiôe g hl nukrrl

divi h , `k quk kh dgjketlrig aué prgnrljl, hl rkagrjl

quk `kh dgjketlrig `k nukrrl dgevirt iô ke hky `ka iei

tivl `k hl eldiôe.

G jìs oike ìdfg, hl rkagrjl quk `k hl hky quk krl`kaieitivl fizg uel Dgestitudiôe ie`kaiei`l k iekrtk,

dgjg ks hl Dgestitudiôe ldtulh `k <612.

Rlrl rkùdir hl l hktrl jukrtl, hl rkagrjl `k nukrrl

fizg `gs dgsls= leuhô lh Ngoikreg quk `koêl kmkdutlr

hl , quitìe`ghk tg`g pg`kr g murisìddiôe ìrkdtl, hgdlh y

kxdhusivl ke hl d iu`l` `k su rksi`kedil, quk aué O uk

egs Lirks. Krl hg olstletk plrl dgevkrt ir hl rksi`kedil

ke dlut ivkrig y lh Ngoikreg eldigelh ke pris igekrg `kO u k e g s L i r k s .

K h sknue` g jkìg `k leuhlr hl Dgest itudiôe aué

privlrhl `k sus dgjketlrigs y hudks elturlhks, quk krle

hgs h iorgs quk hl floêle iespirl`g, y `lrhk ke su hu

nlr pgr dgjketlrig kh `k hl Dgest itudiôe ak`krlh `k hgs

Kst l`gs [ei`gs , dge jgt iv g `k quk h l Dgest i t ud iôe lr

nketiel dgpilol su t ê tuhg, su egjork y su prkìjouhg.

@lrhk ue dgjketlrig, quk eg krl kh suyg, krl gsdurkdkrhl, tkrnivkrslrhl y khuìrhl. Ks hg quk sk fizg.

Plh murispru`kedil tkeêl pgr gomktg y rksuhtl`g, eg

kh dujphir hl Dgestitudiôe, sieg kh ijpkìr quk sk duj

phl, y jletkekr lh plês sie Ngoikreg kakdtivg olmg hl

lplrikedil `k ue Ngoikreg jg`khg, g dgpil`g `kh nrle

jg`kh g `k h gs Kst l`gs [ei`gs .

Kh jlkstrg `k ksl ksdukhl lrnketiel `k murispru`ke

dil dgest itudigelh ievgdô kh kmkjphg `k hgs Kstl`gs [ei-




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 4?<

Pgjle`g l h nrle jg`kh g `k h gs Kst l`gs [ei`gs h l

lplrikedil kxtkrigr `k su Ngoikreg, sk dui`ô `k kvi

tlr su murispru`kedil g jg`g `k pgekr ke prìdt idl su

Dgest itudiôe lenhgslmgel `k ksk Ngoikreg jg`khg.

Tk ijitlrge hgs tkxtgs ljkridlegs, pkrg eg sk ijitôhl v i`l, hl rklh i`l` `k hl v i`l pgh ê t idl `k hgs Kstl`gs

[ei`gs. ·L vkr s i eg, ke hgs Kstl`gs [ei`gs, kh jg`khg

`k quk skl ijitldiôe kh Rrksi`ketk Tlrjiketg7

_kj k`le`g l h gs Kst l`g s [e i`gs su Dgest i tud iôe

ksdritl, sk fl ijitl`g l hl _kpýoh idl `kh Kdul`gr, sus

Rrksi`ketks y hl pgh ê t idl `k sus Rrksi`ketks arluùhke

tgs y `kspôtidgs.

@ênlhg si eg kh quk hkl kstl pìniel `k hl fistgrilG O _ L T T K H K D P L T . ‐ Pgjg Q . ? <

`gs, dge kh gomktg rklh y kakdtivg `k kvitlr y khuìr kekh fkdfg ksk jisjg kmkjphg. Ti eg aué ksl su ietkediôe,

ksl aué hl dgeskdukedil prìdtidl.

Lsi aué, quk ditle`g hgs tkxtgs `k sus hkyks y hls

`gdtriels `k sus hknistls, sk dui`ô `k lhkmlrsk `k hgs

usgs y dgstujorks pghêt idls `k sus Ngoikregs y ngokr

eletks.

Ijitlrhls dge vkr`l` florêl si`g ltlrsk hls jlegs

plrl prgdk`kr dgjg hg fle fkdfg, lpg`krìe`gsk `kh Ng

oikreg pgr kh arlu`k y hl vighkedil y dgevirtiée`ghg ke

su prgpik`l` pkrpktul, kjpgorkdike`g lh plês pgr nuk

rrls quimgtksdls, ke`ku`ìe`ghg plrl nlstgs `k ìsipl

diôe, flstl tkekr quk losgrokr tg`l su rketl eldigelh

ke kh plng `k hgs ietkrksks `k hg quk l`ku`l.




4?? L H O K _ @ I

`k hl jìs gsdurl y ltrlsl`l `k hls _kpýoh idls fispleg

ljkridlels `kh Rldêaidg.

"[e `k kks h ikut kelet s `k Ogh êv lr (ìdk L h kxle`rk

Fgh iesci , ke su h iorg h'Kqultkur) étlit Ahg rks , qui lvlit

`éphgyé `k hl orlvgurk kt uek dkrtliek dlpldité jih i-

tlirk `les hl nukrrk `k h ' ie`épke`lekk. II réussit ì `k

v keir prks i`ket k `k h 'Kqult kur . L ylet pr is ue ngøt kx

trkjk ì h 'kxkrdidk ù pguvgir i h k hu`l plr ue ienéeikuxsuotkraunk, hl dhlusk `k hl dgestitutige qui a ixk l qul-

trk les hl ùrék `k hl prksi`ketk kt ek rke` rééhiniohk

sge `épg sitlirk qu 'lprés qu ltrk les ` 'ietkrvlhhk. F s'ke5-

tkeìt pour dkhl lvkd Qidketk _gdl Aukrtk, qu' i h sk

`geel pgur suddkskur, ì dgeìt ige quk dkhui u huê rke-

`rlit hk reérek skrvidk. Rgur reikux ljkekr dkttk rééhkd-

t ige pkrigìquk hk nguvkreikjket jih i tlirk `k Nulyl

quih `kvlit tgumgurs lpplrtkeir lu jlnistrlt 'ke vldle-dk, kt hui lssurlit , lu jgjket vkeu, h 'lppui `k hlrjék.

Dkttk s ienuh iérk dgevketige s 'kxédutl ì hl hkt trk. Ge

vit pke`let egjork `'leeéks Ahgrks kt _gdl Aukrtk

édflenkr hks `kux phldks hks phus ijpgrtletks `k hl

répuoh iquk, dgrrgjprk hk suaarlnk pgpuhlirk h 'ue lu

prgai i t `k h 'lutrk kt sk trlesjkttrk jutukh hkjket uek

lutgrité `kspgtiquk. Ti ù jgies hk pkesék ù oike

puohid lvgit édhliré hks téekorks `k ihkur hgenuk lìji-eistrl t ige II e 'ke aøt r ike. Kng istks, argi`s kh dlhdu -

hltkurs, i h s sgenérket skuhkjket ì s ' ieaég`kr hks al-

jih hks r idfks ù plys, qu' i h s pkrpétuliket `les hks

fluts 'kjphgis dgjjk kux jéjks sk pkrpétuliket lu

tijhge `ks laalirks. Dkdi hkur vlhut uek dh iketkh hk pku

egjorkusk jlis puissletk `get hk `évgukjket aýt

`'lutlet jikux lssuré qu'kh hk s 'floitul ì rknlr`kr sks

ietéréts dgjjk sgh i`lirks `k hl agrtueek `k Ahgrks kt




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 4 ? 4

`k sge suost i t ut _gdl Aukrt k ."‐ H ' K q u l t k u r , dflp. I I ,

p . 4 > . ‐ R l r ê s . ‐ L j y g t , 6 r u é ` k h l R l i x .

K s k ienéeikux suotkraunk, fl tkei`g su ienkeigsg

y akh iz ijitl`gr ke kh _êg `k hl Rhltl, ke ue pghêt idglrnketieg, quk fizg su kùdldiôe `k tlh ke kh Rldêai

dg , `ge`k tgjô sie ù`l ksk prkdk`ketk, `k quk fl prk

tkeì`g `lrsk kh jéritg `k ievketgr, dule`g hk olstl

ol kh `k dgpistl rklhjketk l`jirlohk. Tghljketk kh kx

pkrijketg kstì rkdiketk l hl jitl` `k su kmkdudiôe.

Hl dgpil, s ie kjolrng, t ikek kstg `k grinielh = quk

kh dgpistl prktke`k flokr dgpil`g hl Dgest itudiôe `k

hgs Kstl`gs [ei`gs ke hl Dgest itudiôe quk t ikek hl _kpýoh idl L rnket iel3 `le`g, s ie kjolrng, l ksl Dgest i

tudiôe `k grinke slmôe, pgr murispru`kedil, hl jlek

rl `k lph idlr hl Dgest itudiôe `kh Kdul`gr, quk el`l t ik

ek quk vkr dge hl `k hgs Kstl`gs [ei`gs.

@k hg quk rksuhtl prgol`g quk kh Ngoikreg ldtulh

`k hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel, hkmgs `k skr ijitldiôe `k

hgs Kstl`gs [ei`gs, ks dgpil tkxtulh `kh Ngoikreg `k

hl jìs `kspôtidl y ltrlsl`l `k hls _kpýoh idls su`ljkridlels `kh Rldêa idg, s ike`g su ltrlsg kh `k hl pkgr ks

pkdik, puks dgesistk ke kh arlu`k y hl kstlal `kh Ng

oikreg.

Ti pgr su tkxtg eg ks uel dgpil skjkmletk, hg ks pgr

hl murispru`kedil g lph idldiôe vivlz quk fl rkdioi`g

`kh prksi`ketk Tlrjiketg, kh prgjgtgr `k su rkagrjl.




4 J L H O K _ @ I

Rgr kh tkxtg, hl Dgest itudiôe lrnketiel ks dgpil dl

si tkxtulh `k hl Dgest itudiôe `kh Kdul`gr, ke ue puetg'

`k ijpgrtledil `kdisivl plrl kh sistkjl rkpuohidleg

`k ngoikreg, y ks kh rkhltivg l hl rkkhkddiôe `kh Rrksi

`ketk dge ietkrjkìg `k ue pkrêg`g.

Fkjgs vistg quk pgr uel ietkrprktldiôe dlpdigsl

`k ksk lrtêduhg, g pgr su lphidldiôe ieaikh , hl murispru`kedil `kh nkekrlh Ahgrks aue`ô kh Ngoikreg vitlh id il

`k h l _kpýoh idl `kh Kdul`gr .

Ksl ks hl murispru`kedil l quk sk prkstl hl Dgest i

tudiôe lrnketiel, y quk fl kedgetrl`g ke Tlrjiketl

kh ijitl`gr `k Ahgrks.

Ks kh sistkjl `kh dluìhhlmk g `k hgs ngokreletks quk

sk pkrpktýle ke kh Rg`kr, jltle`g `k ksk jg`g kh s is

tkjl rkpuoh idleg, duyl kskedil rksi`k ke hl ljgvih i`l` pkriôìdl y dgetieul `k hgs `kpgsitlrigs `kh Ng

oikreg.

_gsls sk pkrpktuô `k ksk jg`g, pgr vkietk lügs, dg

jg Ahgrks, y l su kmkjphg hg fidikrge hgs dluìh hgs3

`k hls prgviedils ietkrigrks, sus dgeak`krl`gs g dôj

phidks.

Dgjoielr dge ksk s istkjl, ke hl jisjl Dgest itudiôe,

kh `k ietkrvkeir ke hls prgviedils plrl prgtknkr kh s istkjl rkpuoh idleg `k ngoikreg, ks hl ourhl jìs d êeidl

`k hl rkpýohidl, puks eg ks sieg kxtke`kr lh ietkrigr hl

`gjieldiôe ak`krlh `k ue jg`g pkrpktug, dgjg kstì

ke kh dketrg.

Krl kh s istkjl `k _gsls, quk, ievgdle`g hl ak`krl

diôe, kmkrdêl kh pg`kr jìs ueitlrig quk kxist iô mljìs

ke hls prgviedils lrnketiels.




V

_kkhkddigeks prksi`kedilhks.

Yg ksdrioê kh lrtêduhg `k hl Dgestitudiôe lrnketielquk ìdk= "L rt . >> . K h prks i`ket k y v idkprks i`ket k ù

rle ke sus kjphkgs kh térjieg `k skis lügs3 y eg puk

`ke skr rkkhkni`gs s ieg dge ietkrvlhg `k ue pkrêg`g."

Hg ksdrioê `k kstk jg`g ke kh prgykdtg lekxg l hls

Olsks= " K h prksi`ketk ùrl ke su kjphkg kh térjieg

`k skis lügs, y eg puk`k skr rkkhkdtg sieg dge ietkrjk

ìg `k ue pkr êg`g."

Kh Dgenrksg dgest ituyketk `k Tletl Ak l`gptô kstklrt êduhg, rkspktl`g pgr hl rkagrjl `k <612, dge sôhg

hl lnrknldiôe `k ue vidkprksi`ketk.

·Duìh aué ji jket k l h prgpgekr h g7 Kv i t lr h gs ie

dgevkeiketks `k hls rkkhkddigeks plrl hl plz y plrl

hl h iokrtl` `kh plês.

L`jit ir hl rkkhkddiôe (ìdk uel egtl ke quk dgjke

té ksk lrtêduhg) ks kxtke`kr l `gdk lügs kh térjieg `k

hl prksi`kedil. Kh prksi`ketk t ikek s ikjprk jkìgs `kfldkrsk rkkhknir , y rlrl vkz `kml `k fldkrhg. Pg`l rk

khkddiôe ks lnitl`l, pgrquk sk hudfl dge prkvkedigeks

eldi`ls `kh prijkr pkrêg`g3 y kh jlh `k hl lnitldiôe

eg dgjpkesl kh ietkrés `kh kspêritu `k hônidl ke hl




4?1 L H O K _ @ I

l`jieistrldiôe, quk jìs oike `kpke`k `kh jieistk

r i g . " (Grnleizldiôe, tgj g I, pì n. <61.)

Rkrg kh jlygr iedgevkeiketk `k hl rkkhkddiôe, ks

gtrg. Ks quk kh hl `kselturlh izl lh Ngoikreg rkpuoh i

dleg, ietrgùdk `k ue jg`g tìditg y tlh vkz lhng `kh

Ngoikreg jgeìrquidg, ks `kdir, `k hl pkrpktui`l` `kh

Rg`kr ke hls jlegs `kh jisjg ngokreletk. L`jit ir

hl rkkhkddiôe ie`kaiei`l ks dljoilr hl agrjl `k ngoikreg, ks uel rkvghudiôe sie rui`g, fkdfl pgr hl jis

jl hky aue`ljketlh .

Jk tgdô l jê prkplrlr ksl rkvghudiôe g nkrjke `k

rkvghudiôe, sie slokrhg, l`jitike`g hl rkkhkddiôe dge

ietkrvlhg `k ue pkrêg`g. Ksk ietkrvlhg eg kxdhuêl hl

rkkhkddiôe, l`jiti`l dgjg priedipig, pgr hls plhlorls

jisjls `k hl dgestitudiôe. Eg puk`k skr rkkhkdtg sieg

dge ietkrvlhg `k ue pkrêg`g‐quikrk `kdir quk puk` kskr rkkhkni`g kh prksi`ketk ie`kaiei`ljketk dge ietkr

vlhgs lhtkreltivgs `k skis lügs.

Hl rkkhkddiôe, l`jiti`l ke ksl agrjl, fl si`g hl

dlusl `k hls ìskesigeks y trlstgregs, quk fle trlê`g

nukrrls, rkvghudigeks, nlstgs, kjprést itgs, `ku`ls, dr i

sis y kjpgorkdijiketg.

Ti ke vistl `kh dgjketlrig, quk hgs fkdfgs egs fle

`l`g `k ksk lrt êduhg, tuviksk yg quk ksdrioir hg `k eukv g g rkagrjlrh g , h g rk`ldt lr êl ke kst l agrjl= "Kh

prksi`ketk y vidkprksi`ketk ùrlrìe ke sus kjphkgs kh

térjieg `k skis lügs, y eg puk`ke skr rkkhkni`gs ke

eienýe dlsg ei ke eienuel agrjl. Ei kh kx prksi`ketk

puk`k skr khkni`g vidkprksi`ketk, ei kh kx vidkprksi

`ketk puk`k skr khkni`g prksi`ketk. Pg `l rkkhkddiôe

prksi`kedilh , ke uel agrjl jìs g jkegs keduoikrtlU

ks ue ltlquk dg etrl kh priedipig rkpu ohidleg , du yl




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 4?>

kskedil dgesistk ke hl ljgvih i`l` pkriôìdl y dgeti

eul `kh pkrsgelh `kh Ngoikreg."

Pg`gs hgs trlstgregs `k <6>0, tg`gs hgs trlstgregs

prksketks y prôxijljketk vkei`krgs sk florêle kvi

tl`g dge sôhg quitlr lh quk fl si`g prksi`ketk hl ks

pkrlezl y kh `krkdfg `k vghvkr l skrhg, `kspués `k

ue ietkrvlhg `k skis lügs. [sle`g `k su ieahumg ù

rletk su pkrêg`g, dui`lrì `k `lrsk ue sudksgr lprgpil`g, eg l hl ijpgrtledil `kh prijkr pukstg `k hl el

diôe, sieg l hl jirl `k kjphklrhk dgjg iestrujketg

plrl suoir `k eukvg, `kspués `k éh , l hl prksi`kedil.

Ksl ks hl murispru`kedil quk keslyô sie éxitg kh prk

si`ketk Jitrk dule`g, lh a ie `k su prksi`kedil, lpgyô

hl dleì`lturl `kh @r. Kh izlh`k3 y quk kh prksi`ke

tk Tlrjiketg fl kstlohkdi`g dge kh éxitg jìs dgjphktg

plrl éh y plrl kh `ksgr`ke.Hgs kx prksi`ketks fle vkei`g l skr kh jlh priedi

plh `k hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel.

·\ué aué hl rkvghudiôe `k <6>07 Hl nukrrl ketrk

`gs kx prksi`ketks, `k hgs dulhks qukrêl kh ueg skr

rkkhkni`g prksi`ketk, floike`g plsl`g kh ietkrjkìg

`k ue pkrêg`g `ks`k quk `kmô `k skrhg3 y kh gtrg, quk

yl sk dgesi`krlol kx prksi`ketk, pgr kstlr plsl`g kh pk

rêg`g `k su prksi`kedil, `lrsk ue sudksgr quk hk lsknurlsk kh rknrksg l hl prksi`kedil plrl `kspués `k pl

sl`g kh ietkrvlhg `k ue pkrêg`g. Kh ueg ousdô su khkd

diôe pgr hls lrjls3 kh gtrg, pgr hl v ighkedil fkdfl

l hl Dgestitudiôe.

Hgs `gs kx prksi`ketks quk ke <6>0 sk pkhklrge pgr

su ljoidiôe lh ngdk pkrpktug `kh prijkr pukstg `k hl

rkpýohidl, sk fle rkdgedih il`g ke vêspkrls `k akekdkr

hl ldtulh prksi`kedil, dge hl jirl `k ìviìrsk hl prk-




4?6 L H O K _ @ I

si`kedil prôxijl l vkeir , olmg kh pltrgeltg `kh prk

si`ketk prôxijg l skr kx prksi`ketk.

Pkekjgs, sknýe kstg, quk hgs aldtgrks `kh prgohkjl

khkdtgrlh quk sk lprgxijl sge trks, y quk ksgs trks

sge hgs trks kx prksi`ketks quk fle ngokrel`g hgs ìkz

y gdfg lügs `k hl Dgestitudiôe, quk fizg rkkhkniohk lh

prksi`ketk dge ietkrvlhg `k ue pkrêg`g.

Kh prgohkjl, pgr hg tletg, ks fgy `k jìs ìaêdih sghudiôe quk ke <6>0. Prks dleì`ltgs eg pg`êle dgedi

h ilr sus lspirldigeks l hl rkkhkddiôe `kh jisjg pukstg,

sieg dge ietkrvlhg `k `gs pkrêg`gs, plrl kh jkegs al

vgrkdi`g, quk ke kstk dlsg aukrl kh kx prksi`ketk Ji

trk, ì quike el`l `kok kh auturg kx prksi`ketk, quk

aué dleì`ltg gaidilh `k su prk`kdksgr.

Kstk nustg quk `kml kh kmkrdid ig `kh Rg`kr, ke hgs

quk fle ngzl`g uel vkz `k éi pgr kspldig `k skislügs , y kh `kskg `k dgetieulr ke su pgsksiôe ie`kaiei

`ljketk, sge hgs sketijiketgs jìs elturlhks `k hl

dgeìdiôe fujlel, olmg tg`ls hls agrjls `k ngoikr

eg. Hl elturlhkzl `kh fgjork eg `kml `k skr hl jis

jl pgrquk kh Ngoikreg `k ue plês , ke vkz `k skr jg

eìrquidg, skl rkpuoh idleg. Hgs sket ijiketgs y prgpke

sigeks, hgs iestietgs y lspirldigeks sge hgs jisjgs, ke

uel agrjl quk ke hl gtrl3 y hg prijkrg quk `kskl khquk fl ngzl`g `kh Rg`kr lhnuegs lügs, skl dgjg rky

g kjpkrl`gr, g prksi`ketk, g ngokrel`gr, ks sknuir

siée`ghg ie`kaiei`ljketk3 g vghvkr l skrhg, si hl pg

sksiôe fl si`g ietkrrujpi`l.

Eg fly quk pkìr kh rkjkìg l ue dljoig `k hl

elturlhkzl fujlel, sieg l ue dljoig `k hl iestitu

diôe quk `l aldih i`l`ks lh `kslrrghhg `k ksls lspirldigeks elturlhks lh Rg`kr.




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 4?9

Ks prkdisg loghir `kh tg`g kh priedipig `k hl rkkhkd

diôe. \uk kh quk fl s i`g prksi`ketk eg puk`l vghvkr

l skrhg ke su vi`l. Dgetieulrì kh lousg `kh ieahumg gai

d ilh ke gtrl agrjl, pkrg skrì jkegr y jkegs dlplz

`k `lülr l hl plz pýohidl.

[el sghl khkddiôe y euedl `gs3 g plrl tg`l hl v i

`l, y ketgedks hl jgelrquêl, arledl y h iorkjketk ldkp

tl`l, dgjg ke kh Orlsi h 3 g pgr ue pkrêg`g pkrketgrig

`k skis lügs, y eg jìs ke hl kxistkedil `k ue fgj

ork, y ketgedks hl rkpýohidl, ketkrl y nkeuiel.

[el rkpýoh idl dge judfgs kx prksi`ketks, t ikek hgs

jisjgs iedgevkeiketks quk uel juht itu` `k ìels

têls lspirle`g dgedurrketkjketk lh trgeg `k uel jg

elrquêl. Hl sgdik`l` ketkrl v ikek l quk`lr ìviì`l

ke tletgs plrt i`gs dgjg dleì`ltgs. Pg`gs hgs quk

fle ngzl`g `k hgs okekaidigs `kh Rg`kr lhrk`k`gr `k

dl`l kx prksi`ketk, sge gtrgs tletgs kx ke nrl`g jkegr,

y kh suküg `grl`g ke quk vivke ks kh `k vghvkr l hgs

ngdks plsl`gs `kh Rg`kr g `kh kjphkg quk hks pkr

jit êl v iv ir y ngzlr lh alvgr `kh tksgrg pýoh idg3 y kh

jg`g `k gotkekrhg ks lyu`lr l suoir l hl prksi`kedil

l su let inug mkak.Ksk jlh sk fl fkdfg jìs nrlvk y kxtkesg, `ks`k quk

dl`l prksi`ketk fl `l`g ke sknuir kh kmkjphg `kh prk

si`ketk Mldcsge, dljoile`g tg`gs hgs kjphkl`gs suo

lhtkregs `k su `kpke`kedil pgr gtrgs `k su khkddiôe

prgpil y ìrkdtl.




VI

Drisis kdgeôjidl y pgh êt idl.

K h Mlpôe dgetkjpgrìekg (`k quk sk gdu pl hl _kvud`ks @kux Jge`ks, `kh <; `k Tkp tikjor k y <.² `k Gd

tuork `k <6>1), dgjg hl Purquêl, dgjg kh Kniptg, ke

rknkekrldiôe g rkagrjl, prksketl durigsls y l`jirl

ohks lelhgnêls dge hl Ljéridl letks ksplüghl, rkagr

jl`l pgr hl rkvghudiôe `k hl ie`kpke`kedil dgetrl

Ksplül, h hljl`l pgr Dleeien hl Purquêl `k Gddi

`ketk.

Dlsi l ue jisjg tikjpg, tg`gs ksgs plêsks, qukrike`g sldu`ir su plsl`g rktrônrl`g plrl ieidilrsk ke

hl d iv i h izldiôe `k hl Kurgpl gddi`ketlh , fle prksketl`g

pgr rksuhtl`g `k sus ksaukrzgs ke kstk sketi`g, ue ks

tl`g `k prgspkri`l` quk pgr ue jgjketg hks fl `l`g

kh skjohletk kxtkrigr `k plêsks vkr`l`krljketk d iv i

h izl`gs l hl kurgpkl3 pkrg hl rklh i`l` `kh elturlh

ltrlsl`g eg fl tlr`l`g ke rklddigelr, y hls jìs tk

rriohks drisis kdgeôjidls fle kstlh hl`g dlsi l ue tikjpg ke tg`gs kh hgs, skjorle`g `k vêdtijls hgs jkrdl

`gs jge ktlrigs `k Ku rgp l, j ìs' quk hgs suygs p rg

pigs.

Hl `ku`l pýohidl `kh Mlpôe (<6>1) suok l <0?.?6>.;62




4 4 ? L H O K _ @ I

yke. Tike`g kh yke `k vlhgr `k `gs pksgs aukrtks g

<2 arledgs, kh tgtlh `k hl `ku`l ke jgek`l arledk

sl lsdike`k l arledgs <.0??.69;.622.

Kh hl sk `ksdgjpgek lsê =

@ku`l kxtrlemkrl, pgr kjprést itgs hkvletl`gs ke

Hge`rks lh > y 9 pgr <22, yke <0.062.9<?, ô ?9 ji

h hgeks `k aukrtks lprgxijltivljketk.

@ku`l ietkrigr= yke 44.220.606, ô 12 jihhgeks aukrtks jìs g jkegs.

@ku`l ahgtletk, rkprksketl`l pgr kh plpkh jgek`l,

quk ks hl sghl j gek` l dg rriketk `kh plês ke yke=

90.624.6<9.

Hl pgohldiôe `kh Mlpôe ks `k ?2 jih hgeks `k floi

tletks.

Kh tksgrg `kh Mlpôe tikek ue `éaidit leulh `k arle

dgs <2 jihhgeks.Rlrl kquih iorlr sus nlstgs pýoh idgs eg t ikeke jìs

quk ue rkdursg= k h kjpréstitg kxtrlemkrg (puks kh plês

dlrkdk `k `iekrg flstl plrl plnlr sus dgetrioudigeks) .

·D ge qué f ipgt kdl7 Y l eg h k quk`l sieg hl quk rk

pgsl ke ksk khkjketg ju htêphidk, ijpkrdkp tiohk, ie

dikrtg, quk dgesistk ke kh `kslrrghhg `kh pgrvkeir, sk

nýe hl kxprksiôe `k Jr. Nkgrnk Ogusqu kt.

@k hl agrtuel `k tg`g plês quk sk `ksdgjpgek kekstgs trks khkjketgs= kh sukhg, k h fgjork y hl riqukzl

ldujuhl`l, g kh dlpitlh3 kh sukhg ks nrle`k y ridg g

iedlplz `k skrhg, ke hl lnriduh turl kspkdilhjketk.

·\ué ks k h mlpgeés dgjg t rlolml`gr7 I et k h inket k ,

ienkeigsg, sulvk3 pkrg eg trlolml`gr ei lfgrrlt ivg. Ks

jìs ie`ghketk quk kh ksplügh. Plh ks kh pukohg h hljl`g

l fldkr vlhkr kdgeôjidljketk kh sukhg mlpgeés.

L alhtl `k ue dlpitlh ke elturl, ·tikek kh plês ue





dlpitlh ke eujkrlrig quk hg puk`k rkkjphlzlr 7 Hl p h l

tl alhtl `k hl dirduhldiôe, y tlh vkz `kh plês. Tus Ng

oikregs hgdlhks kjitikrge sikjprk plpkh, y kh lrrgz ke

sldgs aué hl jgek`l g iestrujketg `k hgs dljoigs.

[el olhlezl, s ikjprk dgetrlril ke su dgjkrdig kx

tkrigr, fl olrri`g dge duletg jktlh prkdigsg dgetkeêl

kh Mlpôe.

Hl ijpgrtldiôe kxdk`k ke judfgs jih hgeks l hl kxpgrtldiôe.

·Dôjg, ketgedks, eg t ikek kh grg uel nrle prijl

sgork kh plpkh7 Rgr hl dgstujork y dgeailezl `k si

nhgs quk kh pukohg t ikek ke kh plpkh ijpkrilh, g `kh

K stl `g 3 kstl`g `k dgsls let ikdgeôjidg iesgstkeiohk,

quk ldlolrì ke uel drisis fgrriohk.

Tk fl ousdl`g y drkê`g kedgetrlr ue rkjkìg l ks

tk jlh `k hl drkldiôe `k Oledgs lh kstihg `k hgs Oledgs ljkridlegs, dgjg si hl prgùddiôe mlpgeksl pu

ìkrl dgjplrlrsk dge hl iejkesl y dgetieul prgùd

diôe ljkridlel, y hls a ielezls `k ue pukohg lvketu

rkrg y h iork dgevieikrle l uel eldiôe têji`l, ineg

rletk y rknhljketl`l.

Hg s mlpgeksk s, dgj g hgs plrl nul ygs y gtrgs, fle

drkê`g quk hgs Oledgs sge jleletilhks `k grg y phl

tl, dule`g sge jìs oike lh mioks g kstlequks `k ksgsjktlhks, duygs jleletilhks kstìe ke gtrl plrtk quk

ke hgs Oledgs. Ks dgjg drkkr quk hgs olrri hks prgù

dke kh v ieg. Hg quk jkegs pikesle ks quk hgs Ole

dgs sge kh kakdtg, eg hl dlusl, `k hls riqukzls pkdu

eilrils3 quk kh grg y hl phltl quk hgs Oledgs prkstle

lh pýohidg, ks kh grg y hl phltl `kh jisjg pýohidg l

quike hgs Oledgs hk prkstle hg suyg prgpig pgr kstl

rlzôe skedi h hl3 quk hgs Oledgs eg t ikeke jìs ìekrg




4 4 0 L H O K _ @ I

quk kh ìekrg quk kh pýohidg `kpgsitl ke sus dlmls, g

quk hks prkstl ke dljoig `k hgs oih hktks ke quk hgs

Oledgs prgjktke `kvghvkrhg lh pgrtl`gr y l hl v istl.

Luequk kh Oledg puk`k tkekr dlpitlh prgpig, tlj

oiée puk`k kxistir sie dlpitlh , d 'ge hl sghl nlrletêl `k

su rkdtitu`, dgjg ue dgrrk`gr g lnketk `k dljoig. Kh

plpkh `k ietkrjkìlrig ketrk hgs quk `le l préstljg

y hgs quk rkdioke prkstl`g, ks kh jisjg ke kh olequkrg , quk ke kh dgjisigeistl g ke kh dgrrk`gr. Ks ue

sijphk jle`ltlrig pýoh idg quk fldk d irduhlr kh ìek

rg lmkeg.

Ks aìdi h dlhduhlr kh lousg quk hgs Oledgs puk`ke

fldkr `k hl inegrledil `kh vuhng, quk hgs jirl dgjg

pgzgs lrtksilegs `k grg y phltl, dule`g hg ýeidg quk

prgùdke (dule`g prgùdke) ks plpkh , ksk plpkh s ij

oôh idg `k ue grg quk l jkeu`g trlesjinrl ke kh s êjoghg plrl sikjprk, l hgs gmgs `k su ùküg, quk eg

v ukh v k l v kr h g .

Ksk plpkh ks kh iestrujketg jìnidg dge quk sk hk

sldl lh pýoh idg kh grg quk ousdl ke hgs Oledgs quk

hg kjitke.

Kjit ir oi h hktks ks tgjlr ìekrg prkstl`g. Kh vkr`l

`krg prkstljistl ks kh quk rkdioiô kh oi h hktk3 kh vkr`l

`krg `ku`gr ks kh quk hg kjitk.

Hgs Oledgs sge `ku`grks pýoh idgs `k tg`g kh grg

quk rkprksketle hgs oih hktks quk fle kjiti`g.

L s ê , t ikek rlzôe Jr. Ogusqukt dule`g ìdk quk hgs

Oledgs eld igelh ks `k Arledil , `k I en h lt krrl y `k L jé

ridl, eg sge sieg rknuhl`grks `kh dréìtg y `kh prkdig

`kh ìekrg, quk kh hgs eg fle drkl`g ei prgùdi`g.





Tie ù`l quk kh plpkh, h hìjksk g eg `k Oledg, quk

kjitk ue Kstl`g, rkprksketl s ikjprk ue vlhgr tle

rklh y kakdtivg dgjg hls rketls y hls prgpik`l`ks `kh

Kstl`g, quk hk s irvk `k nlmk.

Rkrg kh vlhgr `k ksk plpkh eg puk`k skrvir plrl

jkì`l `k hgs gtrgs vlhgrks3 pgrquk ks iedikrtg y

vlrilohk, luequk skl pgsit ivg y rklh .

Hukng ksk plpkh kjit i`g pgr kh Kstl`g eg puk`kskr jgek`l g iestrujketg `k dljoig, pgrquk hk alh

tl hl dlh i`l` ksk edilh `k hl jge k`l, quk ks hl a imkzl

`k su vlhgr, sie hg dulh eg puk`k skr hl jgek`l uel

jkì`l `k vlhgr.

Kh Kstl`g puk`k a i mlr y `kdhlrlr kh vlhgr3 pkrg eg

puk`k drklrhg. Kh grg t ikek ue vlhgr quk eg ks gorl

`kh Ngoikreg. [el hky puk`k `kdhlrlrhg s ie vlhgr= kh

grg sk rkirì `k hl hky, y tg`g kh jue`g `lrì hl rlzôe lh grg, `ìe`ghk kh vlhgr quk eg `lrì l hl hky.

Hl alduhtl` sgokrlel `k a i mlr g `kdhlrlr quk uel

gezl `k grg ks uel gezl `k grg, uei`l l hl alduhtl`

quk kh Kstl`g t ikek `k goh inlr sus rketls ielngtlohks,

fl fkdfg eldkr hl tketldiôe ke quk hgs Kstl`gs fle

dlê`g, `k dgevkrt ir ke jgek`l kquivlhketk lh grg y

hl phltl, kh plpkh ke quk sk gohinle l plnlr g `kvgh

vkr hg quk kh tgjl`gr hks prkstl ke dljoig.Ksk kxpkìketk puk`k skr hknit ijl`g pgr uel su

prkjl ekdksi`l` `k ue `êl, y el`l jìs3 pgrquk hk

mgs `k skr hl drkldiôe `k uel jgek`l, ks hl suprk

siôe `k hl jgek`l y hl rkstlurldiôe `kh trukquk g

dljoig `k uel dgsl pgr gtrl, l alh tl `k jgek`l.

Kh Ngoikreg quk, lh `êl s inuiketk `k plsl`l ksl ek

dksi`l` drêt idl, hg dgeskrvl y hg kjitl ks ue Ngoikreg

drijielh, quk jletikek lh dgjkrdig `k su plês ke




441 L H O K _ @ I

kstl`g `k olrolrik, y quk eg pikesl sieg ke dgeskr

vlr uel jìquiel `k hkvletlr kjprést itgs sgork kh puk

ohg `k su jle`g, sie hl vghuetl` `kh pukohg y sie quk

kh pukohg sk lpkrdiol `k quk dl`l kjisiôe `k plpkh

jgek`l ks ue kjpréstitg, y quk ksk plpkh eg tikek jìs

`k jgek`l quk hg quk tikeke hgs ogegs y t êtuhgs `k

hl `ku`l pýoh idl jìs grìelril.

Ple dikrtg ks kstg, quk hgs Ngoikregs dge pu`gr yrkspktg `k su prgpig `kdgrg, eg fle gsl`g mljìs kji

tir plpkh jgek`l ke su egjork, sieg ieìrkdtljketk,

pgr ietkrjkìg `k Oledgs, `k Dgjplüêls dgjkrdilhks,

tlhks dgjg hgs `k Ienhltkrrl, Arledil, Oéhnidl, Kstl

`gs [ei`gs .

Hgs Oledgs `k Kstl`g g `k Ngoikreg, quk fle

kjit i`g plpkh jgek`l `kh Kstl`g, rkprksketle`g su

rkspgesloih i`l` y su `ku`l ìrkdtl, fle si`g sikjprkhl gorl `k Ngoikregs ù`gsgs pgr su rkspktg l hl h i

okrtl` y kh `krkdfg dgjýe3 tlhks fle si`g hgs `k _u

sil, Lustril, Orlsi h , Oukegs Lirks, ke hgs ldtgs ìdtl

tgrilhks pgr hgs quk fle aue`l`g dlsls u gaidiels pý

oh idls plrl ke`ku`lr l v ivl aukrzl l sus ngokrel`gs.

Kh prgohkjl pgr rksghvkr ks éstk= duìh t ipg `k ng

oikreg ks kh quk t ike`k l prkvlhkdkr, sknýe hgs t ikj

pgs quk dgrrke= ·kh `k hgs Ngoikregs `k phltl y grg,

g kh `k hgs Ngoikregs `k plpkh jgek`l7

Ks kh t ikjpg y sus ekdksi`l`ks hg quk hg `kdiìrìe.

Ti hl hky `k hl ìrkddiôe `kh trlolmg `kskevukhvk `k

jìs ke jìs kh dgjkrdig ietkreldigelh g kxtkrigr `khls eldigeks, ke aukrzl `k hl vlrik`l` elturlh `k sus





lptitu`ks prgùdt ivls, hls lh tkrldigeks u gsdihldigeks`k hgs dljoigs skrìe jìs arkduketks, kh grg sk v g h v k

rì jìs dgsjgpgh itl y v il mkrg , hls drisis skrìe jìs

arkduketks pgr rksuhtl`g `k sus luskedils elturl hks,

y hl prkskedil `k ksls drisis ` lrì jìs arkduketks gdl

sigeks l hgs Ngoikregs , `k mustia idlr sus kjisigeks `k

plpkh jgek`l dge hls ekdksi`l`ks pýoh idls.

· E g sge s êetgjls `k kstk jgvijiketg hls eukvls

hkyks ljkridlels y okh nls sgork Oledgs7

Hgs prgykdt gs `k _ i d l r ` g ke kstl ìrkddiôe, ·eg m u s

tiaidle ke d ikrtg jg`g hls i`kls `k E l p g h k ô e I sgork

O l e d g s 7

·Hls rkpýoh idls `k hl L j é r i d l `kh Tur, `kstitui`ls

`k ieùstril alori h y h ijitl`ls l p r g ` u d i r hls jltkrils

prijls dge quk dgjprle l hl Kurgpl ieùst r il h hgs

lrtkaldtgs ekdkslrigs l su v i`l d iv i h izl`l, eg kstìepgr kh j g ` g `k skr `k su kdgegjêl ietkreldigelh , su

mktgs l dgetieugs dljoigs ke hl ol h lezl `k sus ij

pgrtldigeks y kxpgrt ld igeks , y l arkduketks dris is prg

ùdi`ls pgr hls kjinrldigeks `kh grg y hl phltl, el

di`gs `k hgs dljoigs dgetr lrigs7

T i hls kjisigeks `kh plpkh jge k`l `kh K s t l ` g , lh

kstihg mlpgeés, `koke skr kh suphketk ekdkslrig `kh ì

ekrg lusketk, dgjg iestrujketg `k hgs dljoigs , egks sieg `k t kjkr quk hgs O l e d g s `k Kst l`g, dgjg hgs

` k O u k e g s L i r k s y kh O r l s i h , sk kxt ike`le l t g`ls hls

_kpýoh idls `k hl L j é r i d l `kh Tur, hkmgs `k `kslpl

rkdkr ke hgs `gs plêsks quk fgy hgs tikeke.

Q g h v i k e ` g lh Mlpôe dget kjpgrìekg, eg pg`kjgs `k

ml r `k ditlr hls durigsls goskrvldigeks s inuiketks `kG O _ L T TKIMKDPLT.‐Pgjg Q




446 LHOK_@I

J . Nkgrnk Ogusqukt , pgr hls quk vkjgs quk eg tg

`gs hgs mlpgeksks `k kstk jue`g kstìe ke kh Mlpôe,

g quk, lh jkegs, fly jìs `k ue plês vikmg quk sk

trlesagrjl ke plês jg`kreg y kurgpkg pgr kh jé

tg`g quk sinuk kh Mlpôe y ke hl jisjl agrjl3 eg

sôh g ke L s il y Ì ar idl , s ieg ke L jéridl3 eg sô h g ke

Purquêl y kh Kniptg, quikrg `kdir , s ieg tljoiée ke hl

Ljéridl letks ksplüghl, pgr eg `kdir lsiìt idl y lar idlel g lrloksdl. Ks `kh jlkstrg Tlrjiketg kstl dgj

plrld iôe `k h l L jéridl dge L sil y Ì ar idl , dgjg puk

`k vkrsk ke su Aldue` g g hl divihizldiôe y hl olrol rik

`k su plês.

"[e v il mkrg (ìdk J . Ogusqukt ) quk `kspués `k

ìkz lügs `k luskedil v ieiksk fgy l Yk`ô, tke`rêl

pkel ke rkdgegdkr olmg kh jg`kreg egjork `k Pgcig

l hl let inul dlpitlh . @k tg`gs hl`gs dfgdlrêle susgmgs hls dgestruddigeks `k agrj ls kxôt idls , df ijk

ekls `k aìoridls (usieks), kxpgsidigeks (ktghlnks) `k

jkrdl`krêls kxtrlemkrls, trlolmgs `k tg`l d hlsk, kmkdu

tl`gs sknýe rknhls y plrl aieks `ksdgegdi`gs lh Mlpôe

letinug. . . Hg quk hg dgeaueìrêl, sgork tg`g, ks hl

dleti`l` `k egjorks eukvgs quk gir êl kjphklr plrl

`ksinelr dikrtls auedigeks, dikrtls iestitudigeks, y

flstl ìvis igeks tkrritgrilhks . Rkrg s i , vukh tg `k su pri

jkr lsgjorg, iol lh age`g `k hls dgsls y sk prknue

tlol qué dljoigs rklhks sk fle vkriaidl`g, olmg ksls

jktljgragsis kxtkrigrks, `ksduorir êl, tlh vkz, quk, ke

rksuji`ls duketls, olmg gtrgs trlmks, sk gduhtle hgs

jisjgs dgrlzgeks, olmg gtrg egjork auedigele hls

jisjls dgsls, y quk keduketrl l hgs mlpgeksks, dge

dgrtl ìakrkedil, tlhks dgreg hgs `kmô. Fly ke kh hg uelvkr`l` juy elturlh plrl quk skl jgtivg `k kegmg, pk-





rg quk hgs pukohgs ke trlesagrjldiôe eg nustle `k ks

dudflrhl. K h prgnrksg vkr `l` krg eg ks hl gorl `k ue

`êl ei `k ue `kdrktg3 ekdksitl t ikjpg, judfg tikjpg,

uel eldiôe plrl `lrsk uel kùdldiôe ketkrljketk

eukvl, y s i kh ksaukrzg y hl ldt iv i`l` puk`ke lyu

`lr l hl lddiôe `k hgs lügs, kh hgs eg olstle plrl rk

kj phlzlrhgs. H l divih izldiôe sk dgjpge k, letk tg` g,

`k jltkrils ietkhkdtulhks, quk eg sk agrjle `k ue`êl plrl gtrg ke uel eldiôe, sieg quk vikeke hketl

jketk y dgjg pgr lhuviôe.

"Ti sk trltlsk `k rkakrir l ue jôvih `gjieletk tg

`gs hgs dljoigs l quk lsistijgs, sk hk kedgetrlrêl, sie

ù`l, ke ksl ekdksi`l` `k plrkdkr, ke ksls kxinkedils

`k hl vlei`l`, quk agrjle kh rlsng sgorkslhiketk `kh

dlrìdtkr mlpgeés. @k lfê ksk nrle eýjkrg `k ieegvl

digeks duyl dlusl eg sk dgjprke`k, ei su aie kaidlz,y quk dukstle lh plês jìs dlrg quk skrêl prkdisg pl

nlr h ls . . .

"Tk prknuetl, pgr kmkjphg, ·pgr qué hl dgestrud

diôe `k dljiegs `k fikrrg prkdk`k l hl dgestruddiôe

`k rutls grìelrils3 pgr qué sk fldke l tletg dgstg

dgsls quk eg skrêle jkegs ýtihks si sk fidikrle ke ue

pik jìs jg`kstg7 Hl rkspukstl quk sk ijpgek l ks

tls dukstigeks ks quk dgevikek `kshujfrlr hgs gmgs yjgstrlr l hl Kurgpl, dukstk hg quk dukstk, hl `kdg

rld iôe `k h l d iv i h i zld iôe . . . "

H l P u r q u ê l ` k Loùh Lnis y h gs Kst l`gs [ei`gs

`k Tlrjiketg ke kh Rhltl, eg fle si`g gtrl dgsl quk

ksg jisjg quk sk plsl ke kh Mlpôe.

Rlrl jlygr lelhgnêl, kh jg`khg quk kh Mlpôe fl

qukri`g ijitlr, lh jkegs ke Tu divih izldiôe kdgeôji

dl, fl s i`g hl _kpýoh idl `k hgs Kstl`gs [ei`gs `k




402 LHOK_@I

L jéridl , jìs quk h l Kurgpl. Oledgs ljkridlegs , ak

rrgdlrri hks y tkhénrlags ljkridlegs, dghknigs ljkridl

egs , k h i` igjl ien h és `k h ks Kst l` gs [e i`gs , `ljls

ljk ridlels kjph kl`ls ke h l Ksd ukh l E gr j lr `k sk

ügritls y ke gtrgs dghknigs3 tg`g ksk aurgr `k ljk

ridleisjg flrêl drkkr quk Tlrjiketg kstlol l hl dl

okzl `kh Ngoikreg mlpgeés3 sgork t g`g, pgr h g quk

tg`g kh hg eg ks s ieg lplrltg kxtkreg, rkdhljg y jket irl `k d iv i h izldiôe kurgpkl y ljkridlel.

Ksg ks hl drisis g hl dlusl `k hl drisis ldtulh kdgeô

jidl, eg sôhg ke hl eldiôe, sieg kspkdilhjketk ke Ouk

egs Lirks, kh s i t ig `k hl dgenkst iôe.

L s i , h l _kpýoh idl L rnket iel ks v êd t ijl `k su dges

titudiôe kdgeôjidl, ks `kdir, `kh kstl`g ke quk sk ke

duketrle dghgdl`gs y ìspukstgs sus ietkrksks kdgeô

jidgs `k dgjkrdig kxtkrigr (g riqukzl nkekrlh), `k elv knld iôe (g pukrtgs), `k lùlels (g rketl eldigelh),

`k tksgrg pýoh idg (g aieledikrg), `k dréìtg y `ku `l

pýoh idl (g Oledgs y kj préstitgs).

Pg`g ksg kst ì dgjg kst lol olmg kHrén ijke dgh geil h

y olmg kh rénijke `k _gsls, quk eg krl s ieg rkstlurl

diôe `kh s istkjl dghgeilh , sknýe Ahgrkedig Qìrkhl.

·\uiée fl dgest i t ui`g k h pl ês `k ksk jg`g7 ·\uiée

fl pukstg sus ietkrksks kdgeôjidgs ke ksk kstl`g7Kh let inug rénijke dghgeilh ksplügh , aue`l`g ke

hl nkgnrla êl pgh ê t idl quk sus jirls ìkrge lh plês , y kh

rénijke `k hl rkvghudiôe dgetrl Ksplül, ieidil`l pgr

hl dlpitlh `kh let inug virrkieltg.

Hgs `gs s istkjls, dgjoiel`gs y jletkei`gs pgr

rut iel y pgr ietkrés jlh ketkeì`g agrjle hl dgest i

tudiôe `k f kdfg quk f gy t ikeke hgs " ietkrksks kdgeô

jidgs `kh plês , y puk`k `ka ieirsk3 uel lnrlvldiôe `kh





sistkjl kdgeôjidg `k hl kx dghgeil `k Ksplül, pgr hl

rkvghudiôe loikrtl dgetrl kh hl y eg tkrjiel`l flstl

lfgrl.

Ksl lnrlv ld iôe fl kjpkgrl`g h gs `kst iegs kdgeôji

dgs `k hl jlygrêl `kh plês , s i tul`g jkegs vketlmgsl

jketk plrl kh dgjkrdig kxtkrigr, ke prgvkdfg `k hl

plrtk jkmgr situl`l, quk ks hl quk ieidiô kh dljoig

dget rl Ksplül.@k ksl `ksinulh`l` ke hl ìstr ioudiôe `k hgs jk

ìgs y rkdursgs kdgeôjidgs `kh plês lrnketieg, rksuh

tl hl hudfl pkrjleketk ke quk fl v iv i`g `ks`k <6<2.

L dlol`l h l nukrrl dget rl Ksplül, k h pl ês fl v iv i`g

ke nukrrl dgetrl s ê jisjg, pgr hls jisjls dlusls, l

slokr= hl ìstr ioudiôe iemustl y `kslstrgsl `k hgs rk

dursgs kdgeôjidgs `k hl eldiôe, ke pkrmuidig `k hl

jlygrêl `k sus prgviedils, y ke kh prgvkdfg jlh ke

tkeì`g `k hl quk rkýek ke su sukhg hgs rkdursgs `k

hls gtrls, pgr hl lddiôe `k hl nkgnrla êl pgh ê t idl `kh kx

virrkieltg `k quk aué dlpitlh y dketrg dgjkrdilh y l`

jieistrltivg.

@k lfê hl ìvisiôe `kh plês ke hgs `gs plrti`gs nkg

nrìaidgs, quk sk fle ìsputl`g sksketl lügs kh ngdk

`k ksgs rkdursgs kdgeôjidgs3 kh plrt i`g `k OukegsLirks y kh plrt i`g `k hls prgviedils.

Hgs egjorks `k uei`l` y ak`krldiôe, duorêle hl dlu

sl ìsijuhl`l, pgr sistkjl, y eg krl gtrl quk hl jl

hl ìstrioudiôe `k hgs rkdursgs kdgeôjidgs `k hl el

diôe, dgedketrl`gs ke kh letinug dketrg dgjkrdilh `kh

plês.

Ksk kstl`g `k vkr`l`krl nukrrl ietkst iel y grnì

eidl fl si`g `kakeì`g pgr hl vighkedil, pgr sus ok-




4 0 ? L H O K _ @ I

ekaidilrigs, dge hl vketlml `k hl pgsksiôe `k fkdfg, l

quk fl `koi`g su ouke éxitg dgestletk.

L ksl nukrrl ietkrigr `k dlrìdtkr kdgeôjidg, kstu

vg rkùdi`g tg`g kh Ngoikreg `k _gsls3 l kh hl kh `k

sus sudksgrks.

Hl nukrrl quk `kvlstl y kjpgorkdk l hls `gs rknig

eks `kh plês, flr ì hl vi`l y gdup ldiôe `k tg`g s hgs

Ngoikregs vkei`krgs, quk ngoikreke pgr hl Dgest itudiôe kdgeôjidl quk `k fkdfg rink l hl eldiôe lrnke

t iel. [el Dgest itudiôe `k nukrrl, eg pg`rì `kmlr `k

tkekr lh plês ke nukrrl pkrjleketk y grnìeidl, jike

trls kh hl kxistl.

Ksl nukrrl ks hl jisjl quk hl `k hl rkvghudiôe dge

trl kh sistkjl dghgeilh ksplügh dgjkezl`l ke <6<2, hl

dulh eg kstì dgedhui`l ei dkrrl`l tg`lvêl, pgrquk kstì

ke pik hl dlusl jisjl quk hl prgùmg, quk aué hl kxphgtldiôe `k ue vlstg plês pgr ue dketrg jktrgpg

hitleg, quk vivêl `k sus rkdursgs. Kh iestietg `k hl

vi`l, flrì quk kh plês hudfk iedksletkjketk pgr hl rki-

l v ieìdldiôe `k sus jkìgs `k v iv ir hl v i`l d iv i h izl`l

y dgeagrtlohk quk jkrkdk pgr hls dgeìdigeks `k su

ridg y vlstg sukhg, flstl dgesknuirhl.

Ketrktletg, kh ldtulh Ngoikreg, pgskk`gr `k tg`gs

hgs rkdursgs `k ksk plês, dgestitui`g y jgetl`g ke

nukrrl pgr ksl jisjl pgsksiôe quk l gtrgs `kml `ks

pgskê`gs, y tkeike`g quk fldkr `k hl nukrrl hl dgeì

diôe `k su kxistkedil, tlh Ngoikreg eg pg`rì `kmlr `k

kjpgorkdkr lh plês tg`g, hkmgs `k keriqukdkrhg. Kh jk

rg fkdfg `k ngokrelr, skrì, plrl éh , `kspgohlr, `koi

h itlr, ìsjieuir lh plês, dgjg fl sudkì`g flstl lquê,

`ks`k kh priedipig `k hl rkvghudiôe, sknýe kh tkstijg

eig `k su fistgril.




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 4 0 4

Jiketrls Dfihk y kh Orlsi h , quk v ivke ke plz dge

sing jisjgs, pgrquk eg tikeke ksl dlusl ietkrel `k

ìsdgrìl, fle lujketl`g g dgeskrvl`g su tkrritgrig,

hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel fl pkrì`g pgdg l pgdg dlsi

hl jitl` `kh suyg ke sktketl lügs. Rrijkrg, sus dul

trg ietke`kedils `kh L h tg R kr ý Lr nke tieg , quk fgy

agrjl e hl _kp ýoh idl `k Og h iv il. @ksp ués, kh Rl rl

nuly. Hukng hl Ole`l Griketlh . Jìs tlr`k, hls is hlsJ lh v iels . L fgrl , J lnlh h leks y k h su` `k Rlt lngeil .

Jlülel, hl jkmgr plrtk `kh Nrle Dfldg.

Y hg quk fgy quk`l `kh letinug virrkieltg `k Ouk

egs Lirks, alhtg `kh Ng oikre g rknuhl r y `kaieitivg, quk

eg fl pgì`g dgestituir `ks`k <6<2, sinuk ngokrel`g

pgr kh jisjg kstl`g `k dgsls kdgeôjidls quk sirviô

`k aue`ljketg lh Ngoikreg lwtikdgeôjidg `k hgs virrk

yks , lh Ngoikreg letikdgeôjidg `k _gsls, y lh eg jkegs let ikdgeôjidg `k hgs Rrksi`ketks, quk fle rks

tlurl`g ksk rénijke `k nukrrl pgr hl rkagrjl rkld

digelril `k <6<2.

_énijke `k nukrrl ke pkrjlekedil, hl pgorkzl y

ltrlsg `kh plês skrì su dgeskdukedil iekvitlohk, dgjg

ke kh t ikjpg dghgeilh , dgjg ke kh t ikjpg `k _gsls,

dgjg ke kh t ikjpg ldtulh .

I I

Hl ak`krldiôe, tlh dgjg kstì grnleizl`l ke hl _kpý

oh idl Lrnketiel, ks kh egjork prkst inigsg `kh s istkjl

`k ^lsfientge pukstg lh arlu`k jìs gìgsg, lh kj

orgh hg jìs tgrpk quk sk flyl urì`g mljìs ke hgs ek

ngdigs pghêt idgs `k ue pukohg mgvke, pgr hg quk fldk




4 0 0 L H _ K _ @ I

l su lutgegjêl eldigelh, ktkrel `k hl vikml, pgr hg quk

fldk l sus fìoitgs `k suogrìeldiôe lutgjìtidl.

@ks`k kh @r. Jgrkeg, quk ke <6<2 rksist iô hl iedgr

pgrldiôe `k hgs rkprksketletks `k hl eldiôe ke kh Ng

oikreg hgdlh `k Jlyg, drkl`g pgr kh Dloih`g `k Ouk

egs Lirks (J ueidip lh i`l` ), flstl @g rrk ng , quk ke <6?>

`ksfizg k h Ngoikreg eld igelh drkl`g pgr _iv l`lv il3

flstl _gsls, quk pkrsinuiô jìs tlr`k l hgs eldigelh istls y prgoô l Muirgnl, ke <644, pgr uel dlrtl, quk hl

eldiôe eg tkeêl jkìgs `k dgest ituir ue Ngoikreg nk

ekrlh 3 flstl Jitrk y Tlrjiketg, quk ke <612 fle dlsi

`ksfkdfg kh Ngoikreg eldigelh `k <6?4, ke skrvidig

sikjprk `k hl prgviedil `k Oukegs Lirks, ke quk sk

lpgylrge plrl ksg jisjg k h @ r . J grkeg, @ grrkng,

_gsls3 tg`gs hgs skrvi`grks `kh kngêsjg `k ksl prg

viedil fle ievgdl`g kh s istkjl ak`krlh `k hgs Kstl`gs [ei`gs plrl keduorir y gduhtlr hl jukrtk y kh

ket ikrrg `kh Ngoikreg trlìdigel h dketrlh istl `k hl _ k

pýoh idl L rnket iel , suprkjg `kh `k Oukegs L irks , jk

ìletk kh dulh ke gtrg t ikjpg tkeêl jìs pksg ke hl

olhlezl ljkridlel hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel, quk tg`gs

hgs d iedg plêsks ueitlrigs quk hl rg`kle, l slokr= Dfi

hk , Oghivil, k h Rlrlnuly, kh Kstl`g Griketlh, k h Orls i h .

Rlrl dgrgelr kstl gorl `k `ksqui'dig, kh plrti`g `kOukegs L irks fl jle`l`g l Tlrjiket g l h gs Kst l`gs

[ei`gs, plrl trlkr `k lh h ê `gs dgsls quk sk `kstruyke

hônidljketk ketrk s ê = hl kùdldiôe, g kh lrtk `k agr

jlr l h fgjork3 h l ak`krldiôe, g kh lrtk `k `ksf ldkr hl

_kpýoh idl L rnket iel , ke k h ie t krés `k Oukegs L irks

`ks`k hukng, ke kh `kh Orlsi h ke sknui`l y `ka ieit ivl

jketk.

Tgphl tljoiée, ke lpgyg `k ksl dgrriketk `k `ks-




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 4 0 ;

trlddiôe, hl orisl h iokrlh `k hl Kurgpl, quk egs vl pgr

hl jleg `k J. Hloguhlyk, kh ak`krlh istl `k Rlrês , quk

eg pg`rêl s ieg jirlr dge `gohk s ijpltêl kh ak`krlh is

jg lrnketieg, tle lptg plrl kesledflr hl prkpge`k

rledil `k Grhkìes ke kh Orlsi h , duyg trgeg judfgs

kspkrle vkr dlkr ke sus jlegs.

Hg s prgv ied ilegs `k O ukeg s L irk s , quk `kokr êle

skr eldigelhistls eltgs, sge jìs pgrtkügs quk hgs pgr

tkügs, `k tkjgr `k skr tgjl`gs dgjg kekjings, ks `k

dir, dgjg eldigelhistls. Khhgs sge hg quk hgs flolekrgs

ke Jl`ri`, hg quk hgs fýenlrgs ke Qikel= hgs iestru

jketgs elturlhks `k hl dgeaisdldiôe `k sus prgviedilselt ivls.

Ke Oukegs L irks sge h gs kueudgs `k ksl Tuhtlel

`kh Rhltl3 `k hl prgviedil ueitlril, pgr kxdkhkedil, ks

`kdir , ieìvisl `k fkdfg k ieìvisiohk pgr hl hky dges

titudigelh, quk kh hl fl fkdfg ldkptlr l hls gtrls prg

viedils.

Ks vkr`l` quk `ks`k <6?2 kh hl sk fl ijpukstg l

sus fkrjlels dgjg su jg`khg dgest itudigelh {trltl`g

dul`rihìtkrg, `k <6??, lrt . . . ) @k ksk jg`g, hl uei`l`

`k hl eldiôe fl `kslplrkdi`g ke skrvidig `k hl uei`l`

`k prgviedil.

@ k t kjgr `k ue `kspgtisjg eldigelh (dgjg sk hhl

jl lh Ngoikreg dketrlh , pgr h iokrlh quk skl), sk fle

drkl`g dltgrdk `kspgtisjgs hgdlhks. Ks lsê dgjg fl

si`g ketkeì`l hl h iokrtl`. Khhl fl si`g dgeaueì`l dge

hl ie`kpke`kedil g lutgegjêl.




4 0 1 L H O K _ @ I

Hl h iokrtl` `k hl eldiôe fl dgesisti`g ke eg `k

pke`kr `kh kxtrlemkrg.

Hl h iokrtl` `k hl prgviedil ks eg `kpke`kr `kh Ng

oikreg `k hl eldiôe.

H l hiokrtl` ieìviùlh, quk ks hl h iokrtl` pgr kxd k

hkedil, ks `ksdgegdi`l `kh tg`g dgjg fkdfg plhpitle

tk y v ivg ke hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel. Ketike`g pgr h i

okrtl`, dgjg Jgetksquiku, hl sknuri`l` ieìviùlh, hlievighloi h i`l` pkrsgelh `kh fgjork dge tg`g hg quk

dgest ituyk su vlhkr .

Dule`g ìng Jgetksquiku, ìng Ienhltkrrl, puks éh

ks kh kxpgeketk arledés `k hl Dgestitudiôe ienhksl, dg

jg Pgdqukvi h hk, kh Jgetksquiku jg`kreg, hg ks `k hl

Dgest itudiôe lenhl-ljkridlel. Ke hl rlzl slmgel, quk

ks hl rlzl h iork, pgr kxdkhkedil, tg`ls hls h iokrtl`ks rk

pgsle ke hl hiokrtl` ieìviùlh.

Y dgjg Oukegs Lirks eg fl slduì`g hl lutgri`l`

`kh Ngoikreg eldigelh, sieg plrl sustituirhl pgr hl `kh

suyg `k prgviedil, hls gtrls prgviedils fle pgì`g tk

ekr rlzôe ke ketke`kr pgr hiokrtl` su ie`kpke`kedil

rkspkdtg `k Ou keg s Li rk s, s ie dgjk tkr ue losur` g.

Ks ke ksk sketi`g, quk hgs ngokrel`grks hgdlhks fle

tgjl`g hl skplrldiôe ak`krlh istl, dgjg kquivlhketk `k

h iokrt l` y h iokrl h isjg. \uirgnl, Hôpkz , _ljêrkz , Ous

tgs , Iolrrl, Nøkjks, Lh`lg, ktd . , drkêle skrvir l hl h i

okrtl` `k sus prgviedils rkspkdt ivls lpgyle`g ksl ak

`krldiôe, quk dgesist êl ke kjlediplrhls `k hl lutgri

`l` dketrlh istl, quk Oukegs Lirks qukrêl usurplr.Rkrg s i hls prgviedils krle h iorks ke ksk sketi`g, el





hg krle hgs ieìviùgs, quk quk`lole jìs `kspgtizl`gs

quk euedl, puks quk`lole olmg kh `kspgtisjg hgdlh,

quk ks kh pkgr `k tg`gs.

Ti kh dketrlhisjg eldigelh quk`lol supriji`g g h i

jitl`g, kh dketrlhisjg g ueitlrisjg `k prgviedil quk

`lol sie hêjitks.

Dl`l ngokrel`gr krl ue ìdtl`gr g kjpkrl`gr `k

su prgviedil, quk rkueêl ke sus jlegs tg`l hl sujl `ksu pg`kr pýohidg.

H l uei`l` ieìvisiohk `k hl prgviedil `k Oukeg s

Lirks krl y ks kh ktlhge `k ksk sistkjl.

Y dgjg ksl ieìvisiôe g ieìvisioih i`l` prgviedilh

ks dgestitui`l y jletkei`l dge kh gomktg `k ijpkìr quk

hl lutgri`l` `k hl eldiôe pkektrk ke hl prgviedil y sk

kstlohkzdl lh h ê dgjg hl lutgri`l` suprkjl `k su Ng

oikreg hgdlh , hl uei`l` losghutl `k dl`l prgviedil vik

ek l skr, pgr sus kakdtgs, hl suprksiôe `k hl eldiôe y `k

su lutgri`l` dghkdtivl ke kh `gjieig `k dl`l uel `k

sus jlh `kegjiel`ls prgviedils, dgevkrt i`ls ke rklh i

`l` ke Kstl`g sgokrleg g eldigeks `gjést idls, pgr `k

dirhg lsê.

@ks`k quk hl eldiôe eg ks olstletk sgokrlel plrl

pkektrlr ke hg ietkrigr `k hl prgviedil sgokrlel, hgsieìviùgs `k dl`l prgviedil quk`le ketkrljketk l hl

ìsdrkdiôe `k su Ngoikreg hgdlh , quk ìspgek `k sus

pkrsgels y `krkdfgs, sie lpkhldiôe y `k ue jg`g ih i

jitl`g.

L s ê , hg quk hgs ngokrel`grks nlele ke h iokrtl`, pikr

`ke ke h iokrtl` hgs diu`l`legs lrnketiegs, pgr ksk okhhg

sistkjl quk t ikek pgr lutgr y jg`khg l Oukegs Lirks.




406 L H O K _ @ I

Ke h gs Kst l`gs [ei`gs eg rkprgùdk h l ak`krld iôe

kh jisjg rksuhtl`g, pgrquk dl`l Kstl`g ks, `ketrg `k

sê jisjg, uel Ak`krldiôe ke jieilturl, ke duletg hl

dgjuel y kh dge`l`g, ke quk sk suoìvi`ke, sge kspk

dik `k sgokrleêls `kplrtljketlhks, quk s irvke `k h ê

jitk y olrrkrl l hl lutgri`l` hgdlh `kh Kstl`g.

Ksls suoìvisigeks ieaieitls `kh Rg`kr sge gtrls tle

tls `k hls suoìvisigeks ieaieitls `k hl h iokrtl` quk, ke

kh pukohg `k hgs Kstl`gs, v ivk ke hgs fìoitgs, ke hls dgs

tujorks y ke kh jg`g `k skr `k dl`l fgjork.

Lhh ê hl h iokrtl` y kh pg`kr plrtke `kh ieìviùg fldil

h l nkekrlh i`l`3 ke h gs pukoh gs `k h l L jéridl `kh Tur

hl h iokrtl` y kh pg`kr plrtke `k hl nkekrlh i`l` fldil

kh ieìviùg.

Ti hl nkekrlh i`l` eg t ikek olstletk pg`kr plrl fldkrsk gok`kdkr `k hgs ieìviùgs, quikrk `kdir quk eg

hg t ikek plrl prgtknkr hl h iokrtl` ieìviùlh . Lsê , hl

dgest itudiôe `k ue Ngo ikreg rklhjketk eldigelh , ks

`kdir , quk ngoikrek `ketrg `k dl`l prgviedil `k hl el

diôe, ks kh ýeidg y sgokrleg jkìg `k skrvir y prgtk

nkr hl h iokrtl` ieìviùlh `k hgs lrnketiegs.

Kh Ngoikreg eldigelh ks hl h ijitldiôe, hl olrrkrl, hl

plhledl, dgetrl kh losghut isjg `k hgs Ngoikregs `k prgviedil.

Y ksk Ngoikreg eldigelh eg sk puk`k dgestituir `k

ue jg`g kaidlz y pg`krgsg, sieg pgr hl ìvisiôe g suoì

visiôe `k hgs Ngoikregs `k prgviedil.

Rk rg eienuel prgv iedil dgesketirì ke suo` iviìrsk,

jiketrls hl prgviedil jg`khg quk ngoikrel l hls gtrls

pgr su kmkjphg, ijpgenl pgr dgeìdiôe, plrl v iv ir ke

ueiôe dge hls gtrls, kh pkrjlekdkr ieìvisl k ieìvisi-




GO_LT TKHKDPLT 409

ohk. Kstg ks hg jisjg quk ueirsk, pkrg l dgeìdiôe `k

quk`lr `ksuei`g.

III

Ti fly ue plês ke quk ksté prgol`g quk hl r iqukzl

ks kh pg`kr, ksk ks hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel.·@ ôe`k kst ì l h h ê k h Rg`kr7 Ke Oukegs L irks , ks `k

dir , `ge`k kstì hl r iqukzl `kh plês tg`g dgedketrl`l=

hl pýoh idl, quk dgesistk ke hl Lùlel, quk hl eldiôe

plnl ke su pukrtg3 hl privl`l, quk ks prgùdi`l pgr

sus `gs nrle`ks ieùstrils3 kh dgjkrdig quk sk fldk

ke su pukrtg, hgs arutgs rurlhks `kh plês , quk prgù

dke sus dljplüls, y quk su dgjkrdig kxpgrtl ke dlj

oig `k hls jleualdturls kurgpkls, quk su Jlriel trlespgrtl g ietrgùdk.

H g s j ì s ridgs fldke`l`gs, dgjkrdiletks y prgpik

tlrigs sge hgs jìs puìketks g pg`krgsgs. Khhgs sge hl

lristgdrldil `kh plês, kh hgs sge kh Rg`kr rklh y kh Ng

oikreg vkr`l`krg, quk kh hgs `khknle y `le, dule`g eg

quikrke kmkrdkrhg. Tge hgs nrle`ks khkdtgrks. Ti kh Rg

`kr ks hl agrtuel, hgs lspirletks lh Rg`kr, ks `kdir, hgs

pltrigtls `k gaidig y prgaksiôe, fldke oike `k eg ousdlr gtrl dgsl quk hl riqukzl, dgjg jkghhg y sustledil

`kh Rg`kr .quk ljoidigele, y dgjg jleletilh `k ngdks

y dgjgì`l`ks, quk sôhg dge hl riqukzl sk gotikeke.

Rkrg ksg ks hg quk su fipgdrksêl ksdge`k, hkmgs `k

dgeakslr. L drkkrhks sus plhlorls, hl phltl y kh Rg`kr

hks rkpunele3 y tg`g kh jôvih `k su dgeùdtl ks kh ljgr

l hl pltril, l h l hiokrtl`, l hl nhgril, l h fgegr `k hl el

diôe.




4;2 L H O K _ @ I

Ksgs aleìtidgs l skdls sôhg sk iedhiele, sie kjolrng,

letk hgs jìs ridgs y puìketks, quk l sus gmgs sge hgs

ýeidgs egohks, oukegs, fgerl`gs y skesltgs, jiketrls eg

sk kjpgorkdke. Eg hgs ldltle pgr ridgs, sknýe kh hgs,

sieg pgr rkspktlohks3 pkrg eg sge rkspktlohks sieg pgr

ridgs.

Rkrg ·duìe`g y `ôe`k e gaué h g jisjg7 Hgs eg

ohks y nrle`ks skügrks, `kpgsitlrigs `kh Rg`kr y `khiea humg, ke t ikjpgs plsl`gs `k hl Kurgpl, ·aukrge gtrl

dgsl quk hgs jìs r idgs prgpiktlrigs `k t ikrrls y fl

dike`ls 7

·\ué ks hg quk prijkrg pkrìô g loìdô hl egohkzl

ke Arledil, letks `k pkr`kr kh Rg`kr 7 Tus nrle`ks prg

pik`l`ks tkrritgrilhks .

·\ué ks hg quk prijkrg sk ìviìô ke plrtks inul

hks, letks `k aue`lr kh eukvg rénijke `k hl inulh`l`pgh ê t idl y sgdilh7 Hl prgpik`l`, hl fkrkedil, hgs oik

eks , hl riqukzl. Inulh`l` pghêt idl y sgdilh , sineiaidl kh

Rg`kr ke tg`gs pgr inulh, ks `kdir, hl h iokrtl` ke tg`gs

pgr inulh , pgrquk hl h iokrtl` ks .pg`kr= ks kh ngoikreg

`k sê jisjg.

Hl Inhksil _gjlel vieduhô s ikjprk su pg`kr kspi

ritulh ke su pg`kr tkjpgrlh, ks `kdir, jl tkrilh, kdgeô

jidg, dgjg hl rketl, hl tikrrl, hl prgpik`l` . -

L s ê , hgs jìs fìoihks `k sus sldkr`gtks, hgs mksuêtls,

aukrge hgs quk jìs vlhgr ìkrge lh pg`kr `k hl r iquk

zl y jìs sk gduplrge `k su l`quisid iôe. Eg pgr vlel

dgìdil, eg pgr lpktitg `k hgs ngdks quk hl riqukzl prg

pgrdigel, sieg pgrquk hl riqukzl ks hl ieahukedil, hl

lutgri`l`, kh Rg`kr jisjg ke tg`gs sus lspkdtgs, jl

tkrilh k iejltkrilh .




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 4 ; <

·Dôjg sk agrjô ksk kstl`g `k dgsls pgr kh dulh hl

riqukzl `k tg`l hl eldiôe sk keduketrl ldujuhl`l y

losgroi`l ke Oukegs Lirks7

@ks`k hukng, pgr hl grnleizldiôe quk ksk plês rkdi

oiô `k Ksplül sike`g su dghgeil, plrl rknirsk pgr ue

sistkjl `k Ngoikreg losghutg y gjeêjg`g, olsl`g ke

kh dijiketg kdgeôjidg `kh jgegpghig dgjkrdilh . Ksl

grnleizldiôe `k `kspgtisjg jktrgpgh itleg y `k jgegpghig `k hls aukrzls kdgeôjidls `k tg`g kh plês, fizg `k

hl nkgnrla êl pgh ê t idl kh prijkr khkjketg `k dgedketrl

diôe y `k losgrdiôe jgegpghistl.

Ke sknui`l pgr hl gorl `k hl rkvghudiôe `k hl ie`k

pke`kedil dgetrl Ksplül, ieidil`l y dge`udi`l pgr hl

vidkjktrôpgh i tkrritgrilh , quk krl hl prgviedil `k Ouk

egs³ Li rk s, ke jlegs `k duyg Ngo ikreg hgdlh sk kedgetrô dghgdl`l hl jlsl `k pg`kr eldigelh, lh h ê rkuei`l

plrl ijpgekr sie dgetrgh , l tg`g kh virrkieltg, kh pg

`kr losghutg `k Ksplül.

Kh pg`kr lh h ê ldujuhl`g dge hgs rkdursgs kdgeôji

dgs plrl `gjielr lh pukohg `k hl dghgeil aué kjphkl`g

pgr Oukegs L irks dge `gs gomkt gs = pr ijkrg, `k kxpuh

slr l Ksplül `kh sukhg lrnketieg pgr hl nukrrl `k hl

ie`kpke`kedil3 sknue`g, `k sknuir ngokrele`g l hlprgviedil `kh v irrkieltg, krini`g ke _kpýoh idl ie`kpke

`iketk, jiketrls sk dgestituêl ue eukvg Ngoikreg pl

trig y eldigelh, ke duyls jlegs `koêl plslr kh `kpôsi

tg `kh Rg`kr nkekrlh lrnketieg, pukstg pgr hl ie`kpke

`kedil ke h ls jlegs kxd h us iv ls `k Oukegs L irks .

Kstk ks kh Ngoikreg quk eg fl ldlol`g `k dgest i

tuirsk flstl lfgrl ke sktketl lügs, ke quk fle sk

nui`g hls prgviedils lrnketiels ngokrel`ls pgr hl prg-




4;? L H O K _ @ I

viedil quk hks losgroêl tg`gs sus rkdursgs kdgeôjidgs

`k Rg`kr y Ngoikreg.

Hl ieidilt ivl quk Oukegs Lirks usô plrl slduìr hl

lutgri`l` ksplüghl y tgjlrhk su Rg`kr krl elturlh y

dgjprkesiohk.

Hg ks inulhjketk hl iedgjpktkedil `k Oukegs Lirks

plrl ieidilr hl gorl `k ue Ngoikreg eldigelh , l duyls

jlegs `koêl plslr kh Rg`kr kdgeôjidg `k hl eldiôe,quk sôhg prgvisgriljketk y pgr rlzôe `k su luskedil

rktkeêl.

Ke kstl sknue`l ieidilt ivl plrl hl drkldiôe `k ue

Ngoikreg eldigelh pltrig, kh ietkrés hgdlh `k hl prgvie

dil `k Oukegs Lirks kstlol ke gpgsidiôe dge hl kmkdu

diôe `k hl gorl quk `koêl rktirlrhk kh dlu`lh `k pg`kr

eldigelh `k quk krl `kpgsitlrêl sghljketk.

Tu ietkrés prgviedilh , l h dgetrlrig, kstlol ke ìakrir y pgstkrnlr hl drkldiôe `kh Ngoikreg eldigelh, duyl

kx istk ed il `koêl pge kr aie lh `kpôsitg prg vied ilh ke

quk tkeêl hgs ietkrksks `k ksk Rg`kr eldigelh.

Hl pgsksiôe `kh Rg`kr jisjg `k hls prgviedils dge

dketrl`g ke Oukegs Lirks aldi h i tô l hl kx jktrôpgh i tk

rritgrilh hgs jkìgs `k khuìr y pgstkrnlr hl drkldiôe `kh

Ngoikreg quk `koêl skr sudksgr `kh suyg, ke kh ngdk `k

hgs rkdursgs eldigelhks `k Ngoikreg lquê rkuei`gs pgrhl Dgestitudiôe quk tuvg kh virrkieltg, kh `êl quk kh

Ngoikreg eldigelh v ieiksk lh jue`g.

@gs dljiegs tkeêl Oukegs Lirks plrl slh ir `k kstk

dgeah idtg, quk eg pg`êl skr `kaieitivg y pkrjleketk, sie

kxpgekr hl ietknri`l` `k hl _kpýoh idl l rgjpkrsk ke

`gs jitl`ks, l a ie `k `lr l dl`l uel kh Ngoikreg rks

pkdt ivg `k quk ekdksitlol plrl rkkjphlzlr lh `k Ksplül.

Kh ueg dgesistêl ke ketrknlr l hl eldiôe lrnketiel




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 4;4

sus rkdursgs, quk Oukegs Lirks hk rktkeêl pgr hl v ikmlnkgnrla êl pgh ê t idl, dge sôhg fldkr `k hl d iu`l` `k Ouk

egs Lirks hl dlpitlh `k hl eldiôe, hg quk krl kquivlhke

tk l rkstituir l hl eldiôe tg`gs hgs khkjketgs eldigelhks

`k pg`kr, quk Oukegs Lirks dgetkeêl.

Hl gtrl slh i`l dgesistêl ke jletkekr l hl prgviedil

`k Oukegs Lirks ke ie`kpke`kedil `gjést idl rkspkdtg

`k hls gtrls, dgeskrvle`g plrl sê , ke egjork `k su ietknri`l` prgviedilh , hl d iu`l` `k Oukegs Lirks dgjg

dlpitlh `k hl prgviedil, y dgjg prgviedilhks y suygs tg

`gs hgs khkjketgs `k pg`kr eldigelh, lh h ê dgedketrl`gs

pgr hl Dgestitudiôe `kspôtidl `kh virrkieltg dghgeilh .

Ke kstl ldt itu` `k Oukegs Lirks, quk krl hl quk Ks

plül floêl tkei`g rkspkdtg `k su dghgeil, hk olstlol

lostkekrsk `k agrjlr eldiôe dgjpldtl y dgjýe dge hls

gtrls prgviedils, plrl losgrokrhks tg`gs sus rkdursgsy ngokrelrhls dge kh hgs, sie quk hls prgviedils ngokr

elske l su jktrôpghm tkrritgrilh .

@iviì`l Oukegs Lirks ke `gs plrt i`gs, lorlzô kh

ueg `k kh hgs hl prijkrl sghudiôe, y kh gtrg hl sknue`l.

Ieýtih ks `kdir quk kh prijkrg aué ueitlrig. Kh gtrg

hhljô l su skplrltisjg dlpdigsg y letipltriôtidg sistk

j l ak`krlh.

L hgs sksketl lügs `k uel hudfl sie rksuhtl`g, kh

prgohkjl kstì rksukh tg ke lplrikedil, pkrg v ivg y plh

pitletk ke rklhi`l`.

@gs Ngoikregs, ueg `k Oukegs Lirks y gtrg `k hl el

diôe, dgkxist ike`g ke Oukegs Lirks, sge kh tkst ijgeig

visiohk `kh ùlhisjg pkrsistketk.

K h Ngoikreg prgviedilh `k Oukegs Lirks t ikek kh R g

`kr rklh `k hl eldiôe, pgrquk pgskk olmg su iejkìltl yG O _ L T TKHKDPLT.‐Pgjg Q . ?4




L H O K _ @ I

kxdhusivl lutgri`l` hl d iu`l` quk kedikrrl tg`gs hgs

khkjketgs eldigelhks `kh Rg`kr.

K h Ngoikreg eldigelh hg ks sôhg ke kh egjork, y su

pg`kr ks jkrljketk kspiritulh y phltôeidg, pgrquk eg

tikek pg`kr kxdhusivg y hgdlh ke hl diu`l` quk rksi`k.

Ksk kstl`g `k hgs ietkrksks lrnketiegs ke quk dge

sistiô ùrletk sktketl lügs hl ìvisiôe `kh plês ke `gs

plêsks, sinuk jletkeike`g ìviì`l l hl eldiôe, olmghgs `gs Ngoikregs, ke `gs plêsks, `k hgs dulhks ueg sôhg

ks tkek`gr `k hgs khkjketgs rketêstidgs `k pg`kr `kh

gtrg , quk sinuk `kspgml`g.

[e jletg `k ueiôe duork y ìsarlzl hl ìvis iôe hl

tketk y rklh , ke quk sinuk kxistike`g kh vikmg ldflquk

`k ksk plês, tle oike `gtl`g y tle ìneg `k hl grnlei

zldiôe govil y elturlh , quk hg flrêl skr kh jìs aukrtk y

gpuhketg `k Tu`ljéridl kh `êl quk hl rkdioiksk.Qkedi`ls pgr hls lrjls, ke Rlvôe, dge sus prgpigs

khkjketgs y rkdursgs aieledikrgs, hls prgviedils tuvik

rge quk sgpgrtlr hl lplrikedil `k ueiôe, quk h hljô kh

v k e d k ` g r ueiôe `kaieitivl.

Eg fly tlh ueiôe. Kh loisjg quk hl ijpk`êl sinuk

loikrtg, y eg fl `kslplrkdi`g `k hl vistl, sieg pgrquk

fl si`g duoikrtg dge plpkh pietl`g.

Ksl rklokrturl `kh loisjg, quk yl kstlol `kaieitivljketk dkrrl`g pgr hl Dgestitudiôe `k <6;4, quk `kdhlrô

l Oukegs Lirks dlpitlh `k hl eldiôe y rksi`kedil `k sus

lutgri`l`ks eldigelhks dge murisìddiôe iejkìltl, hg

dlh y kxdhusivl ke kh hl, ks hg quk h hljô rkdgestruddiôe

`k hl ueiôe `kaieitivl, hl rkag rj l quk `kmô l hl eldiôe

sie Oukegs Lirks y sie dlpitlh , `kmle`g l kstls `gs

aukrl `kh dgetrgh `k hl eldiôe `k quk fldêle plrtk, sk

nýe kh tkxtg ksdritg `k hl Dgestitudiôe.




VII

< 6 > 6 )

I

R l t r i l , K s t l ` g y h iokrtl`.

Hgs pltrigtls s iedkrgs `k Oukegs Lirks t ikeke quk ks

dgnkr ketrk kh t ipg `k hls _kpýohidls `k Nrkdil y `k

_gjl, letkrigrks lh Drist ileisjg, ke quk hl pltril krl

tg`g y kh ieìviùg el`l, g hl _kpýoh idl jg`krel `khtipg lenhg-slmôe, ke quk hl h iokrtl` `kh diu`l`leg ks

tg`g y hl pltril pgdl dgsl dule`g eg sirvk `k plhlìuj

y prgtkddiôe `k hl h iokrtl`.

Hgs priedipigs y rknhls pgr hgs dulhks sk fle ngokr

el`g hls sgdik`l`ks nriknl y rgjlel sge rlìdlhjketk

ìakrketks `k hgs quk rinke hl sgdik`l` jg`krel y dris

tilel `k kstgs t ikjpgs.

E uk strg s istkjl `k kùdldiôe, quk egs fldk v iv ir`ks`k hl iealedil ketrk nrikngs y rgjlegs, egs ldgs

tujorl l dgjplrlrhgs dge egsgtrgs, l muznlr su fis-

ril pgr hl eukstrl, y l kxphidlr eukstrls rkvghudigeks

pgr hls suyls, ìdk dge rlzôe J. @k Dguhlenks.




4 ; 1 L H O K _ @ I

@k lfê fle vkei`g judfgs krrgrks. Rkrg hgs krrgrks

ke kstl jltkril sge pkh inrgsgs. Hl i`kl quk sk fl agr

jl`g `k Nrkdil y `k _gjl fl pkrturol`g l eukstrls

nkekrldigeks. Rgr flokr goskrvl`g y dgjprkeì`g jlh

hls iestitudigeks `k hl Dité letiquk, sk fl qukri`g fl

dkrhls rkvivir ketrk egsgtrgs, ìdk kh nrle prgaksgr `k

hl Ksdukhl Egrjlh `k Arledil. Egs fkjgs lhudiel`g-

sgork hl h iokrtl` `k hgs letinugs, y pgr ksl sghl dluslhl h iokrtl` ketrk hgs jg`kregs fl si`g pukstl ke pk

h inrg.

[el `k hls nrle`ks ìaiduhtl`ks, sknýe éh , quk sk gpg

eke l hl jlrdfl `k hl sgdik`l` jg`krel, ks hl dgstuj

ork quk fl dgetrlê`g `k tkekr sikjprk l hl vistl hl le

t inøk`l` nriknl y rgjlel.

Hg quk J . @ k Dguh lenks y J . Pliek lt r iouyke l h l

A r l e d i l y l hl rkvghudiôe sk lphidl `gohkjketk l hlsgdik`l` y l hl rkvghudiôe ljkridlels, jg`khl`ls s ikj

prk l hls ijitldigeks arledksls `k Nrkdil y _gjl.

Kh rksuhtl`g `k kh hg ks quk hls egdigeks `k pltril y

`k h iokrtl`, ketrk egsgtrgs sge l jkeu`g krrgrks losur

`gs y egdivgs l eukstrgs prgnrksgs.

Hls egdigeks `k pltril y h iokrtl` ketrk hls letinuls

_kpýoh idls `k Nrkdil y `k _gjl krle hls jìs kstrk

dfls, r iìduhls y losur`ls, dgjplrl`ls l hls `k eukstrgt ikjpg3 y egs `lüljgs fgrr io h kjket k dule`g qukrk

jgs rkvivir hls y l`gptlrhls.

"Hl plhlorl pltril (ìdk kh sloig lutgr `k hl Ditk

letiquk, h iorg III , dlp. VIII) ketrk hgs let inugs s inei

aidlol hl t ikrrl `k hgs pl`rks, térrl pltril. Hl pltril `k

dl`l fgjork krl hl plrtk `kh sukhg quk su rkh in iôe `g

jéstidl g eldigelh floêl sletiaidl`g, hl t ikrrl ke quk

kstlole `kpgsitl`ls hls gsljketls `k sus letkdksgrks y




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 4;>

quk kstlol gdupl`l pgr sus lhjls. Hl pltril ìjieutl

krl kh rkdietg `k hl aljihil, dge su tujol y su agnôe

{agykr). H l nrle pltril krl hl d iu`l`, dge su prytlekg

y sus férgks, dge su rkdietg slnrl`g y su tkrritgrig jlr

dl`g pgr hl rkh iniôe. Pikrrl slnrl`l `k hl pltril‐`kdêle

igs nr ikngs‐ . Eg krl uel v lel plh lorl . Kst k sukh g

krl rklhjketk slnrl`g plrl kh fgjork, pgrquk kstlol

floitl`g pgr sus ìgsks. Kstl`g, diu`l`, pltril, kstlsplhlorls eg krle uel lostrlddiôe, dgjg ketrk hgs jg

`kregs3 rkprksketlole rklhjketk tg`g ue dgemuetg `k

ìviei`l`ks hgdlhks, dge ue duhtg `k dl`l `êl y drkke

dils pg`krgsls ke kh lhjl.

Rg r lfê sk kxp h idl kh pltrigt isjg `k hgs let inugs,

sket ijiketg keérnidg quk krl plrl kh hgs= hl v irtu` su

prkjl y ke quk tg`ls hls `kjìs virtu`ks vkeêle l tkr

jielr. Pg`g hg quk kh fgjork pg`êl tkekr `k jìs dlrgsk dgeaue`êl dge hl pltril. Ke kh hl kedgetrlol su oike,

su sknuri`l`, su `krkdfg, su ak, su ìgs. Rkrìée`ghl,

tg`g hg pkr`êl.. . Rlrl hgs letinugs, @igs eg kstlol ke

tg`ls plrtks. Hgs ìgsks `k dl`l fgjork krle hgs quk

floitlole su dlsl, su dletôe, su pukohg.. . Hl rkh iniôe

krl hl auketk `k quk kjlelole tg`gs hgs `krkdfgs di

vihks y pghêt idgs. Kh `kstkrrl`g pkr`êl tg`g kstg pkr

ìke`g hl rkh in iôe `k hl pltril. Kxdhui`g `kh duh tg `k hldiu`l`, sk vkêl lrrkoltlr `kh jisjg nghpk su duh tg `g

jést idg, y `koêl kxt ienuir su aukng slnrl`g (agykr).

Rkr`êl su `krkdfg `k prgpik`l`, su t ikrrl, tg`gs sus

oikeks, dgjg si fuoiksk jukrtg plslole l sus fi mgs."

" K h ` k s t k r r l ` g ‐ ` i d k N k e g a g e t k ‐ p i k r ` k f g n l r , h i

okrtl`, pltril, jumkr, fi mgs. Ti jukrk, eg t ikek `krk

dfg `k skr ketkrrl`g ke hl t ikrrl `k su aljihil, pgrquk

k s u e k x t r l e m k r g . "




·\ué rlzôe `k skr tkeêl kstk alelt isjg `k pltril7

Hl rkh in iôe `k ksk t ikjpg, quk sk dgeaue`êl dge hl pl

tril, y l hl dulh `koêle ksls sgdik`l`ks tg`l su egdiôe

`k pltril.

Dge hls alhsls rkh in igeks `kh plnleisjg plslrge el

turlhjketk ksls egdigeks `k pltril y pltrigt isjg, ke

trk hgs let inugs jisjgs lh alvgr `k hl eukvl rkh in iôe

dristilel, quk dljoiô dge hls egdigeks `k @igs, hls `khl pltril y `k hl h iokrtl`, ke ue sketi`g vlstg y nrle`k.

"Ke jkìg `k hgs dljoigs quk sk floêle prgùdi`g

ke hls iestitudigeks, ke hls dgstujorks, ke hls drkkedils,

ke kh `krkdfg, kh pltrigtisjg jisjg floêl dljoil`g `k

elturlhkzl, y ks uel `k hls dgsls quk jìs dgetriouykrge l h gs nrle`ks prgnrksgs `k _gjl. Fkjgs ìdfg

duìh krl kh sketijiketg `k pltril ke hl prijkrl k`l`

`k hls diu`l`ks. Kh fldêl plrtk `k hl rkh iniôe, sk ljl

ol l hl pltril, pgrquk sk ljlol l sus ìgsks prgtkd

tgrks , pgrquk ke kh hl sk kedgetrlol su lhtlr, su slnrl

`g aukng, sus a ikstls, sus rgnldigeks, sus fijegs, y

pgrquk aukrl `k kh hl eg floêl ìgsks ei duhtg. Plh pl

tr igt isjg krl hl ak y hl pik`l`. Rkrg dule`g sk lrrledô hl `gjieldiôe l hl dhlsk sldkr`gtlh , kstl kspkdik `k

pltrigtisjg `kslplrkdiô dge tg`ls sus vikmls drkkedils.

Eg pkrkdiô kh ljgr `k hl d iu`l`, pkrg tgjô uel agrjl

eukv l.

Yl eg sk ljô hl pltril pgr rlzôe `k su rkh iniôe y

`k sus ìgsks3 sk hl ljô sghljketk pgr sus hkyks, pgr

sus iestitudigeks, pgr hgs `krkdfgs y hl sknuri`l` quk

kh hl ldgr`lol l sus jikjorgs. Qk` ke hl grldiôe au-




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 4 ; 9

ekork quk Pudiì`ks pgek ke ogdl `k Rkrid hks , duìhks

sge hls rlzgeks quk fldke ljlr l Ltkels= ks quk kstl

diu`l` quikrk quk tg`gs skle inulhks letk hl hky3 ks quk

khhl `l l hgs fgjorks hl hiokrtl` y lork l tg`gs hl vêl

`k hgs fgegrks3 ks quk kh hl jletikek kh gr`ke pýohidg,

lsknurl l hgs jlnistrl`gs hl lutgri`l`, prgtknk l hgs

`éoihks, `l kspkdtìduhgs y a ikstls quk agrjle hl kùdl

d iôe `kh l h jl."Lfgrl oike3 kstk eukvg pltrigt isjg eg tuvg kxld

tljketk hgs jisjgs kakdtgs quk kh `k hls vikmls k`l`ks.

Dgjg kh dgrlzôe eg sk lpknlol yl l hl prytlekl, l hgs

ìgsks prgtkdtgrks, lh sukhg slnrl`g, sieg ýeidljketk l

hls iestitudigeks y l hls hkyks iestlohks dgjg hls diu`l

`ks, kh pltrigtisjg vieg l skr ue sketijiketg vlrilohk

k iedgesistketk quk `kpkeìô `k hls dirduestledils y

quk kstuvg sumktg l hls jisjls ahudtuldigeks quk khNgoikreg jisjg. Tk ljô hl pltril ke tletg quk sk

ljlol kh rénijke pghêt idg, quk ke kh hl prkvlhkdêl3 kh

quk kedgetrlol jlhls sus hkyks, el`l tkeêl quk hg lpk

nlsk l khhls.

Lsê sk `koih itô kh pltrigtisjg jueidiplh , y pkrkdiô

ke hls lhjls. Hl gpieiôe `k dl`l fgjork hk aué jìs

slnrl`l quk su pltril, y kh triueag `k su alddiôe vieg

l skrhk jìs dlrg quk hl nrle`kzl g hl nhgril `k su diu`l`. Dl`l ueg vieg l prkakrir sgork su elt ivl d iu`l`,

si eg kedgetrlol ke kh hl hls iestitudigeks quk ljlol,

tlh gtrl diu`l` ke quk vkêl ksls iestitudigeks ke vingr.

Tk kjpkzô ketgedks l kjinrlr jìs nustgsljketk3 yl

eg sk tkjêl lh `kst ikrrg. . . Yl eg sk pkeslol ke hgs ìg

sks prgtkdtgrks `kh fgnlr, y sk plslol aìdihjketk `k

hl pltril. Tk fizg lh ilezl dge uel diu`l` kekjinl plrl

fldkr tr iuealr l su plrt i`g ke hl suyl.




412 L H O K _ @ I

Ke Itlh il eg sk plslole l kstk rkspkdtg hls dgsls `k

gtrg jg`g quk ke Nrkdil. Kh ljgr `k hl d iu`l` `kslpl

rkdêl. Dgjg ke Nrkdil, dl`l ueg sk h inlol nustgsg l

uel diu`l` kxtrlemkrl, plrl fldkr prkvlhkdkr sus gpi

eigeks g sus ietkrksks ke hl suyl.

Kstls ìspgsidigeks `k hgs kspêritus fidikrge hl agr

t u e l ` k _ g j l . " (Dité Letiquk, h iorg Q , dlp. II .)

"Hl vidtgril `kh Drist ileisjg jlrdl kh a ie `k hl sg

dik`l` let inu l‐ ìdk Ag ustk h `k Dgu hlenks. ke su fkr

jgsg h iorg Dité Letiquk, h io r g Q , d l p. I I I ‐ . R l r l sl

okr flstl qué puetg hgs priedipigs y hls rknhls `k hl

pgh ê t idl aukrge dljoil`gs ketgedks, olstl rkdgr`lr quk

hl letinul sgdik`l` floêl si`g dgestitui`l pgr uel vikml rkh in iôe, duyg priediplh `gnjl krl quk dl`l ìgs prg

tknêl kxdhusivljketk l uel aljih il g l uel diu`l`, y

eg kxistêl sieg plrl kh hl. Krl kh t ikjpg `k hgs ìgsks `g

jéstidgs y `k hls ìviei`l`ks pghil`ks. Kstl rkh in iôe fl

oêl kenke`rl`g kh `krkdfg `k ksk t ikjpg.. .

Pg`g floêl vkei`g `k hl rkh iniôe, ks `kdir, `k hl gpi

eiôe quk kh fgjork sk floêl agrjl`g `k hl ìviei`l`.

Fkjgs trltl`g `k `kjgstrlr ksk rénijke sgdilh `khgs letinugs ke quk hl rkh iniôe tkeêl kh skügrêg losghu

tg `k hl vi`l privl`l y `k hl vi`l pýohidl, ke quk kh

Kstl`g krl uel dgjuei`l` rkh in igsl, kh _ky ue Rge

têa idk, kh jlnistrl`g ue sldkr`gtk, hl hky uel aôrjuhl

sletl3 ke quk kh pltrigt isjg krl hl pik`l`3 kh `kst ik

rrg uel kxdgjueiôe3 ke quk hl h iokrtl` ieìviùlh krl

`ksdgegdi`l3 ke quk kh fgjork kstlol suoyunl`g lh

Kstl`g pgr su lhjl, pgr su dukrpg y pgr sus oikeks3




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 4 1 h

ke quk kh gìg krl goh inltgrig dgetrl kh kxtrlemkrg3 ke

quk hl egdiôe `kh `krkdfg y `kh `kokr, `k hl mustidil

y `k hl lakddiôe, sk `ktkeêle ke hgs h ijitks `k hl diu

`l`. . . Plhks aukrge hgs rlsngs dlrldtkrêst idgs `k hls

diu`l`ks nriknls k i tlh ilels ùrletk kh prijkr pkrêg`g

`k su fistgril.

Rkrg fkjgs vistg quk pgdg l pgdg hl sgdik`l` sk

jgìa idô. Tk prgùmkrge dljoigs ke kh Ngoikreg y kekh `krkdfg lh jisjg tikjpg quk ke hl drkkedil.

Dg e kh Dristile isjg , eg sghljketk rkv iviô kh sketi

jiketg rkh inigsg, sieg quk tgjô uel kxprksiôe jìs lhtl

y jkegs jltkrilh . Jiketrls quk ke gtrg t ikjpg sk fl

oêle tgjl`g dgjg ìgsks kh lhjl fujlel g hls nrle

`ks aukrzls a êsidls `k hl elturlhkzl, sk kjpkzô l dge

dkoir l @igs, dgjg ìakrketk y lmkeg pgr su kskedil l hl

elturlhkzl fuj lel, `k uel plrtk, lh jue`g `k hlgtrl.

Jiketrls quk ke gtrg t ikjpg dl`l fgjork sk floêl

agrjl`g su ìgs y quk floêl tkei`g tletgs ìgsks dgjg

aljih ils y d iu`l`ks, @igs lplrkdiô ketgedks dgjg ue

Tkr ýeidg, iejkesg, ueivkrslh , leijle`g sôhg tg`gs hgs

jue`gs y `koike`g losgrokr sghg hl ekdksi`l` `k l`g

rldiôe quk kxistk ke kh fgjork.

Kh Drist ileisjg trlêl gtrls egvk`l`ks. Kh eg krl hl

rkh iniôe `gjéstidl `k eienuel aljihil, hl rkh iniôe el

digelh `k eienuel diu`l` ei `k eienuel rlzl. Eg pkrtk

ekdêl ei l uel dlstl ei l uel dgrpgrldiôe. @ks`k su

priedipig h hljlol dkrdl `k sê l hl fujlei`l` tg`l ke

tkrl. Mksudristg `kdêl l sus ìsdêpuhgs= I` l iestruir tg

`gs hgs pukohgs...

Rlrl kstk @igs eg floêl yl kxtrlemkrgs.

Kstg tuvg nrle`ks dgeskdukedils, tletg plrl hls rk-




4 2 ? L H O K _ @ I

¡ldigeks ketrk hgs pukohgs, dgjg plrl kh ngoikreg `k

hgs Kstl`gs.

Ketrk hgs pukohgs hl rkh iniôe eg ijpusg kh gìg3 eg

fizg yl lh d iu`l`leg ue `kokr `k `ktkstlr lh kxtrle

m k r g 3 aué `k su kskedil, lh dgetrlrig, keskülrhk quk tk

eêl `kokrks fldil kh kxtrlemkrg, fldil kh kekjing, `k

mustidil y lue `k okekvghkedil.

Rgr hg quk fldk lh Ngoikreg, sk puk`k `kdir quk khDrist ileisjg hg fl trlesagrjl`g ke su kskedil, prkdi

sljketk pgrquk eg sk gdupô `k éh . Ke hls vikmls k`l

`ks, hl rkh in iôe y kh Kstl`g agrjlole uel sghl dgsl3

dl`l pukohg l`grlol l su ìgs, dl`l ìgs ngokrelol l

su pukohg.

Kh Dristileisjg ldloô pgr `krriolr hgs duhtgs hgdlhks.

Kstk priedipig aué akdue`g ke nrle`ks rksuhtl`gs.

Ti sk t ikek prksketk hg quk fkjgs ìdfg sgork hlgjeipgtkedil `kh Kstl`g ketrk hgs letinugs, si sk

pikesl flstl qué puetg hl diu`l` ke egjork `k su dl

rìdtkr slnrl`g y `k hl rkh iniôe quk krl iefkrketk l hl

diu`l`, kmkrdêl ue ijpkrig losghutg, sk vkrì quk kstk

priedipig eukvg fl si`g hl auketk `k `ge`k fl pgì`g

vkeir hl h iokrtl` `kh ieìviùg. [el vkz kjledipl`l kh

lhjl, hg jìs ìaêdih kstlol fkdfg, y hl h iokrtl` vieg l

skr pgsiohk ke kh gr`ke sgdilh.Hgs sket ijiketgs y hls dgstujorks sk fle trlesagr

jl`g ketgedks `kh jisjg jg`g quk hl pghêt idl. Hl i`kl

quk sk fldêl `k hgs `kokrks `kh diu`l`leg sk fl `koih i

tl`g. Kh `kokr pgr kxdkhkedil eg fl dgesisti`g yl ke

`lr l su t ikjpg, sus aukrzls y su v i`l lh Kstl`g. Hl

pghêt idl y hl nukrrl eg fle si`g yl kh tg`g `kh fgjork,

tg`ls hls virtu`ks eg fle kstl`g yl kedkrrl`ls ke kh

pltrigt isjg, pgrquk yl kh lhjl eg tkeêl pltril. Kh fgj-




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 4 1 4

ork fl sketi`g quk tkeêl g trls gohinldigeks quk hl `k

vivir y jgrir pgr hl d iu`l`. Kh Drist ileisjg fl ìstie

nui`g hls v i r t u`ks pr iv l`ls `k hls v irtu`ks pýoh idls.

@ksdkeìke`g l éstls fl kelhtkdi`g l hls g t r l s 3 éh fl

pukstg l @ i g s , l hl aljih il, l hl pkrsgel fujlel lrri

ol `k hl pltril, lh prôm ijg lrriol `kh dgediu`l`leg.

Kh `krkdfg fl dljoil`g lsê `k elt urlh kzl . Ket rk hls

eldigeks letinuls, kh `krkdfg floêl kstl`g sumktg l hlrkhiniôe y rkdioi`g `k kh hl tg`ls sus rknhls. Dl`l rkh i

niôe floêl fkdfg kh `krkdfg l su ijlnke. Kh Dr is t il

eisjg ks hl prijkrl rkh in iôe quk eg flyl prkt keì`g

quk kh `krkdfg `kpkeìksk `k k h h l ." Dité Letiquk, hi

org Q, dlp. III.)

Kstls egdigeks `k hl pltril, `kh Kstl`g, `k hl hiokr

tl ` ieìviùlh , keskül`ls fgy pgr hl aihgsgaêl `k hl fis

tgril, ke hls dìtk`rls `k hl Ksdukhl Egrjlh `k Arledil,

pgr kh ôrnleg `k sus jìs kjieketks prgaksgrks, eg sge

hl s quk prkv lh kdke ke hl L j é r i d l `kh Tur, quk sk d g e

si`krl h iork, sôhg pgrquk fl `kml`g `k skr dghgeil `k

Ksplül, y hg ks dge rlzôe pgr dlusl `k su ie`kpke`ke

dil3 pkrg ke quk kh ieìviùg sinuk sike`g jìs oikekh suoìtg quk kh diu`l`leg `k su pltril gjeipgtketk,

ke jkìg `k su ie`kpke`kedil, dgjg hg krl olmg hl `k

pke`kedil dghgeilh `k hl jl`rk pltril.

@ kr iv ld iôe k ijitldiôe `k hl rkvghudiôe arledksl `k

<>69, eg ks k x t r l ü g quk hl `k Tu`ljéridl iedurrl sg

ork kstg ke hgs krrgrks `k hl rkvghudiôe jg`khg, egtl

`gs dge rlzôe pgr Pliek ke su h iorg déhkork `k hgs Grê

nkeks `k hl Arledil dgetkjpgrìekl.




4 1 0 L H O K _ @ I

Ke Arledil, dgjg ke tg`g kh jue`g hlt ieg y rgjleg,

rkagrjl`g pgr hl rkvghudiôe sgdilh `k aieks `kh ýht ijg

s in hg , hl pltril g kh Kstl`g sinuke sike`g gjeipgtketk

sgork kh ieìviùg y su h iokrtl` quk ks hl uei`l` `k

quk sk dgjpgek kh Kstl`g.

Tudk`k hg dgetrlrig ke hls eldigeks `kh Egrtk, `k

grinke slmôe, ke quk kh ieìviùg y su h iokrtl` pksl tle

tg dgjg kh Kstl`g ke hl olhlezl `k hl must id il. Eg pgrkh dlpridfg `k uel hky ksdritl, sieg pgr kh `kslrrghhg quk

fl rkdioi`g kh pg`kr `kh ieìviùg lh alvgr `k hl tri

phk rkvghudiôe rkh in igsl g `k dgedikedil sgdilh g `k hl

vghuetl`, y pghêt idl g `k lddiôe y dgeùdtl.

Hl sgdik`l` sk fl jgìaidl`g, dgjg hl rkh iniôe, ke

kh sketi`g `k su rkagrjl.

Ke kh jue`g dltôh idg y eg rkagrjl`g, kh Kstl`g fl

kxisti`g l ijlnke `k hl Inhksil, kspkdik `k jgelrquêlietkhkdtulh g kspiritulh , ke quk hl lutgri`l` `k hl rl

zôe y `k hl dgedikedil ieìviùlh ks euhl g kstì sgjk

ti`l l hl lutgr i`l` losghutl k iealh iohk `k hl Inhksil.

@k lfê vikek quk kh jue`g dltôhidg ks kh tkrrkeg al

vgritg `k hgs fgjorks `k Kstl`g, kdhksiìstidgs, hktrl`gs

k ieidil`gs ke hls trlìdigeks fistôridls `k hl letinøk`l`

nriknl y rgjlel, dgjg J lzlrie, _idfkhiku, Lhokrgei,

Plhhkyrle`, quk, jlekmle`g hls dgsls pýoh idls, rksghvikrge tg`gs hgs dgeah idtgs pgr kh lsdkeìketk `kh Kstl

`g sgork kh ieìviùg.

L su kmkjphg sk ketkeìô pgr fgjork `k Kstl`g k h

pghêt idg quk eg dgegdêl rkspktg l hl h iokrtl` ieìvi

ùlh .

Hgs dkesgrks `k ksk gr`ke `k dgsls ghvi`le quk hls

egdigeks `k hl pltril y `k hl hiokrtl` fle dljoil`g rl

ìdlhjketk dge hgs prgnrksgs `kh kspêritu fujleg.




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 4 1 ;

Fgy ks losur`g y pkreidigsg lph idlr hls quk tuvik

rge letks `kh Drist ileisjg hls _kpýoh idls `k Nrkdil

y `k _gjl. Ks kstlr vkietk sinhgs ltrìs `k su t ikjpg.

Pg `g fl dljoil`g pgr y dge hl rkh in iôe drist ilel,

olmg kh ieahumg `k su kspêritu vlstg y supkrigr.

Dge hl i`kl `k ue @igs ýeidg y ueivkrslh , hl pltril

fl `kml`g `k skr uel aljihil, uel triou, uel dlstl, uel

eldiôe, y ke `ge`kquikrl quk kh fgjork sk keduketrksgork hl t ikrrl, kstì ketrk hgs suygs, dge sus fkrjlegs,

dge sus prôm ijgs, dge sus inulhks, dge sus dgrrkh in ig

elrigs, ke su aljihil y dge hgs suygs. Plh ks hl i`kl

dristilel `k hl pltril, iejkesl, i h ijitl`l, dgjg hl fu

jlei`l`, dgjg kh jue`g divih izl`g, pltril ýeidl `k quk

sge jukstrls tg`gs hgs Kstl`gs `k hl t ikrrl.

Fldike`g `k dl`l fgjork kh fkrjleg `k tg`g fgj

ork, inulh ke tg`g l su fkrjleg, l quike `kok kh rkspktg y ljgr `k fkrjleg, kh Drist ileisjg fl drkl`g hl

inulh`l`, ks `kdir , hl h iokrtl` `k tg`gs pgr inulh 3 fl

loghi`g hl ksdhlvitu` `kh fgjork y `k hl rlzl, tg`l skr

viùjork, tg`g vlslh hlmk.

Hl pltril, `ks`k ketgedks, fl tkei`g pgr gomktivg kh

fgjork. Kh Kstl`g fl s i`g fkdfg plrl kh fgjork, y eg

vidkvkrsl. Hl lutgi/i`l` `kh Kstl`g fl `kml`g `k skr

gjeipgtketk. Khhl fl tkei`g pgr h êjitk hl lutgri`l` gh iokrtl` `kh fgjork, pgrquk hl hiokrtl` ks hl lutgri`l`,

Ngoikreg y sgokrleêl `kh fgjork sgork sê jisjg.

Hl pltril, ke kh sketi`g jg`kreg, sineiaidl hl h iokr

tl` dgestitui`l ke hky `kh gr`ke sgdilh , ks `kdir, kh fgj

ork ieìviùlh ke gomkt ivg `kh Kstl`g.

Hl pltril jg`krel y vkr`l`krl ks hl sgdik`l` ke quk

sk eldk, `k quk dl`l pltrigtl ks jikjorg, y lh ljplrg

y prgtkddiôe `k hl dulh dl`l pltrigtl g dl`l jikj-




41(; L H O K _ @ I

org ngzl `k su h iokrtl` ieìviùlh, ks `kdir, `kh skügrêg

y `gjieig `k sê jisjg, `k su pkrsgel, `k sus dgsls, `k

hl h iokrtl` `k sus ldtgs.

Tôhg ke kstk sketi`g kh ljgr l hl pltril sk rksukhvk

ke ljgr l hl h iokrtl`.

Ke kh sket i`g prijit ivg y nrkdg-rgjleg, kh ljgr l

hl pltril ks dgjpltiohk dge kh skrvi h isjg. Ruk`k skr kx

phgtl`g y ut i h izl`g pgr hgs t irlegs, dghgdìe`ghg jìslrriol `k hl h iokrtl`. Kh dghgeg y kh ksdhlvg puk`ke skr

pltrigtls ke kh sketi`g `k ljletks `kh sukhg eltivg.

Dgjg ksk jg`g `k ketke`kr kh pltrigt isjg ks dgj

pltiohk dge hl nhgril y kh fkrgêsjg, hg s tirlegs, ks `kdir,

hgs kekjings `k hl h iokrtl`, sloke skrvirsk `k éh dgjg

`kh jkmgr iestrujketg plrl lnrle`lr su pg`kr `kspô

t idg, y lfgnlr hl h iokrtl` ke `lüg `k sus jisjgs l`g

rl`grks.Eg fly tirleg quk eg ievgquk hl pltril y hl h iokrtl`

`kh diu`l`leg, pgrquk éstl dgetikek y h ijitl hl suyl.

Hl h iokrtl` `k hl pltril eg ks hl h iokrtl` `kh ieìvi

` u g . Hkmgs `k skr i`éetidls, kstìe l jkeu`g ke dgetrlìddiôe, pgr hl rlzôe ìdfl.

Hl pltril ks h iork dule`g eg `kpke`k `k ue Rg`kr

kxtrlemkrg. Ruk`k skr h iork hl pltril y eg skrhg kh ie

ìviùg, quk ks jikjorg `k ksl pltril.

Kh ieìviùg ks h iork dule`g eg ks sikrvg ei `kpke

ìketk skrvih `k su pltril, ei `kh Kstl`g, `kh Ngoikreg

`k su pltril. Tôhg ketgedks kstì grnleizl`g kh plês.

Hl pltril ks fkdfl plrl nlrletir hl h iokrtl` `k sus





ieìviùgs, eg plrl lprgpiìrskhl, ei `kmlrhl sie prgtkd

diôe ei sknuri`l`.

Eg puk`k hl iestitudiôe `k hl pltril g `kh Kstl`g tk

ekr ue gomktivg jìs lhtg y ìneg `k kh hl, quk hl h iokr

tl` ieìviùlh, ke hl dulh sk dgjprke`k kh ngdk, pgsk

siôe y sknuri`l` `k dl`l fgjork, ke su pkrsgel, ke

su vi`l, ke sus prgpik`l`ks, ke hgs ldtgs, ietkregs y kx

tkregs `k su vghuetl`.Pg`g kstg `kml `k kxist ir olmg kh Kstl`g gjeipgtke

tk, puks hl gjeipgtkedil `kh Kstl`g g `k hl pltril ks

hl suprksiôe `k hl h iokrtl` ieìviùlh ke quk tg`g ksg

sk dgjprke`k.

Hl ievighloih i`l` `kh ieìviùg y `k su h iokrtl` ks kh

h êjitk `kh pg`kr `k hl pltril ke dl`l ueg `k sus jikj

orgs.

@ge`k kh Kstl`g ks gjeipgtketk, hg ks kh Ngoikreg,pgr duyl dgeùdtl gorl kh Kstl`g ke su agrjl jg`kr

el. Hl gjeipgtkedil `kh Kstl`g sk rksukhvk sikjprk ke

hl `k su Ngoikreg g `k sus ngokreletks, ks `kdir, ke ue

puül`g `k fgjorks, quk tgjl kh egjork `k tg`g kh

plês, ke dl`l ueg `k sus ldtgs `k ngoikreg.

Rkrg hl gjeipgtkedil g h iokrtl` gjeêjg`l `kh Kstl

`g g `k hl pltril eg sk prgùdk ei kstlohkdk pgr hl jkrl

virtu` `k hls plhlorls `k uel hky ksdritl, dule`g kh hleg kxistk `k fkdfg pgr hl aukrzl `k hgs fkdfgs.

Plh gjeipgtkedil sôhg ks ue pg`kr rklh , dule`g ks ue

fkdfg rklh , kstlohkdi`g pgr fkdfgs rklhks, ks `kdir, pgr

dgsls, jkìgs k ietkrksks v itlhks, duyl aukrzl eltu rlh

dgestituyk kh Rg`kr quk ngoikrel y ìrink, eg sôhg l

hgs ngokrel`gs, sieg tljoiée l hgs ngokreletks, vkroi-

nrltil= hls a ielezls, kh Pksgrg, hls rketls, kh dréìtg g

kh ìekrg `k hgs gtrgs, kh tkrritgrig y su agrjl nkgnrì-




4 1 6 L H O K _ @ I

ridl, quk `ktkrjiele y gpkrle su ldujuhldiôe, dgjg su

dk`k ke kh Kstl`g gjeipgtketk `k Oukegs Lirks, let i

nul dlpitlh y let inug dketrg `k ue Ngoikreg dghgeilh

gjeipgtketk y losghutg, quk rkdioiô hl dgjphkxiôe y

grnleizldiôe `k tlh plrl rkspge`kr l su jle`ltg, quk

krl kh `k tkekr lh plês `k su jle`g sgjkti`g losghu

tljketk l hl gjeipgtkedil `kh Rg`kr jktrgpgh itleg `k

Ksplül, s ie `kmlr eldkr kh jkegr nkrjke `k h iokrtlìeìviùlh `k hgs dghgegs3 ks `kdir, `k h ijitldiôe `kh

pg`kr `kh Kstl`g dghgeilh .

Kjledipl`g kh Kstl`g dghgeilh `k hl `gjieldiôe `k

Ksplül y dgevkrt i`g ke eldiôe h iork y sgokrlel, dge

skrvô, s ie kjolrng, ke su eukvl dgeìdiôe, hl gjei

pgtkedil grnìeidl `k su grinke , 'dgjg ue prkdk`ke tk `k

su fistgril.

Kh Kstl`g aué h iork, ke kakdtg3 hl pltril aué ie`kpkeìketk `ks`k quk eg `kpkeìô `kh pg`kr `k Ksplül

ei `k gtrg pg`kr kxtrlemkrg3 pkrg kh fi mg `k ksl pl

tril, kh ieìviùg, kh diu`l`leg, dgetieuô sumktg l hl

gjeipgtkedil `kh h iork Kstl`g, ke hl jisjl agrjl, jìs

g jkegs, quk hg floêl kstl`g lh Kstl`g dghgeilh gjei

pgtketk.

Gorl `k hl fistgril y `k ue hlrng plsl`g, hl gjei

pgtkedil `kh eukvg Kstl`g eg tuvg jgtivg `k ìsji

euir pgr hl sghl lddiôe `k su ie`kpke`kedil.

Hkmgs `k ksg, hgs fkdfgs `k hl fistgril `k hl rkvg

hudiôe `k su ie`kpke`kedil lujketlrge hl gjeipgtke

dil quk hk floêle `l`g hgs fkdfgs `k su fistgril dg

hgeilh , y si kh Kstl`g quk`ô `kh tg`g h iork `k Ksplül,

kh ieìviùg `k ksk Kstl`g aué jkegs h iork ke prgpgr

diôe `kh lujketg `k pg`kr quk kh Kstl`g rkdioiô `k

hgs fkdfgs `k hl rkvghudiôe.





Jk rkükrg, sgork tg`g, l hgs fkdfgs kdgeôjidgs, quk

sge hgs jìs dlpldks `k ldrkdketlr y jletkekr kh pg`kr

rklh `kh Kstl`g, rkspkdtg `kh kxtrlemkrg y rkspkdtg `k

sus prgpigs jikjorgs.

Hl gjeipgtkedil `kh Kstl`g `k Oukegs Lirks, lu

jketl`l pgr hgs `kslrrknhgs kdgeôjidgs `k hl rkvg

hudiôe, ks hl ìsjieudiôe dgrrkspgeìketk `k hl h iokr

tl` `k hgs diu`l`legs, eg sghljketk ke hls prgviedils

lrnketiels `kh ietkrigr, suogrìel`ls pgr hl aukrzl `k

hls dgsls lh prk`gjieig `kh dketrlhisjg `k Oukegs Li

rks, sieg `k hl prgviedil jisjl, `ge`k ksl gjeipg

tkedil tikek su dketrg y lsiketg.

_ksuhtl `k ksk kstl`g `k dgsls quk hgs pgrtkügs sge

hgs jìs h iorks y pg`krgsgs dule`g kstìe ke kh Rg`kr3

hgs jkegs h iorks y jìs `éoihks dule`g kstìe aukrl `kh

Rg`kr.

Pg`g kh trlolmg `k hl rkagrjl h iokrlh `k ksk Kstl

`g dgesistk ke hl ìsj ieudiô e. nrl ù lh, su dksivl y pl

dêaidl `kh Rg`kr gjeipgtketk, pgr hl ìsjieudiôe `k

hgs khkjketgs jltkrilhks `k dlrìdtkr kdgeôjidg, quk

dgestituyke su gjeipgtkedil rklh , eg gostletk hls hkyks

ksdritls, quk sôhg `k plhlorl hl rkstrienke y sôhg `k

plhlorl iestituyke y prgtknke hl h iokrtl` ieìviùlh.

L s ê , kh pg`kr quk ijpgrtl ìsjieuir ke kh ietkrés`k hl h iokrtl` ieìviùlh `k Oukegs Lirks eg ks ue

pg`kr ksdritg, `ksnrldil`ljketk plrl hl jisjl Ouk

egs Lirks, sieg rklh y kakdtivg, puks kstì dgestitui`g

ke hgs ietkrksks jìs vitlhks y ldtivgs, dgjg sge hgs

`k dlrìdtkr kdgeôjidg y rketêstidg.

Ti `k ue hl`g hl riqukzl eldigelh lnhgjkrl`l ke

Oukegs Lirks ks ue oike plrl su hgdlhi`l`, kh hl ks ue

jlh plrl hl h iokrtl` `k sus diu`l`legs3 ks `kdir, plrlG O _ L T TKHKDPLT.‐Pgjg Q . ? 0




4>2 L H O K _ @ I

kh jlygr eýjkrg, pgrquk tg`gs eg puk`ke ìsarutlr

`kh suduhketg Rg`kr l hl vkz.

@k lfê v ieg y `k lfê puk`k vkeir tg`lvêl quk jike

trls ue plrt i`g `k Oukegs Lirks ngzl `kh Rg`kr y quik

rk dgeskrvlrhg pgr hgs jkìgs quk hk sunikrk su jis

jl kxgroitledil, kh gtrg t ikek quk nkjir ke hl jis

jl dgeìdiôe ke quk kh plrti`g ueitlrig y h iokrlh , dgj

pukstg `k hgs jisjgs pgrtkügs, lrrlstrô vkietk lügs`k jiskril lhrk`k`gr `k Ljéridl, flstl quk hg sudkìô

ke kh jisjg ieagrtueig kh quk usô y lousô `k hl gjei

pgtkedil quk kedgetrô dgest itui`l y "agrjl`l ke kh

kst l`g `k dgsls , quk ùrl t g`lv êl" .‐ ( P i j k s , ` k @ i

dikjork `k <6>6.)

Jiketrls kh `kspgtisjg kxistl s ie ue `éspgtl, hgs

kakdtgs `k ksk kstl`g `k dgsls eg sk flrìe sketir ke

hgs ngokrel`gs pgr hls drukh`l`ks pkrsgelhks `kh Ngoikreg, dgjg ke t ikjpg `k _gsls3 pkrg su rksuh t l`g

iealh iohk skrì hl pgorkzl y hl dris is `k kjpgorkdijiketg.

Ks ue fkdfg, ketrktletg, quk hl gjeipgtkedil `kh

Kst l`g `k Oukegs L irks jlet ikek l h gs pgrtkügs sie

hiokrtl` y l hgs lrnketiegs sie Ngoikreg eldigelh. L hgsuegs y l hgs gtrgs, ke kh kjpgorkdijiketg quk agrjl

hl dris is kdgeôjidl `k dlrìdtkr drôeidg ke quk vivke.

L hgs uegs, pgrquk eg tikeke hg quk ekdksitle3 l hgs

gtrgs, pgrquk t ikeke jìs quk hg quk ekdksitle. ·Ruk`k

kh kxdksg `k r iqukzl skr dlusl `k jlhkstlrks7, prknue

tlrì rkspkdtg `k Oukegs Lirks. Rkrg ks hg quk sk `kml

vkr ke dl`l dris is= kjpgorkdijiketg s ikjprk prkdkì`g

y dlusl`g pgr ue `ksogr`k legrjlh `k r iqukzl.




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 4 > <

@isjieuir, rkùdir, h ijitlr ksk pg`kr gjeêjg`g, ks

hl nrle tlrkl, kh nrle `kokr `kh pltrigtisjg h iokrlh `k

ksk plês, hkmgs `k lujketlrhg.

Ks rkjkìlr hgs trks jlhks quk lah inke lh plês= `lr

l hgs pgrtkügs hl h iokrtl` ieìviùlh, quk eg hks `kml

tkekr hl gjeipgtkedil `kh Kstl`g3 `lr l hgs lrnketiegs

ue Ngoikreg eldigelh dge hgs jkìgs `k lsknurlr kai

dlzjketk hl plz y kh gr`ke quk ekdksitl su prgnrksg3`lr l hgs uegs y l hgs gtrgs hl riqukzl quk hks lrrk

oltl kh kstl`g vidigsg ke quk vivke sus ietkrksks kdg

eôjidgs, dgedketrl`gs ke Oukegs Lirks plrl fldkr kh

Rg`kr i h ijitl`g `k ksk Kstl`g ke `ktrijketg suyg prg

pig y `k hls prgviedils `k su `kpke`kedil nkgnrìaidl.

·L quiée pkrtkekdk hl tlrkl `k dljoilr ksk kstl`g

`k dgsls7 L tg`gs hgs pkrmuìdl`gs pgr éh fkdfg `é su

kxistkedil, ks `kdir, l tg`gs hgs lrnketiegs. Rkrg kekspkdilh l hgs pgrtkügs, quk sge hgs lrnketiegs jìs

`lül`gs ke kh hg. Tge hgs pgrtkügs jisjgs hls prijk

rls vêdtijls `k hl losgrdiôe `k hgs ietkrksks lrnketi

egs `k su prgviedil gjeipgtketk pgr ksl dlusl.

·\uiée hg ìdk7 Pg`l hl fistgril `k _gsls, duyg

Ngoikreg t irìeidg agrjô kh ngdk `k sus pgdgs pgskk

`grks y hl `ksnrldil `k dlsi tg`gs hgs pgrtkügs, sgork

quikeks pksô ìrkdtljketk su `kspgtisjg slenriketg.Aué pgr kstl rlzôe quk hgs pgrtkügs hg dgjoltikrge

y `krrgdlrge pgr dgeùdtg `k hgs prgviedilegs, jkrg

iest rujket g `kh plrt i`g `k Oukegs L irks , rkaun il`g

ke Jgetkvi`kg, ke Dfihk, ke Ogh iv il y kh Orlsi h .

Rkrg `krrgdle`g lh `éspgtl, sus gpgsitgrks `kmlrge

ke pik kh kìaidig `kh `kspgtisjg, dgestitui`g y lrjl`g

dgjg kstlol letks `k _gsls, ke ksl lnhgjkrldiôe vi

digsl `k hgs khkjketgs kdgeôjidgs y rketêstidgs `kh Rg~




4 > ? L H O K _ @ I

`kr lrnketieg, quk sk prgùdk y agrjl ke Oukegs Lirks

pgr hl dgrriketk trlìdigelh `kh v ikmg rénijke, jletk

ei`l ke hl ìspgsidiôe nkgnrìaidg-pghêt idl `kh plês, y ke

hgs v id igs kdgeôjidgs `krivl`gs `k hl dgest itudiôe nkg

nrìaidl.

Qêdt ijls `k ue `kspgtisjg vldletk `k ue `éspgtl

pgr kh jgjketg, hgs pgrtkügs h iokrlhks quk kstìe aukrl,

`kh Rg`kr sôhg ngzle `k uel h iokrtl` phltôeidl, quk skkxflhl ke plhlorls, sie kmkrdkr ietkrvkediôe kaidlz lh

nuel ke hl dgeùdtl y nkstiôe `k hl dgsl pýohidl.

Dgjg tg`l hl h iokrtl` kstì dgedketrl`l ke kh Kstl

` g , sie `kmlr eienuel lh diu`l`leg, sôhg vikeke l skr

h iorks hgs pgrtkügs quk gduple kh Rg`kr, jiketrls hgs-

quk kstìe aukrl sôhg sge h iorks `k egjork, pgrquk hl

h iokrtl` ks Rg`kr, ks Ngoikreg3 kh pg`kr `k ngokrelrsk,

l s ê jisjg3 y dule`g ksk Rg`kr kstì losgroi`g ke khKstl`g, kh Ngoikreg sôhg ks h iork, pkrg eg fly h iokrtl`

ieìviùlh.

@kslrjl` lh d iu`l`leg `kh pg`kr rklh y kakdt ivg'

`k ietkrvkeir ke hl nkstiôe gaidilh `k hl dgsl pýohidl,

ke quk dgesistk hl h iokrtl` quk ks rklhjketk h iokrtl`,

y eg hk `kmìis jìs quk uel h iokrtl` `k egjork.

L`kjìs, dule`g kh `kspgtisjg kxistk grnleizl`g ke

hls dgsls y ke hgs ietkrksks quk ngoikrele, hl lplridiôe,

`kh `éspgtl ks kh pkhinrg `k dl`l iestletk. Hg lsgjorg

sg eg ks quk lplrkzdl, sieg quk `kmk `k lplrkdkr. Hl.

jìquiel h hljl lh jlquieistl3 kh dlüôe, lh lrtih hkrg.

Letks `k quk ksk `éspgtl sk prgùzdl pgr kh kstl`g-

`kspôtidg `k dgsls, ks kh jgjketg gpgrtueg `k dlj

oilr `k `kspgtisjg3 ks `kdir , `k ìsjieuir y rkùdir

•hl gjeipgtkedil `kh Kstl`g, sie hudfl, sie rksistkedil,

sie vighkedil.




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 4>4

Hl vighkedil t ikek `gs `kakdtgs= prijkrg, ks dlrl,

puks dgjg nukrrl g rkvghudiôe dukstl slenrk y dlu

` l h k s 3 sknue`g, ks iekaidlz, puks `kml kh jlh suosistke

tk dgjg kstlol letks `k hl hudfl, sknýe hg fl `kjgstrl

`g hl kxpkrikedil `k hl nukrrl quk `krrgdô l _gsls

sie `krrgdlr kh rgsisjg.

Hgs rkagrjl`grks `k Oukegs Lirks ke ksk sket i`g,

tke`rìe pgr dggpkrl`grks g dghlogrl`grks elturlhks ìksl rkdgestruddiôe `k h iokrtl` dgjýe l hgs quk hl ek

dksitle tletg dgjg kh hgs, quk sge hgs prgviedilegs.

Hl dggpkrldiôe quk éstgs sge h hljl`gs l `lr l hgs

pgrtkügs ks hl `k ue `krkdfg, eg hl `k sus lrjls.

Pg`l pgh ê t idl lrnketiel quk eg sk gdupk `k kstl rk

agrjl pgr hls v êls `k hl plz ks purl pérì`l `k t ikj

pg ke dukstigeks vlels y pukrihks.

Dge tg`gs hgs dljoigs `k pkrsgels, kh plês eg dljoilrì `k sukrtk, jiketrls eg dljoik kh gr`ke vidigsg

ke quk sk keduketrle dghgdl`gs sus ietkrksks kdgeô

jidgs `k quk `kpke`k su v i`l, su oikekstlr y prg

nrksg .

Hl h iokrtl` `k Oukegs Lirks, ketrktletg, sôhg skrìuel vkr`l` ke duletg ksk Kstl`g eg `kpke`k `kh kx

trlemkrg ei `k su prgpil eldiôe, ei `k Ksplül, ei `k

hl Dgeak`krldiôe, s ieg `k s ê jisjl. Rkrg su h iokrtl`

skrì `kh let inug t ipg nrkdg-rgjleg, eg `kh jg`kreg

tipg `k hl _kpýoh idl slmgel. Tkrì uel _kpýoh idl h iork

`kh néekrg `k h iokrtl` `k hls v ikmls _kpýoh idls `k

Ltkels y `k _gjl, ke quk hl pltril krl gjeipgtketk

y hl h iokrtl` ieìviùlh `ksdgegdi`l.




4>0 L H O K _ @ I

Ks hl agrjl `k _kpýoh idl plrl hl dulh vkeêl prk

plrl`l pgr hl dgestitudiôe `kh rénijke dghgeilh ke quk

sk agrjô, kùdô y v iv iô olmg ue Ngoikreg gjeipgtke

tk k i h ijitl`g.

_gtl su `kpke`kedil `kh plês kxtrlemkrg l quk pkr

tkekdiô dgjg dghgeil, aué, sie ù`l, plês h iork ke kh

sketi`g `k plês ie`kpkeìketk. Tu Ngoikreg aué h iork

ke duletg kjleô `kh plês y eg `kpkeìô `kh kxtrlemkrg.Rkrg su pg`kr `ketrg `k s ê jisjg eg aué jkegr quk

letks `k skr ie`kpkeìketk. Aué sikjprk ih ijitl`g- y

losghutg, sie quk kh diu`l`leg tuviksk kh pg`kr `k rk

sistirhg, ei kh `krkdfg `k h ijitlr su lutgri`l` rkspkdtg

`k su pkrsgel, `k sus dgsls y `k sus ldtgs, ke quk

dgesistk kh `gjieig `k hl hiokrtl` ieìviùlh `kh tipg

slmôe, dgjphktljketk `ksdgegdi`g `k hls _kpýoh idls

letinuls.Hl h iokrtl` ieìviùlh jg`krel eg kxistk `ge`k kh

d iu`l`leg eg t ikek `krkdfg `k dgetrl`kdir l su plês ,

`k eg tkekr su gpieiôe y `k skr kh gpgsitgr `k su Ng

oikreg, sie riksng `k su sknuri`l` pkrsgelh.

Eg ks kstk kh t ipg `k hls eukvls _kpýohidls `k hl

Ljéridl letks ksplüghl. Iespirl`ls y prkplrl`ls pgr

hl rkvghudiôe arledksl, dgestitui`ls l su kmkjphg nrk

dg-rgjleg, hl pltril y hl h iokrtl` `k hl pltril, hl nhgril y hgs hlurkhks `k hl pltril, fle kdh ipsl`g l hl h iokr

tl` ieìviùlh.

Ksk grinke y sket i`g kstì kxprksl`g y `gdujketl`g

ke hls lrjls sijoôh idls `k hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel y

ke sus fijegs pltriôtidgs.

Ainurl ke kh hls hl hlezl `k Rlhls y kh ngrrg arinig

`k hgs jleujiti`gs rgjlegs3 ke hls sikeks `k hl pl

tril, hgs hlurkhks jitghônidgs `k hl vidtgril.




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 4>;

Gi`, jgrtlhks, kh nritg slnrl`g,

h iokrtl`, h iokrtl`, h iokrtl`.

Gi` kh rui`g `k rgtls dl`kels,

v k ` ke trgeg l hl egohk inulh`l`.

Hl h iokrtl` sk leuedil lh gê`g, lh gmg, dgjg rui`g,

dgjg nritg, y hl inulh`l`, quk tgjl kh trgeg `kh rky

dlê`g, ks hl egohk inulh`l`, eg hl inulh`l` phkokyl `ktg`g kh jue`g.

H g s inulhks g hiorks, ke Ltkels, dgjpgeêle uel pk

qukül y ksdlsl egohkzl, quk tkeêl kh jgegpghig `k hl

h iokrtl`. Pg`g ltkeikesk eg krl h iork. Hg krle sôhg hgs

inulhks3 ks `kdir, uegs pgdgs.

Plhks s êjoghgs, tlhks dletgs, eg florêle pgì`g rk

prksketlr hl rkpýohidl ei hl h iokrtl` slmgel `k hgs Ks

tl`gs [ei`gs, Eg hks dgevkeêl kh ngrrg, pgrquk eg

floêle si`g ksdhlvgs ei s ikrvgs jleujit i`gs. Kh hgs auk

rge h iorks `ks`k su duel, dgjg hgs ienhksks3 lsê , sus

rkvghudigeks fle si`g dgeairjldigeks `k vikmls h iokr

tl`ks . Lh rkvés `k hl arledksl y ljkridlels `kh Tur, quk

fle `ksdgegdi`g y rkvgdl`g kh plsl`g, plrt ike`g `kh

`krkdfg elturlh , tkôridg y lostrldtg, ke duletg lh prie

dipig3 y lh kmkjphg nrkdg-rgjleg, pgr hl agrjl.Dgjg hl prijkrl _kpýoh idl arledksl, aue`l`l ke kh

Dgetrltg sgdilh, `k _gussklu, hls `k Tu`ljéridl fle

si`g ijitldigeks `k hls _kpýohidls `k Nrkdil y _gjl,

letkrigrks lh dristieisjg, ke quk hl pltril, éh Kstl`g,

krl tg`g3 hl h iokrtl` ieìviùlh, dgjg h êjitk `kh pg`kr

`k hl pltril, el`l.

Fle si`g rkpýohidls h iorks, ke duletg ie`kpkeìke

tks 3 pkrg sie h iokrtl`, ke dule tg rkpýohidls gje ipgtke-




4>1 LHOK_@I

tks g `k pg`kr i h ijitl`g sgork kh `krkdfg ieìviùlh ke

dgeah idtg dge kh `kh Kstl`g.

Lsê hg sge fgy jisjg. Kh prijkrg `k sus h iokrlhks

sk sketirêl ksdle`lhizl`g lh gir `kdir quk h iokrtl` ks

kh `krkdfg `k ìsdut ir , `k `kslnrl`lr, `k dgetrl`kdir

lh Rg`kr `k su plês sie riksng `k su sknuri`l` pkrsgelh = qu k hl hiokr tl` `kh diu`l `l eg ks kh hêj itk ` k hl hi

okrtl` `kh Ngoikreg `kh Kstl`g.

Yg t kjg quk k h nrle plrti`g `k hl hiokrtl` ` k O u k

egs Lirks inegrk, pgr ôrnleg `k su mkak, hg quk ks

rklhjketk hl h iokrtl` jg`krel, ketkeì`l l hl ienhksl.

Y dgjg Oukegs Lirks aué, `ks`k kh grinke `k su

rkvghudiôe, ieidil`l pgr éh , hl ksdukhl h iokrlh `k hgs

lrnketiegs, ks urnketk plrl éstgs quk ke hl ksdukhl kjpikdk hl rkagrjl, quk l elìk ietkrksl jìs quk l hl

j i s j l O u k e g s L i r k s .

Kh `êl quk ue plrti`g `k ksl prgviedil sk pgenl l hl

dlokzl `k ksl rkagrjl‐quk eg skrêl s ieg kh `kslrrg

h hg `k hl rkvghudiôe `k Jlyg `k <6<2‐, yg skrêl kh

prijkrg ke sknuirhg ke ji dlh i`l` `k prgviedileg, y l

fgegr tke`rêl ke sknuirhg, dgjg hg tuvk s ikjprk `k sk

nuir l Jgrkeg, l Rlzgs, ?. Okhnrleg, l _ivl`lvil, lAhgrkedig Qìrkhl,, l Nutiérrkz, l Kdfkvlrrêl y l tletgs

gtrgs i hustrks pgrtkügs, ieidil`grks y skrvi`grks `k hl

vkr`l`krl h iokrtl` lrnketiel, quk tg`lvêl, s ie kjolr

n g , eg ks ue fkdfg pgsitivg.




VIII

Rghêtidl y riqukzl.

L hgs quk prktke`ke quk kh ldtulh Ngoikreg lrnket ieg kstì grnleizl`g dgjg kh `k Kstl`gs [ei`gs, prk

nuetljgs = · F ly `gs Tkel`gs ke ^ lsfien t ge 7 · F l y

`gs Dìjlrls `k @ iput l`gs7 ·Fly, kearket k ueg `k

gtrg, `gs J ieis t kr igs7 ·@ gs k mkdut iv gs7 ·@ gs Ngoikr

egs, ke uel plhlorl, ke hl jisjl diu`l` `k ^lsfien

tge, dgjg hgs fly ke hl d iu`l` `k Oukegs Lirks7

Ks quk Oukegs L irks eg ks ^lsfient ge, sk rkspge

` k 3 ks `kdir , eg ks dlpitlh `k hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel,duyl eldiôe, kstle`g sie dlpitlh , su Ngoikreg dlrkdk

`k murisìddiôe iejkìltl y kxdhusivl ke hl diu`l` ke

quk rksi`k dgjg jkrg fuéspk`.

Eg pgr ue jgjketg, ei prgvisgriljketk, s ieg ie`k

aiei`ljketk. Hhkvl yl `gdk lügs kstk kstl`g `k dgsls,

y ks nkekrlh hl gpieiôe ketrk hls nketks jìs skesltls

`kh Rhltl quk kh jkìg `k rksghvkr ksl dukstiôe dlpi

tlh ks eg rksghvkrhl y `kmlr ie`kaiei`l su sghudiôe flstl quk sk rksukhvl pgr sê jisjl.

L ksk kstl`g `k dgsls, s ie kjolrng, fl h hljl`g Ji

trk grnleizldiôe `ka ieit ivl `k hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel.

Hl Dgest itudiôe quk ke <6;4 hk `lol lh Ngoikreg




4>6 L H O K _ @ I

eldigelh uel dlpitlh , eg krl `kaieitivl. Hg aué `ks`k

quk hl Dgestitudiôe rkagrjl`l `k <612 sk hl quitô.

• < 5 •

Hgs quk fle grnleizl`g kstk kstl`g `k dgsls, hg fle

fkdfg ke kh ietkrés `k Oukegs Lirks, sknýe kh hgs3 ke

hl rklhi`l`, ke su pkrmuidig kegrjk, puks fldiée`ghlrksi`kedil `k `gs Ngoikregs, hl fle pgohl`g `k lslhl

ril`gs y `k nketks quk vivke `k hls rketls `kh Kstl`g.

Hgs kjphkl`gs pýoh idgs l sukh`g, h hljl`gs pgr L. Tjitf

trlolml`grks eg prgùdtivgs, sge lsijihl`gs ke kstg, pgr

ksk nrle`k kdgegjistl, l hgs `gjéstidgs, quk vivke `k

hl rketl `k sus ljgs, sie prgùdir, pgr sus skrvidigs

aunldks, vlhgr lhnueg quk quk`k plrl lujketg `kh prg

ùdtg nkekrlh `kh plês."Hls eld igeks‐ ìdk L . Tjit f '‐ eg sk kjpgorkdke

mljìs pgr hl prgìnlh i`l` y hl jlhl dgeùdtl `k hgs

plrtiduhlrks, sieg l vkdks pgr hl `k su Ngoikreg.

"Ke hl jlygr plrtk `k hgs plêsks, hl tgtlh i`l` g dlsi

tgtlhi`l` `k hl ketrl`l g rketl pýohidl ks kjphkl`l ke

sgstkekr nketks eg prgùdtivls. Plhks sge hls nketks

quk dgjpgeke uel dgrtk eujkrgsl y orih hletk, ue nrle

`k kstlohkdijiketg kdhksiìst idg, nrle`ks dul`rls y nrle`ks kmérditgs, quk eg prgùdke el`l ke tikjpg `k plz,

y quk, ke tikjpg `k nukrrl, eg nlele el`l quk puk

`l dgjpkeslr kh nlstg quk dukstl su sgstée, lue ùrle

tk kh ietkrvlhg `k hl nukrrl. Hls nketks `k kstl kspkdik

eg prgùdke el`l pgr s ê jisjls3 sge t g`ls jlet kei

`ls dge kh prgùdtg `kh trlolmg `k gtrgs. Lsê , dule`g

sk juhtiphidle jìs lh hì `kh eýjkrg ekdkslrig, puk`ke

ke ue lüg dgesujir uel plrtk tle dgesi`krlohk `k ksr




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 4>9

prgùdtg quk eg `kmle `k éh ue rkstg olstletk dlplz

plrl kh sgstée `k hgs gorkrgs prgùdtivgs, quk `kokrêle

prgùdirhg plrl kh lüg sinuiketk.

"Hl prgpgrdiôe quk sk flhhl ketrk kstls `gs kspkdiks

`k age`gs (hgs rkprgùdtivgs, quk agrjle hgs dlpitl

hks, y hgs eg rkprg` udtivg s, quk sge Mgs dgesuj i`gs

ke vivir, y sge hl rketl), `ktkrjiel agrzgsljketk keue plês kh dlrìdtkr nkekrlh `k sus floitletks, ke dule

tg l su tke`kedil l hl ieùstril g hl pkrkzl.. . Ke hls

diu`l`ks jleualdturkrls y dmpjkvdiletks, `ge`k hls

dhlsks ieakrigrks `kh pukohg suosistke priediplhjketk

pgr dlpitlhks kjphkl`gs, kh pukohg ks, ke nkekrlh , hlog

rigsg, arunlh y kdgeôjidg, dgjg ke judfls d iu`l`ks

`k Ienhltkrrl y ke hl jlygr plrtk `k hls `k Fghle`l.

Rkrg ke hls diu`l`ks quk sk sgstikeke priediplhjketkpgr hl rksi`kedil pkrjleketk g tkjpgrlh `k uel dgrtk,

y ke quk hls dhlsks ieakrigrks `kh pukohg sldle, sgork

tg`g, su suosistkedil `k nlstgs `k rketl g ketrl`l, kh

pukohg ks, ke nkekrlh , pkrkzgsg, ìsipl`g y pgork, dgjg

ke _gj l, Qkrslihhks, Age tliekohklu y Dgj piknek (`kh

t ikjpg `k Tjitf). Ti sk kxdkptýl l _guke y Our`kgs,

eg sk keduketrl ke tg`ls hls diu`l`ks `kh `kplrtljke

tg, ke Arledil, sieg ksdlsg dgjkrdig k ieùstril, y hlsdhlsks ieakrigrks `kh pukohg quk lh h ê vivke priediplh

jketk `kh nlstg `k hgs gaidilhks `k hls Dgrtks `k Mus

tidil y `k hgs quk lhhê vikeke l phkitklr, sge, ke nkek

rlh, pkrkzgsgs y pgorks. _guke y Our`kgs plrkdke eg

`kokr sieg l su situldiôe nkgnrìaidl su nrle dgjkrdig,

dgjg pukrtgs agrzgsgs `k ue nrle dgjkrdig quk sk

fldk pgr su ietkrjkìg. Tituldigeks tle vketlmgsls h hl

jle ekdkslriljketk ue nrle dlpitlh pgr kh nrle kj-




4 6 g L H O K _ @ I

phkg quk khhls garkdke, y kh kjphkg `k ksk dlpitlh ks hl

auketk `k hl ieùstril quk rkiel ke ksls diu`l`ks. Hl

jisjl dgsl puk`k `kd irsk `k Rlr ês , J l`ri` y Qikel3

`k kstls trks diu`l`ks, Rlrês ks, sie ù`l, hl jìs ie

ùstrigsl 3 pkr g R lrês ks éh jisjg su prgpig j krdl` g

`k tg`ls sus jleualdturls, y su prgpig dgesujg ks kh

nrle`k gomktg `k tg`g kh dgjkrdig quk lh h ê sk fldk.

"Hge`rks , H isogl y Dgpkeflnuk sge t l h v kz h lsýeidls trks d iu`l`ks `k Kurgpl quk sike`g rksi`kedil

pkrjleketk `k uel Dgrtk, puk`ke lh jisjg t ikjpg skr

dgesi`krl`ls dgjg diu`l`ks dgjkrdiletks. Hl s ituldiôe

`k hls trks ks ke kxtrkjg vketlmgsl y prgpil plrl fldkr

`k khhls (`ks ketrkpgts) kh ietkrjkìg plr l nrle pl rtk

`k hls jkrdledêls `kstiel`ls lh dgesujg `k hgs plêsks

hkmlegs."Floêl ke Kìjourng, let ks `k h l [eiôe, pgdg dg

jkrdig k ieùstril. @ks`k quk kh Rlrhljketg `k Ks

dgdil eg sk rkueiô jìs ke ksl diu`l`3 `ks`k quk kh hl

`kmô `k skr hl rksi`kedil ekdkslril `k hl lhtl dgrtk y

`k hl pkqukül egohkzl ksdgdksl, Kìjourng dgjkezô

l tkekr lhnýe dgjkrdig y lhnuel ieùstril. Tinuk, ke

trktletg, sike`g hl rksi`kedil `k hls priediplhks Dgrtks

`k Must id il `k Ksdgdil, `k hls ga id iels `k hl Lùlel y`kh ijpukstg. Lh h ê sk nlstl, puks, tg`lvêl uel jlsl

dgesi`krlohk `k rketl g `k réìtg `kh Kstl`g3 y `k lfê

vikek quk ks juy ieakrigr ke dgjkrdig y ke ieùstril

l Nhlsngw, duygs floitletks v ivke priediplhjketk `kh

kjphkg `k sus dlpitlhks. Tk fl egtl`g l vkdks quk hgs

floitletks `k ue nrle vih hgrrig (ogurn), `kspués `k fl

dkr nrle`ks prgnrksgs ke hl ieùstril jleualdturkrl,

floêle dlê`g ke sknui`l ke hl gdigsi`l` y hl pgorkzl,





pgrquk lhnýe nrle skügr floêl kstlohkdi`g su pkrjl

ekedil ke su vkdie`l`.

" K s , puks, hl prgpgrdiôe kxistketk ketrk hl sujl `k

hgs dlpitlhks y hl `k hgs réìtgs, g rkvkeus, hg quk `k

tkrjiel ke tg`ls plrtks hl prgpgrdiôe ke quk sk ke

duketrle hl ieùstril y hl gdigsi`l`= `ge`k hgs dlpi

tlhks prk`gjieletks hl ieùstril hl quk prkvlhkdk3 `ge

`k sge hgs réìtgs hgs `gjieletks, hl gdigsi`l` prk`gjiel.

"Pg`g lujketg g ìsjieudiôe ke hl jlsl `k hgs dl

pitlhks t ike`k elturlhjketk l lujketlr g ìsjieuir

rklhjketk hl sujl `k hl ieùstril, ki eýjkrg `k nketks

prgùdtivls y, pgr dgesinuiketk, kh vlhgr dljoilohk `kh

prgùdtg leulh `k hls t ikrrls y `kh trlolmg `kh plês, hl

riqukzl y kh rkeìjiketg rklh `k tg`gs sus floitletks.

"Hgs dlpitlhks lujketle pgr hl kdgegjêl3 kh hgs ìsjieuyke pgr hl prgìnlh i`l` y hl jlhl dgeùdtl." (<) .

Oukegs Lirks ks hl rksi`kedil, eg sôhg `k ue Ng

oikreg, sieg `k `gs Ngoikregs, dgjpukstg dl`l ueg

`k trks Rg`krks, y dl`l Rg`kr, `k eujkrgsgs kjphkl

`gs. Hl s i h hl `k ue Lrzgoispl`g3 kh dketrg `k uel phl

el jlygr jih i tlr3 hl rksi`kedil `kh Dukrpg ìphgjì

t idg kxtrlemkrg, y `k ue eujkrgsg Dukrpg dgesuhlr3

tg`gs hgs khkjketgs `k uel dgrtk sk keduketrle lh h êrkuei`gs, rig gostletk hl agrjl rkpuohidlel `kh Ng

oikreg, g, pgr jkmgr `kdir, l dlusl `k hl agrjl ke quk

kh Ngoikreg rkpuohidleg sk keduketrl lh h ê dgestitui`g.

Ti Oukegs Lirks eg auksk kh pukrtg agrzgsg pgr duyg

ietkrjkìg sk fldk tg`g kh dgjkrdig kxtkrigr `kh plês,

skrêl, dgjg Jl`ri`, uel diu`l` `k kjphkl`gs, `k ì-

(< ) _iqukzls `k hls eldigeks, hio. I I , dlp. II I .‐ L ` l j Tj i t f.




4 6 ? L H O K _ @ I

sipldiôe `k t ikjpg y `k ìekrg, `k humg, `k khknledil,

`k ngdks y ìsipldiôe.

Tu ldtivi`l` y rénijke dgjkrdilh eg quitl quk tg`g

kstg ýhtijg kxistl, `k jg`g quk hl nleledil quk hk `kml

kh kjphkg `kh dlpitlh dgjkrdilh sk hl h hkvl kh dgesujg

`k rketls quk fldk su pgohldiôe ijprgùdtivl `k aue

digelrigs.

Lsê sge Rlrês y Hge`rks, ks vkr`l`, pkrg dge kstlìakrkedil= quk hg quk dgesujke hls Dgrtks `k quk sge

rksi`kedil, hg prgùdk hl jisjl ieùstril y dgjkrdig

`k quk sge dketrgs prgùdtgrks.

Hkmgs `k kxistir rlzôe `k ietkrés pýohidg plrl trlkr

l hl d iu`l` dgjkrdilh `k Oukegs Lirks hl rksi`kedil

`kh Ngoikreg eldigelh , hl florêl juy nrle`k plrl sldlr

`k ksl diu`l` eg sghljketk lh Ngoikreg eldigelh, sieg

lh jisjg Ngoikreg prgviedilh `k Oukegs Lirks.Hl prgspkri`l` `k ksl d iu`l` ketrlrêl ke dljieg `k

skr hl Eukvl Ygrc kh `êl quk ksg sudkìksk, pgr hl

rlzôe kdgeôjidl l quk E uk vl Y g r c `kok su gpuhke

dil, quk ks hl `k eg skr rksi`kedil `k Ngoikreg lhnueg,

ei `k hl [eiôe, ei `kh `k su jisjg Kstl`g, kh dulh rk

si`k ke Lholey.

L s ê , ke éh ak`krlh isjg quk fle grnleizl`g y jle

t ikeke Tlrjiket g y Dgjplüêl ke k h R h lt l , Oukegs L irks eg rkspge`k pgr su plpkh ei lh `k ^lsfientge ei lh

`k Eukvl Ygrc, ke h gs Kst l`gs [ei`gs , duyg jg`kh g

prktke`ke, s ie kjolrng, flokr ijitl`g ke hl Dgest itu

diôe lrnketiel, quk fle kdfl`g l pkr`kr.

Ksk kstl`g let ikdgeôjidg y v id igsg `k dgsls ks ueg

`k hgs jleletilhks `kh kjpgorkdijiketg pkrjleketk `kh

plês ke jkìg `k tg`l su ldt iv i`l`.





Hl drisis quk dgesistk ke ksk kjpgorkdijiketg drô

eid g , t ikek, puks, ue grinke pghêt idg ke kh kstl`g ieldl

ol`g y kjorigelrig `kh grnleisjg `k eukstrg Ngoikreg

eldigelh.

@k ue hl`g, ks dlusl `k `kdl`kedil `k eukstrl riquk

zl dgjkrdilh 3 y `k gtrg, hg ks `k eukstrl r iqukzl ru

rlh y tkrritgrilh , pgr hl alhtl `k sknuri`l` dgesinuiketk

•l hl luskedil `k ue Ngo ikreg dlpl z `k nlr letiz lrhl kaidlzjketk.

Pg`l hl kxtkesiôe y akrt i h i`l` `k eukstrg vlstg y

fkrjgsg sukhg eg lül`ke el`l l hl riqukzl `kh plês,

pgrquk hl t ikrrl y hl prgpik`l` rurlh sge sie vlhgr `ge

`k alhtl hl sknuri`l`, quk eg puk`k `kmlr `k alhtlr

`ge`k eg fly Ngoikreg skrig-, kaidlz y aukrtk.

Ks durigsg vkr a inurlr kh prgùdtg `k hl vketl `k hls

tikrrls pýohidls ketrk hls auketks `kh Pksgrg eldigelh,dule`g ksls t ikrrls eg vlhke el`l, pgrquk dlrkdke `k

hl dgeìdiôe quk hls fldk skr uel auketk `kh Pksgrg ke

hgs Kstl`gs [ei`gs, `ge`k hl sknuri`l` `k hl pkrsgel,

`k hl vi`l y `k hl prgpik`l` sge tle dgjphktls ke hg

ietkrigr `kh plês ljkridleg dgjg ke hl jisjl Ienhl

tkrrl.

Jiketrls eg tkenle ksl sknuri`l` hls t ikrrls lrnke

t iels , eg sôhg `k Rltlngeil, `k hl Rljpl y `kh Dfldg,

`ksikrtgs pgohl`gs `k slhvlmks ie`ôjitgs, sieg hls jis

jls t ikrrls `k hls dljplüls pgohl`ls, eg vlhke judfg

jìs quk hls t ikrrls `k Ìaridl y `k Tyril, dgjg riqukzl

dljoilohk pgr ìekrg.

Hukng hl kxistkedil `k ue Ngoikreg rklh y kakdt ivg

ks hl prijkrl `k hls ekdksi`l`ks y dgevkeikedils kdg

eôjidls `kh plês, y kh ýeidg rkjkìg kaidlz `k hl drisis

`k iesknuri`l`, quk ks sieôeijg `k drisis `k pgorkzl.




4«0 L H O K _ @ I

@k ksl iesknuri`l` eg kstì kxdhui`l Oukegs Lirks,

puks sus dljpiüls rurlhks sge dlolhjketk hls jìs kx

pukstls l hls irrupdigeks `k hgs slhvlmks quk floitle

sus argetkrls, s ikjprk ljkelzl`ls.

Hl `koih i`l` `kh Ngoikreg kjorigelrig k iedgjphktg

`kh plês, quk eg slok suprijir ksk pkhinrg skjikxtkrigr,

hk gohinl l vivir gdupl`g ke `kake`kr su kxistkedil

dgetrl hgs quk dgespirle dgestletkjketk plrl rkkjphlzlrhg.

" K h N g o i k r e g d i v i h ‐ ` i d k L ` l j T j i t f ‐ , k e t l e t g

quk tikek pgr gomktg hl sknuri`l` `k hls prgpik`l`ks,

ks, ke rklhi`l`, iestitui`g plrl `kake`kr l hgs ridgs

dgetrl hgs pgorks, g oike l hgs quk tikeke lhnuel prgpik`l` dgetrl hgs quk eg t ikeke eienuel."

Dgeagrjk l kstl nrle vkr`l` fistôridl, hl prgviedil

`k Oukegs Lirks, quk ks hl quk jìs prgpik`l`ks y prg

piktlrigs dgetikek `k tg`ls hls prgviedils lrnketiels,

ks hl jìs ietkrksl`l ke quk kh Ngoikreg kxistl dgjg

iestitudiôe rknuhlr y kaidlz plrl `kake`kr hl sknuri`l`

`k sus agrtuels.

El`ik dgjprke`krêl, s ie kjolrng, quk ksl pgohldiôe, hl jìs ridl `kh plês, skl hl dlusl `k quk hl eldiôe

ksté sie Ngoikreg, pgr hl alhtl `k su dggpkrldiôe y dge

dursg, jk`iletk hl dulh sk jletikek ke dikrtg jg`g sk

plrl`l `k hl eldiôe ke uel kspkdik `k lutgegjêl quk

eg h hknl l skr uel ie`kpke`kedil dgjphktl.

Fuog ue tikjpg ke quk ksk kstl`g `k dgsls dk`êl ke

prgv kdfg `k Oukegs L irks = dule`g h l lut gegjêl krl

dlsi dgjphktl y losghutl. Krl olmg kh sistkjl `k _gsls,





ke quk kh Ngoikreg eldigelh alhtlol `kh tg`g, g, jkmgr

`idfg, kstlol tg`g éh ke sus jlegs, pgr ue skrvidig

quk éh prkstlol l hl eldiôe sie nrlvljke ei rkspgesl

oihi`l`.

Fgy hl skjilutgegjêl dk`k tg`l ke pkrmuidig `k Ouk

egs Lirks, pgrquk ke virtu` `k hl skji-ueiôe, dgjoi

el`l dge hl dlsi-lutgegjêl, pgr hl Dgest itudiôe ak`k

rlh prksketk, hl prgviedil `k Oukegs Lirks plrt id ipl `k

hls dlrnls y `ksvketlmls quk nrlvitle sgork hl eldiôe,

sie quk hl sknuri`l` `k sus ietkrksks hgdlhks y prgvie

dilhks ksté jìs nlrleti`l quk hg kstlol olmg kh lishl

jiketg `k gtrg t ikjpg.

Plh ks kh rksuhtl`g rklh `k hl lutgegjêl, quk `kaike

`k fgy pgr jkrl rut iel, `k ue t ikjpg quk fl plsl`g.

Ke kh kstl`g ke quk fle vkei`g l plrlr hls dgsls,

pgr hl kvghudiôe elturlh `k hl vi`l lrnketiel, hl iest i tudiôe `k ue Ngoikreg eldigelh , lrjl`g `k tg`g kh

pg`kr uei`g `k hl eldiôe, fl vkei`g l ietkrkslr jìs l

hl prgviedil `k Oukegs Lirks, dgjg hl jìs r idl, quk l

tg`ls hls `kjìs rkuei`ls. Hl rlzôe `k kh hg ks juy sij

phk = ks hl quk jìs tikek quk pkr`kr3 ks hl quk jìs ie

tkrksks t ikek quk vkr prgtkni`gs y lsknurl`gs.

Akh izjketk, eg ekdksitl jìs quk dgjprke`kr y rk

dgegdkr kstl vkr`l` plrl h hknlr l hl iestitudiôe `kh Ngoikreg `k quk tletg ekdksitl hl sknuri`l` `k su riqukzl

y kh `kslrrghhg `k ksl riqukzl pgr hl sijphk virtu` `k

hl sknuri`l`.

Hl rlzôe `k kh hg ks quk tg`g kh prgohkjl `k hl drkl

diôe `kaieitivl `k ksk Ngoikreg quk alhtl l hl eldiôe,

`kpke`k `k Oukegs Lirks, y ke su jleg kstì kh vkrhg

iestitui`g kh `êl ke quk hl diu`l` `k Oukegs Lirks sk

dgest ituyl ke dlpitlh `k hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel y rk-G O _ L T TKHKDPLT.‐Pgjg Q . ?;




461 L H O K _ @ I

si`kedil `k sus lutgri`l`ks, dge murisìddiôe kxdhusivl,

ìrkdtl y hgdlh ke su dlpitlh . Pg`g kh sineiaidl`g prìd

tidg `k ksk dljoig dgesistirêl ke quk kh pukohg y hgs

rkdursgs tg`gs `k hl eldiôe lrnketiel tgjlrêle l su

dlrng kh `kokr `k `kake`kr y lsknurlr hls prgpik`l`ks

`k hgs lrnketiegs `k Oukegs Lirks, dgjg hgs `k hl nk

ekrlhi`l` `k hgs lrnketiegs, pkrg dge uel kaidldil quk

eg fl pgì`g tkekr flstl fgy hl lddiôe iedgjphktl `kue Ngoikreg iedgjphktg.

Kstk s ijphk jkdleisjg ks kh `k tg`g Ngoikreg el

digelh skrig, kaidlz y dlplz `k fldkr nrle`k, ridg y

prôspkrg lh plês.

Ksg ks kh Ngoikreg ienhés, kh Ngoikreg ke Arledil, kh

Ngoikreg eldigelh ke kh Orlsi h , ke Dfihk, y pgr ksg v i

vke y prgnrksle ksgs plêsks s ie tkekr hls `gtks eltu

rlhks quk hl eldiôe lrnketiel vk jlhgnrl`ls, ke jkìg`k su pgorkzl, pgr alh tl `kh Ngoikreg eldigelh quk ous

dl `ks`é kh ?; `k Jlyg `k <6<2.

·L quiée sieg lh pukohg, quk ieidiô ksk jgvijiketg

iejgrtlh , tgdlrêl h hkvlr l dlog kh eg jkegs jkjgrlohk

`k dgest ituir kh Ngoikreg pltrig, quk `kok rkkjphlzlr

lh quk `krrgdô hl nrle rkvghudiôe ljkridlel `k <6<27

Jiketrls ksl sghudiôe eg sk prgùzdl, hl rkspgesloi

h i`l` `kh ldtulh kstl`g `k dgsls y `kh kjpgorkdijiketg

nkekrlh `k tg`g kh plês lrnketieg skrì, ke su jlygr

plrtk, `k Oukegs Lirks, pgr hl s ijphk rlzôe `k skr hl

•ýeidl prgviedil dlplz `k `lr lh jlh hl sghudiôe quk

tikek y quk rkdhljl, y `k skr hl dlusl `k quk éh ùrk

pgr su lostkediôe ke rkjgvkrhl.





Eg ks quk su vghuetl` g su ietkediôe hg ngoikreke

ke ksl ldt itu`. Eg puk`k qukrkr lrruielr sus ietkrk

sks prgpigs tkeike`g ksl dgeùdtl pgr rutiel y jkegs

pgr phldkr. Kh skdrktg `k su dgeùdtl ks hl prkgdupl

diôe rutielril quk hk ijpi`k `lrsk duketl `kh grinke

y elturlhkzl `kh jlhkstlr y `k hl iekrdil trlìdigelh,

lyu`l`l pgr kh ietkrés kngêstl y kh sgaisjl `k uels

pgdls `gdkels `k fgjorks, quk kxphgtle ksk `ksgr`keke okekaidig prgpig y ke `lüg `k hl jisjl Oukegs

L i r k s , duygs ietkrksks ìdke sirvke dule`g, ke rklhi`l`,

hgs lrruiele pgr kh jisjg g pkgr jétg`g `k skrvirhgs

dge quk hgs lrruielol _gsls.

Rkgr ks, s ie kxlnkrldiôe, kh kstl`g ldtulh `k dgsls,

ke kh gr`ke kdgeôjidg, quk hg krl olmg _gsls. Hls dge

trioudigeks skrìe jìs olmls y jkegs eujkrgsls. Eie

nuel `k ksk t ikjpg sk fl supriji`g. Hl `ku`l pýoh idlkrl jkegr y tkeêl jìs vlhgr ke kh jkrdl`g. Tiktk pk

sgs plpkh vlhêle ue pksg aukrtk. Hl sknuri`l` `k hls

prgpik`l`ks, `k hls pkrsgels y v i`ls ke hls dljplüls

eg tkeêl jìs pkhinrg quk kh `kh dghgr pghêt idg. Fgy eg

kxistk ksk pkh inrg, pkrg ke dl`l hl`rôe quk`l ue ìdtl

`gr, quk ìspgek `k hg lmkeg ke vi`ls, prgpik`l`ks y

pkrsgels, sie quk flyl dghgr pghêt idg quk hg kvitk.

Hl t irleêl `k _gsls tkeêl kh jéritg `k skr arledl,"orutlh, loikrtl, ke sus prgpôsitgs y ke sus ltketl`gs,

y `kmlol jkìgs `k prkdlvkrsk `k sus kstrlngs. Hl t i

rleêl `k Plrtuag, quk hg fl sudkì`g, ievisiohk, gduhtl,

vkekdilel, jistkrigsl, leôeijl, irrkspgeslohk, oike fl-

"ohl`l, hlìel, oukel dlrl, dgrtés, ks, dge tg`g ksg, jìs

ldilnl, ke sus kakdtgs, quk hl `k _gsls, y, sgork tg`g,

jìs irrkjkìlohk, pgrquk, hkmgs `k rksiìr ke hl pkrsg

el visiohk `k ue tirleg, ks hl t irleêl jisjl quk rksi`k




4 6 6 LHOK_@I

ke hls dgsls y ke su jg`g `k kxistir. Ks uel tirleêl

sie t irleg, g dge ue tirleg gduhtg, ievisiohk y skdrktg,

quk, `ks`k ue riedôe gosdurg `k hl Dlsl _gsl`l, t i

rleizl lh plês ketkrg y l su jisjg Ngoikreg lplrketk.




VIQ

N k e k l h g n ê l p g h êt i dl s u ` l j k r i d l e l .

Hgs grênkeks `k hl Arledil dgetkjpgrìekl, sknýe

Pliek, eg sge sknurljketk hgs `k hl Ljéridl `kh Tur

dgetkjpgrìekl, luequk hgs rksuhtl`gs `k hl rkvghudiôe

arledksl `kh sinhg V Q I I I flyle gdlsigel`g hl eukstrl

pgr kh dlut ivkrig `kh _ky `k Ksplül dge quk Elpg

hkôe I `kmô ldéalhls sus dghgeils `k Ljéridl. \uitlrhks

su _ky aué `lrhks hl rkpýohidl, ke kh sketi`g `k vidk-

jgelrquêls vldletks.Ke ksk sketi`g jisjg hl rkvghudiôe arledksl `ktkr

jieô hl `k Ksplül, ke priedipigs `k kstk sinhg3 y ksls

`gs rkvghudigeks tuvikrge jìs ieahumg ke hl `k Tu`-

ljéridl quk hl rkvghudiôe `k hl ie`kpke`kedil `k Egr

tkljéridl.

Hgs quk sk pusikrge l hl dlokzl `kh dljoig `k Tu`-

ljéridl eg prgdk`ikrge `k hgs Kstl`gs [ei`gs. Qieik

rge `k hl jisjl Ksplül, ketrl`l yl ke su dris is rkvgh ud igelr il . Aukrge Ogh êv lr , J irle`l, Tudrk , Tle J lr

t êe, Okh nrleg, G 'Finn ies , L rkelh ks , h gs Dlrrkrl , L h -

v klr , Rukyrrk`ôe.

Prlmkrge `k Ksplül hls `gdtriels `k hl rkvghudiôe




492 L H O K _ @ I

arledksl, quk rkdiée ketrlole lh h ê jisjg, kxloruptg

y sie hgs prkdk`ketks quk ke Arledil.

Eienueg v ieg `é h gs Kst l`gs [ei`gs . Eienueg `k

khhgs sloêl ienhés siquikrl. Jgrkeg trlùmg y prgplnô,

`kspués `k fkdfl hl rkvghudiôe `k Jlyg `k <6<2, e g

letks , kh Dgetrltg sgdilh, `k _gussklu. Ji pl`rk, ke

Pudujìe, tkeêl ksk h iorg, y hg dgjketlol ke dgeak

rkedils ljinlohks (sknýe sk hg gê lh `kìe ]lolhktl, keOukegs L irks) , dgjg t ljoiée Kh Kjihig, hls gorls `k

_lyelh y gtrgs h iorgs arledksks `kh s in hg V Q I I I .

L s i , hgs quk aukrge grênkeks y letkdk`ketks `k hl rk

vghud iôe arled ksl `kh 69, krl e dgeskdukedil y pgstuhl

`gs `k hl eukstrl, quk eldiô, eg `k prgpig ijpuhsg, sieg

`k ijpuhsg lmkeg. Ke kstg ìaikrk `k hl rkvghudiôe `k

hgs Kstl`gs [ei`gs. Dgjg hl rkvghudiôe ienhksl, hl `k

Egrtkljéridl aué hl dgeairjldiôe `k v ikmls h iokrtl`ks,`k grinielrils trlìdigeks `k h iokrtl` slmgel.

Dgjg h iokrtl`ks `k ksk néekrg eg aukrge mljìs hl

trlìdiôe `k hgs ljkridlegs `kh Tur, su rkvghudiôe

l`gptô pgr aue`ljketgs `k su kìaidig ie`kpkeìketk

y pgr puetgs `k plrti`l `k su kxistkedil jg`krel, hgs

priedipigs lostrldtgs y h iokrtl`ks tkôridls quk prkpl

rlrge hl rkvghudiôe arledksl.

Fgy jisjg, l hgs sktketl lügs, vivke tg`lvêl ke khrkiel`g `k hl h iokrtl` lostrldtl, `k hgs priedipigs tkô

ridgs `kh `krkdfg, sie slokr ketke`kr ei prldtidlr hg

quk eukstrl kùdldiôe skduhlr eg egs kesküô mljìs.

·Eg plrkdke ìrini`ls l eukstrgs pgh ê t idgs ldtulhks

kstls plhlorls irôeidls dge quk Pliek `ksdriok l hgs

h iokrlhks arledksks `k hgs t ikjpgs quk prkdkìkrge l

hl rkvghudiôe `kh 697=

"Rlrl kh hgs ( hgs rkvghudigelrigs `k hl v êspkrl, hgs




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 4 9<

Lsê sge eukstrgs pgh ê t idgs ldtulhks `k Tu`ljéridl,

sgork tg`g hgs hiokrlhks g rlìdlhks. Gok`kdke l `gs

`gdtriels `k ngoikreg= hl trlìdigelh g fistôridl, quk

pghêtidgs `k hl rkvghudiôe, slhi`gs `k hl aihgsgaêl `kh si

n h g x v e i ) 3 k hh gs sge lrqui tkdt gs y tikeke priedipigs

quk sge hl alzôe, hl elturlhkzl, hgs `krkdfgs `kh fgj

ork, priedipigs sijphks y akdue`gs, quk dl`l ueg puk`k

ketke`kr y `k quk olstl sldlr hls dgeskdukedils plrl

sustituir l hls `kagrjks olsks `kh plsl`g, kh kìaidig

l`jirlohk `kh pgrvkeir . Hl tketldiôe ks nrle`k plrl

hgs `ksdgetketgs. . . Kh hgs l`gptle aìdi hjketk hls jìxijls quk plrkdke dgeagrjks l sus skdrktgs `kskgs3

hls l`gptle, lh jkegs, ke tkgrêl y `k plhlorl. Hls nrle

`ks plhlorls hiokrtl`k s, mustidil, akhidi`l` pýo hidl, ìn

ei`l` `kh fgjork, ¡ sge tle fk rjgsl s y l`kjìs tle

v l n l s ·\ué dgrlzôe puk`k `kmlr `k ljlrh ls7

"Ti kh quk hls prgaksl s ie rklh izlr‐ìdk Pliek-‐,

ngokrel`g pgr fìoitgs kstlohkdi`gs, ietkrksks g iestru

jketgs letkrigrks y jìs aukrtks, quk kstgrole hl lphidldiôe, eg kstì ke kh hg `k jlhl ak y ks fgjork3 dl`l

ueg `k egsgtrgs prgaksl vkr`l`ks, quk eg prldt idl.

[el egdfk, kh goksg lognl`g Pgrnkt , floike`g tgjl`g

tloldg `k hl tlolqukrl `k hl Jlrêsdlhl `k Qluole, kstl

`ljl, duyg slhôe krl ue dhuo `kjgdrìt idg ke pkquküg,

quk`ô sgagdl`l lh vkr uel aljih ilri`l` tle jgestrug

sl. Jìs tlr`k, Jirloklu, vukh tg l su dlsl, `kspués `k

vgtlr hl loghidiôe `k hgs t êtuhgs `k egohkzl, tgjl l susirviketk pgr hl g rkml y hk nritl rike` g dge vg z tkele

tk = •‐m K f @ilohg, yg kspkrg quk plrl t i sgy s ikjprk

kh skügr Dge`k." (Grênkeks, pìn . 4>;.)




4 9 ? L H O K _ @ I

ks lqukhhl ke quk sk fle dril`g, y hl aihgsôaidl g tkôridl,

quk ks hl quk fle lprkeì`g ke kh Dgetrltg sgdilh y ke

hgs ksdritgrks arledksks `k <>69. Tu puetg `k plrti`l,

ke kstk ýhtijg lspkdtg, hl olsk `k sus tkgrêls `k ng

oikreg, ks kh `krkdfg aihgsôaidg y lostrldtg= hl pkrakd

diôe i`klh losghutl. Kstìe, ke jltkril `k ngoikreg, l hl

lhturl `k hgs rkvghudigelrigs arledksks `kh t ikjpg `k

Tikyés. K s plrl kh hgs ltrlsl `g y rk trônr l` g tg` g hgquk eg ks pkrakddiôe losghutl y a i hgsôaidl. Hl Dgesti

tudiôe ienhksl eg tikek tg`g kh h iokrlhisjg quk kh hgs

prgaksle tkôridljketk tkekr.

Ks hl rlzôe pgr quk eg puk`ke aue`lr Ngoikreg ietk

rigr . Jìs ltrlsl`g kh pukohg quk kh `k Arledil ke <6>93

sie hgs letkdk`ketks diketêaidgs, h itkrlrigs y kdgeôjidgs

quk hl Arledil `k hl rkvghudiôe, sge iedlpldks, eltu

rlhjketk, `kh Ngoikreg lostrldtg y aihgsôaidg, quk krlu el utgpil lue plrl hgs arledksks `kh s in hg xvie.

Tie kjolrng, ksgs rlìdlhks, quk kstìe sie h iokrtl`,

pgrquk eg hl quikrke sieg pkrakdtl y a i hgsôaidl, ke pue

tg l ngoikreg ietkrigr, ldu`ke lh `krkdfg fistôridg y

trlìdigelh plrl ousdlr hl rknhl `k sghudiôe `k sus dge

ahidtgs ietkreldigelhks.

@kspués quk su rkvghudiôe dgetrl Ksplül pisgtkô kh

`krkdfg fistôridg ke <6<2, fizg tlohl rlsl `k tg`g su`krkdfg dghgeilh ksplügh , y aue`ô su eukvg `krkdfg

pltrig ke hgs priedipigs lostrlgtgs y aihgsôaidgs `kh Dge

trltg sgdilh, `k _gussklu, trlùdi`g y pgpuhlrizl`g ke

Oukegs Lirks pgr kh @r. Jgrkeg, dgriakg `k hl rkvghu

diôe `k Jlyg `k <6<2, y skdrktlrig `kh eukvg Ngoikreg

pltrig aue`l`g ke ksk `êl3 `kspués `k tg`g ksg, kh

eukvg Ngoikreg, quk eg dgegdêl gtrg `krkdfg fistôri

dg quk hl rkvghudiôe rlìdlh , ievgdl fgy hls hkyks y hgs





trltl`gs ksplüghks dgjg rlzgeks dlpitlhks plrl rksgh

vkr y `kdiìr sus dukstigeks tkrritgrilhks, `k h êjitks ke

trk hgs Kstl`gs quk aukrge prgviedils `kh vlstg `gji

eig dghgeilh `k Ksplül ke Ljéridl.

Ks kstlr l `gs sistkjls= dge kh priedipig fistôridg,

ke ngoikreg kxtkrigr3 y dge kh a i hgsôaidg y lostrldtg, ke

ngoikreg ietkrigr.

Kstl pghêt idl iedgeskduketk y `gohk `lül l hgs ietkrksks `k su grnleizldiôe jg`krel. Ksplül `kùdk `k

khhl `gs rlzgeks plrl drkkr pgsiohk hl rkstlurludiôe `k

su let inul `gjieldiôe ke Tu`ljéridl, dule`g vk ie

vgdl`l y rkspktl`l hl lutgri`l` `k su vikml hknishldiôe

ke jltkril `k @krkdfg ietkreldigelh , `k uel plrtk3 y

dule`g `k gtrl, vk quk hl rkvghudiôe quk `ksdgegdiô su

lutgri`l` eg kstì dgedhui`l ei dkrrl`l tg`lvêl lh dlog

`k sktketl lügs, ketrk hgs lrnketiegs, pgr hl lddiôe yldt itu` el`l jkegs quk `kh pukohg `k Oukegs Lirks,

quk tgjô hl ieidiltivl `k ksk dljoig, kh dulh kxdhuyk

ke hl prìdtidl kh priedipig tkôridg `k hl lutgri`l` sg

okrlel `k hl jlygrêl eldigelh.

Hl rkvghudiôe kstì tle hkmgs `k tkrjielr quk Oukegs

Lirks h hljl Dgestitudiôe `kaieitivl `kh Ngoikreg `kh

plês l hl jisjl quk jletikek l hl eldiôe sie Ngoikreg

dgjphktg y kaidlz, jletkeiée`ghl sie uel dlpitlh ke qukkh Ngoikreg tkenl su rksi`kedil y kmkrzl su murisìddiôe

prgpil, ìrkdtl y kxdhusivl ke su rksi`kedil. Hl Dges

titudiôe r kag rj l` l `k <612, quk `k mô lh plês y lh Ng

oikreg ke kstl`g prkdlrig k ie`kaiei`g, ks hl quk Ouk

egs Lirks h hljl Dgestitudiôe `kaieitivl3 y l su Ng

oikreg, `kstitui`g `k rksi`kedil prgpil y `k murisìddiôe

kxdhusivl ke hl diu`l` ke quk sk fgspk`l, Ngoikreg `k

aieitivg.




490 LHOK_@I

Jletkekr hl rkvghudiôe loikrtl k ieldlol`l, ks ue

ldtg `k ijprkvisiôe pgh ê t idl quk lsgjorl3 ks jletkekr

lh plês ke kstl`g pkrjleketk `k nukrrl, puks eg ks

gtrl dgsl ksk kstl`g `k rkvghudiôe, eg yl dge Ksplül

ei dge kh plsl`g, sieg dge su prgpig priedipig rldigelh

y a i hgsôaidg `k Ngoikreg, aue`l`g ke kh `gnjl `k hlvghuetl` eldigelh `kh jlygr eýjkrg, dgjg hky suprk

jl `k hl lutgri`l` jg`krel y pltril.

Hgs Ogrogeks quk gduple ke plrt k k h Prgeg `kh Orl

sih, t ikeke rlzôe `k drkkr ke hl pgsioih i`l` `k vkr vgh

vkr l su `gjieldiôe ksgs plêsks, quk eg ldlole `k `lr

sk ue Ngoikreg prgpig rknuhlr, aue`l`g ke kh eukvg

priedipig.

Qike`g rkdgegdi`l ke pgh ê t idl kxtkrigr hl lutgri`l`trlìdigelh k fistôridl `kh Ngoikreg plsl`g ksplügh ke

Ljéridl pgr hgs jisjgs ljkridlegs ie`kpkeìketks, hgs

Ogrogeks sk sket irìe lutgrizl`gs plrl kspkrlr trlkr l

hgs ie`kpkeìketks pgr kh dljieg `k su jisjg sistkjl

`k pgh ê t idl kxtkrigr, lh rkstlohkdijiketg, dule`g jkegs

rkhltivg y plrdilh (olmg kh egjork `k lhilezls y prgtkd

tgrl`gs), `k su ie`kpke` kedil letkrigr l hl pkr turo l

diôe quk prgùmg ke hgs `gjieigs ksplüghks hl ievlsiôe `k Elpghkôe I ke hl Rkeêesuhl y hl dgequistl ji

h itlr, quk hl sinuiô.




VQ

D l u s l s k d g e ô j i d l s ` k a k e ô j k e g s p g h ê t i d g s .

Hgs quk sk gduple `k pghêt idl ke kh _êg `k hl Rhltl,eg sk lpkrdioke g lplrketle eg lpkrdioirsk, `k quk sôhg

`koke gduplrsk `k dukstigeks kdgeôjidls, `k ietkrksks

jltkrilhks, `k dgjkrdig, `k rketls, `k tksgrg, `k dréì

tg pýohidg, `k trìaidg, ke quk tg`l hl pghêt idl `k ksk

plês sk rksukhvk sie plrkdkrhg, pgr kh dui`l`g elturlh

quk hgs ietkrksks prgslidgs `k gr`ke jltkrilh tgjle `k

ltlvilrsk dge lplrikedils `k jgtivgs nkekrgsgs y pl

triôtidgs.Rkrg ks ue fkdfg quk hgs plrti`gs eg `le ue sghg plsg

quk eg tkenl pgr gomktg y rksuhtl`g keriqukdkr g kj

pgorkdkr lh plês, `k duygs ietkrksks jltkrilhks sge ies

trujketgs, hgs uegs ke kh sketi`g `k su jkmgr ìstri

oudiôe ketrk tg`l hl eldiôe, hgs gtrgs ke kh sketi`g `k

su dgedketrldiôe ke kh vikmg dketrg jktrgpghitleg, drkl

`g y hknl`g pgr kh let inug rénijke dghgeilh .

Ksl ks hl fistgril `k hl vi`l pghêt idl `kh plês ke ýhtijg leìhisis.

Hl dlê`l `k _gsls y hl rkstlurldiôe `kh gr`ke `k

dgsls quk hg prgùmg y quk éh sustketlol, eg fle si`g




491 L H O K _ @ I

ke kh age`g sieg jkrgs dljoigs kdgeôjidgs3 kh ueg,

ke sketi`g `k hl h iokrtl` dgetrl kh jgegpghig rkprkske

tl`g pgr _gsls3 kh gtrg, ke alvgr `kh jgegpgh ig s ie _g

sls, rkprksketl`g pgr sus sudksgrks ke hl gdupldiôe `kh

dketrg jktrgpghitleg, quk éh gdupô.

Hl prukol lutéetidl `k hg prijkrg kstì ksdritl y dge

sinel` l ke hl Dge stitudiôe `k <6;4, quk sledige lrge

hgs vkedk`grks `kh ìdtl`gr `k Oukegs Lirks.Y hl prukol eg jkegs lutéetidl `k hg sknue`g kstì

ke h l rkagrjl quk h l prgv ied il `k Oukegs L irks kx i

niô `k hl Dgestitudiôe `k <6;4, dgjg dgeìdiôe `k su

rkiedgrpgrldiôe ke hl ueiôe `k hls prgviedils. Ksl ks

hl rkagrjl quk iespirô Tlrjiketg ke sus Dgjketlrigs

l hl Dgestitudiôe.

Tk vk quk ke hl rkagrjl, dgjg ke hl Dgest itudiôe,

quk aué gomktg `k kh hl, eg sk trltô sieg `k dukstigeks y`k dljoigs kdgeôjidgs, `k dgsls y `k ietkrksks `k dg

jkrdig, `k elvknldiôe, `k rketls, `k dréìtg, `k pukr

tgs , `k Lùlels, ktd .

Ksk, lh jkegs, aué kh jkghhg `k hl Dgestitudiôe `k

<6;4 y kh `k su rkagrjl rklddigelril `k <612.

Rkrg tlhks dljoigs eg sk prgùdke sôhg pgrquk sk

`kdrktle y sk ksdrioke. @kdrktlr dljoig `k ksk néekrg

ks lpkels `kshie`lr hgs phlegs `k ue kìaidig. Qikek ke

sknui`l kh trlolmg hketg `k dgestruir hl gorl, quk ks

sikjprk skduhlr plrl hg quk ks dljoilr hgs ietkrksks y

fkdfgs quk lakdtle ietkrksks.

Hgs ietkrksks kdgeôjidgs, y kh gr`ke oukeg g jlhg

ke quk kxistke pgr hlrng tikjpg, sge fkdfgs tletg jìs





pg`krgsgs y ìa êd i hks `k dljoilr, duletg jlygr ks kh

t ikjpg quk fle vivi`g ke ue gr`ke `l`g, pgrquk jìs

fl drkdi`g su pg`kr dge su jkrl ùrldiôe.

Y dgjg hgs ietkrksks kdgeôjidgs, ks `kdir, hl ri

qukzl, sge kh pg`kr, pgrquk kh hgs plnle hgs slhlrigs y

sukh`gs `k sus skrvidigs lh sgh`l`g, lh pghêt idg, kh ple,

kh vksti`g y hl dlsl `k hl histl divih y jihitlr, ksgs ie

tkrksks eg sk `kmle dljoilr ke kh sketi`g `k su ìsjieudiôe 3 rksistke kh dljoig y rgjpke hls hkyks quk hg

`kdrktle, dge hgs jkìgs `k pg`kr quk kh hgs pgskke y

quk hls eukvls hkyks eg t ikeke tg`lvêl.

Olstl quk dgeskrvke su pg`kr elturlh y trlìdig

elh `k ietkrksks `gjieletks, plrl quk, ke vkz `k gok

`kdkr l sus vkedk`grks iesghvketks, hks `ke kh hgs su

hky y hgs rkùzdle l su gokìkedil prgpil.

Hl r iqukzl kstlohkdi`l ks ue Rg`kr quk euedl dlrkdk `k skrvi`grks, `k lnketks, `k sgh`l`gs, `k log

nl`gs, `k dletgrks y `k dgrtkslels aikhks, pgrquk dgjg

riqukzl quk ks, t ikek dge qué plnlr kh slhlrig `k sus

skrvidigs.

Hgs fgjorks ngokrel`gs pgr kh dìhduhg `k su prgpil

dgevkeikedil, quk sge hgs jìs, eg vldihle ketrk skr

vir lh ietkrés quk plnl, g skrvir lh jkmgr `krkdfg `ks

pgskê`g, ks `kdir, quk eg puk`k plnlr.

Ketgedks hgs ietkrksks kxistketks, ke tlh g dulh gr`ke,

`le l huz y prgùdke lnketks, quk sge aukrtks pgrquk

rkprksketle y kmkrdke kh Rg`kr suprkjg `k ksgs ietk

rksks ngokreletks.

Plhks lnketks sge hl gorl, hl drilturl, kh prgùdtg

`k hgs ietkrksks lsê ìspukstgs, eg hgs drkl`grks `k ksgs

ietkrksks ei `kh gr`ke ke quk kxistk e rlìdl` gs `k

fkdfg.




496 L H O K _ @ I

Dule`g ksgs ietkrksks kstìe dgedketrl`gs ke ue pue

tg pgr hl lddiôe `k ue jgegpghig skduhlr, su pg`kr ks

losghutg y gjeêjg`g.

Y, elturlhjketk, losghutg y gjeêjg`g ks kh pg`kr

`kh fgjork quk rkprksketl y s irvk `k iestrujketg l

hgs ietkrksks lsê dgedketrl`gs.

Ke hls dghgeils, ksk puetg rksi`k ke kh dketrg jktrg

pghitleg, y kh iestrujketg y orlzg `k ksk dketrg ks khNgoikreg gjeipgtketk, losghutg y gjeêjg`g `kh plês

dghgeilh g tr ioutlrig.

[e dketrg jktrgpgh itleg `k ksk néekrg ks ke kh Rhl

tl, Oukegs Lirks, y ue iestrujketg y orlzg `k ksk né

ekrg aué kh Rg`kr quk _gsls kmkrdiô dgjg ngokrel`gr

`k Oukegs Lirks, sgork hgs plêsks ietkrigrks, quk agr

jlrge ksl dghgeil `k Ksplül, ke gtrg t ikjpg.

_gsls eg drkô kh Rg`kr quk kmkrdiô dgjg ìdtl`gr,s ieg quk ksk Rg`kr hg prgùmg l éh dgjg ìdtl`gr gjei

pgtketk. Kh `kspgtisjg aué su dlusl y grinke, eg su

kakdtg. _ksi`êl ke kh kstl`g `k dgsls kdgeôjidls quk

hg prgùmg l éh dgjg ìdtl`gr.

@krrgdl`g kh kakdtg, ks `kdir , kh ìdtl`gr, y `kml`l

ke pik su dlusl, ks `kdir, hl ìdtlùrl `k hgs ietk

rksks nkekrlhks dgedketrl`gs ke Oukegs Lirks, suduj

oiô kh ìdtl`gr, pkrg eg hl ìdtlùrl, quk kstlol dgestitui`l ke hls dgsls p ietkrksks kdgeôjidgs, quk vivêl

rlìdl`l ke kh Rg`kr ìdtltgrilh `k hl r iqukzl `k tg`g

ue vlstg plês, lh h ê dgedketrl`l, hl dulh sgorkviviô el

turlhjketk l _gsls, dgjg l su s êjoghg trlesitgrig quk

krl.

Kh Rg`kr sgorkviviketk `k hl r iqukzl eg tlr`ô ke rks

tlurlr y rklsujir su lutgri`l` y lsdkeìketks elturl

hks sgork sus jisjgs vkedk`grks, lrjl`gs `k `krkdfgs





lostrldtgs, `k pg`krks egjielhks, `k h iokrtl`ks ksdri

tls y `k ietkrksks tkôridgs y phltôeidgs.

Hgs ietkrksks sge nrle`ks v iv i`grks, quk t ikeke jìs

quk elìk kh iestietg `k dgeskrvlrsk. Tge iesineks ì

phgjìtidgs, ldgjg`ltidigs, `ôdi hks l tg`ls hls aukrzls,

quk sloke pgekr `k su plrtk. Tloke ldgjg`lrsk l hgs

tikjpgs, y dljoilr `k nkstg, `k tgeg, `k trlmk, `k dge

sinel, sie dljoilr `k elturlhkzl y dgeìdiôe `k Rg`krsgokrleg.

Ke hunlr `k pgekrsk l rkstlurlr l su v ikmg ìdtl`gr

`ksldrkìtl`g, hgs ietkrksks hg `kmlrge dlkr ke su `ks

t ikrrg `k TgutfljptgU, y sk ìkrge eukvgs iestrujke

tgs y lnketks vksti`gs l hl jg`l, flohle`g kh hkenul

mk `k hl h iokrtl`, pkrg dui`le`g `k nulr`lr kh Rg`kr

losghutg quk _gsls kmkrdiô3 Rg`kr losghutg quk quk

`ô ietldtg ke kh pg`kr `k hgs ietkrksks y riqukzls `ktg`l hl eldiôe Lrnketiel, quk quk`lrge dgjg kstlole

dgedketrl`gs y ldujuhl`gs ke kh dketrg jktrgpgh itl

eg `kh dgjkrdig, `k hl r iqukzl `kh Ngoikreg `k tg`g

kh plês.

Ksk jgvijiketg elturlh `k rkstlurldiôe `kh Rg`kr

kdgeôjidg, ltldl`g ke Jgetk Dlskrgs kh 4 `k Akorkrg

`k <6;?, y vkedi`g sghljketk ke su rkprksketletk pkr

sgelh, sk ielunurô dge sus eukvgs iestrujketgs y kesu sknue`l jlekrl `k `gjieldiôe, kh << `k Tkpt ikj

ork `k <6;?, l hgs siktk jksks `k su kaêjkrl `krrgtl

jihitlr, y `ks`k ksk `êl loriô hl dljplül rklddigelril,

quk ke ìkz lügs `k hudfl ldloô pgr tr iuealr jkìletk

kh pg`kr `k sus rkdursgs rketêstidgs y kdgeôjidgs, y hl

Dgest itudiôe rkagrjl`l ke kh sket i`g `k su rkstlurl

diôe kdgeôjidl.

Pg`l hl rkagrjl `k <612 sk rkùmg, ke kakdtg, l ue




022. L H O K _ @ I

dljoig kdgeôjidg `k dgsls. @k hls vkiet i`ôs kejike

`ls ke quk hl rkagrjl dgesistiô, ìkz y skis aukrge ìrkdtl y kskedilhjketk kdgeôjidls. Pg`ls tuvikrge pgr

gomktg rkstlurlr hl sujl `kh Rg`kr pýoh idg `k hl eldiôe

y `k hl prgviedil `k Oukegs Lirks, l hl agrjl y dge

ìdiôe quk floêle tkei`g dule`g ìkrge l huz dgjg su

prgùdtg y rksuhtl`g, lh Rg`kr gjeêjg`g y ìdtltg

rilh `k _gsls.




VQI

[eg ke `gs, eg `gs ke ueg.

§ <

Eg ks hl `gdtriel `k L`lj Tjitf hl quk fl agrjl`g

hl kùdldiôe kdgeôjidl `k hgs kstlìstls `k Oukegs

L i r k s . Eg ks s iquikrl hl `k hgs ksplüghks. Kstgs dgj

prkeìkrge hg quk sus vkedk`grks `k Oukegs Lirks eg

fle lhdlezl`g l dgjprke`kr flstl fgy= quk kh jk

mgr jkìg `k lnrle`lr kh pg`kr y hl riqukzl `k hl prg

viedil `k Oukegs Lirks krl lnrle`lr hl r iqukzl y pg`kr `k hls `kjìs prgviedils.

Tupg enlj gs quk hl pgh ê tidl kdge ôjidl ld tul h . `k

Oukegs Lirks, quk aué hl `k tg`gs sus Ngoikregs `ks

`k hl dlê`l `kh Ngoikreg ksplügh ke <6<2 (sknýe hl lair

jldiôe g dgeairjldiôe `k Ahgrkedig Qìrkhl) , sk fu

oiksk vistg ke hunlr `k hl `kh Ngoikreg ksplügh dule`g

kjpkzô hl aue`ldiôe `k hgs pukohgs `kh Qirrkieltg `k

Oukegs Lirks, ·kx ist ir êle fgy ksgs pukohgs `k Tlhtl,

Mumuy, Dôr`gol, Puduj ìe, Dltljlrdl, Jke`gzl, y tl.

nkekrlh tg`gs hgs quk fgy agrjle hl _kpýoh idl Lrnke

t iel, kh Rlrlnuly, Ogh iv il, quk aukrge plrtks `k ksk

G O _ L T TKHKDPLT.‐Pgjg Q . ? 1




02? L H O K _ @ I

virrkieltg flstl <6<?7 ·Hl ldtulh pgh ê t idl kdgeôjidl `k

Oukegs Lirks fuoikrl s i`g dlplz `k ksls drkldigeks g

aue`ldigeks 7

Hukng kh Ngoikreg dghgeilh ksplügh , `krrgdl`g pgr

ltrlsl`g, aué jìs ietkh inketk y dlplz ke sus dgedkpdig

eks y gpkrldigeks, lh `kskevghvkr `k ksk jg`g hl prgs

pkri`l` `k hgs pukohgs ietkrigrks lrnketiegs, quk eg fle

fkdfg jìs quk `kdlkr olmg kh Ngoikreg quk rkkjphlzôlh `k Ksplül ke <6<2 (sknýe hg dgeairjl Ahgrkedig Qì

rkhl, fi mg `k Oukegs Lirks) .

Kh Ngoikreg ksplügh krl ltrlsl`g, t irìeidg3 pkrg krl

ue nrle Rg`kr, dlplz `k vlstls jirls nkekrlhks, `k quk

sge tkstijgeigs hgs pukohgs `k su rlzl quk ainurle ke

tg`gs hgs ìjoitgs `kh jue`g, aue`l`gs y dgestitui`gs

pgr su jleg.

Krl elturlh quk uel vkz `kjghi`g pgr hl aukrzl `khls dgsls, sus jih sudksgrks hgdlhistls y jueidiplhks

eg ldkrtlske l agrjlr ue Rg`kr uei`g plrl rkkjphl

zlr lh suyg ke egjork `k Ljéridl.

Dge su dlê`l alhtô kh kspêritu nkekrlh .

Hls plrtêduhls `k su `gjieldiôe `isukhtl sk krinik

rge ke sgokrlels, y ngokrelrge sus ietkrksks jueidi

plhks g prgviedilhks .

Oukegs Lirks, Jémidg, Nultkjlhl, Hijl, hgs jìs

aukrtks dketrgs jueidiplhks pkr`ikrge hgs plêsks `k su

`kpke`kedil `k dule`g tg`gs `kpke`êle `k Ksplül, ks

`kdir, dule`g ksgs dketrgs krle jlengs `k quk sk vl

h êl hl jleg `kh Ngoikreg dketrlh g jktrgpgh itleg kspl

ügh plrl jlekmlr tg`gs hgs pukohgs, quk floêle si`g

su gorl y drkldiôe ke kh eukvg jue`g, `ksduoikrtg y

dgequistl`g pgr kh vlstg y nrle`k ijpkrig `k quk `ks

dke`kjgs.





024Iedlplz `k ue nrle Ngoikreg nkekrlh , quk Oukegs

Lirks eg dgeùmg s ieg dgjg iestrujketg `k Ksplül,

lsê quk ìspusg `k sê jisjg y gorô pgr sê jisjg, `kmô

`k dgeùdirhg dge kh sistkjl nkekrlh `kh rénijke plsl

`g, y su Ngoikreg pltieg k ie`kpkeìketk `k Ksplül eg

dgjprkeìô sieg sus ietkrksks y lsiketgs (7) jueidipl

hks g prgviedilhks, y lue ksgs hgs dgjprkeìô jlh. Hl

prukol ks quk Ketrk _êgs, Dgrriketks, Tletl Ak, quk

krle pgrdigeks `k su prgviedil, sk krinikrge ke prgvie

dils skplrl`ls.

·\ué kxt rlüg krl quk k h Lhtg Rkrý, k h Rlrlnuly,

Jgetkvi`kg, `kmlrle `k skr prgviedils `kh eukv g Kstl

`g lrnketieg, dgedkoi`g y ìr ini`g pgr kh Ngoikreg

kskedilhjketk prgviedilh y jueid iplh `k Oukegs L irks7

Kstk Ngoikreg ketkeìô jkmgr kh pltrigtisjg pgrtküg, ks `kdir, prgviedilh y hgdlh , quk kh lrnketieg g el

digelh. Hl i`kl `k eldiôe sgorkplslol hl lhturl y lhdle

dk `k su lptitu` pghêt idl y nuokreljketlh .

Lsê fl quk`l`g flstl fgy, dgjg hg fizg su fistgril.

Y s i fl pgì`g kxtke`k rsk aukrl `k su prgvied il

plrl `gjielr l hls gtrls, eg hg fl fkdfg pgr su pg`kr

`k kxplesiôe, sieg pgr su pg`kr `k rksistkedil y `k

iekrdil, lyu`l`g y skrvi`g pgr hl dgest itudiôe nkgnrìaidl y dgjkrdilh , quk kh Ngoikreg ksplügh ìg l su dg

hgeil, `k quk aué dketrg y dlpitlh hl prgviedil `k Ouk

egs L irks .

Dge sôhg dgeskrvlrsk jueidiplh , prgviedilh y lutôeg

j g, fl v istg quk`lr olmg su `kpke`kedil nkgnrìa idl y

trlìdigelh l tg`ls hls prgviedils ietkrigrks, quk Kspl

ül `gjieô pgr dgeùdtg `k su prgviedil-dlpitlh `k

O u k e g s L i r k s .




LHOK_@I

§ ?

Ks `k ksk jg`g dgjg sk fl kedgetrl`g, sie slokrhg

ei qukrkrhg, dghgdl`g ke kh hunlr quk tkeêl Ksplül rks

pkdtg `k hls prgviedils quk `kpke`êle `k su ngokrel-

egr y v irrky, dule`g tg`ls `kpke`êle `k Jl`ri`.

Ks `kdir, lsê sk fl kedgetrl`g l hl dlokzl `k hl vikmldghgeil g virrkieltg ksplügh, quk kh letinug rénijke

`kegjieô (7) `k Oukegs Lirks, y ngokreô pgr ietkr

jkìg `k Oukegs L irks .

L pkrd io i`g `k h ls v ket l mls y prgv kdfg quk kst l s i

tuldiôe `k dgsls hk `kmlol (quk eg krle gtrls qu8k hls

quk Ksplül `krivlol `k su v irrkieltg dghgeilh `k hl

Rhltl) , Oukegs Lirks fl jletkei`g ksk kstl`g `k dgsls

quk hk `lol kh ngdk `k vlstgs rkdursgs quk letks kxphgtôKsplül, y plrl duyg jgegpgh ig Ksplül floêl dgest i

tui`g kx prgaksg ksk vlstg pl ês.

Tkùdi`g pgr ksk ietkrés, Oukegs Lirks fizg `k ksk

kstl`g `k dgsls ue sistkjl `k Ngoikreg pkrjleketk, ue

rénijke dgestletk y `kaieitivg, quk eg krl jìs quk kh

vikmg rénijke dghgeilh, dge kh egjork jg`kreg `k euk

vg rénijke pltriôtidg. Oukegs L irks aué h l eukv l Kspl

ül `k hgs lrnketiegs.L s ê , sk kedgetrô l hl dlokzl `k hgs g4 sistkjls (`kh

vikmg y `kh eukvg). Ke su prgviedil sk grnleizô kh eukvg

rénijke `k hl rkvghudiôe. Rlrl hls gtrls quk`ô vir-

tulhjketk kh let inug rénijke `k Ngoikreg dghgeilh .

Oukegs Lirks `kskjpküô kh `gohk plpkh `k dlpitlh `k

su prgviedil, dgest itui`l pgr kh eukvg rénijke `k Ng

oikreg ie`kpkeìketk `k Ksplül, y jktrôpghi v irtulh y

tìditl `kh rkstg `kh plês dgeskrvl`g olmg kh letinug ré-




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 0 2 ;

nijke kdgeôjidg y nkgnrìaidg, ke hl `kpke`kedil, eg

yl `k Ksplül, s ieg `k Oukegs L irks , quk`le`g t rles

agrjl`l hl v ikml `kpke`kedil dghgeilh ke vêeduhg ak

`krlh g h inl `k `gs plêsks h iorks, pkrg sumktg y triou

tlrig kh ueg `kh gtrg dgjg ke gtrg t ikjpg.

_kpitg quk Oukegs Lirks eg ievketô ei drkô ksk s is

tkjl `k dgsls3 sk hg ìg fkdfg hl fistgril y hl kvghu

diôe g `kslrrghhg ljkridleg `k sus ldgetkdijiketgs uhtkrigrks, l quk ìg hunlr hl rkvghudiôe `k hl ie`kpke

`kedil, kvghudiôe tljoiée lmkel `k su vghuetl` jìs

quk hg pikesl khhl.

Hl alh tl dgjprkesiohk y elturlh dgjkti`l pgr Oukegs

Lirks ks flokrhg dgeskrvl`g y krini`g ke sistkjl pkr

jleketk.

Rgr ksl alhtl fl `lül`g sus prgpigs ietkrksks kdgeô

jidgs hgdlhks, drkyke`g skrvirhgs, y ke ksk sketi`g su pgh êt idl fl si`g y jkrkdi`g kh egjork `k uel alhtl.

· Dôj g sk kxp h idl quk Ouke gs L irk s aué dlplz `k dge

dkoir hl i`kl nkekrlh `k `kstruir hl lutgri`l` `k Ksplül

ke tg`g kh virrkieltg `k quk krl dlpitlh , y eg fl si`g dl

plz `k khkvlrsk y rklh izlr hl i`kl `k ue Ngoikreg nk

ekrlh plrl tg`g kh plês lrnketieg `kspués dljoil`g `k

virrkieltg dghgeilh ksplügh ke hl _kpý ohidl Lrnketiel ie

`kpkeìketk7

Rgr kstl d irduestledil `k tg`gs dgegdi`l=

Hgs fgjorks quk ieidilrge hl rkvghudiôe `k <6<2 dge

trl Ksplül krle ljkridlegs, quk sk floêle kùdl`g ke

Kurgpl, y `koikrge l su kùdldiôe, rkhlt ivljketk h iok

rlh y kurgpkl, hl lptitu` quk hks pkrjitiô khkvlrsk l hl

i`kl `k hl ie`kpke`kedil `k su plês rkspkdtg `k Ksplül.

Ksgs aukrge Okh nrleg, Hlrrkl , Pfgjpsge, J lt fkø.

@k ksl jisjl dgeìdiôe `k ljkridlegs kùdl`gs ke




L H O K _ @ I

Kurgpl aukrge hgs quk sk khkvlrge l hl dgedkpdiôe nk

ekrlh `k uel nukrrl `k tg`g kh dgetieketk plrl h hkvlr l

dlog hl rkvghudiôe `k hl ie`kpke`kedil, l hl dlokzl `k

duyl nukrrl sk pusikrge kh hgs jisjgs. Ksgs aukrge Okh-

nrleg, Tle J lrt êe , Rukyrrk`ôe, h gs Dlrrkrl , L rkel

hks, G 'Finn ies , Ogh êv lr , Tudrk , L h v klr , k t d .

Pg`gs ksgs dljpkgeks quk fidikrge y h hkvlrge l

dlog hl nukrrl `k hl ie`kpke`kedil, aukrge ljkridlegs kùdl`gs ke Kurgpl.

Rkrg ksl nukrrl sk nlstô y dgesujiô ke hl kmkdudiôe

`k su nrle`k gorl, quk ùrô quiedk lügs.

Kh t ikjpg y trlolmg quk kjphklrge plrl drklr hl el

diôe, hg pkrìkrge plrl fldkr su agrtuel prgpil y pkr

sgelh, lh rkvés `k gtrgs quk kjphklrge kh t ikjpg y trl

olmg, quk eg ìkrge lh plês, ke fldkrsk ridgs.

Dule`g ldloô hl nukrrl y kstuvg fkdfl hl ie`kpke`kedil `k hl pltril, quk floêl vkei`g kh `êl `k dges

t i tuir olmg kh Ngoikreg ljkridleg rkpuoh idleg y jg

`kreg, hgs fgjorks dlpldks `k i`kls nkekrlhks sk ke

dgetrlrge sie kh pg`kr pkrsgelh quk `l hl agrtuel, y hgs

quk sk kedgetrlrge ridgs y pg`krgsgs, eg tkeêle i`kls

nkekrlhks, ei jìs dlpldi`l` quk hl `k dgjprke`kr y

dgeùdir dgsls y ekngdigs `k ue Ngoikreg `k prgviedil.

@k kstl dgeìdiôe aué hl jlygrêl `k hgs pghêt idgs `k

Oukegs L irks = plt r igt ls ljkridlegs `k J ueid ip ig y `k

prgviedil, quk l su pg`kr `k fgjorks ridgs, rkueêle su

kjuhldiôe keviìgsl dgetrl kh prkstinig y nhgril `k hgs

férgks sie ieahukedil pgr su pgorkzl.

Dule`g gtrgs lrnketiegs kùdl`gs ke Kurgpl sk khk

vlrge l hl i`kl `k ue Ngoikreg nkekrlh plrl tg`l hl

eldiôe, y trltlrge `k rklh izlrhl, dgjg rklh izlrge hl rk

vghudiôe y hl nukrrl, su pkesljiketg trgpkzô ke hl rk-





sistkedil `kh jlygr eýjkrg, quk eg hg ketke`êl, y su

dujoiô letk kh eýjkrg y letk hl riqukzl `k hgs rkprk

sketletks `k ksl rksistkedil. Plh aué hl pgsidiôe `k hgs

_iv l`lv il , `k h gs L h v klr , `k h gs Rukyrrk`ôe, let k h gs

L edfgrkel, h gs J k`rleg, h gs Dlv il , h gs J grkeg, y t le

tgs kxdkhketks y fgerl`gs d iu`l`legs `k Oukegs Lirks,

quk rksist ikrge hl grnleizldiôe `kh Ngoikreg nkekrlh ,

quk `koêl dketuphidlr kh vlhgr `k sus agrtuels y `k suprgviedil, hkmgs `k `lülrhgs, pgr hl iestitudiôe `k ue

Ngoikreg divih y pghêt idg, kskedilhjketk ekdkslril l hl

sknuri`l` `k hls pkrsgels y `k hls prgpik`l`ks, y l hl

lrjgeêl y sgh i`lri`l` `k tg`ls hls aukrzls prgùdtg

rls `kh plês y `k sus ietkrksks kdgeôjidgs y rketêstidgs.

Jletkei`gs ke `ksgr`ke y ke nukrrl divih y sgdilh

ksgs ietkrksks kdgeôjidgs `k Oukegs Lirks dge hgs `k

hls prgviedils, ·qué fl rksuhtl`g7 Hl pgorkzl `k tg`gs, hl dris is prksketk y pkrjleketk, duygs kstrlngs

fldke jìs `lüg l Oukegs Lirks quk l hls prgviedils,

pgr hl sijphk rlzôe quk kh hl, dgjg hl jìs ridl, ks hl

quk jìs tikek quk pkr`kr.

Ti kh Ngoikreg divih , dgjg ìdk Tjitt , ks iestitui`g

plrl `kake`kr l hgs quk t ikeke prgpik`l`ks dgetrl hgs

quk el`l tikeke, l elìk ietkrksl jìs hl kxistkedil `k

ue Ngoikreg eldigelh quk l Oukegs Lirks.

Hl iesknuri`l` quk su luskedil `ktkrjiel fldk vl

hkr jkegs sus t ikrrls, sus nlel`gs, sus prgùdtgs, su

dréìtg.

§ 4

Ti Oukegs Lirks, l quike jìs ietkrksl hl iest itudiôe

`k ue Ngoikreg eldigelh , eg hg prgjukvk, hls dgsls prg-




0 2 6 L H O K _ @ I

jktke quk`lr dgjg kstìe yl pgr sktketl lüg s, gtrg pk-

rêg`g inulh, dge hg quk quk`lrêle `ka ieitivljketk dge s

titui`gs ke `gs plêsks ie`kpke` iketks hgs quk fgy si-

nuke h inl`gs, l hg jkegs pgr ue v êeduhg quk hgs lül

jìs quk hgs s irvk. Tôhg Oukegs Lirks t ikek kh pg`kr k

kvitlr ksl `ksjkj orldiôe, qu k vke` rì pgr hls dgsls,

pgrquk sôhg Oukegs Lirks puk`k dgest ituir kh N goikreg

eldigelh , quk jletke`rêl hl ueiôe `k hl e ldiôe dge sôhgdgesketir ke quk hl diu`l` `k su egj ork skl dlp itlh k

hl eldiôe ke hunl r `k skrhg `k su prgviedil lutôegjl k

ie`kpkeìketk.

R g e k r hl dlpitlh lrnketiel aukrl `k Ouke gs L irk s ks

fldkr `k hl eldiôe `gs eldige ks.

K s l ks hl kvghudiôe quk t ikek quk prg` udirsk eltu

rlhjketk pgr kh pg`kr sgokrleg `k hls dgsls y k hgs

ietkrksks, si hl pru`kedil k O u k e g s L i r k s eg hl kvitldge tikjpg.

Dulet g jìs sk ìhltk ke rksghvkr hl dukstiôe k uel

dlpitlh plrl hl _kp ýoh idl Lr nke tiel , jìs a irjkzl tg-

j l r ì hl iestitudiôe quk tikek dgestitui`l l O u k e g s

Lirks ke dlpitlh `k su prgviedil.

@ k m l r lh tikeipg hl gorl ` k ksl sghudiôe ks `kml r l hl

lddiôe `k hls dgsls kh h iork trlolmg ke quk kstìe yl `k

ìviìr kh plês ke `gs eldigeks, l iek quk uel `k khhlskeduketrk pgr hl skplrldiôe losghutl, hl dlpitlh quk eg

puk`k kedgetrlr pgr hl dlsi ueiôe ke sktketl lügs dg-

rri`gs `ks`k <6<2, y sie hl dul h eg puk`k tkek r kh N g

oikreg suyg y prgpig quk hl sknu ri`l` `k sus ietkrksks

`k prgnrksg rkdhljl.

D u l e t g Ieìs sk kenrle`kzdl y fkrjgskk hl d iu`l`

k Ou keg s L irk s, jl ygr ìa iduh tl` sket irìe hgs pgrt k

ügs ke dk`krhl l hl eldiôe, sie quk ksk prgnrksg pru k-





ok quk su lis hljiketg ks su dlusl. Keakrjg g sleg, tg`g

dukrpg drkdk, y tg`g ôrnleg sk lnrle` l, eg pgr hl

lddiôe `kh Ngoikreg, sieg pgr kh priedipig vitlh quk lei

jl l tg`g dukrpg grnìeidg. Hl pkgr t irleêl eg ijpi

`k drkdkr3 eg pgr ksg hl t irleêl ks dlusl `k prgnrksg.

Hls dgsls eg puk`ke quk`lr dgjg kstìe. L elìk

`lüle jìs quk l Oukegs Lirks, s ie quk pgr ksg `kmke`k `lülr l hls prgviedils, y nrle`kjketk.

[e sukhg vlstg, r idg `k alduhtl`ks prgùdt ivls, fk

dfg plrl hl hgdgjgdiôe, `gtl`g `k rêgs elvknlohks, ri

vlhks `kh Jissisipê, `kh @leuoig, ` kh Eihg, dhijl sie

inulh ke hg aértih y okh hg, fkdfg y `gtl`g plrl hl gpu

hkedil, eg puk `k quk `lr ie`kaiei`lj ketk skdukstrl` g

`kh jue`g, pgr hl lokrrldiôe `k gosdurls y losur`ls

rksistkedils hknl`ls pgr ue rénijke `k ltrlsg.Hl kvghudiôe elturlh quk trlmg l Oukegs Lirks su

`krrgtl `kh 4 `k Akorkrg `k <6;? sk fl `k rkpktir uel

y dike vkdks, pgr kh pg`kr `k hls dgsls, ke su prgvk

dfg, puks _gsls eg dlyô ke su `lüg. Ke kakdtg, ksk

triueag `k hgs ietkrksks eldigelhks, hkmgs `k `lülrhg, aué

tg`l hl rlzôe `k skr `k sus prgnrksgs uhtkrigrks l hl ìd

t lùrl `k _gsls3 pkê g fuoikske si`g judfg jlygrks

si su rkvghudiôe rklddigelril `kh << `k Tkptikjork eg

hgs fuoiksk ìsjieui`g, dgjg ìsjieuyô hgs quk rkpgr

tlrge hls prgviedils, s ie quk ksl rklddiôe `ksnrldil

`l y kstéri h fuoiksk `kvukhtg l Oukegs Lirks hls vketl

mls quk su lutgegjêl losghutl hk `kmlol olmg _gsls.

GGGGG




V Q I I

R _ G O H K J L T R G H Ê P I D G T E L D I G E L H K T

<6>9)

l) Hl dleì`lturl prksi`kedilh .

@kh eldigelhisjg ietkh inketk y pltriôtidg `kh ngokr

el`gr `k Oukegs Lirks `kpke`k hl sghudiôe `kh prg

ohkjl pkeìketk sgork kh jg`g `k rkstituir l hl el

diôe hgs khkjketgs quk alhtke l hl dgestitudiôe `k su

Ngoikreg ak`krlh , pgrquk éh ks su tkek`gr y `ktketgr.

Rkrg kh kst êjuhg dlplz `k `ktkrjielr lh ngokrel`gr `k

Oukegs Lirks plrl fldkr ksl rkst i tudiôe, ks kh ietkrés

`k skr Rrksi`ketk `k hl _kpýohidl, si kh hl hk ijpgek kstl

dgeìdiôe plrl `lrhk su vgtg.

Hukng kh sghg ngokrel`gr dlplz `k ieidilr y kmkdu

tlr ksk dljoig ks lqukh duyg pkrêg`g dgiedi`k dge hgs

ýhtijgs lügs `kh pkrêg`g prksi`kedilh .Fgy, pgr kmkjphg, skrêl kh `gdtgr Pkmk`gr.

Ti, ke kakdtg, lspirlsk lh pukstg `k Rrksi`ketk, fgy

skrêl kh jgjketg `k `lr l hl eldiôe hl prke`l `k su el

digelhisjg, kjphkle`g su ieahumg `k ngokrel`gr ldtulh




0 < ? L H O K _ @ I

plrl `ktkrjielr l hl prgviedil `k su jle`g l rkeue

dilr y `kvghvkr hgs ietkrksks quk tikek losgroi`gs l hl

_kpýoh idl, pgr kh v id ig `kh rénijke kdgeôjidg fkrk`l

`g lh ngokrel`gr _gsls.

@ks`k quk `kmk `k skr ngokrel`gr florì pkrì`g ksk

pg`kr, luequk plsk l skr Rrksi`ketk.

Ti kh ngokrel`gr `k Oukegs Lirks ks kh Rrêedipk `k

Nlhks g Rrksi`ketk eltg, pgr hgs jkìgs quk tikek `kfldkrsk khknir , kjpikdk pgr fldkr ketrknl `k ksgs jk

ìgs lh pukstg `k Rrksi`ketk, quk `kskl gduplr, puks si

hg gdupl letks `k ksl ketrknl, yl skrì tlr`k plrl fl

dkrhl.

Kh ýeidg quk puk`k `kvghvkr l hl eldiôe sus khkjke

tgs kdgeôjidgs `k aukrzl y `k ngoikreg, ks kh Ngoikr

eg quk hgs t ikek ldtulhj ketk, ks `kdir, kh `k Ou ke gs

L i r k s . Kh Rrksi`ketk, `kslrjl`g `k ksgs khkjketgs, egpuk`k lrrledlrhgs `kh quk ks aukrtk pgr su pgsksiôe.

Hl sghudiôe `k hl dukst iôe eg `kpke`k `kh Rrksi`ke

tk . Kh Rrksi`ketk eg puk`k eg `ksklr rkdioir hgs rk

dursgs eldigelhks `k pg`kr quk hk rktikek kh ngokrel`gr

`k Oukegs L irks .

Kh ngokrel`gr eg puk`k `ksklr ketrknlrhgs l hl Rrk

si`kedil, sieg l dgeìdiôe y dge hl jirl `k dgetieulr

tkeike`g dgjg Rrksi`ketk hgs jisjgs khkjketgs `k pg`kr quk tkeêl dgjg ngokrel`gr.

Ruks oike= hl fgrl `k pg`kr ketrknlr ksgs rkdursgs

l hl Rrksi`kedil ks , ke kh ngokrel`gr, dule`g tg`lvêl

ks ngokrel`gr, ks `kdir, dule`g tg`lvêl hgs t ikek ke su

pg`kr.

Hl prgjksl `k ketrknlrhgs plrl dule`g skl Rrksi

`ketk eg ks olstletk, pgrquk `kspués quk `kmk `k skr

ngokrel`gr florì `kml`g `k tkekr l su ìspgsidiôe hgs




GO_LT TKHKDPLT 0 < 4

rkdursgs eldigelhks, y eg pg`rì ketrknlr hg quk eg

tikek.

Ks elturlh quk `kspués `k skr Rrksi`ketk, kh kx ng

okrel`gr `kskk hl pgsksiôe `k ksgs jkìgs eldigelhks

`k pg`kr3 pkrg el`l ijpgrtl su `kskg, si eg hgs t ikek

yl ke sus jlegs.

Y eg ks kh eukvg ngokrel`gr quk hg flyl sudkì`g ke

su pgsksiôe kh quk fl `k qukrkr `ksprke`krsk `k kskpg`kr ke goskquig `kh Rrksi`ketk kx ngokrel`gr.

Ketgedks, tg`g kh ietkrés `k hl Rrksi`kedil, plrl kh

quk hl fl gotkei`g dge sus jkìgs y rkdursgs `k ng

okrel`gr, quk pgskyô y quk fl pkrì`g, dgesistk ke kh

sukh`g y hgs fgegrks `k Rrksi`ketk quk fl gotkei`g pgr

skis lügs `k hl eldiôe, l quike eg fl `l`g el`l.

Y hls prgviedils `k quikeks sk fl fkdfg khknir dge

sus rkdursgs `k kh hls y sie su vghuetl`, quk`le dgjgletks kstlole, l hl ìsdrkdiôe, eg `k su Rrksi`ketk eg

jielh, sieg `k su Rrksi`ketk sie kh egjork, quk ks kh

ngokrel`gr `k Oukegs L irks .

Ks kh dêrduhg vidigsg ke quk nirl hl eldiôe fldk dul

rketl lügs, sie slh ir `k hl pgorkzl y `kh `kspgtisjg quk

hk ijpgek kh tkek`gr `k sus rkdursgs kdgeôjidgs y a iele-,

d ikrgs `k Ngoikreg, quk ks kh Rg`kr `k Oukegs Lirks.

Khhl t ikek hl duhpl si ksk kstl`g `k dgsls sk prghgenl,

pgrquk kh hl t ikek kh rkjkìg `k ijpkìrhg, sie slh ir `k

hl Dgestitudiôe ei `kh usg `k hgs jkìgs hknlhks y dges

titudigelhks `k rksistirhg.

Kh ngokrel`gr `k Oukegs Lirks eg t ikek lutgri`l`




0 i 0 L H O K _ @ I

hknlh sgork tg`ls hls prgviedils ei sgork tg`gs hgs lr

nketiegs3 pkrg t ikek ue pg`kr, duyl murisìddiôe sk kx

tike`k l .tg`ls plrtks, y ks kh ìekrg. Kh losgrok kh pg

`kr aieledikrg `k hl eldiôe. Y dgjg hgs vgtgs sk dgj

prle, y eg sk ijpgeke ei lrrledle `ge`k kh tkrrgr eg

ngoikrel, sk s inuk quk kh ngokrel`gr `k Oukegs Lirks

ks kh quk rklhjketk t ikek tg`g kh pg`kr `k fldkrsk khk

nir Rrksi`ketk.Ks pg`kr quk loue`l ke éh , alhtl `kh tg`g ke kh `kh

Rrksi`ketk, quk sôhg t ikek kh `k gr`kelr, pkrg eg kh `k

dgjprlr y plnlr hgs vgtgs, pgrquk kh Pksgrg `k hl el

diôe kstì dlsi tg`g ketkrg dgedketrl`g ke jlegs `kh ng

okrel`gr `k Oukegs L irks .

Fly, lsê , `gs Rg`krks ke kh Rhltl, dgjg ke kh Ml

pôe = ueg kakdt ivg , quk ks kh `kh ngokrel `gr ` k Ou keg s

L i r k s , dgjg pgskk`gr `kh Pksgrg lrnket ieg3 gt rg purljketk hknlh , lostrldtg y kspiritulh , quk ks kh `kh Rrksi

`ketk.

Kh ueg ks Rrksi`ketk `k fkdfg dgjg tkek`gr `kh Rg

`kr `k fkdfg, quk rksi`k ke kh Pksgrg eldigelh 3 kh gtrg

ks Rrksi`ketk `k `krkdfg g egjielh , dgjg `kspgskê`g

quk kstì `kh Pksgrg eldigelh , quk dgest ituyk kh Rg`kr

rklh .

Ks vkr`l` quk kh Rrksi`ketk eg puk`k skr rkkhkdtgpgr hl Dgest itudiôe3 pkrg eg hg skrêl tljpgdg luequk

hl Dgestitudiôe sk hg pkrjitiksk, pgrquk hk alhtl kh Rg

`kr rklh `k fldkrsk rkkhknir, quk ks kh `kh ìekrg.

Rkrg hl khkddiôe `kh ngokrel`gr `k Oukegs Lirks plrl

Rrksi`ketk hknlh ks uel vkr`l`krl rkkhkddiôe virtulh , ke

duletg ks ke rklh i`l` kh Rrksi`ketk `k fkdfg `k tg`l

hl eldiôe, dgjg tkek`gr quk ks `kh pg`kr aieledikrg y

kdgeôjidg `k tg`l hl eldiôe. Ke kstk sketi`g, hl khkd-




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 0 < ;

diôe `k ngokrel`gr plrl Rrksi`ketk, dgjg vkr`l`krl

rtkhkddiôe quk ks, ks dgetrltil lh kspêritu `k hl Dges

titudiôe eldigelh, sknýe hl dulh kh Rrksi`ketk eg puk`k

skr rkkhkni`g.

Ksk pg`kr `kh Rrksi`ketk `k fkdfg dksl `k kxist ir

kh `êl quk ks khkni`g Rrksi`ketk hknlh g `k `krkdfg, pgr

quk kh Pksgrg eldigelh quk`l ke jlegs `kh ngokrel

`gr quk hg sudk`k.Rgr ksk rénijke, quk ks kh ldtulh , hgs `gs Rg`krks

`k fkdfg y `k `krkdfg, kh aieledikrg y kh hknlh, kstìe

ke jlegs `k ue sôhg Ngoikreg. Dl`l Rg`kr t ikek su `k

pgsitlrig 3 kh quk t ikek kh t êtuhg eg tikek kh fkdfg, quk ks

kh ìekrg, y kh quk t ikek kh ìekrg eg tikek kh t êtuhg.

Dgjg pgskk`gr kxdhusivg `kh Rg`kr eldigelh a iele

dikrg, kh ngokrel`gr `k Oukegs Lirks ks kh dleì`ltg

elturlh plrl Rrksi`ketk `k hl _kpýoh idl, pgrquk ks khpgskk`gr kxdhusivg `k hgs jkìgs `k dgjprlr kh vgtg

eldigelh.

Kh ôrnleg g lnketk elturlh plrl ksl dgjprl ks kh

Rrksi`ketk slh iketk g dksletk. Ks pgr su jleg quk kh

ngokrel`gr dgjprl hgs vgtgs. Y ks dge kh ìekrg quk

rkdiok `kh ngokrel`gr, quk kh Rrksi`ketk t ikek lhnýe

pg`kr rklh y kakdt ivg ke hls khkddigeks dgjprl`ls.

L s ê , hl ietkh inkedil y kh ldukr`g `k hgs `gs, ks khrkquisitg prkvig y ekdkslrig plrl lrrledlr lh plês su

vgtg pgr hl `gohk lutgri`l` `kh ìekrg y `k hl hky.

Kh Rrksi`ketk ks kh prijkrg quk sk vke`k lh ngokr

el`gr-tksgrkrg3 pkrg eg sk vke`k pgr su duketl, s ieg

pgr duketl `k hgs khkdtgrks y `k sus suolnketks, quk sge

hgs ngokrel`grks `k hls gtrls prgviedils.

Hgs gtrgs ngokrel`grks eg sge mljìs dleì`ltgs l

hl Rrksi`k edil, pgrq uk sôhg kh ngok rel`g r `k Ouke gs




0 < 1 L H O K _ @ I

Lirks ks pgskk`gr kxdhusivg `kh Pksgrg eldigelh , dge

dketrl`g ke hl prgviedil `k su jle`g.

Ti auksk ù`gsg quk kh ngokrel`gr `k Oukegs Lirks

losgrok tg`g kh pg`kr aieledikrg `k hl eldiôe, olstl

rêl egtlr ksk fkdfg durigsg `k quk mljìs gtrg ngokr

el`gr quk kh `k Oukegs Lirks fl s i`g dleì`ltg plrl

hl Rrksi`kedil ke tikjpg egrjlh y pldêaidg, sieg dule

`g hl eldiôe fl lsuj i`g su lutge gj êl, rksp kdtg `kOukegs L irks , plrl gpgekr lut gegjêl dget rl lut geg

jêl, kngêsjg dgetrl kngêsjg.

Letk ksl jlquielril `k pg`kr dgjphkmg ke quk hl

agrjl kxtkrel `kh Ngoikreg dgest itudigelh s irvk `k

jìsdlrl `kh `kspgtisjg dghgeilh hltketk, dgeskrvl`g ke

egjork `kh s istkjl ak`krlh `k hl _kpýoh idl `k hgs Ks

tl`gs [ei`gs `k Ljéridl, hl pgsidiôe `kh pukohg lrnke

tieg eg ks dôjg`l dikrtljketk.

Rkrg dgjg eg sk puk`k dgjprlr kh vgtg l tg`l uel

eldiôe, ei fly lutgri`l` quk hl puk`l agrzlr l `lr ue

vgtg dgetrl su vghuetl` dule`g uel Dgest itudiôe nl

rletizl kh h iork `krkdfg `k vgtlr, ei kh ngokrel`gr `k

Oukegs Lirks, ei kh Rrksi`ketk, ei hgs ngokrel`grks `khls gtrls prgviedils uei`ls y dgjphktl`ls plrl ieipgekr

ue dleì`ltg gaidilh l hl eldiôe, puk`ke ijpgeérskhg, si

khhl eg hg quikrk.

Hk olstlrêl kedkrrlrsk ke ue eg rgtue`g y tkelz plrl

slhvlr su `krkdfg sgokrleg `k `lrsk kh Rrksi`ketk `k

su dgeailezl.

Kh hl puk`k `kdir lh dleì`ltg jìs pg`krgsg, quk ks

k h ngokrel`gr `k Oukegs L irks =




GO_LT TKHKDPLT 0 < >

"·[st k` sgh id i t l kh vgtg `k hl eldiôe plrl skr suRrks i`ket k , ée rkdgegdijiketg `kh l j g r quk prktke`k

tkekr l su dlusl7 Rruéokh g ust k` t rlyée`gh k t g`gs hgs

khkjketgs `k su Rg`kr eldigelh , quk ustk` rktikek dgjg

ngokrel`gr `k Oukegs L irks . I eùzdl ust k` l hl prg

viedil `k su j l e ` g l `kv gh v kr h gs l hl eldiôe, sledig

ele`g uel hky quk skplrk l hl d iu`l` `k O u k e g s L i r k s

`k su prgv ied il y hl `kdhlrk dlpitlh `k hl eldiôe, dge

tg`gs hgs kstlohkdijiketgs quk dgetikek, Rukrt g , L ù lel, Ole dg, @ ku `l pýoh idl , Rlh ld igs , Ga idiels , L r df i

v g s , J uskgs , Oio h igt kdls , ktd., ktd.

"Ti ustk` trlk dgesing ke `gtk l hl eldiôe tg`g ksg,

ks ustk` rkdgegdi`g kh prijkr pltrigtl eldigelh y ks

ustk` prgdhljl`g Rrksi`ketk. . . . .

" R k r g si `kspués `k `kmlr tg`g ksg l hl prgYÊedil vik

ek ustk` dge.hls jlegs vldêls, l pkìregs dge kh t êtu

hg `k Rrks i`ket k , ue plhldig pgr flo itldiôe y ue sukh`g

`k vkietk jih ùrgs, ustk` vikek `kseu`g, dgjg ue jke

ìng, l pkìr quk hk `kjgs dlsl y dgji`l y rleng pgr

skis lügs.

" · Y ke jéritg `k q u é 7 @k flokregs tkei`g `ks

pgskê`gs `k eukstrgs rkdursgs eldigelhks `k Ngoikreg,

dgjg ngokrel`gr `k O u k e g s L i r k s , y `k v keirsk , `k

mìe`gh gs , ke pg`kr `k su sudksgr, plrl tgjlr kh jle`gegjielh `k-hl eldiôe, y sknuir , dgjg Rrksi`ke tk hknlh i

zle`g hl ketrknl `k hgs rkdursgs eldigelhks l hl prg

viedil lutôegjl quk hgs rktikek y losgrok pgr jkìg

`k ksl lutgegjêl.

"Hukng ust k` v ikek l dgetieulr fldike`g dgjg Rrk

si`ketk kh jisjg plpkh quk fl kstl`g fldike`g dgjg

ngokrel`gr , quk ks pgekr hgs ietkrksks `k hl eldiôe ke

jlegs `k uel prgviedil, `lüle`g ke khhg l hl vkz l hl

G O _ L T T C H O D P L T. ‐ P g j g Q . ?>




0 i6 L H O K _ @ I

eldiôe dgjg l hl prgviedil, quk sk prktke`k skrvir dgjg

hl skrvêl _gsls, fiedfìe`ghl y kjpldfìe`ghl dge tg`g

kh lh ijketg `k hl eldiôe, y `kmle`g l éstl fljoriketl y

kxìeijk.

"· @ irì ustk` qu k eg kstì ke su pg`kr `k ngokre l`gr

trlshl`lr l hl eldiôe hg quk kstì ke jlegs `k Oukegs

L i r k s , sieg `k hl prgviedil tg`l ietkrpkhl`l pgr su

Rlr h ljket g lut ôegjg y h gdl h 7"@é ustk` lh jkegs uel prukol ga id ilh y lutéet idl

`k quk `kskl ksl trlshldiôe `k mustidil y `k gr`ke, prg

pgeike`g uel hky pgr hl dulh dgesiketl Oukegs Lirks

ke quk kh Rrksi`ketk tkenl pgr rksi`kedil hl d iuì ' h `k

Oukegs Lirks dge murisìddiôe ìrkdtl, iejkìltl y - ie

dhusivl ke kh hl y ke tg`gs hgs kstlohkdijiketgs pýohidgs

dgetkei`gs ke kh hl , pgr skr tg`gs eldigelhks."Hl prgviedil eg `lrì mljìs ksk plsg jiketrls eg tke

nl ue ngokrel`gr kjieketk y eldigelh quk hk prgpge

nl ksl jkì`l dgjg kh rkjkìg `k su kjpgorkdijike

tg y `k su alhtl `k h iokrtl` (puks hl h iokrtl` alhtl `kh

tg`g `ge`k kh Ngoikreg t ikek tg`g kh pg`kr `k fldkrsk

rkkhknir) .

" \ u k k h n g o k r e l ` g r ` k O u k e g s L i r k s , R r k s i ` k e t k

`k fkdfg, tgjk kh t ê tuhg y kh pukstg `k Rrksi`ketk hknlh y `k `krkdfg, skl kefgrloukel3 pkrg quk, dgjg Rrk

si`ketk hknlh `k hl eldiôe ketkrl, tgjk pgsksiôe `k tg`g

hg quk pgskêl dgjg Rrksi`ketk `k fkdfg g ngokrel`gr

` k O u k e g s L i r k s . "

Y kh jg`g sijphk `k gpkrlr ksk dljoig `k gr`ke y

`k slhu` ks. `lr, pgr uel hky `k Ou keg s Lir ks , lh R rk

si`ketk, dgjg rksi`kedil, hl diu`l` `k su egjork dge

hl murisìddiôe ìrkdtl y kxdhusivl quk hl Dgest itudiôe




G O K L T T K H K D P L T 0 < 9

eldigelh hk ldukr`l tljoiée, pgr tg`gs sus eujkrgsgs

lrtêduhgs rkhltivgs l hl dlpitlh `k hl _kpýohidl.

Aukrl `k hl dgesghi`ldiôe `k hgs ietkrksks, rkdursgs

y `kstiegs `k tg`gs hgs lrnketiegs, gpkrl`l ke ksl

agrjl y pgr ksk jkìg= trìaidg kxtkrigr, dgjkrdig,

Lùlel, dréìtg, `ku`l, jgek`l, eg florì mljìs rkjk

ìg kaidlz plrl hl drisis, quk ks jìs oike drôeidg kjpg

orkdijiketg, eg sôhg `k hl eldiôe, sieg `k Ou keg s Li rk s,hl jìs vkml`l, dgjg hl jìs r idl prgviedil lrnketiel.

@iréis= "·\ué skrì `k hl prgviedil s i quk`l sie su

dlpi t l h 7 ·Eg pkr`krì dge ksg sg h g t g`l su r iqukzl7"

¡ Nrg skrg k rrgr kdgeôjidg `k quk sus fgjorks fle

si`g v êd t ijls

Hl r iqukzl `k hl prgviedil `k Oukegs Lirks eg dge

sistk ke hls a ielezls eldigelhks, situl`ls ke su diu`l`,

sieg ke hl prgùddiôe `kh trlolmg `k sus `gs nrle`ksieùstrils tkrritgrilhks= hl nlel`krêl y kh dgjkrdig.

Pg`l hl riqukzl aisdlh g aieledikrl, ks `kdir, hl riquk

zl `kh Ngoikreg, hl riqukzl pghêt idl, pgr `kdirhg lsê, eg

`kh plês , dgesistk ke kh prgùdtg `kh ijpukstg (Lùl

el) y `kh dréìtg g hl alduhtl` `k hkvletlr kjprést i

tgs pýoh idgs (Oledg). Ksg ks hg quk hl Dgest itudiôe

hhljl Pksgrg pýohidg eldigelh. Ksl ks hl riqukzl quk hl

diu`l` `k Oukegs Lirks kedikrrl. Pg`l kh hl sk nlstl ydgesujk ke plnlr kh slhlrig `k ue trlolmg ijprgùd

t ivg `k r iqukzl prgpiljketk ìdfl. Ksk trlolmg ks kh

`k hgs kjphkl`gs ke kh skrvidig pýohidg. Ks kh réìtg (rk-

vkeu) `k hl r iqukzl eldigelh , eg hl r iqukzl jisjl. Ke

tg`g dlsg ks hl riqukzl `kh Ngoikreg, eg hl `kh plês.

Hl r iqukzl `k hl prgviedil `k Oukegs Lirks, prgpil

jketk ìdfl, kstì aukrl `k su d iu`l`. Kstì ke su dlj

plül, ks `kdir , ke kh prgùdtg rurlh y lnrêdghl `k su




0?2 L H O K _ @ I

sukhg. Luequk kh dgjkrdig kstì s i tul`g `ketrg `k hl

diu`l` ,, hl riq ukz l, quk prg ùd k e g eldk `k h l diu`l `

jisjl, hl dulh eg tikek ieùstril alorih prgpil, ei gtrls

jleualdt urls qukmls quk rkd iok `k Kurgpl, pgr h g quk

kh dgjkrdig, `k Ou keg s Li rk s v ikek l skr uel ie` us

tril ietkrj kìlril, quk prgù dk sghljketk dljo ile`g

hgs prgùdtgs `k hgs Gtrgs.

Kh dgjkrdig `k hl d iu`l` prgùdk fldike`g prgùdir l hls ieùstrils tkrritgrilhks `kh plês (rurlh y lnrê

dghl) , y l hl ieùstril alori h kxtrlemkrl, duyl-prgùd

diôe ietrgùdk ke dljoig `k hl quk trlk g kxpgrtl, `kh

plês. , •-,"5•-3•

Kst l riqukzl `k Ouke gs L ir ks , prg` udi`l 3 pgr su

sukhg y pgr su dgjkrdig, , sknuirêl ke luj ketg, lueq uk

hl gtrlU‐hl riqukzl aisdlh g aieledikrl, quk kstì ke hl

diu`l`‐plslsk `k jlegs `kh Ngoikreg prgviedilh l hls`kh Ngoikreg eldigelh , dlpitlh izle`g hl d iu`l` `k Ouk

egs Lirks ke quk kh hl sk prgùdk y dgedketrl.

Y jìs drkdkrêl tg`lvêl hl r iqukzl vkr`l`krl `k Ouk

egs Lirks `ks`k kh '`êl quk su dljplül tgjlsk gtrl dl

pitlh quk hl d iu`l` `k Oukegs Lirks, ke quk eg rksi

ìksk eienýe Ngoikreg, ei kh suyg ei kh `k hl-eldiôe.

Hl eukvl Oukegs Lirks drkdkrêl `k ijprgvisgU dgjg

drkdiô kh _gslrig, s ie quk rksiìkske ke éh ei kh Ngoikreg `k Tletl Ak ei kh Ngoikreg `k hl Dgeak`krldiôe.

Kh Ngoikreg ks ue rksi`ketk quk kstkrih izl hl riquk

zl `kh hunlr ke quk rksi`k, pgr hl rlzôe yl `l`l `k quk

srad ¡pgohldiôe v ivk `k hl r ke tl, ke vk z ` k vi vi r `k h dl

pitlh = néekrg `k v i`l qué agjketl hl gdigsi`l` `kh plês ,

kh humg y hl ìsipldiôe. Hl rlzôe `k kh hg és quk kh jue

`g gaidilh quk hl floitl dgesujk hl rketl pýohidl, quk

rkdiok dgjg slhlriô `k su trlolmg ijprgùdt ivg.




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 0?<

Dlpitlhks quk, lph idl`gs l hl ieùstril, pg`rêle rk

prgùdirsk y `kskevghvkr hl r iqukzl `kh dgjýe `k hgs

floitletks, sk dgesujke y `kslplrkdke lphidl`gs lh

trlolmg ijprgùdt ivg `k uel pgohldiôe `k kjphkl`gs y

auedigelrigs pýohidgs.Z

L`lj Tjitf ditl ke prukol `k ksl vkr`l` hgs kmkj

phgs `k Jl`ri`, Qikel, Jgsdgu y Qkrslihhks.

Ti Hge`rks y Hisogl sge kxdkpdigeks, ks pgrquk supgsidiôe nkgnrìaidl ke hgs pukrtgs `k nrle`ks vêls

`k trlespgrtk, hks s irvk `k dgjpkeslt ivg `k su rleng `k

rksistkedil `kh Ngoikreg.

Oukegs Lirks kstì ke kh dlsg `k Hge`rks, ks vkr`l`,

pkrg su prgnrksg skrêl tle nrle`k y rìpi`g dgjg kh `é

Eukvl Ygrc, s i dgjg kstl d iu`l`, `kmlsk `k skr jle

siôe `k su Ngoikreg prgviedilh y `kh Ngoikreg eldigelh .

Ljstkr`lj, s itul`g ke hl kjogdlùrl `kh _fie, sknulr`ô `k skr dlpitlh y rksi`kedil `kh Ngoikreg `k hl

Fghle`l, quk tuvg pgr jlesiôe hl d iu`l` `k Hl Flyl.

Kìjourng kjpkzô l prgspkrlr kh `êl quk pgr hl ie

dgrpgrldiôe `k Ksdgdil ke kh _kieg [ei`g' `k hl N rle

Orktlül, `kmô `k skr rksi`kedil `k su Ngoikreg ksdg

dés rknigelh.

Hl prgv ied il `k Oukegs L irks nlelr êl ke h iokrt l`,

hg jisjg quk ke riqukzl, kh `êl quk hl diu`l` `k su

egjork auksk dgest itui`l ke dlpitlh `k hl eldiôe y `k

mlsk `k skrhg `k hl prgviedil.

Tu Ngoikreg iejkìltg `kmlrêl `k skr ue Ngoikr

eg khkdtgr, y su pukohg rkivieìdlrêl su `krkdfg sgok

rleg `k khknir y `lrsk kh Ngoikreg `k su nustg."




0?? L H O K _ @ I

Pg`g hg quk fgy eg sudk`k, pgrquk kh pg`kr rke

têstidg y aieledikrg `k hl eldiôe ketkrl kstì ke sus jl

egs, y olmg su pg`kr i h ijitl`g dgjg sus rkdursgs, hl

h iokrtl` `kh pukohg ks ijpgtketk y euhl ke jltkril khkd

tgrlh .

Eienuel gtrl lph idldiôe t ikek kh akeôjkeg `kh Ng

oikreg ih ijitl`g `k _gsls, quk hl pgsksiôe ke quk

kstuvg `k hl sujl `kh pg`kr rketêstidg y aieledikrg `khl eldiôe, dgedketrl`g pgr hl dgestitudiôe kdgeôjidl,

quk kh plês fkrk`ô lh rénijke dghgeilh , ke hl diu`l` `k

su jle`g y rksi`kedil.

Ksk aué kh grinke `k su pg`kr gjeêjg`g, eg hls pl

hlorls `k hl hky <64;, quk plrkdikrge `ìrskhg, y eg aué

sieg hl dgeairjldiôe `kh fkdfg kdgeôjidg, quk sk hg

`lol ke rklhi`l`.

Kh grinke `k ksl dgedketrldiôe `kh pg`kr aieledikrg yrket êst idg `k tg`l hl eldiôe ke Oukegs Lirks, aué hl

Dgest itudiôe quk Ksplül `ig l su virrkieltg dghgeilh `k

Oukegs Lirks, dge hl jirl `k fldkr i h ijitl`g y gjei

pgtketk kh pg`kr `kh v irrky, eg jkrljketk pgr hls pl

hlorls `k uel hky, sieg pgr hl dgedketrldiôe `k hgs rk

dursgs rketêstidgs ke quk dgesistk kh Rg`kr rklh y kakd

tivg ke hl diu`l` y prgviedil `k su rksi`kedil.

Ksk grinke ks iedgedih ilohk dge kh a ie `kh Ngoikregiest itui`g kh ?; `k Jlyg `k <6<2, plrl fldkr hl r iquk

zl y kh pg`kr `kh Ngoikreg.

Eg ks h iork ue pukohg s ieg dule`g ks pgskk`gr `kh

pg`kr `k ngokrelrsk l s ê jisjg3 y eg ks pgskk`gr `k

ksk pg`kr, sieg dule`g kstì ke pgsksiôe `k su fldike`l

y tksgrg, ke quk tg`g pg`kr dgesistk.

Hl h iokrtl` `k hls h iokrtl`ks, hl nrle`k y sgokrlel

h iokrtl` khkdtgrlh , `kml fgy `k kxist ir ke kh Rhltl, mue-




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 0 ? 4

tg dge hl riqukzl `kh plês, pgr hls jisjls dlusls quk

hls tkeêle lusketks olmg kh Ngoikreg `k hgs virrkyks y

olmg kh Ngoikreg `k _gsls, su rkstlurl`gr kdgeôjidg.

Ksls dlusls krle kdgeôjidls, y rksi`êle ke hl dges

titudiôe aisdlh y rketêstidl `l`l lh plês pgr hl Ksplül

dule`g krl su dghgeil, jkìletk hl dulh su riqukzl y

pg`kr kdgeôjidgs floêl si`g dgedketrl`gs ke hl rksi

`kedil `ksinel`l lh Ngoikreg gjeêjg`g y gjeipgtketk `k hgs v irrkyks.

Ksk ks kh kstl`g `k dgsls quk fgy kxistk ke hg tg

dletk l ietkrksks kdgeôjidgs `kh plês.

@krrgdl`g dge _gsls ke <6;?, fl s i`g rkstlohkdi`g

virtulhjketk pgr hl rkagrjl rklddigelril `kh Ngoikr

eg h iork, quk sledigel hl vidtgril `k Dlskrgs.

Y hl rkvghudiôe g dljoig `k h iokrtl`, quk floêl dge

sisti`g ke hl sustitudiôe `k ue rénijke pgr gtrg, quk`ô rkùdi`l lh dljoig pkrsgelh `k ue Ngoikreg pgr

gtrg. @kslplrkdiô _gsls, pkrg quk`ô ke pik hl lnhg

jkrldiôe `kh pg`kr rketêstidg y kdgeôjidg, ke quk su

pg`kr gjeêjg`g `k pkrpktulrsk ke kh Ngoikreg dge

sistêl.

Letk ksl ìaiduhtl`, sk keduketrl fgy hl eldiôe pl

rl khknir ue Ngoikreg `k su nustg.

·Hk quk`l lhnýe jkìg `k ijpkìr quk hgs ngokrele

tks sk pkrpktýke ke kh Rg`kr, sie rkdurrir l hl aukrzl,

dgjg ke <6;? 7 H l Dgest itudiôe sk hg sunikrk akh iz

jketk. Ks kh `k lostkekrsk `k hl alduhtl` quk kh hl `l

lh pukohg `k rkkhknir lh prksi`ketk dge ietkrvlhgs `k

pkrêg`gs plsl`gs.




L H O K _ @ I

Fly plrl kh hg uel rlzôe suprkjl.

Pg`l rkkhkddiôe ks `kstrudtgrl `k hl kskedil `kh

sistkjl rkpuoh idleg `k ngoikreg, nlrleti`g pgr hl

Dgestitudiôe, eg sôhg dgetrl hgs ngokrel`grks, sieg

dgetrl hgs prksi`ketks3 duyl kskedil dgesistk ke hl rk

egvldiôe dgetieul, pkriôìdl y siedkrl `kh pkrsgelh `kh

Ngoikreg.

Lutgrizlr hl rkkhkddiôe `kh prksi`ketk dge ietkrvlhg `k ue pkrêg`g, ks lutgrizlr hl rkkhkddiôe.

Rkrg h l Dgest i t ud iôe eg h l .gr`kel dule`g h l lut g

rizl. Lh plês hk tgdl lostkekrsk `k hg quk hl Dgesti

tudiôe hk pkrjitk, dule`g hl kxpkrikedil hk jukstrl

kh pkh inrg `k pkrpktulr hgs ngokreletks ke sus puks

tgs , dge `lüg `kh priedipig rkpuoh idleg.

Kh jg`g `k kvitlr ksk pkh inrp, ks kvitlr g khuìr

l hgs kx prksi`ketks plrl dleì`ltgs l hl prksi`kedil,luequk flyle plsl`g `gs y jìs pkrêg`gs iet krj k

ìgs,

Eg fly ietkrrkneg, pgr hlrng quk skl, quk flnl

ghvi`lr kh nustg `k flokr si`g prksi`ketk y kh `kskg

`k vghvkr l skrhg.

Ti sk agjketl ksl prgpkesiôe elturlh , rkkh in ike`g l

hgs kx prksi`ketks, `k dl`l ueg `k kh hgs sk flrì ue

dleì`ltg elturlh y pkh inrgsg plrl hl plz pýoh idl kehg auturg. Florì tletgs lspirletks dgjg kx prksi`ke

tks, y hl _kpýoh idl dlkrì ke hl dgeìdiôe `k ksls Jg

elrquêls quk eg puk`ke tkekr Ngoikreg, pkrg quk t ik

eke tletgs dleì`ltgs lh trgeg dgjg ìelst êls `kstrg

el`ls. Hl kspkrlezl `k vghvkr l skr prksi`ketk dge ie

tkrvlhg `k ueg g jìs pkrêg`gs, flrì quk kh prksi`ke

tk prôxijg l dkslr lsknurk su pukstg l ue sudksgr,

ke dljoig `k hl prgjksl `k rktriouêrskhg l su t ikj-




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 0 ? ;

p g , dgjg sudkìô ke kh Kdul`gr, `ge`k kh prksi`ketk

Ah gr ks , lh alvgr3 `k hl D gestitudiôe , quk pkrj itk hl rk

khkddiôe dge ietkrvlhg `k ue pkrêg`g, sk lhtkreô ke

kh Ngoikreg dge ue jieistrg pgr dkrdl `k vkietk lügs.

Ietrgùdir hl dgstujork `k hl rkkhkddiôe, dge ietkr

vlhgs g sie kh hgs, ks drklr kh Ngoikreg vitlh idig g ì

eìst idg, jìs g jkegs ìsijuhl`ljketk. Ks rkvghudig

elr kh Kstl`g, dljoilr kh priedipig aue`ljketlh `ksu Ngoikreg, ke pkrmuidig `k hl h iokrtl`. Kh dluìh hlmk

eg aué gtrl dgsl quk hl prksi`kedil ìeìstidl y jg

elrq uistl. . ,

Fkjgs vistg quk sike`g kh ngokrel`gr `k Oukegs

L irks ue v kr`l`krg prks i`ket k `k fkdfg `k h l _kpý

ohidl, su khkddiôe ks uel vkr`l`krl rkkhkddiôe sie ie

tkrvlhg `k ue pkrêg`g= jìs iedgest itudigelh , ke kh age

`g, quk hl `k dulhquikr gtrg kx prksi`ketk.Tie kjolrng, ks kh sghg kx prksi`ketk quk hl el

diôe pg`rêl l`jit ir pgr dleì`ltg, pgr hl rlzôe y ol

mg hl dgeìdiôe quk fkjgs ieìdl`g ke gtrl plrtk.

Ke duletg l hgs `kjìs kx prksi`ketks quk lspirle

l/r skr rkkhkdtgs, kh pukohg lrnketieg p g`rêl prknu etlr

sk, si kh jéritg `k hl rkagrjl quk pusg tg`gs hgs rk

dursgs kdgeôjidgs `kh Ngoikreg eldigelh ke jlegs

`kh Ngoikreg prgviedilh `k Oukegs Lirks ks ue t ê tuhg

quk rkdgjike`k lh dleì`ltg plrl gduplr kh Ngoikr

eg quk éh jisjg rkùmg l jkrg egjork. Kh quk `kmô

l hl iestitudiôe `k hl prksi`kedil sie pg`kr ei rkdur

sgs, ·puk`k trlkr l kh hl gtrls jirls quk hls `k dgeskr

vlrhl ke ksl dgeìdiôe plrl lsknurlrsk gtrg lpgyg ke

vistl `kh dulh fizg hl rkagrjl, y dge duyg luxi h ig ks

pkrl suoir `k eukvg l hl prksi`kedil plrl sknuir s ir

viée` ghg 7




0?1 LHOK_@I

Kh kx prks i`ket k quk eg flyl rkeknl`g h l rkagrjl

`k <612, skrêl ue dleì`ltg l hl prksi`kedil pkhinrgsg

plrl hl eldiôe.

Kh quk, hkmgs `k rkeknlrhl, lspirl l hl prksi`kedil

eldigelh dge kh t ê tuhg `k lutgegjistl `k Oukegs Lirks,

ks ue dleì`ltg quk sk rêk `k sus dgjpltrigtls ke

dljoig `kh jìs skrig `k hgs fgegrks quk hk `kjle`l.

Eg fly jìs quk ue dljieg plrl dljoilr ksk kstl

`g `k dgsls= ks kh `k hl vghuetl` prgpil, `ktkrjiel

`l pgr kh dgevkedijiketg `k quk ks kh ýeidg jkìg

`k ksdlplr l hl pgorkzl, l hl `kdl`kedil y lh rénijke

`k hgs Ngoikregs iemustgs y khkni`gs pgr hgs Ngoikr

egs.Y kh dljieg jìs sknurg, pgr kh dgetrlrig, `k pkr

pktulr ksk kstl`g `k dgsls, ks ltldlrhg pgr hls lrjls.

Hl vighkedil hg kxlspkrl y la irjl. Pg`l hl Fistgril

lrnketiel `k sktketl lügs l kstl plrtk, ks uel dgjprg

oldiôe `k kstg. Qkietk lügs `k nukrrl dgetrl Ksplül

plrl dljoilr su rénijke `k ngoikreg dghgeilh , y d ie

duketl lügs `k nukrrl dgetrl egsgtrgs jisjgs plrl

dljoilr hl dgjphkxiôe kdgeôjidl quk egs ìg K s p l ül, fle si`g kstérihks, y `kml`g hls dgsls dgjg kstl

ole, jìs g jkegs, letks `k <6<2, y letks `k <6;?.

Fkjgs dljoil`g hl supkra id ik3 hgs dghgrks, kh t rlmk, kh

hkenulmk, hgs egjorks3 pkrg fkjgs `kml`g kh age`g

`k hls dgsls, dgjg kh Ngoikreg dghgeilh hls dggrìeô

plrl sus jirls `k pg`kr, eg `k h iokrtl`3 `k rkpgsg

iejôvih , eg `k hlogr y r iqukzl3 `k d hlusurl, eg `k kx

plesiôe.





Kh vidig ke quk kh jlh rksi`k t ikek su lsiketg ke hls

`gs dgsls jìs ìaêdihks `k dljoilr ke kstk jue`g,

l sl ok r= hls dgstujo rks rutie lrils, y hgs ietkrksks

lrrlinl`gs. Tge ue pg`kr quk eg sk `kstruyk l dl

ügelzgs. Hl sghl aukrzl dlplz `k jltlr l hl dgstuj

ork ks hl aukrzl `k hl dgstujork .jisjl, y eg fly

pg`kr jìs kaidlz plrl `kstrgelr ue ietkrés, quk kh

`k ue ietkrés jlygr. Lagrtuel`ljketk, sge aukrzlsvivls , `gtl`ls pgr su elturlhkzl `kh pg`kr `k rkegvlr

sk y drkdkr, ks `kdir, `k lh ijketlrsk y vivir. Hl ekdk

si`l` `k v iv ir y `k v iv ir jkmgr flrì hl rkagrjl g

kvghudiôe pldêaidl y nrlùlh `k ksk kstl`g kdgeôjidg

`k dgsls ke kh sketi`g `k su prgnrksg y jkmgrljiketg.

Rkrg ksk jkmgrljiketg eg jlrdfl l gmgs dkrrl`gs.

\uikrk vkr su dljieg plrl le`lrhg jìs orkvk y dge

jlygr sknuri`l`. @k lfê hgs `kokrks pltriôt idgs `khkxljke drêt idg, `k hl ìsdusiôe, `kh kstuìg pýohidg

`kh jlh y `k hgs rkdursgs quk su durldiôe rkdhljl.

Ksk kstuìg ks hl fujlel dgeìdiôe rkqukri`l pgr hl

jktljgragsis `k hls dgstujorks y `k hgs ietkrksks

lrrlinl`gs quk plrlh izle kh prgnrksg `k hl sgdik`l`.

Rgekrhk gostìduhgs y rkstriddigeks, ks kjphklr uel

vighkedil quk tikek sikjprk pgr rksuhtl`g hl lpkhldiôe

l hl aukrzl orutl `k hls lrjls.Ks dgjg kjphklr ksl v ighkedil, dgjg ijpkìr hl ìs

dusiôe, kh dlhiaidlr `k gìg l Oukeg s Lirks h l jlei aks

tldiôe `k tg`l gpieiôe drêt idl sgork ksl losgrdiôe `k

hgs ietkrksks eldigelhks quk sk prgùdk ke ksl prgvie

dil, dge jìs `lüg `k kh hl jisjl quk `k hl eldiôe,

dgjg hg fl prgol`g hl fistgril `kh plês jìs `k uel

v k z , puks euedl losgroiô Oukegs Lirks hgs ietkrksks

eldigelhks jìs dgjphktljketk quk ke kh t ikjpg `k




0?6 L H O K _ @ I

hgs v irrkyks y ke kh t ikjpg `k _gsls, y aukrge hls

épgdls `k su jlygr pgorkzl aukrl `k hl ldtulh .

K s , lh dgetrlrig, prgolr gìg l Oukegs Lirks, kh

ljlrhl y skrvir hl pgr hgs jkìgs y dgjg _gsls y hgs

v irrkyks h l ljlrge y s i rv ikrge= kjpldfìe`gh l ke v kz

`k kengr`lrhl.

\uk hl pghêt idl ks i`éetidl, hgs fkdfgs `kslstrgsgs,

kakdtgs `k kh hg, sk hg ìrìe luequk hg dlh hke hls plhlorls.

Ti el`l puk`ke hgs dlügeks dgetrl hls dgstujorks

y hgs ietkrksks letikdgeôjidgs, tljpgdg hgs dlügeks

puk`ke el`l dgetrl hl pgorkzl, hl drisis, hl `kprksiôe,

kh `ksdréìtg, hl jiskril, hl keakrjk`l`, quk sge

jéìdgs y rkagrjl`grks quk `kmìis kedlrnl`gs `k hl

rkagrjl, s i eg qukréis fldkrhl vghuetlriljketk.

K s t l=

ks hl v ighkedil `k hl el turlhkzl, p kgr y jìsùrl quk hl v ighkedil `k hgs fgjorks. Kh jkìg sknu

rg `k prgvgdlrhl ks sgagdlr y v ighketlr hl h iokrtl` `kh

kxljke, quk i hustrl y lork kh dljieg `k hl rkagrjl

vghuetlril y dgevkedi`l.

Gtrg jkìg `k ktkreizlr kh jlh y `k lhkmlr kh rk

jkìg, ks pkrsgelhizlr kh jlh y kh rkjkìg ke hgs

fgjorks quk hgs rkprksketle. Dule`g hl hudfl lole

`gel kh tkrrkeg `k hgs fkdfgs y `k hls dgsls, y sk trlshl`l lh `k hls pkrsgels, dgrrk kh r iksng `k fldkrsk ie

ldlolohk.

Pkrjiel`g kh s êjoghg pgr hl dgsl, hgs plrt i`gs drkke

suprijir kh jlh y kh rkjkìg dge sôhg suprijir hls

pkrsgels, quk sge su kedlreldiôe y pkrsgeiaidldiôe.

L s ê , dule`g kh vidig kdgeôjidg ke quk dgesistk hl

gjeipgtkedil `k Oukegs Lirks sk pkrsgeia idô ke kh Ng

oikreg gjeipgtketk `k _gsls, hl pkrsgel `kh ìdtl-




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 0?.9

`gr aué tgjl`l dgjg hl dlusl y suostledil `kh jlh 3

y plrl `kstruir `k rlêz kh jlh, hl gpgsidiôe sk pusg

l `kjghkr kh pg`kr pkrsgelh `k _gsls.

_gsls dlyô3 pkrg kh jlh quk`ô ke pik, pgrquk eg

kstlol ke su pkrsgel, sieg ke hl lnhgjkrldiôe `k hgs

rkdursgs kdgeôjidgs `k ngoikreg, losgroi`gs ke hl

prgviedil quk krl hl `k su jle`g. _gsls eg krl kh

`kspgtisjg, sieg kh `éspgtl._gsls, pgr sø hl`g, plrl `kake`kr kh `kspgtisjg,

`k quk krl `kpgsitlrig, dgetrl hl gpieiôe h iokrlh quk

qukrêl `kjghkrhg, pkrsgeiaidô kh rkjkìg ke hgs jéì

dgs y tgjô lh priediplh `k kh hgs, quk krl Ahgrkedig

Qìrkhl, dgrriô hl suostledil y dukrpg jisjg `k hl rksis

tkedil h iokrlh . Qìrkhl aué supriji`g, pkrg hl rksistke

dil eg ldloô dge éh , sirig qué sinuiô trlolmle`g flstl

quk `kstruyô lh `éspgtl sie `kstruir kh `kspgtisjg.Hgs `gs plrt i`gs sk kquivgdlrge ke tìdt idl. Hgs

`gs tgjlrge kh sineg pgr hl suostledil, y plrl dlj

oilr hl suostledil sk pusikrge l suprijir kh sineg. Pg

`l su gorl quk`ô kstérih y kh plês pkrìô su t ikjpg,

quk`le`g su Dgeìdiôe ie stlt'u qug le tk okhuj.

Tikjprk quk sk rkeukvk hl nukrrl ke éh tkrrkeg `k

hgs sêjoghgs y `k hls pkrsgels, kh kstl`g `k dgsls quk

`lrì kh jisjg `kspués `k tg`ls hls suprksigeks pkrsgelhks. És prkdisg dljoilr hls dgsls jisjls, eg hgs

fgj orks' quk sge su pkrsgeiaidldiôe y rk suhtl` g. E g

sk kxphidle hls dgsls pgr hgs fgjorks, sieg tg`g hg

dgetrlrig. Hls dgsls, ks `kdir, hgs ietkrksks, hgs usgs

rutielrigs, sge hgs quk ngoikrele l hgs fgjorks dge

kh pg`kr quk rksi`k ke kh hgs, eg ke hgs fgjorks, jk

rgs iestrujketgs `kh pg`kr aukrzl `k hls dgsls3 ks `k

dir, `k hls ekdksi`l`ks y `k hgs jkìgs `k h hkelrhls




L H O K _ @ I

plrl dgeskrvlr y jkmgrlr hl v i`l, quk ks hl aukrzl

`k hl aukrzl.

Ti kh fgjork quk t ikek hls i`kls `k Ahgrkedig Qì

rkhl ks h hljl`g kekjing `k Oukegs Lirks, ks hônidg y

elturlh quk kh fgjork quk t ikek hls i`kls `k _gsls,skl h hljl`g kekjing `k hl eldiôe Lrnketiel. Q ì r k h l

dgjprke`êl kh oike `k Oukegs Lirks, su prgviedil, ke

kh lole`geg `k hl lutgegjêl pgr jk`ig `k hl dulh ksl

prgviedil losgroêl l hl eldiôe sus rkdursgs y khkjke

tgs `k ngoikreg y `k r iqukzl. _gsls hg h hljlol pgr

ksg kekjing `k Oukegs Lirks3 y Qìrkh l h h ljlol l

_gsls kekjing `k hl eldiôe y `k Oukegs Lirks, pgr

rlzôe `k ksl lutgegjêl g lis hljiketg `k nukrrl, quk`lülol tletg l Oukegs Lirks dgjg l hls prgviedils

lrnketiels.

Kh t ikjpg fl `l`g hl rlzôe l Qìrkhl, pkrg eg olstl

rkdgegdkr quk Qìrkhl tkeêl rlzôe. Ks prkdisg eg fldkr

h g quk _gsls fld êl . Floh lr dgjg Qìrkh l y gorlr dg

jg _gsls, ks `lülr l hl eldiôe, prgtkstle`g skrvir hl,

s ie skrvir l Oukegs Lirks ei l hl jlekrl `k _gsls.

Hgs fgjorks sge l hgs fkdfgs y l hls dgsls, hg quk

hls plhlorls sge l hls i`k ls = jkrg s s inegs. Y dgjg eg

sk suprijk uel i`kl dge sghg ogrrlr `kh @iddigelrig

uel plhlorl, tljpgdg sk suprijk ue fkdfg dge sôhg

kxt ienuir lh fgjork quk hg s ijogh izl.

Dule`g ue fgjork sk fldk vkrog, su egjork ks tg

`g ue sistkjl, luequk eg flohk.- Ti kh plês hg tgjl ke

ogdl, quikrk `kdir quk kstì pgr sus i`kls, y quk sus

i`kls kstìe dge hl vkr`l` `k igs fkdfgs.





Ti ue fgjork tikek `gs sketi`gs y sineiaidl `gs dg

sls dgetrlrils ke ue jisjg plês, quikrk `kdir quk kh

plês kstì ìviì`g ke ietkrksks y ke i`kls, y quk sus

ìvisigeks agrjle `gs dlusls, `gs ole`krls, `gs rk

plrtidigeks jìs oike quk `gs plrti`gs.

Ksk fgjork ks hl pik`rl `k tgquk `kh sineiaidl`g

pghêt idg `k dl`l ueg `k hgs `kjìs.

Ke ue sket i`g, ks d ikrtg quk kh ngokrel`gr `k Ouk

egs Lirks ks kh prêedipk `k Nlhks, ks `kdir , kh dleì`l

tg goh inl`g plrl hl prksi`kedil `k hl _kpýoh idl Lr

nketiel, dule`g kh ngokrel`gr ldlol su pkrêg`g dge

kh `kh prksi`ketk. Rkrg ks ue prêedipk sui néekris= l

térjieg aimg, `ks`k hukng, ks ue prêedipk rklh quk pikr

`k kh Rg`kr kh `êl quk tgjl hl dgrgel. Ks ue prêedipkquk ngoikrel letks `k rkielr. @ks`k quk gdupl kh trgeg

`k hl egohk inulh`l`, ks `kdir, hl prksi`kedil `k hl _k

pýohidl, kh prêedipk rkiel, pkrg eg ngoikrel.

Kh Ngoikreg, quk hk s irviô plrl lhdlezlr hl dgrgel,

sk fl quk`l`g ke dlsl `kh ngokrel`gr, `ks`k `ge`k

sinuk ngokrele`g `k fkdfg l hl _kpýoh idl pgr ldtgs

quk kh prksi`ketk rkarke`l, dgjg hgs jieistrgs el

digelhks rkarke`le hgs `kh prksi`ketk.Hl dgrgel `kh kx prêedipk eg ks prkdisljketk `k

jktlh , pkrg ks `k plpkh jktìhidg= dgrgel aiùdilril g

sijoôh idl, quk rkprksketl kh Rg`kr suprkjg, pkrg quk

eg ks s ieg kh Rg`kr suogrìel`g `k ue Ngoikreg ng

okrel`g.

Eg ks ue Rg`kr quk kstì ke hl slenrk, s ieg ke hl rg

pl. @ks`k quk dljoil `k trlmk, ju`l `k lutgri`l`. @k

pg`kr rklh y kakdtivg quk letks krl, sk dgevikrtk ke




0 4 ?L H O K _ @ I

pg`kr i`klh y egjielh, kh `êl jisjg quk `kml `k skr

prêedipk. Ks ue prêedipk, dgjg kh ieskdtg, qué `kml

`k skr nusleg kh `êl quk sk fldk jlripgsl. @és*`é quk

tikek lhls, tgjl kh vukhg `k Idlrg, dui`le`g `k üg khk

vlrsk judfg, plrl quk eg sk hk `krritle dge kh dlhgr

`kh sgh , pgr skr `k dkrl. Tu pg`kr, `ks`k ketgedks, «s

ue pg`kr `kh lirk3 dgjg kh `k plpkh jgek`l, y kh

sukhg fuyk `k su pik, quk eg tikek jìs puetg `k lpgygquk hl ltjôsakrl.

Ksk ks kh Rg`kr suprkjg quk hl _kpýoh idl sk `ì kh

`êl quk kh ink plrl su prksi`ketk lh qué' `kml `k skr

ngokrel`gr `k Oukegs L irks .

Ks ue prêedipk quk `kml kh priedipl`g pltl ketrlr

`ksdlhzg y `kseu`g `k pg`kr ke hl Dlsl _gsl`l `é su

lunustl egvil hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel.

Ruk`k `kdir , ke vkr`l`, quk ksk `êl loìdl su pg`kr prgpig, y quk`l ke pg`kr lmkeg, ke pg`kr `kh ng

okrel`gr dge murisìddiôe ìrkdtl, kxdhusivl y hgdlh ke

hl diu`l` kedletl`l quk floitlt dlutivgs kh trìaidg, kh

pukrtg, kh ijpukstg lùlekrg, kh dréìtg y kh tksgrg,

pkrtkekdiketks lh Ngoikreg eldigelh , dlut ivg éh jisjg

dge tg`g su plrquk, ke hl kedletl`grl Oukegs Lirks.

Kh ngokrel`gr `k Oukegs Lirks skrêl ke rklh i`l` < k h

prêedipk `k Nlhks ke ìkft i`g `k dleì`ltg'elturlh , ililprksi`ketk `k hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel, s i t rlmksk l hl

prksi`kedil tg`g kh pg`kr quk t ikek dgjg = ngokrel

`gr, ks `kdir, tg`g kh pg`kr eldigelh quk `k fkdfg

kmkrdk. Y ksl trlìdiôe g ketrknl `k slhu` quk`lrêl

fkdfl y dgesujl`l dge sôhg hls plhlorls `k uel < hky

`k Oukegs Lirks, quk lsê hg sledigelsk, s ie ekdksi`l`

`k lhtkrlr ei dljoilr el`l jltkrilhjketk '`kh jg`g

dgjg kstìe fgy hls dgsls ke Oukegs Lirks.





Kh ngokrel`gr tgjlrêl kh t ê tuhg `k prksi`ketk, y quk`lrêl ngokrele`g l Oukegs Lirks dge hl murisìddiôe

kxdhusivl y ìrkdtl quk fgy t ikek, s ie quk hl prgvie

dil pikr`l su lutgegjêl, quk sknuirêl rktkeike`g dg

jg dulhquikrl gtrl prgviedil lrnketiel, y sie quk su

lutgegjêl pikr`l dgjg su rkprksketletk l su ngAkr-

el`gr, situl`g ke su eukvl dlpitlh prgviedilh , dge hl

jisjl murisìddiôe ìrkdtl kxdhusivl ke kh hls , dge quk

hgs `kjìs ngokrel`grks ngoikrele sus rkspkdt ivlsprgviedils lutôegjls, dgjg sge tg`ls.

Rgr ksk dljoig nhgrigsg, hl jleg `k Oukegs Lirks

pge`rêl sgork hl dlokzl `k hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel hl

dgrgel quk hkvletô `k hl dlokzl `kh rky `k Ksplül,

ke kh Rhltl, kh ?; `k Jlyg `k <6<2.

@k ksk jg`g, vke`rêle l skr suygs kh fgegr `k fl

okr priedipil`g hl rkvghudiôe `k hl ie`kpke`kedil lr

nketiel, y kh fgegr `k flokr dgrgel`g su nrle`k gorl.

Hl gdlsiôe elturlh `k logr`lr y rksghvkr ksk prg

ohkjl ke quk sk kedikrrl tg`l hl pghêt idl lrnketiel, ks

kh jgjketg `k hl dukstiôe khkdtgrlh .

Hl gpgrtuei`l` hk v ikek `k quk kh sghg dleì`ltg

dlplz `k skrvir l su sghudiôe, ks kh ngokrel`gr `kOukegs Lirks, g kh quk duketk dge su pltrgdieig. Ei

florêl fgjork `k Kstl`g lrnketieg, aukrl `k ksl pgsi

diôe, quk tuviksk kh pg`kr `k skrvir l hl sghudiôe `k

ksk prgoh kjl. ·Rgr qué rlzôe7

Kh ngokrel`gr `k Oukegs Lirks ks kh nrle`k khkd

tgr `k tg`g kh plês, pgrquk ks gjeipgtketk, luequk

eg ks tg`g kh pg`kr khkdtgrlh . Hg quk hk alh tl plrl skr

hg tg`g, eg ks kh suarlnig `kh plês, sieg kh `kh pg`krG O _ L T TKHKDPLT.‐Pgjg Q . ? 6




040 L H O K _ @ I

hknlh g egjielh `kh Ngoikreg ìdfg eldigelh, quk ks

su fkdfurl, s ie kjolrng. Tge `gs Ngoikregs quk sk

prgv gdle jut uljket k .

Hgs `gs Ngoikregs ketkeì`gs, sge hgs vkr`l`krgs

khkdtgrks `kh prksi`ketk `k hl _kpýohidl.

Eg fly gtrl khkddiôe pgsiohk pgr hl Dgest itudiôe quk

fgy t ikeke hgs khkjketgs kdgeôjidgs `kh Ngoikreg `kh

plês ketkrg. Kh hl fl drkl`g hgs Ngoikregs khkdtgrks,`le`g lh `k Oukegs Lirks tg`g kh pg`kr kdgeôjidg y

rketêstidg `k hl eldiôe. Ks kh nrle plrti`g `k hl hiokr

tl` lrnketiel (dgjg sk h hljl l sê jisjg) kh quk fl

pukstg tg`l hl h iokrtl` khkdtgrlh `k hl eldiôe ke jl

egs `k ksk ngokrel`gr, ketrknìe`ghk pgr hl rkagrjl

`k <612 tg`gs hgs rkdursgs kdgeôjidgs ` k su N goikr

eg. Krl ket rknlr l h ngokrel`gr `k Oukegs L irks h l

dleì`lturl elturlh y pkrjleketk plrl hl prksi`kedil`k h l _kpýoh idl L rnket iel . Gt rg ngokrel`gr `k prg

viedil eg t ikek ksl dgjpktkedil, pgrquk eienýe gtrg

rktikek l hl eldiôe hgs rkdursgs kdgeôjidgs `k su

Ngoikreg eldigelh quk kh `k Oukegs Lirks hk rkt ikek.

Eg sôhg ks kh dleì`ltg goh inl`g y agrzgsg l hl prk

si`kedil, sieg kh ýeidg dleì`ltg dlplz `k trlkr l hl

prksi`kedil hgs khkjketgs `k su pg`kr, quk kstìe fgy

ke jlegs `k Oukegs L irks .

Ti eg sk fldk skrvir l ksk gomktg, hl dukstiôe khkd

tgrlh v ikek l skr uel dukst iôe `k el`l3 hl jìs iesin

eiaidletk `k hls dukstigeks.

Tu sghudiôe `kmlrì tg`g dgjg kstì, ks `kdir, lh plês

sie hl jìs nrle`k `k sus h iokrtl`ks, quk ks hl `k

khknir su Ngoikreg, y ke orlzgs `k hl pgorkzl nkekrlh ,

eldi`l `k hl jisjl dlusl, quk ks kh `kslrrknhg ke quk

sk keduketrle dghgdl`gs sus ietkrksks kdgeôjidgs.





Kh plês v ivk fgy olmg Ngoikregs khkdtgrks, quk hg

sge pgr dlusl `kh lrrknhg quk tikeke hgs ietkrksks y

rkdursgs rket êst idgs `k ngoikreg, ke duyg jisjg vi

dig t ikek grinke y rlzôe dgestletk `k kxistir hl drisis

kdgeôjidl ke quk sk lrrlstrl tg`g kh plês.

\uikequikrl quk slhnl khkdtg prksi`ketk, tke`rì

quk ngokrelr dgjg hl Dgestitudiôe quk fgy tikeke hgs

ietkrksks kdgeôjidgs hg aukrdke l ngokrelr= ks `kdir ,dgjg fle ngokrel`g flstl fgy hgs prksi`ketks L, O,

D, @, lrrlstrl`gs pgr hl dgrriketk quk h hkvl lh plês l

su `ksineig y `kdl`kedil.

Eg ijpgrtlrì tg`l prgjksl, tg`g murljketg, tg`g

pldtg, tg`g prgnrljl, ke sket i`g dgetrlrig. Kstgs jl

eiaikstgs eg tikeke gtrg gomktg quk lhdlezlr kh pukstg

ke quk sk kspkrl nlelr ue nrle sukh`g, ue nrle rle

ng y uel nrle jlesiôe.Ke kh kstl`g ldtulh `k dgsls, eg skrì kh pukohg

lrnketieg kh quk kh iml l su prksi`ketk. Hk skrì egj

orl`g, eg khkdtg, pgr hgs Ngoikregs ke duyls jlegs

fl si`g pukstl tg`l su h iokrtl` kh `êl ke quk hl rk

agrjl dgest itudigelh `k <612 fizg lh ngokrel`gr `k

Oukegs Lirks, quk hl prgjgviô, `kpgsitlrig kxdhusivg

`k tg`gs hgs rkdursgs eldigelhks `k pg`kr rketêstidg

quk sk quitlrge l hl prksi`kedil `k hl eldiôe.Hg quk sk h hljlrì khkddiôe, skrì prgjgdiôe, egjorl

jiketg `k ue dle`i`ltg gaidilh , gaidilhjketk fkdfg. Hl

eldiôe, pgr ksg, eg `kmlrì `k fldkr su plpkh, pkrg

skrì kh plpkh `k ldgjplüljiketg, `k séquitg, `k prg

dksiôe `k dgrtk. Hl aikstl tke`rì hunlr dge ldgjplül

jiketg g sie éh , pkrg tg`g su pg`kr khkdtgrlh kstì rk

`udi`g lh `k ldgjplülr g eg ldgjplülr lh nrle`k

khkdtgr, quk ks kh Ngoikreg, ke hl lunustl dkrkjgeil.




041 L H O K _ @ I

Tie kjolrng, dgjg kh ldgjplüljiketg ks `k nrle`k

kakdtg, y sie éh hl a ikstl ks dgjg ue olihk sie jýsidl,

kh pg`kr khkdtgrlh `kh pukohg eg ks `kh tg`g iesineiai

dletk3 y eg alh tlrìe lnketks khkdtgrlhks quk sk ke

dlrnuke `k ekngdilr su dggpkrldiôe `k s ijphk jêjidl.

Tketi`g ektg `k hl situldiôe kdgeôjidl y pghêt idl

`k h l _kpýoh idl L rnket iel=

Pg`l hl h iokrtl` `k hl eldiôe kstì ketrknl`l lh Ng

oikreg `k Oukegs Lirks, dgjg ke t ikjpg `k hgs v irrk

yks y ke kh t ikjpg `k _gsls.

Ks `kdir, hk kstì ketrknl`g tg`g kh pg`kr `k hl el

diôe3 quk kh pg`kr ks sieôeijg y kquivlhketk `k kslh iokrtl`.

H iokrt l` ks pg`kr , y v idkv krsl . Hl rkpýoh idl sk ` i p

skr h iork, kh `êl quk tgjô ke sus jlegs kh pg`kr `k

ngokrelrsk l s ê jisjl, quk letks hk kmkrdêl Ksplül.

Ksl `gohk ketrknl `kh Rg`kr y `k hl h iokrtl` `k hl

eldiôe, fkdfl lh Ngoikreg `k Oukegs Lirks, sk gpkrl

pgr hl `kh khkjketg ke quk dgesistk hl h iokrtl` y kh

Rg`kr, quk ks kh khkjketg aieledikrg, kh Pksgrg, hl Fl

dike`l.

Hls aielezls sge kh Rg`kr y hl h iokrtl` ke kh puk

ohg, hg jisjg quk ke kh fgjork.

@k ksl triphk ketrknl `k trks khkjketgs quk agrjle

ueg sghg, rksuhtl quk hl eldiôe kstì sie h iokrtl` y sie

riqukzl.

Ksl situldiôe ks uel `gohk drisis pghêt idl y kdgeôjidl.





Ksl situldiôe ks dgjýe l Oukegs Lirks y l hl el

diôe `k quk agrjl plrtk.

Ksl triphk ketrknl eg kstì fkdfl lh pukohg `k hl

prgviedil `k Oukegs Lirks, s ieg l hl plrtk `kh puk

ohg quk dgjpgek su l`jieistrldiôe g Ngoikreg.

K s fkdfl plrl h l jisjl O ukeg s L irk s ke n rle

plrtk, y `k lfê hl situldiôe `k ksl prgviedil ke inulh

dris is quk hl `k hl eldiôe= Oukegs Lirks kstì privl`l`k su h iokrtl`, `k su Rg`kr y `k su tksgrg, tg`g hg

dulh kstì losgroi`g ke jlegs `k su Ngoikreg y ke

sgstée `k su Ngoikreg.

Ti eg hg kstuviksk, tke`rêl h iokrtl` `k khknir l sus

lutgri`l`ks prgpils y eldigelhks3 tke`rêl ue Ngoikr

eg `k su fkdfurl, y eg `kh Ngoikreg jisjg. Kstlrêl

ridg kh pu kohg , ke vk z `k kstlrhg kh Ng oikre g sghljketk.

Ks quk hl pgorkzl eldigelh rksuhtl `k quk tg`l su

riqukzl, eldi`l `k su trlolmg ieùstrilh , kstì dgevkr

ti`l ke riqukzl aieledikrl, ks `kdir, aisdlh, ke riqukzl

`kh Ngoikreg, ke rketl pýohidl, ke dréìtg pýohidg, ke

prgùdtg `kh ijpukstg, ke tksgrg pýoh idg.

Kh ngokrel`gr ks t g`g, ke . hiokrtl` g pg`kr, y ke

riqukzl g rkdursgs.Kstk s istkjl kstì lsê lrrknhl`g pgrquk lsê aué < gr

nleizl`g pgr Ksplül plrl kh a ie y gomktg `k su ng

oikreg `k `gjieldiôe dghgeilh ke kh Rhltl.

Ks kh jisjg letinug rénijke virtulhjketk dgeskr

v l`g ke `lüg `k h l eld iôe L rnket iel , ied h usg Ouk

egs L irks .

Rrgd h ljl`l su logh id iôe ke J lyg `k < 6 < 2 , _ g s l s

sk flh hô l hl dlokzl `k uel rkstlurldiôe prgùdi`l ks-




046 L H O K _ @ I

pgetìekljketk pgr kh pg`kr rut ielrig `k hls dgsls, `k

hgs ietkrksks gaidilhks y `k hl dgstujork.

Rrgdhljl`l sknue`l vkz su logh id iôe kh 4 `k Ak

orkrg `k <6;?, hgs sudksgrks `k _gsls ke su Ngoikreg

hgdlh sk kedgetrlrge lh arketk `k uel sknue`l rks

tlurldiôe prgùdi`l, dgjg hl prijkrl, pgr hls jis

jls dlusls kxph idlt ivls `kh l`vkeijiketg `k _gsls.

Rgr hl rkagrjl `k hl Dgestitudiôe h iokrlh `k <6;4,3aukrge rkst itui`gs tg`g kh Rg`kr, tg`l hl h iokrtl`, tg`l

hl Fldike`l `k hl eldiôe, eg l Oukegs Lirks, s ieg lh

Ngoikreg `k Oukegs Lirks, quk ks `ks`k ketgedks kh

pgskk`gr kxdhusivg `k hl sujl `k ksgs khkjketgs y

aukrzls eldigelhks.

Y pgr ksg ks quk Oukegs L irks ks t ì dgjg h l eld iôe ,

sie kh usg `k sus nrle`ks h iokrtl`ks3 s ie ue Ngoikreg

`k su fkdfurl y `k su nkst iôe dgetieul, ke uel pgorkzl quk dgetrlstl dge hgs kegrjks jkìgs y nlstgs

ìspkeìgsgs `kh Ngoikreg, quk tg`g hg pgskk= h iokrtl`

khkdtgrlh , pg`kr lroitrlrig, rkdursgs i h ijitl`gs, kxtrl

grìelrigs y gjeêjg`gs.

Kh plês eg puk`k quk`lr `k ksk jg`g. Eg sk sk

plrô `k Ksplül dge ksk gomktg. Tu situldiôe ldtulh

eg ks hl `kh t ikjpg `k _gsls, ke kxinkedils y `kokrks

`k pukoh g d iv i h i zl`g. Fgy ks pkgr ke judfgs puet gs .Tu `ku`l pýoh idl ks d ike vkdks jlygr.

Yl sus ietkrksks losgroke hl jitl` `k hl rketl

pýohidl.

Hl gtrl jitl` losgrok kh réìtg g nleledil `k hgs

plrt iduhlrks dgetriouyketks.

Kh plês v ivk plrl lh ijketlr l su Ngoikreg, ke hu

nlr `k kxist ir kh Ngoikreg plrl kh oikekstlr `kh plês .

Eldiôe h iork y sgokrlel ke kh egjork, ks hl let i-





nul dghgeil tr ioutlril `k su Aisdg, dgjg ke t ikjpg `k

Ksplül, quk hg grnleizô plrl ksg. Ks s ijphk jìquiel

`k rketl aisdlh . Dule`g sk hk ìdk, plrl dgesghlrhl,

quk kstl dgeìdiôe `k dgsls ks dgpil tkxtulh `k hl

Dgest itudiôe `k hgs Kstl`gs [ei`gs `k Lj éridl, ke

egjork `k duyg kmkjphg fl s i`g rkdghgeizl`l hl el

diôe Lrnketiel ke kh jgh`k ksplügh , sk lnrknl hl our

hl y kh iesuhtg lh ltketl`g `k akhgeêl y `k trlidiôe l hldlusl `k su h iokrtl`.

@kmlr l uel eldiôe sie uel `k sus h iokrtl`ks, sie

l`lrjk `k su pg`kr, sie ple y sie rkdursgs, pgr vêl

`k ijitldiôe l hl eldiôe jìs h iork, jìs ridl, jìs pg

`krgsl quk dgegdk kh jue`g ketkrg.

@k hg quk prkdk`k sk `kùdk, quk dule`g `kdijgsquk tg`l hl h iokrtl` `k hl eldiôe fl si`g pukstl ke

jlegs `kh Ngoikreg `k Oukegs Lirks, qukrkjgs `kdir

quk tg`g kh pg`kr `k hl eldiôe hk fl si`g ketrknl`g,

pgrquk hl h iokrtl` ks kh pg`kr `k khknir y `lrsk su

ngoikreg3 y kh hl `kml `k kxist ir `ge`k y dule`g ks kh

Ngoikreg kh quk sk kh ink l sê jisjg, g lh Ngoikreg

sudksgr.

Y dule`g `kdijgs quk tg`g kh pg`kr eldigelh f l

s i`g ket rknl`g l h Ngoikreg `k Oukegs L irks , ket ke

`kjgs `kdir, y `kdijgs, quk hk fle si`g ketrknl`gs

tg`gs hgs rkdursgs kdgeôjidgs y khkjketgs rketêstidgs

`k pg`kr eldigelh .

Y dule`g `kdijgs hl eldiôe, qukrkjgs `kdir , y `k

dijgs, Oukegs Lirks y hls prgviedils, pgrquk `k tg

`ls kh hls sk dgjpgek hl eldiôe, quk fldk ksls pér

ì`ls.




002 L H O K _ @ I

Kh rksuhtl`g `k ksl triphk pérì`l, ks quk hl eldiôe

Lrn ke tiel , ks `kdir , O ukeg s Li rk s y hls prgv iedils,

dgemuetivl y sghi`lriljketk, kstìe sie h iokrtl`, sie

Ngoikreg `k su prgpil khkddiôe y fkdfurl, s ie hgs aru

tgs `k su riqukzl, losgroi`l ke dlsi hl tgtlh i`l` `k ksgs

arutgs ke hls a ielezls quk dgesujk kh Ngoikreg `k


Ti eg sk fldk kstl skplrldiôe, si eg sk ìstienukhl plrtk `é Oukegs Lirks quk agrjl su l`jieistrl

diôe pýohidl, hl plrtk ngokreletk, pgr `kdirhg lsê, `k

hl plrtk quk agrjl hl nkekrlh i`l` `kh pukohg ngokr

el`g, tg`g hg quk `kmljgs ìdfg ks ieietkh iniohk, `k

ml `k skr lphidlohk l hl rklhi`l` `kh dlsg.

Dule`g sk t gjl l Oukegs L irks , pgr su Ngoikreg,

ke hl auediôe kdgeôjidl `k hl ìstrioudiôe y dgesujg

`k hl rketl eldigelh, sk kjphkl uel ainurl `k rktôridl,uel jktgeijil3 sk tgjl hl plrtk pgr kh tg`g. Tk dge

aue`k hl sgdik`l` tr ioutlril dge kh Ngoikreg quk vivk

`kh tr ioutg3 kh pukohg quk plnl dge kh pukohg quk

ngzl .

Ksg ks hg quk fle pkrì`g `k v istl hgs pltrigtls `k

Oukegs Lirks, quk fle drkê`g okekaid ilr lh pukohg `k

ksl prgviedil dge hgs okekaidigs y rkdursgs rktirl`gs

l hl eldiôe, y ketrknl`gs, eg lh pukohg `k Oukegs

L i r k s , s ieg lh jue`g quk hg l`jieistrl g ngoikrel pgr

kh jétg`g dge quk aué ngokrel`g pgr hl lutgri`l`

rklh istl letks `k hl rkvghudiôe, y pgr hl lutgri`l` gj

eêjg`l `k _gsls `kspués `k kh hl.

F le kjpgorkdi`g l hl prgviedil, qukrike`g keri

qukdkr l su Ngoikreg3 fle ìsjieui`g kh pg`kr `k su

pukohg, qukrike`g lujketlr kh pg`kr `k su l`jieis

trldiôe.




[;_LT T K H K D P L T 0 0 <

Fle gorl`g sie ketke`kr hg quk ks r iqukzl, pg`kr,

h iokrtl`3 ke su kskedil-y elturlhkzl.

Dgjg sijphks kjpiristls, eg dgjg fgjorks `k Ks

t l ` g = fldiée`ghks ke kstl dlhia idldiôe ue dujphijike

tg l su siedkri`l`, si eg l su dikedil y kxpkrikedil.

· Y quiée puk`k Mld tlrsk `k tkekrhgs ketrk egsgtrg s7

·L qué t ê t u h g7 ·Dgjg kx dgh gegs `k Ksplül7 ·Aué su

gomktg ke Ljéridl keskülregs l `ispkeslregs `k kh hl

y `k su Ngoikreg 7 •.

Lue hgs gpgsitgrks l hl rkagrjl, quk skülhlole hgs

jlhgs kakdtgs quk `koêl trlkr, eg hgs dgegdêle ke tg`l

su kxtkesiôe y tlhks dgjg hl kxpkrikedil `k vkietk

lügs hgs fl `l`g l dgegdkr. ·\ué kxtrlüg aukrl quksus plrt i`lrigs ietkrksl`gs y lplsigel`gs `kmlske `k

vkrhgs y `k prkvkrhgs, y kspkrlske, lh dgetrlrig, hgs

rksuhtl`gs jìs okeéaidgs plrl Oukegs Lirks7

Rrkgdupl`gs `kh hl`g pgh ê t idg y lplsigel`g `k hl

rkagrjl, judfgs fgjorks s iedkrgs `kmlrge `k vkr g

dgjprke`kr su hl`g kdgeôjidg y sgdilh , pgr `ge`k kh hl

kevghvêl hl sukrtk `k hl r iqukzl `k Oukegs Lirks y `k

hl eldiôe ketkrl, ke sketi`g l`vkrsg lh quk kh hl tkeêlplrl hl sukrtk `k hgs Ngoikregs `k Oukegs Lirks, quk

`koêle tgjlr pgsksiôe `k hgs rkdursgs aisdlhks y aiele

dikrgs sldl`gs `kh Ngoikreg `k hl eldiôe.

Fgy quk hl dris is g kjpgorkdijiketg nkekrlh `k

Oukegs Lirks y `k hls prgviedils, eldi`l ke nrle plr

tk `k hl rkagrjl, pgek letk hgs gmgs kh krrgr `k ksk

dljoig, eg florêl `isduhpl ke sgstkekrhg.

F g y quk hl drisis pghêt idl, ks `kdir, kh kj pgo rkdê-




00? L H O K _ @ I

jiketg `kh pukohg `k Oukegs Lirks y `k hl prgviedil

ke jltkril `k h iokrtl`3 hl luskedil `kh `krkdfg sgok

rleg `k khknir su prgpig Ngoikreg, ketrknl`g dge kh

Rg `k r a ieledikrg lh Ng oikreg `k Ou keg s Li rk s, quk

ieidiô hl rkagrjl3 fgy quk hl kxistkedil `k hgs plrt i

`gs pghêt idgs sk fl fkdfg ihusgril k ijpgsiohk, dgjg hl

h iokrtl` `k gpielr dgetrl kh Ngoikreg y `k dgetrghlr

kaidlzjketk su lddiôe, ke hls Dìjlrls y aukrl `k kh hls,hgs jisjgs rkagrjl`grks s iedkrgs t ikeke quk rkdgeg

dkr, quk su rkagrjl fl si`g ue suidiìg, pgr kh quk

fle jukrtg su prgpig pg`kr y su prgpil h iokrtl`.

Eg fly plrt i`gs pgh ê t idgs `ge`k hl pgrdiôe `kh plês

quk ìsiketk `kh Ngoikreg eg kstì `ketrg `kh Rlrhl

jketg, gduple`g nrle plrtk `k sus s i h hls , dghlogrle`g

ke hl hknis hldiôe y ke hl jlrdfl `kh Rg`kr, ke su rgh

jisjg `k gpgsitgr. Hg quk sk h hljl ketgedks plrti`g,,ks uel ksdukhl, uel skdtl, ue dêrduhg `k drkyketks3 pk

rg eg ue Rg`kr, puks kh plrti`g, dgjg h iokrtl` quk ks,

dgestituyk y ks ue Rg`kr ke hgs plêsks h iorks `k fk dfg

y `k `krkdfg.

H g s plrt i`gs phltôeidgs eg sge plrt i`gs pg h ê t idg s3

sge dgjg hgs Ngoikregs phltôeidgs g lostrldtgs.

Pg`g kh prgnrljl `kh prgnrksg lrnketieg sk kedik

rrl fgy `êl ke rkpgekr suostledilhjketk hls dgsls dgjg kstlole letks `k hl rkagrjl3 ks `kdir , ke fldkr `k

hl d iu`l` `k Oukegs Lirks hl dlpitlh `k hl _kpýoh idl

Lrnketiel, y rksi`kedil `k sus Rg`krks eldigelhks,

dge murisìddiôe ìrkdtl, hgdlh y kxdhusivl, ke tg`gs hgs

kstlohkdijiketgs pýohidgs, situl`gs `ketrg `k Oukegs

L i r k s , quk sge dlolhjketk eldigelhks tg`gs pgr su el

turlhkzl.

Nulr`le`g, s ie pkrmuidig `k kh hg, hl lutgegjêl `k





004hl prgviedil `k Oukegs Lirks, dge gtrl dlpitlh y rksi

`kedil, plrl su Ngoikreg hgdlh y lutôegjg, ei jìs

ei jkegs quk hls gtrls prgviedils fldke.

Egsgt rgs jisjgs fkjgs lyu`l`g l prgùdir ksldgeausiôe ke hls dukst igeks lrnketiels, pgr uel hgdu

diôe iedgrrkdtl quk fkjgs usl`g floitulhjketk Ahg

rkedig Qìrkhl y yg, s inuike`g kh hkenulmk usulh `k hls

prgviedils, dule`g fkjgs ltrioui`g lh pukohg `k Ouk

egs Lirks hl rkspgesloih i`l` `k hl jlhl pgh ê t idl `k

sus Ngoikregs= fkjgs ìdfg hl pghêtidl ` k Ouke gs

Lirks, ke vkz `k `kdir hl pghêtidl `k hgs N goikregs `k

Oukegs Lirks.

Kstg ýh t ijg krl kvi`ketkjketk hg quk quisijgs `k

dir , pkrg hl ljoinøk`l` `k eukstrl hgdudiôe nkekrlh

sk prkstô l ue sketi`g l`vkrsg `k quk eg `kmlrìe `k

prkvlhkdkrsk hgs Ngoikregs, quk `kskjolrlzìoljgs

`k hl rkspgesloih i`l` quk eukstrg hkenulmk iedgrrkdtg

kdflol sgork Oukegs L irks .

Kh fkdfg ks quk pgr ksk krrgr `k hgdudiôe fkjgsltldl`g hl Dlusl quk qukrêljgs skrvir, hl `kh pukohg

`k Oukegs L irks 3 fkjgs skrv i`g h l dlusl quk qukr êl

jgs ltldlr, hl `k sus jlhgs Ngoikregs.

Eukstrl lrjl tkeêl `gs ai hgs, y yg hg `kdhlrg tle

prgetg dgjg jk lpkrdiog `k kh hg, ke fgegr `k Ouk

egs Lirks, quk mljìs fl pgì`g iespirlr ei ìdtlr hl

pgh ê t idl `k quk krl v êdt ijl Qìrkhl, s ie kjolrng, sk

hk lph idô lýe olmg _gsls.




000 L H O K _ @ I

o) Ak`krldiôe.

El`l ks tle aìdi h , plrl dgjprke`kr ue jlH dgjg

kh vkrhg eldkr y sknuirhg `ks`k su grinke pgr tg`l hl

vi`l.

@ks`k su grinke, ak`krldiôe sineiaidô lutg egj êl, ie

`kpke`kedil, skplrldiôe, lis hljiketg rkhlt ivg y `gjést idg `k hl prgviedil `k Oukegs Lirks, rkspkdtg `k hls

gtrls . Eldiô ke Oukegs Lirks, y sus pl`riegs, quk pri

jkrg prgeuedilrge su egjork, aukrge k h `gdt gr J g

rkeg y kh `gdtgr Rlzg, fi mgs `k ksl prgviedil y skdrk

tlrigs `kh prijkr Ngoikreg quk lh h ê sk agrjô kh ?; `k

Jlyg `k <6<2, ke hunlr `kh `kh v irrky `k Ksplül, quk

dksô ksk `êl.

Kxph idl`l `k judfgs jg`gs , agrjuh l`l `k judfgsjg`gs, rkvkst i`l `k judfgs y vlrigs dghgrks"y agrjls,

ke hl suostledil sineiaidô sikjprk hl jisjl dgsl, lutg

egjêl prgviedilh `k Oukegs Lirks rkspkdtg `k hls gtrls

prgviedils `k hl eldiôe lrnketiel3 y sø kakdtg y s in

eia idl`g prìdt idg, aué hl l`muìdldiôe l Oukegs Lirks

`k tg`gs hgs rkdursgs, ietkrksks y jkìgs `k Ngoikreg,

quk hl eldiôe tkeêl ke ksl prgviedil, dgjg su dlpitlh

pgh ê t idl y su dketrg dgjkrdilh floih i tl`g, quk floêlsi`g ùrletk kh rénijke dghgeilh ksplügh .

Kjpkzô kh `êl quk `kmô `k kxist ir kh Ngoikreg nkek

rlh `k Ksplül, y sk trltô `k rkkjphlzlrhg pgr ue Ng

oikreg nkekrlh lrnketieg. ·Tkrì ueg g skrìe vlrigs

Ngoikregs7 , sk prknuet lrge h gs `k Oukegs L irks . ·Egs

ueijgs g quk`ljgs skplrl`gs7 [e sgh g Kst l`g g t le

tgs Kstl`gs dgjg prgviedils7 Ks `kdir , ·uei`l` g ak

`krldiôe7 Dgjg hl dukst iôe surniô, sk ìsdut iô y rk-




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 0 0 ;

sghviô ke Oukegs Lirks, elturlhjketk sk `kdiìô pgr

hl ak`krldiôe, dui`le`g `k fldkrhl sgstkekr y tr iuealr

pgr mkaks `k prgviedils ietkrigrks, ietkrksl`gs ke sk

nuir kh kmkjphg, quk, ke vkz `k `lrhks kh jisjg Rg`kr

quk l Oukegs Lirks, hls pgeêl olmg hl lutgri`l` `kh

Ngoikreg lutôegjg `k Oukegs L irks , dgjg sudk`k

flstl kh `êl prksketk.

Eg aué mljìs gtrl dgsl ke suostledil, hl ak`krldiôe`k J grkeg y Rlzg, `k h gs L edfgrkel y J k`rleg, `k

@grrkng y _gsls, `k Jitrk y Tlrjiketg, dge tg`gs hgs

egjorks y grênkeks y lelhks quk hks ìg kh kspêritu `k

plrti`g y hl lstudil `k hl pghêt idl.

Hl ak`krld iôe `k L rt inls , `k _ljêrkz , `k Hôpkz ,

`k Oustgs, `k Iolrrl, `k \uirgnl, `k _gsls, ievgdô

sikjprk kh kmkjphg `k hgs Kstl`gs [ei`gs3 y , dgjg

ksgs dluìh hgs, hl fle ievgdl`g jìs tlr`k hgs `k hlsdiu`l`ks. Hg quk hgs aue`l`grks kjpêridgs `kakeìk

rge ke nhgog, sus sudksgrks fle `kakeì`g dge hl lu

tgri`l` `kh Ak`krlhistl `k Fl j ih t ge y J l ìsge, `k

Pgdqukvi h hk, `k Ttgry, `k Cket , ktd .

Kh jkgh hg, hl suostledil ks hl jisjl= kh hknl`g `kh

losghut isjg dghgeilh ksplügh , rkvkst i`g y ìsarlzl`g

dge hgs trlmks y agrjls `kh Ngoikreg ak`krlh `k hgs

lenh gslmgeks `k Egrt k-L jéridl .

Kh age`g, ks hl v ikml Ksplül3 kh kxtkrigr, ks hl jg

`krel Ienhltkrrl, ke Ljéridl. Kh `kspgtisjg ksplügh ,

ke hl rklhi`l`3 kh h iokrlhisjg slmôe ke hl supkraidik.

@k hl ak`krldiôe `kh Rhltl l hl ak`krldiôe `k hgs

Kstl`gs [ei`gs, fly hl ìakrkedil quk vl `k ue fuk

vg l uel dlstlül. Kh plpkh pghêt idg `k Oukegs Lirks

sk plrkdk lh `k Eukvl Ygrc, d g j g . . .

· K s Eukvl Ygrc hl rksi`kedil `kh Ngoikreg ak`k-




0 0 1 L H O K _ @ I

rl h 7 ·L orinl `gs Ngoikregs7 ·Kmkrdk Rg`krks g aue

digeks g dgjisigeks eldigelhks7 ·Ks s iquikrl rksi`ke

dil `k su Ngoikreg hgdlh7

Kh kmkjphg `k eukstrl ie`kpke`kedil, eg aué hl `k

Kstl`gs [ei`gs, s ieg hl `k Ksplül jisjl rkspkdtg `k

hl Arledil `k Elpghkôe I .

K h Pijks `k h <2 `k Ke kr g `k <6>? , flohle` g `k

Ksplrt krg , ` idk= "Hls dgh geils su`ljkridlels quk rkpuìlrge lh sgokrleg quk Elpghkôe floêl ijpukstg

l Ksplül, sk hkvletlrge dgetrl hl jl`rk pltril y lsu

jikrge su ie`kpke`kedil. Hl rksistkedil floêl, si`g

lhketl`l pgr hgs pltrigtls ksplüghks sghljketk dgetrl

kh usurpl`gr arledés3 pkrg lhnuels `k hls dghgeils,

floike`g ngzl`g `kh humg `k hl ie`kpke`kedil y prg

ol`g hl pgsioi h i`l` `k kxist ir s ie skr ngokrel`gs pgr

virrkyks ksplüghks, s inuikrge ke su prgpil dlusl, khkmkjphg quk hks aué `l`g pgr hl jl`rk Rltril. Dule

`g Ksplül kstuvg h iork `k tg`l `gjieldiôe kxtrlemk

rl, sus dghgeils rkfuslrge rklsujir su `kpke`kedil y

ai`khi`l` l hl dgrg el, y sk prg dhlj lrg e Kst l` gs ie

`kpkeìketks dge iest itudigeks rkpuoh idlels."

Kstl ks hl vkr`l` fistôridl, sknýe kstgs `ltgs. Eie

nuel, kxdkptg Jémidg, tuvg prksketk kh kmkjphg pgh ê t i

dg `k h gs Kst l`gs [ei`gs . Tle J lrt êe , Okh nrleg, L h -v klr , Ogh êv lr , Tudrk , G 'Finn ies , v ie ikrge `k Ksplül,

eg `k Kstl`gs [ei`gs, dge sus i`kls `k ie`kpke`ke

dil, quk lh h ê jisjg floêle sgstkei`g dgetrl Elpg

hkôe.

·\ué kxtrlüg ks quk flyljgs ketkeì`g hl hiokrtl`

ieìviùlh dgjg hl ketkeìô Ksplül y eg dgjg hl ke

t ke`êle h gs Kst l`gs [ei`gs7

Kh lhjl `k hl ie`kpke`kedil ksplüghl aué kh pltrig-





tisjg, eg hl h iokrtl`. Rgr h iokrtl` eg ketke`êle hgs

ksplüghks gtrl dgsl quk hl ie`kpke` kedil `k hl pltril

rkspkdtg `k Arledil. L su kmkjphg, egsgtrgs eg ke

tkeìjgs pgr h iokrtl` sieg hl ie`kpke`kedil `k euks

trl pltril rkspkdtg `k Ksplül.

Ke duletg l hl h iokrtl` ieìviùlh, quk ks kh humg

`k Ienhltkrrl, y quk kh pukohg ienhés dgequistô y lrrle

dô l sus prgpigs Ngoikregs, eg l kxtrlemkrgs, egsgtrgseg hl tkekjgs ei dgegdkjgs flstl fgy jkmgr quk Ks

plül.

Hgs Kst l`gs [ei`gs , quk yl t ke êle ksl hiokrtl` ie

ìviùlh `ks`k su grinke y lue sike`g dghgegs, hl rki

vieìdlrge pgr ksl gtrl h iokrtl` quk sk h hljl ie`kpke

`kedil, y su rkvghudiôe dgetrl Ienhltkrrl tuvg pgr go

mktg ksls `gs nrle`ks h iokrtl`ks, hl `kh fgjork, quk yl

tkeêle, y hl `kh plês, quk krl uel egvk`l`.Rukstl hl vkr`l` fistôridl ke kstgs térjiegs, · l duìh

`k ljogs kmkjphgs fl ijitl`g eukstrl rkvghudiôe, lh

`k Kst l`gs [ei`gs g l h `k Ksplül7

Hl ut i h i`l` `k kstls vkr`l`ks, ks durlr eukstrl vl

ei`l`, quk egs kxpgek lh r i`êduhg `k kejlsdlrlr euks

trl gprksiôe dge jketi`gs trlmks `k h iokrtl`3 y l sl

okr quk kstl h iokrtl` egs alhtl, pgrquk eg hl fkrk`l

jgs , ei hl lprkeìjgs `k eukstrgs letkdksgrks, ei fkjgs fkdfg el`l plrl l`quirir hl `ks`k quk sgjgs ie

`kpkeìketks, pgrquk eg hl dgegdkjgs ke su eltu

rlhkzl.

L kmkjphg `k Ksplül, s ikjprk, eukstrgs plrt i`gs h i

okrlhks t ikeke pgr mkak y jlkstrg l ue fgjork `k ks

pl`l.

" K e K s p l ü l ‐ ` i d k k h Pijks d i t l`g‐ eienýe plrt i`g

sk dgesi`krl dgjphktg sie ue mkak jihitlr l hl dlokzl,




006 L H O K _ @ I

y hgs jìs lvlezl`gs hiokrlhks g prgnrksistls, dgjg sk

h hljô pgr gpgsidiôe l hgs dgeskrvl`grks g jg`krl`gs,

tuvikrge l grnuh hg `lrsk pgr su dljpkôe lh jìs prg

jieket k fgjork `k nukrrl ." \uk krl Ksplrt krg ke

tgedks.

·Tge nukrrkrgs hgs mkaks `kh plrt i`g h iokrlh ke Ie

n h lt krrl , ke Kst l`gs [ei`gs , ke Tuizl , ke Fgh le`l, ke

Oéh n idl7 ·Hg sge s iquikrl ke Arledil7

d) Dgeskdukedils pghêt idls `k uel hgdudiôekrrôekl.

Fl h hknl`g l skr `k losghutl ekdksi`l` skülhlr, dg

rrknir y lole`gelr uel hgdudiôe usl`l pgr hl jkmgr

Rrkesl lrnketiel, quk fl dgetrioui`g judfg l kxtrlvilr y gosdurkdkr hl `isdusiôe `k hls dukstigeks jìs

vitlhks `k hl pghêt idl lrnketiel.

Ksk krrgr, eg `k pkesljiketg, ei `k ietkediôe, sieg

`k jkrl hgdudiôe y kstihg, sk fl dgjkti`g dl`l vkz

quk sk fl ltrioui`g l Oukegs Lirks hl rkspgesloih i

`l` `k hl pghêt idl `k sus Ngoikregs plrl dge hls prg

viedils lrnketiels.

Ksl hgdudiôe krrôekl fl gosdurkdi`g hl elturlhkzl, kh grinke, sit ig y kakdtgs `k ue jlh dlpitlh `k ksk

plês, quk rksi`k ke ue vid ig `k su grnleisjg kdgeô

jidg y pgh ê t idg, jk`iletk kh dulh tg`gs hgs rkdursgs

kdgeôjidgs `k pg`kr pýoh idg pkrtkekdiketks lh Ng

oikreg `k hl eldiôe Lrnketiel sk keduketrle dgedke

trl`gs y rktkei`gs ke jlegs `kh Ngoikreg `k hl prg

viedil, quk, `ks`k su grinke dghgeilh , aué grnleizl`l

plrl skrvir `k rksi`kedil y dulrtkh nkekrlh `kh v irrky,





ngokrel`gr gjeêjg`g `k tg`l hl dghgeil lrnketiel olmg hl `gjieldiôe `k Ksplül. Ks `kdir , quk hgs rkdursgs

`kh Rg`kr sk keduketrle fgy `ge`k hgs pusg Ksplül

plrl lsknurlr su `gjieldiôe ke tg`g kh plês lrnke

tieg.

Hg quk fgy h hljljgs vidig grnìeidg `k eukstrg ré

nijke jg`kreg `k h iokrtl`, krl uel pkrakddiôe plrl kh

letinug rénijke `k `gjieldiôe dghgeilh ksplüghl.

Dgjg hgs v id igs grnìeidgs eg `kslplrkdke pgr `k

drktgs, hl dgestitudiôe g dgjphkxiôe dghgeilh sknýe hl

dulh dghgdô l Ksplül ke jlegs `kh Ngoikreg rklh istl `k

Oukegs Lirks hl sujl `k hgs rkdursgs kdgeôjidgs `k

Rg`kr `k tg`g kh plês lrnketieg, fl dgetieul`g kxis

tike`g `kspués `k hl ie`kpke`kedil, dgjoiel`l dge kh hl3

y ksl dgjphkxiôe g dgestitudiôe grinielril `kh plês fl

sknui`g `le`g l hgs Ngoikregs pltrigs y jg`krl`gs

hl jisjl sujl `k pg`kr lrnketieg quk `lol l hgs

Ngoikregs rklh istls `k Oukegs Lirks letks `k <6<2, ke

prgvkdfg `k sus `kpgsitlrigs, eg ke prgvkdfg `kh puk

ohg pgrtküg, plrl kh dulh euedl aukrge `kst iel`gs.

Eg qukrkjgs `kdir quk hgs ngokreletks `k Oukegs

Lirks sk lprgpilske ksgs rkdursgs, s ieg quk kh hgs quk

`lrge ke hls lrdls `kh tksgrg nkekrlh dgeail`g l su

l`jieistrldiôe, y situl`g ke hl prgviedil suojktrô-pgh i `k su jle`g iejk`iltg y kxdhusivg.

Kstk fkdfg quk vkeêl `kh Ngoikreg dghgeilh , y ke

quk hgs Ngoikregs pltrigs eg tuvikrge jìs plrtk quk

kh dgeskrvlrhg ke okekaid ig `k su Rg`kr hgdlh 3 ksk fk

dfg aué ijput l`g l h pukoh g `k Oukegs L irks , pr ijk

rl v êdt ijl `kh jisjg fkdfg, pgr ue krrgr `k hkenul

mk dgevkrt i`g ke hgdudiôe floitulh `k hgs plrt i`gs quk

fle hudfl`g, kh ueg pgr `lr tg`g kh Rg`kr lrnketiegG O _ L T TKHKDPLT.‐Pgjg Q . ? 9




0;2 L H O K _ @ I

lh Ngoikreg `k Oukegs Lirks, kh gtrg pgr `lrhg lh `k hl

eldiôe ketkrl, iedhusg Oukegs Lirks.

L hgs quk jìs fkjgs usl`g `k ksl hgdudiôe krrôekl,

egs tgdl ieidilr su rkdtia idldiôe y lole`geg.

Dgjg tg`gs hgs krrgrks `k hkenulmk, kh `k ltr iouir

l Oukegs Lirks hl rkspgesloih i`l` quk pkrtkekdk l

su Ngoikreg, fl vkei`g `kh pukohg `k hls prgviedils

lrnk etiels , quk eg ks jì s nrlj ìtidg ei j ìs aihôsgagquk tg`g pukohg ke jltkril `k hkenulmk, pkrg quk ks

hknishl`gr ke kh hg, dgjg tg`gs hgs pukohgs.

Hgs h iokrlhks quk fle rkprksketl`g hgs `kskgs y hgs

ietkrksks `k hgs pukohgs lrnketiegs, fle kjphkl`g su

hkenulmk y fle krrl`g dgjg kh hgs, eg `k ietkediôe ei

`k pkesljiketg, sieg `k hkenulmk.

Eg fly ueg sôhg quk eg flyl drkê`g y ìdfg quk

hl rkspgesloih i`l` `k hl pghêt idl letieldigelh `k Oukegs Lirks krl `k su Ngoikreg, y eg `k su pukohg.

Tu pukohg eg pg`êl skr lutgr ei plrt i`lrig `k ue

sistkjl, quk floêl si`g dgedkoi`g pgr kh Ngoikreg `k

Ksplül plrl jlet kekr l su dgh geil `k Oukegs L irks ,

sie h iokrtl` y ke `kpke`kedil losghutl `kh Ngoikreg

gjeêjg`g y kxtrlgrìelrig `kh v irrky. Y dgjg jkìg

`k jletkekrhl ijpgtketk y sujisl hk floêl ijpkì`g

keriqukdkr, pgr skr hl r iqukzl ue lrjl `k h iokrtl`.

Kh prijkr ksdritgr `k Oukegs Lirks, kh jìs pltrigtl,

kh jìs purg `k hgs pgrtkügs (puks hg prgoô dge su v i`l),

Ahgrkedig Qìrkhl, ks kh quk jìs usô `k ksl hgdudiôe,

quk hl lutgri`l` `k su kstihg dhìsidg ìaueìô ke hl

Rrkesl h iokrlh `kh Rhltl.




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 0;<

Yl auksk pgr flohlr lh pukohg `k hls prgviedils lr

nketiels ke su hkenulmk, g yl pgrquk, ksdrioike`g ke

kh kxtrlemkrg prka ir iô hl hgdudiôe jìs nkekrlh plrl skr

jkmgr ketkeì`g, kh fkdfg ks quk Ahgrkedig Qìrkhl

ltriouyô l Oukegs Lirks hl pgh ê t idl quk krl kxdhusivl

jketk `kh Ngo ikreg `k Ou kegs L irk s, prkdisljketk

dule`g kh pukohg `k ksl prgviedil sk pkrtkekdiô jkegs

l sê jisjg, quk aué olmg _gsls."Tôhg Oukegs Lirks t ikek ietkrés ( ietkrés, sknýe kh

sistkjl leti-kdgeôjidg y kstrkdfg quk flstl lfgrl sk

fl sknui`g) ke quk ouquks kxtrlemkrgs eg suole kh Rl

eljì, pgrquk jiketrls kh térjieg aielh `k hls kxpkì

digeks `k [htrljlr skl hl rl`l `k Oukegs Lirks, kh hl

sghl fldk tg`g kh dgjkrdig `k trìesitg ke hls `kjìs prg

viedils. Kstls, pgr kh dgetrlrig, t ikeke kh jìs lhtg ie

tkrés jkrdletih , kdgeôjidg-pghêt idg ke fldkr kh dgjkrdig ìrkdtg dge kh kxtrlemkrg3 ke eg plnlr l Oukegs

Lirks hgs `krkdfgs y nlstgs `kh dgjkrdig `k trìesitg,

ke plrt id iplr `k hls rketls `k hls Lùlels, y ke eg pkr

jlekdkr ke ijpgtketk `kpke`kedil `k hl vghuetl` `kh

N g o i k r e g ` k O u k e g s L i r k s . . . "

"Flokr `ksdgegdi`g Oukegs L irks ksgs iet krksks y

ksgs sketijiketgs, fl si`g ke tg`gs t ikjpgs uel `k

hls prijkrls dlusls `k hl `kslvkekedil y rgjpijiketg`k plrt k `k h ls prgv ied ils . . . " (Ah grkedig Qìrkh l , Dg

jkrdig `kh Rhltl `k i .² `k Kekrg `k <601.)

"Ti tg`g hg quk fkjgs ìdfg ks, dgjg drkkjgs, aue

`l`g ke rlzôe, ke mustidil, ke oukegs priedipigs `k pg

h êt idl y `k kdgegjêl, eg vkjgs pgr qué kh fkdfg `k skr

pgrtküg egs ijpgenl kh `kokr `k rkeknlr `k ksgs prie

dipigs, `k gorlr dgetrl kstls dgeviddigeks, y `k prkì

dlr quk kh kenrle`kdijiketg `k eukstrl prgviedil dge-




0 ; ? L H O K _ @ I

sistk ke kh kjpgorkdijiketg `k hls gtrls quk dgjpgeke

eukstrl _kpýohidl. E g, ji h v kdks eg. K e eukstrg j g` l

`k dgedkoir kh ljgr l hl pltril, `k ousdlr su prgspkri

`l` y su hustrk, eg ketrle hgs khkjketgs dgr`goés, ke-

trkrrileg g pgrtküg3 ketrl sôhg hl i`kl dghkdt ivl `k lr

n k e t i e g s . . . " (Dgjkrdig `kh Rhltl, `kh <9 `k J lrzg

`k <601.)

"Prlolmljgs pgr k h t r iueag `k ue s is t kjl pkrjleketk (`kdêl Ahgrkedig Qìrkhl) , pgr kh tr iueag `k hl .

h iokrtl` `k elvknldiôe y `kh dgjkrdig ke hls prgviedils

l r n k e t i e l s 3 pgr kh kstlohkdijiketg `k ue sistkjl dge

trlrig ketkrlj ketk, ke kstk puetg, lh quk floêl sknui`g

kh Ngoikreg dghgeilh, y lh quk dgetieulrge `kspués `k-

éh tg`gs hgs Ngoikregs pltrigs `ks`k <6<2. @k ksk sis

tkjl, dgetieul`g pgr tletgs lügs, pgr tletgs Ngoikr

egs, olmg tle ìvkrsls dirduestledils, eg fle rkdgni`g-

flstl lfgrl hls prgviedils lrnketiels s ieg ijpkrakd

diôe ke su ieùstril, pgorkzl ke tg`ls hls dhlsks, kekjis

tl`ks y dkhgs rkdêprgdgs ketrk hls prgviedils, nukrrl

divi h ietkrjielohk y slenriketl. . ."

"Tu hlrnl ùrldiôe `k trkietl y s iktk lügs (fgy sk

tketl y siktk lügs) jukstrl oike quk eg `kpke`k `k vi

digs lddi`ketlhks g plslmkrgs, quk fly uel dlusl aue`ljketlh , pkrjleketk, ie`kpkeìketk `k hgs vlrigs

sistkjls `k grnleizldiôe pghêt idl keslyl`gs ke ksgs plê

sks y jìs pg`krgsl quk ksgs sistkjls. Ksl dlusl eg ks

gtrl quk kh rénijke kstýpi`g `kh lis hljiketg. . . ks `k

dir, hl lutgegjêl p r g v i e d i l h . " (Dgjkrdig `kh Rhltl `kh

1 `k Gdtuork `k <60>).

Ksk krl kh hkenulmk quk tkeêl plrl dge Oukegs Lirks

kh jìs pltrigtl `k hgs pgrtkügs ke hl épgdl j isjl ke*




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 0 ; 4

quk kh pukohg `k Oukegs Lirks sk pkrtkekdêl jkegs l

sê jisjg, puks krl hl `kh Ngoikreg `k _gsls.

L pkslr `k ksk hkenulmk, eg fly hl jkegr ù`l `k

quk Qìrkhl ijputlol l ksk y hgs `kjìs Ngoikregs `k

Oukegs Lirks hl pgh ê t idl dghgeilh `k losgrdiôe `k hgs

ietkrksks lrnketiegs, eg lh pukohg `k Oukegs Lirks, ke

pkrmuidig `kh dulh sk prgùdêl.

Rkr g _g sls , quk eg krl jkmgr ljing `k Ouke gsLirks quk kh rk`ldtgr `kh Dgjkrdig `kh Rhltl, h hljlol

l A h g r k e d i g Q ì r k h l kekjing `k Oukegs Lirks, jlh pgr

tküg, lousle`g pgr sgaisjl, `kh krrgr `k hgdudiôe ke

quk iedurrêl kh khknletk y duhtg ksdritgr, pgr eg plrk

dkr pkrsgelh , dule` g tgjlol kh egj ork `k Ouk egs

Lirks pgr kh `k su Ngoikreg. Hgs quk fkjgs kjphkl`g

jìs t lr`k k h h kenulmk `k Qìrkh l , dule`g Oukegs L irks

prktke`êl skr h iork y ùkül `k su dgeùdtl, fkjgs si`gh hljl`gs pgr hgs pgskk`grks `kh Ngoikreg, quk _gsls

kmkrdêl, dgjg éstk floêl h hljl`g l Qìrkhl, kekjings `k

Oukeg s Lirks, iespirl`gs pgr kh gìg l ksl prgv iedil

lrnketiel, quk suarêl jìs quk egsgtrgs.

Tie kjolrng, eg fuog ksdritg eukstrg ke quk eg prg

tkstìskjgs quk, kjphkle`g hl hgdudiôe floitulh `k Qì

rkhl, ijputìoljgs lh Ngoikreg `k Oukegs Lirks, l su

dhlsk ngokreletk, eg l su pukohg, hl pghêt idl `k losgrdiôe y jgegpghig `k hgs ietkrksks lrnketiegs, iedhusg kh

`k Oukegs Lirks. Olstl egtlr quk hl lsijihìoljgs dge

hl `k _gsls, dlh ia idìe`ghl dgjg su rkstlurldiôe ` i s i

juhl`l. L elìk fl pgì`g gdurrir hk qué Oukegs Lirks

krl lutgr `kh sistkjl y `k hl pghêt idl `kh Ngoikreg `k

_gsls, `k quk su pukohg jisjg krl hl prijkrl v êdt ijl.

Rkrg dgjg eg ks prkdisg quk hl slenrk y hl drukh`l`

skle ieskplrlohks `kh sistkjl `k losgrdiôe `k uel el-




0;0 L H O K _ @ I

diôe ke prgvkdfg `kh Ngoikreg `k uel prgviedil, eg pgr

quk hgs sudksgrks `k _gsls ke kh Ngoikreg `k Oukegs

Lirks flyle si`g jìs fujlegs y duh tgs, fl `kml`g kh

sistkjl `k su Ngoikreg `k skr hl dgetieuldiôe `kh `k

_gsls, dgjg Rg`kr losgroketk `k hgs ietkrksks y rk

dursgs, eg sôhg `k hls prgviedils lrnketiels, sieg `k hl

jisjl prgv ied il `k Oukegs L irks .

L s ê , eg fuog mljìs ue sga isjl jìs pkh inrgsg quk kh`k h hljlr kekjings `k Oukegs Lirks l hgs l`vkrslrigs

`kh rénijke kdgeôjidg y pghêt idg pgr kh dulh kh Ngoikr

e g , eg kh pukohg `k Oukegs Lirks, losgrok tg`gs hgs

khkjketgs rketêstidgs `k Ngoikreg, quk pkrtkekdke l hl

eld iôe t g`l ket krl , ied h usg Oukegs L irks , dgjg prg

viedil ietknrletk `k kh hl.

Ks kh jkìg `k dgest ituir l Oukegs Lirks ke v êdt ijl

ie`kakesl `kh sistkjl `k ngoikreg quk hl t ikek ke pgorkzl y sie h iokrtl`, ks `kdir, olmg ue Ngoikreg khkdtgr,

pgrquk su Ngoikreg hk losgrok sus rkdursgs `k pg`kr

y sus h iokrtl`ks.

Tikjprk fkjgs ìdfg, quk ltldl`g ksk rénijke `k

Ngoikreg `k quk Oukegs Lirks fl s i`g v êdt ijl olmg

_gsls (y s inuk s iée`ghg dge lplrikedil `k h iokrtl`, olmg

hgs ldtulhks gdupletks `k hgs pukstgs quk gdupô _g

sls) , skrvêljgs y ketke`êljgs skrvir hgs ietkrksks `kOukegs Lirks jkmgr quk hgs quk hgs ketke`êle y skr

vêle, dgjg _gsls hgs floêl ketkeì`g y skrvi`g.

Ti gììskjgs l Oukegs Lirks, eg hk `ksklrêljgs gtrg

rénijke kdgeôjidg y pgh ê t idg `k Ngoikreg quk ksl ks

pkdik `k rkdgestruddiôe dge quk kh krrgr `k sus lji

ngs hg fl dghgdl`g olmg kh s istkjl quk hl Ksplül dge

dioiô y dgestruyô ke su dghgeil `k Oukegs Lirks, eg

plrl keriqukdkr l ksk pukohg, s ieg plrl keriqukdkr l




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 0;;

su a isdg, dule`g éstk krl hl _klh Fldike`l `k Ksplül3

eg plrl `kskevghvkr su h iokrtl`, s ieg plrl dgjprijir

hl , ke kh ietkrés `k su `gjieldiôe losghutl3 eg plrl

okekaidig `kh pukohg, sieg plrl kh `k su Ngoikreg, dule

`g su Ngoikreg krl kh `k Ksplül.

Dule`g _gsls rkstlurô ksk sistkjl ke egjork `k hl

dlusl ljkridlel, hg fizg, eg plrl lujketlr kh pg`kr,

hl riqukzl y hl h iokrtl` `kh pukohg `k Oukegs Lirks, siegke skrvidig `k su Ngoikreg pkrsgelh y prgpig, dule`g

krl éh ngokrel`gr `k Oukegs Lirks, y pgr ksl dlusl

pkrsgelh .

Dule`g sus sudksgrks hg fle rkstlurl`g l su tur

e g, hg fle fkdfg dge hl jirl priediplh `k lujketlr su

pg`kr prgpig, `k quk sk kedgetrlole pgskk`grks dgjg

ngokrel`grks `k Oukegs Lirks, eg plrl lnrle`lr hl

riqukzl y hl h iokrtl` `kh pukohg3 y hl prukol ks quk `krksuhtls `k ksk sistkjl, kh pukohg kstì pgork y sie h i

okrtl`, lh jisjg t ikjpg quk su Ngoikreg loue`l ke

jk`igs `k `isipldiôe.

Grnleizl`g pgr y plrl hgs quk jle`le, y eg pgr y

plrl hgs quk gok`kdke, Oukegs Lirks eg puk`k dgeskr

vlr kh rénijke kdgeôjidg quk hk vikek `k su grinke

dghgeilh ksplügh, sieg plrl okekaidig kxdhusivg `k sus

ngokreletks y `k hl Fldike`l pýoh idl, quk kh hgs l`jieistrle y dgesujke, y ke pkrmuidig kxdhusivg `k sus ng

okrel`gs y `k hl fldike`l privl`l `k sus floitletks.

Hgs quk fle rkstlurl`g g rkdgestrui`g ksk s istkjl ke

egj ork `k hl h iokrtl`, fle dgjkti`g ue jg estrugsg

krrgr, pgr kh dulh fle rkdgestitui`g kh `kspgtisjg, quk

rike`g grnleizlr hl h iokrtl`.

@ le`g l h Ngoikreg `k Oukegs L irks t g`g k h pg`kr

rketêstidg, rktirl`g lh Ngoikreg `k hl eldiôe pgr hl rk-




0;1 L H O K _ @ I

agrjl `k <612, fle fkdfg lh prijkrg kh nrle`k khkd

tgr `k hgs Ngoikregs lrnketiegs lh alvgr `k hl sujl

`kh Rg`kr eldigelh a ieledikrg quk losgrok ke sus jl

egs kxdhusivls. Kh hgs fle fkdfg quk skl ijpgsiohk gr

nleizlr hl h iokrtl` `k gpgekrsk y dgetrghlr lh Ngoikreg

dgjg plrt i`g pgh ê t idg. Fle suji`g lh pukohg `k Oukegs

Lirks ke hl pgorkzl dghgeilh , quk dgetrlstl dge hl gpu

hkedil prôìnl y ìspkeìgsl `kh Ngoikreg, quk tg`g hglosgrok y pgskk, ke jltkril `k rkdursgs.

Lfgrl vkietk lügs, hl nkekrldiôe quk vieg `kspués

`k _gsls pu`g dlkr ke ksk krrgr. Fgy quk hl tr istk kx

pkrikedil `k vkietk lügs hg fl pukstg `k ouhtg, eg t ikek

ìsduhpl hl pghêt idl quk tlr`l ke jgìaidlrhg olmg hl ies

pirldiô e `k hgs i hustrks pgrtkü gs, qu k hl j ukr tk fl

rkfloih i tl`g hkmgs `k ìsjieuir‐hgs _ivl`lvil, hgs

L n ø k r g , h g s J l r t ê e _ g ` r ê n u k z , A h g r k e d i g Q ì r k h l , J l e u k h O k h n r l e g , Q l h k e t ê e N ô j k z , @ r . L e ` r l ` k ‐ , q u k

aukrge hgs egohks kekjings `kh s istkjl rkstlurl`g pgr

hl rkagrjl `k <612.

Kh fkdfg ks quk kh kstl`g prksketk `k dgsls agr

jl ue prgdksg dgetrl hl rkvghudiôe `k hl ie`kpke`ke

dil lrnketiel. Pg`g hg quk kh hl fl prgùdi`g, dgjg gr

nleizldiôe, ke sktketl lügs quk vle trlesdurri`gs `ks

`k <6<2, ks uel jkrl rkalddiôe `kh let inug Ngoikreg

dghgeilh , ke agrjl y dge lplrikedils `k Ngoikreg euk

v g . Ke kh age`g y auedigeljiketg ks s ikjprk hl v ikml

jìquiel dgestrui`l plrl prgùdir pg`kr gjeêj g`g.

Pg`l hl ìakrkedil ks quk kh eukvg prgùdtg sk h hljl

h iokrtl`, pgrquk ks `kìdl`g lh plês3 dgjg si kh Rg`kr




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 0;>

gjeêjg`g eg auksk ke sê hl eknldiôe `k tg`l h iokrtl`,

pgr kh fkdfg `k skr gjeêjg`g, yl skl `kh plês g `k

aukrl. Ks uel jìquiel plrl lnrle`lr kh pg`kr `kh Ng

oikreg y ìsjieuir kh pg`kr `kh pukohg, ks `kdir, su h i

okrtl`3 plrl lujketlr hl rketl pýohidl g a isdlh , sie

lujketlr hl rketl privl`l `k hgs plrt iduhlrks3 plrl

okekaidig `k hgs quk jle`le, y ke pkrmuidig `k hgs quk

gok`kdke.Akh izjketk eg fly jìquiel quk eg sk `ktkrigrk dge

kh t ikjpg y dge kh usg, si eg sk rkstlurl l jkì`l quk

sk kevkmkdk y `ksdgjpgek. Nrldils l su drkdiketk iekai

dldil, kh prgnrksg `kh plês eg `kml `k prgùdirsk pgr

kh ksaukrzg ieìviùlh quk fldk dl`l jikjorg `k hl

sgdik`l` lrnketiel plrl jkmgrlr su dgeìdiôe y su pg

sidiôe privl`l.

Hkmgs `k skr ue prgùdtg `k hgs Ngoikregs, hls sgdik`l`ks fujlels sk prgùdke y lnrle`le, l pkslr `k

sus Ngoikregs y `k sus skrvi`grks gaidilhks.

Hg quk sk fl h hljl`g flstl lquê hl dlusl `k Ouk

egs Lirks, ks hl dlusl `k sus Ngoikre gs, eg hl `k su

pukohg.

Y dgjg su Ngoikreg nulr`l hl dgjphkxiôe grinielh

dge quk aué dgestrui`g pgr Ksplül plrl rkprksketlr su

dlusl `k kh hl , eg hl `k Oukegs Lirks, kh Ngoikreg qukksl prgviedil rkdioiô `k ksk grinke kxôtidg y letipl

trigtl, rkprksketl hl dlusl dgetrlril y gpukstl l hl `kh

pukoh g `k Oukegs L irks .

Tôhg pgr vêl `k h isgeml g pgr dujphijiketg sk puk`k

fldkr l Oukegs Lirks rkspgeslohk `k hl dgeùdtl `k su

Ngoikreg. Ks dgjg h hljlrhk drkl`gr y jgtgr `k sus

lutgri`l`ks, sknýe jiketke sus hkyks ksdritls . Fly pg

dgs plêsks ke kh jue`g quk jkrkzdle ksk fgegr. @kh




0;6 L H O K _ @ I

pukohg ienhés, `kh pukohg `k hgs Kstl`gs [ei`gs, pg`rêl,

dgedkoirsk quk sk ìnl kh plês, dule`g sk trltl `k rks

pgesloih i`l`ks `k sus Ngoikregs, pgrquk, ksgs Ngoikr

egs sge gorl `kh pukohg, y su dgeùdtl ks iespirl`l y

ìrini`l pgr kh pukohg.

Rkrg ksk eg krl k h dlsg `k Oukegs L irks olmg _g

sls, dule`g Ah grkedig Qìrkh l lt r iouêl l Oukegs L irks

hl pgh ê t idl `k _g sls , alvgrkd ike`g , pgr ksl hgdudiôekquiv gdl`l, jìs l _gsls quk l Oukegs L irks . Ke kakd

tg , quk sus Ngoikregs ltriouyle lh pukohg hl jlhl pg

h ê t idl quk kh hgs t ikeke ke su egjork, sk dgjprke`k. _g

sls euedl prgeuedilol kh yg. Tu s v gdloh gs alv gr i t gs

k r l e = Oukegs Lirks, hl Dgeak`krldiôe lrnketiel, k h

dgetieketk ljkridleg. Y kh dle`gr `k hgs Nuizgt d hêl

ke hl rk`, h hljle`g ljkridleisjg l hl dlusl `k _gsls.

Oukegs L irks , s ie kjolrng, fl t gjl`g h l ijput ldiôe dgjg lnrlvig, eg dgjg dujphijiketg, y fl tkei

`g rlzôe, ke dikrtg jg`g, ke eknlr dgjg suyl hl pgh ê

t idl `k quk krl v êdt ijl.

Tie fldkrhk lnrlvig, pgr gtrl plrtk, puk`k lsknu

rlrsk quk euedl aué suyl hl pgh ê t idl dge quk sus Ng

oikregs `lülrge sus h iokrtl`ks y sus ietkrksks.

[e pukohg eg ks rkspgeslohk `k su Ngoikreg, sieg-

dule`g su Ngoikreg ks su gorl, su kxprksiôe, su orlzg,,su iest rujket g. K h Ngoikreg `k Oukegs L irks (dgjg

iestitudiôe, eg dgjg pkrsgels) eg kstì ke ksk dlsg.

Dgjg dghgeil `k Ksplül, quk euedl sk ngokreô l s ê

jisjl, Oukegs Lirks rkdioiô fkdfg y dgestrui`g kh

Ngoikreg quk hk ìg hl jktrôpgh i kxtrlemkrl, hl dulh

dui`ô `k grnleizl`g y dgedkoirhg, eg plrl skrvir hgs

ietkrksks y hls h iokrtl`ks `k Oukegs Lirks, s ieg hgs ie

tkrksks y pg`kr prgpig `k Ksplül, quk, hkmgs `k skr i`ée-




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 0;9

t idgs l hgs `k hl dghgeil lrnketiel, krle gpukstgs y dge

trlrigs.

Y si lsê eg fuoiksk sudkì`g ke vkr`l`, hl dghgeil

eg florêl tkei`g rlzôe `k rgjpkr dge hl jktrôpghi y

skplrlrsk `k kh hl, ke kh ietkrés `k su prgpil h iokrtl` y

prgnrksg, `k quk eg ìsarutlol olmg kh Ngoikreg quk

hk ijpusg Ksplül (dgjg iestitudiôe, eg dgjg pkr

sgels).Rkrg ue pukohg `k ksk grinke sk keduketrl, lue `ks

pués `k kjledipl`g, olmg ue Ngoikreg duyl êe`ghk y

dgjphkxiôe eg rkspge`k `kh tg`g lh kspêritu y tke`ke

dils `kh pukohg `k su jle`g. Ketrk kh hgs `gs quk`l

sikjprk lhng `kh letlngeisjg grinielh . \uk`l sikjprk

ke kh Ngoikreg, `kspués `k su l`lptldiôe lh plês fkdfg

ie`kpkeìketk, lhng `k kxtrlemkrg y `k iedgfkrketk, quk

ijpi`k ltriouir lh plês hl rkspgesloih i`l` `k hl pghêt idl`k su Ngoikreg.

Tie ketrlr ke tg`ls ksls rlzgeks, fly gtrl quk olstl

pgr sê sghl plr l `kj gstrlr quk kh puko hg `k Ou ke gs

Lirks eg puk`k skr rkspgeslohk `kh rénijke pghêt idg y

kdgeôjidg pgr kh quk ks ngokrel`g, y ks quk ksk rénijke fldk jìs `lüg l Oukegs Lirks quk l tg`ls hls

prgviedils, luequk tljoiée ksté dgestitui`g ke `k

trijketg `k kh hls. Aikh l su grinke y `kstieg dghgeilh , kh

grnleisjg `k ksk Ngoikreg ks fkdfg plrl h hkelr kh pl

pkh quk fgy `kskjpkül, s ie pkeslrhg ei qukrkrhg, jle

tkeike`g l Oukegs Lirks s ie su h iokrtl` sgokrlel `k

khknir l sus ngokreletks, y gohinìe`ghk l ldkptlr kh Ng

oikreg quk hk ijpgek hl vghuetl` `kh prksketk. @le`g,




0 1 2 L H O K _ @ I

l`kjìs, hunlr l hl dris is `k kjpgorkdijiketg pkrjl

eketk ke quk Oukegs Lirks v ivk l dlusl `k quk kh prg

ùdtg leulh `k su trlolmg sk ìstrlk y losgrok priedi

plhjketk ke keriqukdkr lh a isdg y prgvkkr l su nlstg pý

ohidg, ìspkeìgsg y prôìng pgr su êe`ghk dghgeilh .

@ lr dgjg prukol `k ljgr l Oukegs L irks h l v inke

dil y dgeskrvldiôe `k ue rénijke `k Ngoikreg, quk aué

dgedkoi`g ke su grinke plrl kxphgtlr l Oukegs Lirks,ks hl jìs nrle`k y ourhksdl `k hls iedgeskdukedils.

Tk ìr êl, lh dgetrlrig, quk ks prkdisg `ktkstlr l Ouk

egs Lirks plrl `ksklrhk ue sistkjl `k Ngoikreg dgjg

kh quk fgy hk t ikek sie su h iokrtl` jìs kskedilh , quk ks

hl `k khknir l sus ngokreletks, hl dulh kstì ketrknl`l

tg`l, pgr ksk rénijke, lh Ngoikreg kxistketk, dgest ituê-

`g ke nrle`k y sgokrleg khkdtgr `k sus sudksgrks3 v i

v ike`g s ie plrti`gs pghêtidgs, quk eg puk`ke kxist ir kekh sket i`g `k h iokrtl`ks, `ge`k kh Ngoikreg ks gjeipg

tketk, ke virtu` `k hl losgrdiôe quk fldk l hl eldiôe `k

hl sujl `k su pg`kr aieledikrg y rketêstidg3 `k duyl

dlusl rksuhtl, l`kjìs, hl drisis kdgeôjidl ke quk kh

pukohg vknktl, dgetrlstle`g su pgorkzl dge hl gpuhke

dil ìspkeìgsl `k ue Ngoikreg ievkst i`g `kh pg`kr `k

agrzlr lh pukohg l prkstlrhk su agrtuel, ke dljoig `k

su `ku`l, kjit i`l ke agrjl `k plpkh jgek`l dge pg`kr h iokrltgrig g dursg agrzgsg.

Tk dgjprke`k quk yg flyl si`g dlhia idl`g `k kek

jing `k Oukegs Lirks, pgr flokr dgjo lti`g ksk réni

jke `k Ngoikreg,, si sk tgjl ke duketl quk ksl dlhi

a idldiôe jk fl vkei`g sikjprk, dgjg vieg l Ahgrkedig

Qìrkh l , `kh jisjg Ngoikreg quk kxph gt lol l Oukegs

L i r k s .

Egsgtrgs jisjgs hk ìjgs kh lrjl `k ksl ldusldiôe





dlhujeigsl, usle`g hl hgdudiôe krrôekl pgr hl dulh tg

jìoljgs kh egjork `k Oukegs Lirks pgr kh `k su Ng

oikreg, plrl ltldlr hl pghêt idl `k quk hl jisjl Oukegs

Lirks krl vêdtijl, hkmgs `k skr lutgrl y okekaidilrêl.

Kstl ks hl nrle`k kquivgdldiôe, quk fl h hknl`g kh `êl

`k `ksvlekdkr ke egjork `k hl vkr`l`, `k hl plz y `k

hl oukel pgh ê t idl, quk tletg l Oukegs Lirks dgjg l hl

eldiôe ietkrksle.·Rgr qué pg`êl yg t kekr dìg l Oukegs L irks7 Yg

eg aui mljìs lnrlvil`g ke hg jìs jêeijg, ei pgr su

Ngoikreg, ei pgr su sgdik`l`. Hkmgs `k ksg, hk `kog

tletl y tle aiel fgspitlh i`l` ke ji muvketu`, plsl`l

tg`l ke Oukegs Lirks, quk kh gìg l ksk pukohg skrêl ke

j ê, eg sijphkjketk jlh`l`, ei ienrlt itu`, s ieg `kjke

dil, hgdurl.

·@ks`k duìe`g y dge qué jgtivg jk vieg ksk ìdtl`g7 @ks`k kh prijkr lsgjg `k rkstlurldiôe `kh réni

jke quk floêl kxphgtl`g _gsls, ke `lüg `k Oukegs

Lirks y `k hl _kpýoh idl, ùrletk vkietk lügs. Yg ltl

qué hl pghêt idl rklddigelril `k hl Dgestitudiôe `k <6;4,

quk iespiré `ks`k Dfihk, pgrquk vi ke kh hl hl rksurrkd

diôe ìsarlzl`l `kh sistkjl dge quk hl ìdtlùrl `k

vkietk lügs floêl suji`g lh plês ke kh ltrlsg, ke hl

pgorkzl y ke kh `ksgr`ke.

Ji `kakesl g ji v ieìdldiôe kstì fkdfl pgr kh dul

`rg quk prksketl hl _kpýohidl ketkrl, `k rksuhtls `k

ksl rkstlurldiôe `ksnrldil`l.

Hgs jisjgs quk hl prgjgvikrge sge fgy hls v êdt ijls

`k su prgpil gorl.

Jis ksdritgs jisjgs, hkmgs `k prgolr ji gìg prk

tkeì`g l Oukegs Lirks, hkê`gs lfgrl, ke pgs `k hgs

fkdfgs, sge ji jkmgr rkautldiôe `k ksk ìdtl`g.




01? L H O K _ @ I

Ke hl prijkrl kìdiôe `k ji h iorg `k hls Olsks ( J l y g

`k <6;?), yg prgpusk l Oukegs Lirks dgjg dlpitlh `k

hl _kpýoh idl, ke térjiegs y pgr rlzgeks quk jk fuoik

ske fkdfg plslr pgr ue plrti`lrig aleìtidg `k ksl prg

v ied il . [e pgrtküg ldérrijg eg florêl tkei`g ji hke

nulmk ke alv gr `k Oukegs L irks . ·\uiée jk ldusô `k

skr su kekjing, l pkslr `k ksk tkstijgeig 7 L r n k e t i e g s

`k prgviedils, quk ei `k v istl floêle dgegdi`g l Oukegs Lirks flstl `kspués `k dlê`g _gsls. Jk h hljlole

kekjing `k Oukegs Lirks, pgrquk sknuêl ltldle`g hl

pghêt idl kdgeôjidl y skplrltistl dge quk _gsls `lüô l

Oukegs Lirks jìs quk l gtrl prgviedil. Y kh hgs sk dge

si`krlole hiokrlhks pgrquk rkdgest ruykrge v ir t ulh jket k

hl jìquiel `k pg`kr gjeipgtketk dge quk floêl ngokr

el`g _gsls3 y sk `kd êle ljings `k Oukegs Lirks, `ìe

`ghk pgr prukols `k su ljgr hls jisjls dge quk _gslshk floêl prgol`g kh suyg. Hl ìakrkedil ketrk ljogs

ljgrks ks hl quk skplrl kh dghgr rgsl `kh dghgrl`g= u e

skji-tgeg, ue jkìg dghgr, ue jltiz.

Rkrg yl plsô kh t ikjpg `k hls rkdrijieldigeks. Fl'

h hknl`g kh `êl ke quk hl ieùhnkedil jutul ks ue `kokr`k gr`ke y `k pltrigtisjg.

·\uiée eg fl krrl`g ket rk egsgt rgs7

Hgs prkt keì`gs ljings `k Oukegs Lirks hg fle `k

ml`g sie h iokrtl` y sie riqukzl, pgeike`g tg`g kh pg`kr

y tg`g kh flokr `k su pukohg ke jlegs `k sus Ngoikr

egs.

Hgs h h ljl`gs kekjings `k Oukegs L irks fkjgs `l

ül`g l su dlusl dge hl ietkediôe `k skrvirhl, y skrvi-





`g hl `k sus Ngoikregs quk qukrêljgs ltldlr, kjphkle

`g ue hkenulmk ljoinug dl`l vkz quk fkjgs ltrioui`g

l Oukegs Lirks hl pghêt idl `k sus Ngoikregs `k quk ksk

jisjg pukohg krl v êdt ijl.

Pgjle`g kh egjork `k Oukegs Lirks, ke hunlr `kh

egjork `k sus Ngoikregs, fkjgs ltldl`g hg quk quk

rêljgs skrvir, fkjgs skrvi`g hg quk qukrêljgs ltldlr,

pgr kh usg `k uel hgdudiôe iedgrrkdtl, quk krl ue lrjl`k `gs aihgs.

Ah grkedig Qìrkh l y yg fkjgs fkdfg ue nrle skrv i

dig l hgs jlhgs Ngoikregs `k Oukegs Lirks, kxijiée

`ghgs , pgr ksk krrgr `k hgdudiôe, `k hl rkspgesloih i`l`

quk kdfìoljgs sgork hl egohk vêdtijl `k su jlhl pg

hêtidl.

Hgs Ngoikregs skrvi`gs pgr eukstrg krrgr `k hkenul

m k , sk fle prkvlhi`g `k éh plrl hlvlrsk hls jlegs `khjlh quk fldêle l Oukegs Lirks, skülhle`g eukstrls pl

hlorls ke quk hg ltriouêjgs l hl jisjl vêdtijl, y h hl

jìe`gegs pgr kh hg, dge visg `k rlzôe, kekjings `k ksk

jisjg Oukegs Lirks, l quike qukrêljgs skrvir .

@k ksk jg`g sk fl v istg lyu`l`g kh jlh pgr hgs jis

jgs quk qukrêle kvitlrhg.

Ltriouyke`g l Oukegs Lirks hl jlhl pgh ê t idl `k sus

Ngoikregs, hk fldêljgs kh fgegr `k supgekrhg kh ìd

tl`gr sgokrleg `k sus jle`ltlrigs, y l éstgs, kh `k kx

duslrhgs `kh jlh `k quk krle hgs ýeidgs rkspgeslohks.

Hg dikrtg ks quk Oukegs Lirks eg pg`êl skr rkspge

slohk `k uel pghêt idl `k quk krl hl prijkrl vêdtijl, ei

sus Ngoikregs jkrkdêle hl irrkspgesloih i`l` ke quk sk

hks `kmlol `kh jlh quk fldêle l Oukegs Lirks pgr

kngêsjg.

Kstk akh iz jgùs vivkeì vikek l rkdgedih ilregs `k




010 L H O K _ @ I

tg`g dgrlzôe dge hl dlusl `k Oukegs Lirks, quk fl s i`g

vêdtij l l hl vk z `k sus j lhgs ngok rele tks y `k sus

iekptgs `kakesgrks.

Eg tkekjgs quk dljoilr `k pkesljiketg ei `k ietke

diôe, sieg `k hkenulmk. G jìs oike, egs olstlrì `kaieir

kh sket i`g rklh `k eukstrg hkenulmk iedgrrkdtg y lj

oinug.

Ei qukrkjgs h isgemklr l Oukegs Lirks pgr kstls rkdtia idldigeks `k mustidil y `k ietkrés pýohidg.

Ke kh pukohg `k Oukegs Lirks `kskljgs vkr y skrvir

hl dlusl `kh pukohg lrnketieg, `k quk kh suyg ks uel

pgrdiôe ietknrletk.

·Rgr qué hl oukel ietkediôe eg kstlrêl tljoiée `k

plrtk `k hgs Ngoikregs quk fle `lül`g l Oukegs Lirksdge hl jkmgr ietkediôe `k skrvir hg7

Kh hgs fle pg`i`g drkkr quk hg skrvêle ketrknle`g l

su Ngoikreg hl sujl `k hgs rkdursgs `k pg`kr quk rk

tirlole lh Ngoikreg `k hl eldiôe.

Hl kxpkrikedil fl vkei`g l rkvkhlrhks quk ketrknle

`g l ue Ngoikreg, skl dulh aukrk, tg`g kh pg`kr y tg`gs

hgs rkdursgs `k hl eldiôe, `kmlole l hl eldiôe sie h i

okrtl` y ke pgorkzl.

@k lfê hl `gohk drisis pghêt idl y kdgeôjidl pgr quk

plsl hl eldiôe tg`l ketkrl, sie kxdkpdiôe `k su jk

mgr plrtk, quk ks Oukegs Lirks.

Y dgjg ksk kstl`g `k drisis hk vikek `k sus hkyks

aue`ljketlhks, l hl vkz quk `k gtrls dlusls lddi`ketl

hks y dghltkrlhks, su situldiôe jìs quk sus drisis, ks uel

`ghkedil tle drôeidl y pkrjleketk, dgjg hls hkyks kqui

vgdl`ls ke quk tikek grinke y rlzôe `k skr.





K e t r k n l e ` g lh Ngoikreg `k Oukeg s L ir ks t g`g kh pg`kr `kh plês , kh pr ijkrg quk fl quk`l`g sie h iokrtl` ks

kh pukohg `k Ou keg s Li rk s, sumktg iejkìltljketk l hl

mur isìdd iôe `k ksk Ngo ikreg gjeipgtketk.

Ket rknìe`gh k hl s u j l `k hgs rkdursgs kdgeôjidgs `kh

plês, kh pr ijkrg quk fl quk`l`g kjpgorkdi`g pgr ksl

ket rknl ks kh pukohg `k O u k e g s L i r k s , pgr flokr dge

trioui`g l khhl jìs quk gtrl prgviedil, s ike`g hl jìs

ridl `k hl eldiôe.

\ u k su r iqukzl kstì ke jle gs `k su Ngoikreg, eg dlok

ù`l lhnuel, `ks`k quk su Ngoikreg puk`k agrzlr h k l

prkstìrskhl pgr hl kjisiôe `k su `ku`l ke a g r j l `k

plpkh-jgek`l `k dursg agrzgsg, quk kh plês kstì gohi

n l ` g l dgjprlr dge su agr t uel pr iv l`l.

Hl suprks iôe aue`ljket lh `k hl r iqukzl `kh plês y

`k su h iokrtl` g pg`kr `k ngokrelrsk l sê jisjg, ks tlelosghutl y dgjphktl, quk si uel n r l e r k a g r j l eg dge

vikrtk ke v k r ` l ` `k fkdfg hls jirls dge quk hl el

diôe sk kjledipô `k Ks pl ül ke <6<2, pg`rêl `kdirsk quk

kh Ngoikreg quk prkdkìô l hl rkvghudiôe `k hl ie`kpke

`kedil krl jìs pltrigtl y jìs lrnketieg quk hgs Ng

oikregs `kdgrl`gs jìs tlr`k dge kstgs egjorks.

Tt. Le`ré, Jlrzg <6>9.

g g g g

G O _ L T TKHKDPLT.‐Pgjg Q 4 2




VQIII

D[KTPIÔE _KH IN IGTL L_NKEPIEL

Kh `gdtgr Lhokrì egs fl rkjiti`g hl sinuiketk dg

jueidldiôe, quk floêljgs leuedil`g let id ipl`ljketk

ke rkspukstl l hl _kvistl Dltôhidl. Ks uel réphidl ìnel

`kh kjieketk puohidistl, y duyl hkdturl sk rkdgjike`l

pgr sê jisjl l eukstrgs hkdtgrks pgr kh egjork quk hl

susdriok y hl ijpgrtledil `k hgs priedipigs quk sgstik

ek, quk `kskljgs vkr triuealetks l kstk hl`g tljoiée

plrl nhgril y prgspkri`l` `k eukstrg plês ( i) .

Kstl` g `k hl h iokrtl` rk h inigsl ke hls Rr gvie dilsL r n k e t i e l s , s k n ý e s u s h k y k s y s u s t r l t l ` g s .

Fk lquê, skügr kìtgr `kh Jkrdurig, kh ork vk kstuìg

quk ustk` fl tkei`g hl nkekrgsi`l` `k prkvkeir pgr ue

leuedig ìneg `k trlolmg jìs dgesi`krlohk. Eg tkeng'kejirl rkphidlr vidtgrigsljketk, sieg kxp gek r dge rkspk

tg hgs letkdk`ketks quk jk fle sujieistrl`g hls i`kls

(i ) Kh Jkrdurig ` k Qlhplrlêsg, Tkptikjork, ?6 `k <6;4.




016 L H O K _ @ I

quk fl rkautl`g hl _kvistl Dltôhidl. Dge kstk plpkh eg

kstgy ei prgdurg ketrlr ke hudfl3 hkmgs `k ksg, kh `k

dgrg `k su tgeg, ìneg `kh lsuetg y `k sus duhtgs rk

`ldtgrks, fl si`g prkdisljketk kh kstêjuhg quk jk fl

`kdiì`g l ksdrioir kstk lrtêduhg ýeidg, eg `k ìsdusiôe,

sieg `k sijphk kxpgsidiôe `kh kstl`g `k hl dukstiôe rk

h in igsl, sknýe hls hkyks y trltl`gs `k hl _kpýoh idl Lr

nketiel. Ti hl _kvistl eg fuoiksk flohl`g `k ue trlolmgjêg y `k uel hky `k ji plês, jk florêl lostkei`g `k tg

dlr lsuetg ke quk tkeng prgaue`g rkspktg l hgs quk eg

pikesle dgjg yg.

Ke ji prgykdtg `k Dgest itudiôe `k prgviedil, s ij

phk `kùddiôe `k hl Dgest itudiôe nkekrlh lrnketiel sle

digel`l ke kh ýh t ijg Jlyg, prgpgeêl yg hl dgeairjldiôe

hgdlh `k hl h iokrtl` `k duh tgs, dgeslnrl`l pgr hl Dges

titudiôe nkekrlh .Dgjketle`g ksk puetg, ìmk hg sinuiketk ke uel egtl

quk fl vkei`g l skr grinke `k kstl ìsdusiôe=

"Dgeslnrle`g hl h iokrtl` `k duh tgs, ei kstl Dges

titudiôe, ei hl Dgestitudiôe `k J lyg, ieegvle dgsl lh

nuel . Lj ol s rltia idle hg quk kxis tk fldk vkietisiktk

lügs , eg sôhg ke Oukegs Lirks, s ieg ke tg`l hl _kpý

ohidl. @ksdgegdkr ksl h iokrtl` skrêl ietrgùdir uel eg

vk`l`. Rrijkrg kxist iô plrl tg`l hl _kpýoh idl ke virtu` `kh Prltl`g dge Ienhltkrrl `k ? `k Akorkrg `k <6?;.

Kst ipuhl`g ksk pldtg ke egjork `k hls Rrgviedils [ei

`ls, y rltia idl`g kh <9 `k Akorkrg pgr kh Tuprkjg- Rg`kr

Kmkdut ivg `k hls jisjls, rkuei`gs ketgedks ke Dgenrk

sg, dge lprgoldiôe `k kstk Dukrpg, ke virtu` `k hl hky

aue`ljketlh `k ?4 `k Kekrg `k <6?;, ke tg`ls y ke dl`l

uel `k hls prgviedils lrnketiels quk`ô kstlohkdi`l hl

h iokrtl` `k duhtgs, `ks`k ksk `êl, pgr t ikjpg ie`kaiei`g





dgjg ks kh Prltl`g dge Ienhltkrrl. Eknlr lh prgtkstle

tk lhkjìe hl h iokrtl` `k duhtgs dgedkì`l lh prgtkstletk

ienhés, skrêl iemustg y losur`g. Kh <4 `k Gdtuork `kh

jisjg lüg `k <6?;, hl prgviedil `k Oukegs Lirks kx

piìô uel hky quk dgeslnrô dgjg priedipig `k @krkdfg

pýohidg ke su tkrritgrig, hl h iokrtl` rkh inigsl quk hl _k

pýoh idl floêl drkl`g pgr kh Prltl`g `k Akorkrg dge Ie

nhltkrrl. Tôhg v ighle`g hl ak `k ksk Prltl`g, ks `kdir ,jledfle`g kh egjork lrnketieg dge uel ieai`kedil, pg

`rêle suprijir hls prgviedils hg quk dgedkìkrge fldk

vkiet is iktk lügs. Akh izjketk ksl dgedksiôe trlkrì su prg

nrksg jltkrilh y rkh in igsg."

Fk lfê hls plhlorls `k ji egtl, quk fle fkdfg `kdir

l hl _kvistl Dltôhidl `kh <2 `k Tkptikjork, hg quk ke

sknui`l kxt rldt g t kxt ulh jket k=

"Luequk eg egs ks dgegdi`g kh `gdujketg l quk lhu`k kh `gdtgr Lhokrì, ei kh jg`g y agrjl ke quk sk

p r g j u h n ô , sie kjolrng, egs gdurrk quk hls prgviedils

eg tikeke gohinldiôe `k sgjktkrsk l hg kstipuhl`g dge

hl Nrle Orktlül y judfg jkegs `k khkvlrhg l hl dltk

ngrêl `k hky aue`lj ketlh . Rrksdie` ike`g `k quk ksl

goh inldiôe aué rkdflzl`l pgr tg`ls hls prgviedils `k hl

_kpýoh idl L rnket iel , l kxdkpd iôe `k h l `k Oukegs

L i r k s , egs ai mlrkjgs tle sôhg ke quk fle trlesdurri`gyl vkiet igdfg lügs s ie quk hl Nrle Orktlül flyl rkdhl

jl`g pgr hl iearlddiôe `k ksl plrtk `kh Prltl`g, y s ie

quk hls prgviedils flyle mljìs dgesketi`g ke h hkvlrhg

l kakdtg. ·El`l ìdk kh `gdtgr Lhokrì `kh s i hkedig go

skrvl`g pgr T. J. O. , ke ue lsuetg quk plslol l v istl

y pldikedil `k sus lnketks ìphgjìtidgs7 Ti hl Nrle

Orktlül sk fuoikrl drkê`g, ke v irtu` `kh Prltl`g, dge

kh `krkdfg `k kxinir ke hls prgviedils lrnketiels hl h i-




0>2 L H O K _ @ I

okrtl` `k duhtgs plrl sus suoìtgs, ·sk florêl pgrtl`g

tle plsivl k ieìakrketk, quk ei siquikrl hk fuoikrl gdu

rri`g fldkr ue h inkrg rkdhljg plrl pgekrhg ke phletl 7

"Tgork tg`g, lplrkdk ke kh agh hktg `kh `gdtgr Lhokr

ì kh kjpküg `k dgevkrtir ke hky aue`ljketlh kh lrtêdu

hg `k ue Prltl`g dge uel pgtkedil kxtrlemkrl. Ljols

dgsls sge juy ìstietls, plrl quk sk prktke`l dgeaue

ìrhls g ljlhnljlrhls. [el Dgest itudiôe `kok skr dghgdl`l lh loring `k hgs vlivkeks y vlrildigeks, plrl quk

dgesinl agrjlr hgs fìoitgs eldigelhks y rkvkstirsk `k hl

lutgri`l` y rkspktg quk hk `le kh t ikjpg y hl kxpk

rikedil.

"@idk tljoiée kh `gdtgr Lhokrì quk dgedkì`l hl

hiokrtl` `k duhtgs l hgs srtoìtgs oritìeidgs, skrêl iemus

tg y losur`g eknìrskhl lh lhkjìe, ktd . Rrk nue tlj gs,

·pgr qué skrêl iemustg7 Ti hl mustidil t ikek pgr gomktg `lr l dl`l ueg su `krkdfg, ·duìh ks kh `krkdfg quk

sk quitl lh suoìtg lhkjìe, pgr kmkjphg, eg pkrjitiée

`ghk kh kmkrdidig pýohidg `k su duhtg7 ·Dge qué têtuhg

pg`rêl aue`lrhg7 ·Ke hl dgevkediôe dge hl Nrle Ork

tlül7 Rkrg éstl eg `l `krkdfgs l hgs quk eg sge ori

tìeidgs.

"Pljpgdg skr êl losur`g eknlr l t g`g kxt rlemkrg h lh iokrtl` `k duhtgs quk sk pkrjitk ke virtu` `k ue Prl

tl`g l hgs suoìtgs `k hl Nrle Orktlül. Hl rlzôe ìdtl

l dulhquikrl quk tkenl uel h inkrl t ieturl `k sketi`g

dgjýe, quk uel vkz fkdfg ue jlh eg sk fl `k prk

tke`kr kesledflr su ksakrl, sieg, pgr kh dgetrlrig, rk

ùdir hg l su jkegr kxprksiôe. Lfgrl, ·pg`rì kh `gdtgr

Lhokrì eknlr quk hl jlygrêl `k sus dgjpltrigtls ks

tijle dgjg ue jlh hl h iokrtl` `k quk sk trltl7 Ti hg




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 0 > <

eknlsk, egsgtrgs hk prknuetlrêljgs · dôjg sk kxphidl quk

ke eienuel prgviedil lrnketiel, s i sk kxdkptýl Oukegs

L i r k s , sk fl kstlohkdi`g hl h iokrtl` `k duhtgs, l pkslr `k

tkekr kh kmkjphg vivg `k hl dlpitlh , y ue déhkork Prltl

`g quk tletg sk ievgdl, plrl prgolrhks hl gohinldiôe `k

k s t l o h k d k r h l 7 " (_kvistl Dltôhidl `kh <2 `k Tkptikjork

`k <6;4.)

Fk ìdfg quk ji gomktg eg ks ìsdutir, sieg kxpgekr.Tie kjolrng, plrl quk jkmgr sk dgjprke`l ji kxpg

sidiôe flré letks `k ketrlr ke kh hl, dultrg goskrvldig

eks l hls plhlorls `k hl _kvistl Dltôhidl quk `kmg dg

pil`ls.

H l _kvistl dgeaiksl quk eg dgegdk kh tkx tg ei hl fis

tgril `kh Prltl`g lrnketieg dge hl Ienhltkrrl3 y , s ie

kjolrng, hg ìsdutk. Tie dgegdkr kh Prltl`g, hk gdurrk,

sie kjolrng, quk hls prgviedils eg tikeke gohinldiôe `kdujphirhg, y sie jìs q=3· pgr uel gdurrkedil tle h iork

dgjg dulhquikrl gtrl, lh hì vl ue dgeskmg `k rkokhiôe l

pgorks pukohgs `kspk`lzl`gs pgr hl nukrrl d iv i h .

H l _kvistl flohl kh <2 `k Tkptikjork, ·inegrl kh hl

quk kh 9 `k Muh ig sk fle dgjprgjkti`g pgr ue murljke

tg sghkjek hls prgviedils l rkspktlr y gok`kdkr hl Dges

t i tudiôe, quk rlt i a idl hl h iokrtl` `k duh tgs7 ·Pljpgdg

kstlrêle goh inl`ls l rkspktlr kh murljketg, s i kh Prltl` g eg hls gohinlsk `k letkj leg 7

Lfgrl vkrkjgs quk mljìs hls prgviedils fle rkdfl

zl`g hl h iokrtl` `k duhtgs `ks`k quk aué dgeslnrl`l pgr

h ls h kyks y Prlt l`gs .

Kh s i hkedig goskrvl`g pgr hl Ienhltkrrl jk ìdk uel

dgsl, y ks quk Ienhltkrrl el`l fl tkei`g quk rkdhljlr,

pgrquk el`l sk hk fl `keknl`g. Ti eg fl kxini`g kh `k

rkdfg `k kmkrdkr su duhtg ke hls prgviedils ietkrigrks, fl




0>? L H O K _ @ I

si`g pgrquk kh hls eg dgetikeke jgrl`grks ienhksks quk

hg kmkrzle. ·Rlrl qué qukrrêl, pgr lfgrl ksl h iokrtl` ke

hl _igml, ke Dltljlrdl, ke Mumui , ktd . , `ge`k eg fly

ue sgh g ien h és7 Oukegs L irks , ýeidg pukrt g `k jlr

flstl kh lüg plsl`g, y pgr hg jisjg hl prgviedil ýei

dl quk kedikrrl uel pgohldiôe ienhksl dgesi`krlohk, t ik

ek trks tkjphgs `k duhtgs ìsi`ketks, eg ke virtu` `k

hl hky hgdlh , quk _gsls fuoiksk `kstrui`g jih vkdks pgrsu nustg, s ieg ke aukrzl `kh Prltl`g dge Ienhltkrrl,

quk euedl pu`g `krgnlr pgr jìs quk quisg.

Eg fk ìdfg quk hl h iokrtl` `k duhtgs `kok dgesinelr

sk ke hl Dgestitudiôe lrnketiel pgr rlzôe `k kstlrhg ke

kh P rl tl `g , sieg ke vistl `k hl `gd triel pghêt idl qu k

hhkel tg`g kh h iorg `k jis Olsks. Fk lpgyl`g ksl h iokr

tl` ke kh ietkrés `k hl jgrlh , `k hl pgohldiôe y `k hl

riqukzl. Hl fk `kskl`g ke hl Dgest itudiôe, dgjg olskaue`ljket lh `k prgnrksg ke Tu`ljéridl .

Fk pkì`g ksl h iokrtl` plrl tg`gs hgs ìsi`ketks, `k

dulhquikrl eldiôe kxtrlemkrl quk aukske, eg ke virtu`

`k hl must id il `kh Prltl`g dge Ienhltkrrl, s ieg `k ksl

must id il letkrigr y supkrigr l hgs Prltl`gs, quk eg sk

fizg pgr hgs ìphgjìtidgs, s ieg pgr kh suprkjg hknis hl

`gr, quk dge hl h iokrtl` rkh inigsl, ìg l tg`gs hgs fu

jlegs hgs `krkdfgs `k prgpik`l` y `k ieùstril, quk hlvikml pghêt idl letidristilel `ksdgegdiô ke su drkldiôe

ìviel, pukstg quk hgs gtgrnô ke Prltl`gs, dgjg si auk

ske drkldiôe su.yl.

Ti ke kh sketir `k lhnuegs hl h iokrtl` `k duhtgs skl ue

eilh , ks `gdtriel quk eg pgr skr ìakrketk `k hl jêl `kmg

`k rkspktlr dge tg`g kh rkspktg quk tkeng l hls gpieig

eks lmkels ke jltkrils `k rkh iniôe. Mljìs sk florì vistg

`k ji jleg uel h êekl irrkspktugsl dgetrl eienýe `gn-




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 0 > 4

jl drist ileg. Kùdl`g ke kh Dltgh id isjg, quk eg dlj

oilrêl pgr eienuel gtrl rkh iniôe, loring pgr hls `kjìs

kh rkspktg quk `kskg plrl hl jêl.

Rlsg l `kjgstrlr quk hl h iokrtl` rkh in igsl kxistk dge

slnrl`l fldk trkietl lügs ke hls hkyks y ke hgs Prltl`gs

`k hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel, y agrjl l jìs `k kh hg, uel

`k hls trlìdigeks `k su nrle rkvghudiôe pghêt idl kjpk

zl`l ke <6<2.@ks`k juy tkjprleg dgegdiô hl rkvghudiôe lrnketi

el quk sus `kst iegs ljkridlegs kxinêle ue dljoig `k

hl pghêt idl dghgeilh ke jltkril `k rkh iniôe.

Kh 4< `k Lngstg `k <6<0 kxpiìô hl Lsljohkl nkek

rlh ue `kdrktg sgork ìspkesls `k jltrijgeigs, dgedk

oi`g ke kstgs térjiegs=

"Hl L sljoh kl nkekrlh gr`kel quk t g`ls h ls lut gr i

`l`ks, divihks y kdhksiìstidls, tkenle ke kspkdilh dgesi`krldiôe plrl hls ìspkesls `k jltrijgeigs, hl ekdk

si`l` `kh luj ketg `k pgohldiôe ke quk sk fl yl hl

L j é r i d l . "

Lh lüg sinuiketk, ke Jlyg `k <6<;, sk prgjuhnô

kh Kstltutg Rrgvisigelh plrl hl ìrkddiôe `kh Kstl`g.

Tu dlpêtuhg sknue`g ìspgek hg quk sinuk= "Lrt . i .²

Hl rkh iniôe dltôhidl, lpgstôhidl, rgjlel ks hl rkh iniôe

`kh Kst l`g." Eg kxd h uyk e ienuel gt rl .K h _knhlj ketg prgvisgrig sledigel`g pgr kh D ge

nrksg eldigelh `k <6<>, dlpêtuhg sknue`g , lrt . ì

dk hg quk sinuk= "Hl rkh in iôe dltôh idl, lpgstôh idl, rg

jlel, ks hl rkh in iôe `kh Kstl`g." Ei uel plhlorl ke

dikrrl quk kxdhuyl kh kmkrdidig `k gtrls rkh inigeks.

Hl rkh iniôe `kh Kstl`g (ìmg tljoiée kh lrt . i .² `k

hl Dgest itudiôe nkekrlh `k <6<9). "Hl rkh in iôe dltôh idl,

lpgstôh idl, rgjlel ks hl rkh in iôe `kh Kstl`g. Kh Ng-




0 > 0 L H O K _ @ I

oikreg hk `kok hl jìs kaidlz y pg`krgsl prgtkddiôe3 y

hgs floitletks `kh Kstl`g tg`g rkspktg, dulhksquikrl quk

skle sus gpieigeks privl`ls." Eienýe lrt êduhg `k ksl

Dgest itudiôe rkdioi`l pgr tg`l hl _kpýoh idl, kxdhuêl kh

kmkrdid ig `k gtrgs duh tgs.

Loghi`l ksl Dgestitudiôe y dlê`g kh plês ke kh prg

viedilh isjg, Ketrk _êgs sk ìg ue kstltutg dgestitu

digelh ke Jlrzg `k <6??, ke kh dulh el`l ìspusg sgork jltkril rkh inigsl.

L hgs `gs lügs sk ìg Dgrriketks su Dgest itudiôe prg

viedilh `k Tkptikjork `k <6?0, y pgr kh lrt . i .² ìs

pusg hg s inuiketk= "Hl rkh in iôe `kh Kstl`g ks hl dltô

h idl, lpgstôhidl, rgjlel." Ei ksk lrtiduhg, ei eienýe

gtrg kxdhuyô kh duhtg h iork `k gtrls rkh inigeks.

Ksk krl kh kstl`g `kh `krkdfg dgestitudigelh lrnke

t ieg, dule`g sk dkhkorô kh Prltl`g dge hl Nrle Orktlül ke <6?;, quk, dgjg sk vk, el`l eukvg ietrgùmg ks

tipuhle`g uel h iokrtl`, quk pgr eienuel hky letkrigr,

•`kh t ikjpg `k hl rkvghudiôe, floêl si`g `keknl`l.

Ksk trltl`g aué kstipuhl`g ke egjork `k tg`ls hls

prgviedils lrnketiels, pgr lutgri`l` rkdgegdi`l ke tg

`ls khhls.

Kh Dgenrksg eldigelh `k ksk t ikjpg loriô sus sk

sigeks l aieks `k <6?0.Kh ?4 `k Kekrg `k <6?;, kxpiìô uel hky aue`ljke

tlh, pgr duyg lrt êduhg > .2 ` ispusg h g quk s inuk= "Rgr

lfgrl y flstl hl khkddiôe `kh Rg`kr kmkdutivg eldigelh,

quk`l éstk prgvisgriljketk kedgjke`l`g lh Ngoikr

eg `k Ou kegs Li rks , dge hls aldu htl`ks s inu iketk s=

"Tknue`l. Dkh korlr Prlt l`gs , h gs quk eg pg`rì rlt i

aidlr sie gotkekr prkvil jk etk lutg rizldiô e `kh Dg e

n r k s g . "




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 0>;

Kh ? `k Akorkrg `k <6?;, usle`g `k ksl alduhtl` el

digelh , kh Ngoikreg `k Oukegs Lirks, ketgedks kmkrdi

`g pgr kh nkekrlh @. M. N. `k hls Fkrls airjô kh dg

egdi`g Prltl`g `k ljistl`, dgjkrdig y elvknldiôe dge

Ienhltkrrl, `kh dulh kxtrldtlré hgs hunlrks quk fldke

l hl dukstiôe.

"Floike`g kxis t i`g pgr judfgs lügs‐ kjpikzl k h

Prltl`g‐ue dgjkrdig kxtkesg ketrk hgs `gjieigs `kT. J. O. y hgs tkrritgrigs `k hls Rrgviedils [ei`ls `kh

_ig `k hl Rhltl, plrkdk dgevkeiketk l hl sknuri`l` y

agjketg `kh jisjg dgj krdig, y ke lpgyg `k u el

oukel ietkh inkedil ketrk T. J. y hls kxprksl`ls Rrg

viedils [ei`ls, quk sus rkhldigeks yl kxistketks skle

agrjlhjketk rkdgegdi`ls y dgeairjl`ls pgr jkìg `k

ue Prltl`g `k ljistl`, dgjkrdig y elvknldiôe.

"Dge kstk a ie, fle egjorl`g sus rkspkdt ivgs phkeipgtkedilrigs, l slokr=

" T . J . k h _ky `kh _kieg [ei`g `k h l Nrle Orkt lül

k I r h le`l l h Tr . ^ggòiek Rlr isf , Dôesuh nkekrlh `k

T . J . O . , k e O u k e g s L i r k s 3 y hls Rrgviedils [ei`ls

`kh _êg `k hl Rhltl lh Tr . @. Jleukh M . Nlrdêl, Ji

eistrg skdrktlrig ke hgs `k plrtlj ketgs `k Ng oikreg ,

Fldike`l y _kh ld igeks Kxt kr igrks `kh Kmkdutivg El

digelh `k hls ìdfls Rrgviedils.

"\uikeks , floike`g dlemkl`g sus rkspkdtivgs pg`k

rks, flhhìe`gsk éstgs kxtkeì`gs ke `koi`l agrj l, fle

dgedhui`g y dgevkei`g ke hgs lrt êduhgs s inuiketks=

" L r t . V I I . Hg s suoìt gs `k T . J . O . rksi`ket ks

ke hls Rrgviedils [ei`ls `kh _êg `k hl Rhltl, eg skrìe

iequiktl`gs, pkrsknui`gs ei jghkstl`gs pgr rlzôe `k

su rkh in iôe3 jls ngzlrìe `k uel pkrakdtl h iokrtl` `k




0>1 L H O K _ @ I

dgedikedil ke khhls, dkhkorle`g kh gaidig ìvieg, yl `ke

trg `k sus prgpils dlsls, g ke sus prgpils y plrtiduhl

rks inhksils g dlpih hls, hls quk kstlrìe alduhtl`gs plrl

kìaidlr y jletkekr ke hgs sit igs dgevkeiketks, quk skle

lprgol`gs pgr kh Ngoikreg `k hls ìdfls Rrgviedils

[ei`ls3 tljoiée skrì pkrjiti`g ketkrrlr l hgs suoì

tgs `k T. J. O. quk jurikske ke hgs tkrritgrigs `k hls

ìdfls Rrgviedils [ei`ls, ke sus prgpigs dkjketkrigs,quk pg`rìe `kh jisjg jg` g kstlohkdkr y jle tkekr.

L s i j i s j g , hgs diu`l`le gs `k hls ìdfls Rrgviedils [ei

`ls ngzlrìe ke tg`gs hgs `gjieigs `k T. J. O. `k

uel pkrakdtl k i h ijitl`l h iokrtl` `k dgedikedil y `kh

kmkrdidig `k su rkh iniôe pýohidl y privl`ljketk ke hls

dlsls `k su jgrl`l g ke hls dlpih hls y sit igs `k duhtg

`kstiel`gs plrl kh ìdfg aie, ke dgeagrji`l` dge kh

sistkjl `k tghkrledil kstlohkdi`g ke hgs `gjieigs `kT . J . O . "

Kh <9 `k Akorkrg `kh jisjg lüg `k <6?;, gotuvg ksk

Prlt l`g s inuiket k=

_ L P I A I D L D I Ô E @ K H N G O I K _ E G @ K H L T R _ G Q I E D I L T [ E I @ L T

@ K H _ Ê G @ K H R H L P L

"Tkl egtgrig= quk floike`g si`g dgedhui`g y a irjl`g ke `koi`l agrjl ue Prltl`g `k ljistl`, dgjkrdig y

elvknldiôe, kh `êl ? `kh prksketk jks `k Akorkrg, pgr

@. Jleukh Mgsé Nlrdêl, phkeipgtkedilrig `k plrtk `kh

Ngoikreg `k hls Rrgviedils [ei`ls `kh _êg `k hl Rhl

tl, y kh Tr . ^ggòiek Rlrisf, phkeipgtkedilrig `k plr

tk `k T. J. O. `k duyg Prltl`g hl quk sinuk ks dgpil

h i t krl h =

{Lquê.kh trltl`g7)




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 0>>

" E g s , Mule Nrkngrig `k hls Fkrls, dlpitìe nkekrlh

y ngokrel`gr `k h l prgv ied il `k Oukegs L irks , kedlr

nl`g `kh Tuprkj g R g`kr kmkdutivg `k hls Rrgviedils

[ei`ls `kh _êg `k hl Rhltl, rkuei`ls lddi`ketlhjketk

ke Dgenrksg, floike`g, ke dujphijiketg `k hl hky aue

`ljketlh `k ?4 `k Kekrg `k <6?;, dgju eidl`g kh ìdfg

Prltl`g lh Dgenrksg Dgestituyketk plrl su dgesketi

jiketg y gotkei`g su phkeg pg`kr y lprgoldiôe plrlrltiaidlr y dgeairjlr ìdfg Prltl`g3 pgr kh prksketk

ldtg hg rltia idljgs y dgeairjljgs ke tg`l agrjl, dgj

prgjktiée`gegs y gohinìe`gegs ke egjork `k hls ì

dfls Rrgviedils [ei`ls ` kh _êg `k hl Rhltl l quk tg

`ls hls kstipuhldigeks fkdfls, y gohinldigeks dgetrlê

`gs ke éh skrìe aikh k ievighlohkjketk dujphi`ls. Ke ak

`k hg dulh a irjljgs `k eukstrl jleg kh prksketk ies

trujketg `k rlt i a idldiôe, y fédfghg rkarke`lr pgr eukstrg jieistrg skdrktlrig `k Kstl`g, ke hgs `kplrtljke

t gs `k Nukrrl y J lriel, skhhìe`ghk sghkjekj ketk dge

kh skhhg `k hl eldiôe, ke Oukegs Lirks, l ìkz y eukvk

`êls `kh jks `k Akorkrg `kh lüg `k Eukstrg Tkügr `k

jih gdfgdiketgs vkietidiedg.

M [ L E N _ K N G _ I G @ K H L T F K _ L T .

Arledisdg Druz."

Lsê sk kstlohkdiô l priedipigs `k <6?;, pgr Prltl`gs

ietkreldigelhks ke tg`ls hls prgviedils, hl h iokrtl` `k

duhtgs, quk pgr tg`ls hls Dgest itudigeks lrnketiels fl

oêl si`g ijphêditljketk l`jiti`l.

Qkljgs hg quk sudk`êl l a ieks `k ksk jisjg lüg,

ke hl prgviedil `k Oukegs Lirks.

Ke kh jks `k Gdtuork, kh Ngoikreg `k hl prgvie-




0 > 6 L H O K _ @ I

dêl ìriniô ue Jkeslmk l il hknishlturl, quk dgetkeêl hg

sinuiketk=

" . . .Hl plz fl ìsipl`g hls t ieikohls y `kstrui`g hl

ijpgsturl3 hl h iokrtl` fl tr iueal`g ke tg`g3 hl ievig

hloih i`l` `k hls pkrsgels y `k hls prgpik`l`ks fl si`g

rkdgegdi`l dgjg kh priedipig vitlh `k hl sgdik`l`. Rl

rkdk, ketrktletg, eg flokrsk rkdgegdi`g suaidiketkjke

tk hl jìs losur`l, hl jìs kspletgsl `k hls t irleêls,puks quk tg`lvêl sk lphlu`ke hkyks quk prktke`ke khu

ìr kh `krkdfg `k pkeslr y `k gorlr sknýe hls ijpuh

sigeks `k su dgedikedil. Kstl prgviedil plrkdkrêl `ks

dke`kr `kh puetg `k divih izldiôe quk fl dgequistl`g,

si eg kstlohkdikrl uel hky `k tghkrledil, g prktkeìk

sk gtgrnlr uel h iokrtl` quk hl lutgri`l` pýohidl fl

kstl`g sikjprk goh inl`l l prgtknkr3 pkrg supukstg

quk hls vikmls hkyks ekdksitle `k ue ldtg lutéetidg plrl su loghidiôe, y plrl `lr uel nlrletêl sghkjek l hgs

ieìviùgs quk pikesle rksiìr ke jkìg `k egsgtrgs,

kh Ngoikreg eg fl kedgetrl`g gtrg jkìg `k gorlr

dge ìnei`l` quk prgpgeike`g hl hky quk tikek kh fg

egr `k sgjktkr l hl dgesi`krldiôe `k hgs rkprksketle

tks. Kstk ldtg, quk dgjphktlrì hl h iokrtl` `k hgs diu

`l`legs, eg skrì jkegs nhgrigsg quk kh quk fl `kdhl

rl`g sghkjekjketk hl ie`kpke`kedil `k hl _kpýohidl.

H L T F K _ L T .

Jleukh Mgsé Nlrdêl."

R _ G Y K D P G @ K H K Y @ K H I O K _ P L @ @ K D [ H P G T

"L rt êd uh g ýeidg. K s ievighlohk ke kh tkrritgrig `k

hl prgviedil kh `krkdfg quk tg`g fgjork tikek plrl

`lr duh tg l @igs Pg`gpg`krgsg, sknýe su dgedikedil."





0 > £Kh <? `k Gdtuork `k <6?;, hl Dìjlrl `k rkprkske

tletks l`gptô y sledigeô dgjg hky ksk prgykdtg, dge.

lìdiôe `kh sinuiketk=

" L r t . ?² K h usg `k hl h iokrtl` rkh inigsl quk sk

`kdhlrl pgr kh lrtêduhg letkrigr, quk`l sumktg l hg quk

prksdrioke hl jgrlh , kh gr`ke pýohidg y hls hkyks kxis

tketks `kh plês ."

Hl ìsdusiôe eg aué ltrgpkhhl`l, ei hl hky `l`l dge

hinkrkzl. Khhl ks kxprksiôe `k hl gpieiôe nkekrlh ke

kh _êg `k hl Rhltl. Juy egtlohk ks kh ieagrjk quk hl

Dgjisiôe `k Ekngdigs dgest itudigelhks ìg kh > `k Tkp

tikjork l hl Tlhl sgork kh prgykdtg `kh Ngoikreg. Eg

hg trlesdrioiré tg`g pgr `kjlsil`g kxtkesg3 pkrg tg

jlré `k éh hls plhlorls quk fldke vkr hl pkrakdtl ie

tkh inkedil quk sk tkeêl yl ke ksl épgdl, `k hls ekdksi

`l`ks `kh eukvg rénijke ljkridleg=

"Hgs jikjorgs `k hl Dgjisiôe `k Ekngdigs dges

titudigelhks, fle tgjl`g ke dgesi`krldiôe kh prgykdtg

`k hky prksketl`g pgr kh Ngoikreg `k hl prgviedil sg

ork h iokrtl` `k hgs duhtgs rkh inigsgs, y kedgetrìe`ghk

aue`l`g ke priedipigs `k sloiùrêl, `k pghêt idl y `k

mustidil, fle drkê`g `k su `kokr l`gptlrhg, lnrknle`g

ue lrtêduhg quk dgesi`krle dgjg elturlh dgeskdukedil`kh prksketl`g pgr kh Ngoikreg.

"Ketrle`g ke jltkril tle `kh idl`l, hl Dgjisiôe go

skrvl quk `ks`k quk hl Ljéridl `kh Tur fl rgtg sus

dl`kels y sk fl dgestitui`g eldiôe h iork k ie`kpkeìke

tk, hl elturlhkzl jisjl `k kstk sistkjl ievgdlol `ks

`k su grinke hl `kstruddiôe `k hl ietghkrledil, quk hlr

ng tikjpg privô l hgs duhtgs kh usg `k kstk `krkdfg dge

sghl`gr `k hgs jìs dlrgs sketijiketgs `kh fgjork."




06g L I O K _ Ø I

" K h t ikjpg, pgr a ie, fl `kstrui`g `kh dgrlzô e `k

eukstrgs d iu`l`legs hgs gìgs let inugs y hgs sket ijike

tgs `k `ksprkdig dge quk sk trltlol l hgs kxtrlemkrgs,

sgork tg`g l dlusl `k su drkkedil. Fgy `êl sk ousdl

ke kh hgs hl ieùstril y kh dg j krd ig3 sk dgetrlk dge

khhgs ljistl`ks êetijls3 kh hgs sijpltizle pgr hgs prie

dipigs3 ke uel plhlorl, kh hgs agrjle dge egsgtrgs uel

sghl aljihil i hustrl`l, uei`l, pldêaidl, kxketl `k hlsìsdgrìls quk lh ijketlole letk kh krrgr y hl iekxpk

r i k e d i l . . . "

" . . .Hl Dgjis iôe drkk quk h l h iokrt l` `k duh t gs kx is

tk `k uel jlekrl pgsit ivl ke kh `krkdfg quk pkrtkek

dk l tg`g fgjork `k sknuir hl rkh iniôe quk hk ìdtk

su rlzôe3 kstk `krkdfg iefkrketk l su elturlhkzl jis

jl ks losghutg k i h ijitl`g."

" . . .Dl`l ieìviùg `kok pgskkr hl ketkrl h iokrtl``k kmkrdkr pýoh idljketk kh duh tg quk prgaksl. Rgr gtrl

plrtk, hl Dgjisiôe eg puk`k ghvi`lr quk ke hl ldtul

h i`l` ks `kh jìs nrle`k ietkrés plrl Oukegs Lirks

quk tg`gs hgs ìakrketks duh tgs sk kmkrzle pýoh idljke

tk , dgeagrjk l sus r i tgs y olmg hl nlrletêl `k hl hky3

eukstrg plês fl l`jiti`g ke su tkrritgrig ue dgedursg

`k ìakrketks eldigeks quk t ikeke ue duh tg ìakrketk, y

lhnuegs `k ketrk kh hgs pg`rêle pkrsulìrsk quk ueKstl`g quk lprkdil tletg hls hudks dgjg hls h iokrtl`ks

`kh fgjork, tghkrk sghljketk su duh tg pgr nrldil,

dule`g `kokrêl fldkrhg pgr must id il. L`kjìs, quk hl

prìdtidl g kmkrdidig pýohidg `k tg`gs hgs duhtgs ks sie

dgetrlìddiôe `l olsk jìs airjk `k hl jgrlh , pgrquk hl

kjgh ud iôe rkd êprgdl t rlk ue jkmgrljiket g nk ek rlh . "

L s ê lpgylol k h prgykdt g `kh nkekrlh Hls Fkrls h l

Dgjisiôe `k hl Tlhl, dgjpukstl `k hgs ìputl`gs Qé-




GO_LT TKHKDPLT 0 6 <

hkz, _gmls, Qkhl, Rlhldigs y Hkzidl. Hl hky aué sledigel`l pgr u e l e i j i ` l ` 3 y ke hgs vkietisiktk lügs quk

vle dgrri`gs `ks`k su slediôe, eienýe plrti`g pghêt i

d g fl pkesl`g ke `krgnlr h l .

Ksk kstltutg quk hl prgviedil tgjlol `k ue P r l t l

`g `k hl _kpýoh idl, rkdioêl hl tkrdkrl dgeairjldiôe

ijph êditl ke hl Dgest itudiôe eldigelh `k ?0 `k @ i d i k j -

'ork `k <6?1, duyg lrt êduhg 4.2 `kdhlrlol rkh in iôe `kh

K s t l ` g hl dltôhidl, lpgstôhidl, rgjlel, sie k x p r k s l r kx

dhusiôe `k eienýe néekrg.

O l m g kh Ngoikreg `k O l h d l r d k , ke <644, sk trltô `k

sledigelr uel Dgest itudiôe plrl hl prgv ied il `k O u k

e g s L i r k s . Kh prgykdt g aué rk`ldtl`g y prksketl`g

gaidilhjketk l hl hknis hlturl pgr uel Dgjis iôe `k su

skeg, kh dulh quk`ô sie kakdtg, dgjg sk slok, pgr dlu

sl `k hl rkvghudiôe `k Gdt uork, agjket l`l pgr _gsls, l h jl `k hl pghêt idl quk euedl quisg Dgest itu

diôe.

Kh lrt êduhg 4.2 `k ksk prgykdt g `k Dgest itudiôe plrl

Oukegs Lirks `kdhlrlol rkh in iôe `k hl prgviedil hl

-dltôhidl, lpgstôhidl, rgjlel. Rkrg kh lrt êduhg 0.2 `is

p g e ê l hg quk s i n u k = K s, sie kjolrng (dgeagrjé l hl

hk y `k <? `k G d t u o r k `k <6?;), ievighlohk ke kh tkrri

t g r i g `k hl prgv ied il kh `krkdfg quk t g`g fgjork t ikek plrl `lr duhtg- l @ igs Pg`gpg`krgsg, sknýe su dge

d i k e d i l . " Hl hky -eg pg` êl ij pgekr gpieigeks lh h kn is

h l`gr dgest i t uyket k3 sie kjolrng, hgs ak`krlhks `é ksk

t ikjpg dgeairjlole hg quk floêle kstlohkdi`g hgs"ueê-

•alrêgs `k= <6?;3 g pgr jkmgr `kdir , hg quk kstlol kstl

ohkdi`g pgr tg`l hl trl`idiôe dgestitudigelh `k hl _k

pýoh idl Lrnketiel. -Ke éstk puetô, puks, hg quk f l - f k

d f g éh Dgenrksg `k T l e t l Ak, hg quk sk fl prgpukstgG O _ L T T K H K D P L T . ‐ P g j g Q. 4<




06? L H O K _ @ I

pgr hl prgviedil `k Jke`gzl, eg ks gtrl dgsl quk hk

prgpukstg ke <644, ke kh prgykdtg `k Dgest itudiôe plrl


H l rkskül quk letkdk`k, dgjpu kstl tg `l `k `g du

jketgs, `kjukstrl hl kxldt itu` `k ji lskrtg, `ksdg

egdi`g pgr hl _kvistl Dltôhidl, ke quk ìmk quk hl

Dgestitudiôe `k ?; `k Jlyg y hl prgykdtl`l pgr jê

plrl J ke`gzl eg iet rgùdêle v lr ild iôe l h nuel ke k h`krkdfg lrnketieg, dgeslnrle`g hl h iokrtl` `k duh tgs3

y quk hkmgs `k ksg, tg`l sunkst iôe ìr ini`l l `ksvilr

hgs pukohgs `kh Rhltl `k ksl ske`l ke quk dljiele fl

dk jìs `k trkietl lügs, skrêl prkdipitlrhgs ke egvk`l

`ks ijpru`ketks, ke hl akhgeêl y ke hl nukrrl, su el

turlh rksuhtl`g.

Tk fl qukri`g vkr kh jlh kspêritu, ke kh jg`g `k rk

`lddiôe `kh lrt êduhg 4.2

`k h l Dgest i t ud iôe `k J lyg,quk ijpgek lh Kstl`g kh sgstée `k hl rkh iniôe dltôhidl,

lpgstôhidl, rgjlel, sie flohlr `k l`gpdiôe, dgjg si kh

Kstl`g puìksk tgjlr l su dlrng kh sgstkeijiketg `k

ue duhtg quk eg auksk kh suyg.

Hls plh lorls `k h l Dgjis iôe rk`ldt grl `kh prgykdt l

prgjuhnl`g kh ?; `kh ýh t ijg Jlyg, l hls pukrtls `k

Oukegs Lirks, sge kh jkmgr dgjketlrig `kh sleg y rk

h in igsg kspêritu quk prksi`k l hl jg`krel Dgest itudiôe.Fldke fgegr lh Dgenrksg `k Tletl Ak hls plhlorls `k

ksk ieagrjk, ke quk lplrkdk dgeairjl`l êetknrljketk

hl trlìdiôe lrnketiel `kh eukvg rénijke ke jltkril

rkh in igsl. @idk lsê =

"Kh lrt êduhg `kh prgykdtg ldukr`l hl prgtkddiôe ýei

dl pgsiohk lh fgjork sgork hl rkh in iôe quk fkjgs fk

rk`l`g. Rgr ksk lrt êduhg, ks goh inldiôe `kh Ngoikreg

ak`krlh jletkekr y sgstkekr kh duh tg dltôh idg, lpgstô-




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 0 6 4

h idg, rgjleg l kxpkesls `kh tksgrg eldigelh . Dgedike

dils t ijgrltls fle lphluì`g kh pkesljiketg `k hl Dg

jisiôe, pgr duletg kskedilhjketk dgestitudigelh sk h i

jitl l ijpgekr uel gohinldiôe, sie hl dulh sk `koih i

tlrêl kh duhtg, luequk kstuviksk, pgr gtrl plrtk, lju

rlhhl`g dge ietghkrletks olrrkrls. Ks ekdkslrig quk hl

sghkjei`l` y `kdgrg `k eukstrg ritg, quk hl `gtldiôe

`kh dhkrg, skle `kokrks dikrtgs y gohinltgrigs plrl khtksgrg ak`krlh . Lh dgedk`kr l tg`g floitletk `k hl

Dgeak`krldiôe kh kmkrdidig pýohidg `k su duhtg, eg sk

fldk jìs quk ksdrioir ke kh prgykdtg hg quk kstì sg

hkjekjketk ksdritg ke eukstrg `krkdfg goh inltgrig pl

rl dge hls eldigeks kxtrlemkrls. Kh Prltl`g `k ? `k Ak

orkrg `k <6?;, ldukr`l l hgs suoìtgs oritìeidgs hl

h iokrtl` `k hl dgedikedil y kh `krkdfg `k dgedurrir l

sus ritgs pýohidljketk3 y tletg kstl alduhtl` dgjg hls`kjìs quk kedikrrl lqukh Prltl`g, sk fle rklh izl`g sie

ietkrrupdiôe `ks`k su akdfl, y tljoiée ùrletk kh lis

hljiketg `k hgs pukohgs, dule`g sôhg kxistêl ue kedlr

nl`g `k _khldigeks kxtkrigrks. Kstk ks , puks, ue `krk

dfg pkrakdtg dgequistl`g olmg hl ak `k Prltl`gs sg

hkjeks, l duyg dujphijiketg eg pg`rêl eknlrsk kh Ng

oikreg ak`krlh . @krkdfg, pgr gtrl plrtk, ìrkdtljketk

prgtkdtgr `k uel `k hls jirls quk eg fl pkrì`g `kvistl hl Dgjisiôe, hl jirl `k ltrlkr pgohldiôe ldtivl,

ýt i h y jgrlh lh skeg `k hl Dgeak`krldiôe. Kh iejinrle

tk pgr quk lspirljgs, eg ks kh skr `knrl`l`g quk sk

kjo rutkdk ghvi`l e`g l su D rkl `g r, sieg lqu kh quk

lprkeìô l dgegdkrhk y l l`grlrhk ke kh fgnlr `k sus

pl`rks. Ks kh iejinrletk dlokzl g jikjorg `k alji

h il, quk si lole`gel hl pltril `k su eldijiketg, eg

pgr ksg kelmkel su dgedikedil ei su duhtg3 y éstl, quk




0 6 0 L H O K _ @ I

ks uel prgpkesiôe virtugsl, eg sk puk`k ourhlr s ie sl

dri hknig, y .s ie pkh inrg `k pgohlr eukstrg tkrritgrig dge

fg j ork s= ltkgs,, iedlpldks `k sg pgrtlr kh yu ng slhu`l7

ohk `k hls prìdt idls rkh i n ig sl s." - . . , 3 3 f

Fk lfê hls i`kls rkh inigsls d¡ud fle prksi`i`g l hl

Dge st itudiôe lrnk etiel `k <6;4. Tge hls3 jisjl sUquk

fldk t rk iet l lügs kxis t ke dgeslnrl`lsske h ls/ iest i t u

digeks aue `lj ketlhks `k ksgs pukohgs, , ke sus Pr ltl `g s

dge kh kxtrlemkrg y lsijihl`gs l sus dgstuj orks ¡y, fì oitgs. 3 3 i 3 •

M . O . L H O K _ @ I

G D V @ G




H L _ K R Ý O H I D L L _ N K E P I E L K E < 6 ; <

L _ P Ê D [ H G T @ K « K H J K _ D [ _ I G ³

Qlhp lrlês g , <1 Ln g stg `k <6;<.

K E \ [ É D G E T I T P K H L D [ K T P I Ô E L _ N K E P I E L

«Eg t kekjgs uel Dges t i tud iôe ,y sie kh hl ks quijéridl hl. a k h id i `l` quk sk egs prgjktl.5

• (@r . Jlr ileg Jg rkeg ) .

Hl dukst iôe lrnketiel, `k quk tletg sk fl flohl`g,

quk pgr tletgs lügs fl ìstrlê`g hì ltkediôe `k hl

Lj ér idl , ks `k tì-· j g` g skedih hl y govil, Dgesi`krl`l

ke sus térjiegs suostledilhks, quk eg sk dgediok dôjg

puk` k skr uel duk stiôe. Tk -rkùdk l dged huir y dkr rlr

hl rkvghudiôe `k hgs puk ohg s '`k h Rhltl , loikrtl ke J l

yg <6<2, pgr jkìô < ` é h l r k u e iô e `k u e D g e n rk s g n k

ekrlh y hl slediôe `é < uül hky- aue`ljketlr plrl tg`g kh

plês. • 5 =5 'i'. 'Mi •••'•'i '




0 6 1 L H O K _ @ I

Kh kxtrlemkrg quk goskrvl kh plpkh quk hl _kpýoh i

dl Lrnketiel fldk ke Tu`ljéridl, eg qukrrì drkkr s i

sk hk ìdk quk ksk plês eg tikek hknishlturl ei rkprk

sketldiôe nkekrlh3 eg t ikek Dgestitudiôe, ei oukel ei

jlhl, ei ak`krlh ei ueitlril3 tljpgdg t ikek Rg`kr kmk

dut ivg eldigelh y judfg jkegs Dgrtks g Priouelhks

`k Must id il duyl murisìddiôe lorldk tg`l hl kxtkesiôe

`kh plês.Lquê eg fly fipéroghk, ei a inurls `k kxprksiôe.

Kstg ks kxldtg lh pik `k hl hktrl. Hl _kpýoh idl Lr

nketiel dlrkdk losghutljketk `k trks Rg`krks, quk

dgest ituyke kh Ngoikreg nkekrlh ke tg`g plês `kjg

drìtidg.

@kst itui`g `k Ngoikreg, tg`l hl dukst iôe `k ksk

plês sk flhhl rkùdi`l l prgdurlrsk kh Ngoikreg y hl

hky aue`ljketlh quk eg t ikek losghutljketk. ·Ruk`kflokr dgsl jìs govil ke kh jue`g, ei jìs hknêt ijl7

Fldk dulrketl lügs quk ksk plês dgespirl pgr go

tkekr ksg, y eg hg t ikek tg`lvêl. Hl dukstiôe eg fl `l

`g ue plsg3 sk flhhl fgy ke kh jisjg kstl`g quk ke

<6<2. Ke ksl épgdl aué ìsukh tg kh Ngoikreg jktrg

pghitleg ksplügh, y ueg `k hgs prgpôsitgs `k hl rkvghu

diôe `k Jlyg dgetrl Ksplül, dgesinel`l ke kh ldtl `kh

?;, aué hl dgevgdldiôe `k ue Dgenrksg nkekrlh , plrl`lr uel Dgest itudiôe l hl _kpýoh idl ie`kpkeìketk. Krl

dgsl elturlh , ìsukh tg ue Ngoikreg, `koêl drklrsk gtrg

ke su hunlr3 eienýe plês puk`k kxist ir s ie Ngoikreg.

Pg`gs h gs Kst l`gs `k L jéridl `kh Tur sk fle `l

`g ue Ngoikreg nkekrlh y uel Dgest itudiôe plrl su

rénijke3 tg`gs' , kh Rlrlnuly iedhusg, s ie gtrl kxdkp

d iôe quk h l _kpýoh idl L rnket iel , quk ke h unlr `k Ng

oikreg tikek uel kspkdik `k lpg`krl`g kspkdilh g jl-





ygr`gjg plrl ìr inir hgs lsuetgs `k aukrl, quk`le`g

hgs `k `ketrg ke dgjphktg y losghutg `ksngoikreg.

Fkjgs vistg lykr, quk hl Arledil, l hgs `gs legs

`k logh ir hl Jgelrquêl, sk fl `l`g ue Dgenrksg nk

ekrlh y uel Dgest itudiôe, l pkslr `k tg`gs hgs iedge

vkeiketks quk lqukh plês garkdk plrl kh rénijke rkpu

oh idleg.

Rkektrl`g `k hl must id il `k kstg, kh plrt i`g ak`krlh lrnketieg, sknui`g ke kstl jirl pgr tg`g kh plês, y

kedlokzl`g pgr kh nkekrlh [rquizl, fl hkvletl`g hl

vgz piìke`g hg quk sk rkdhljl lh h ê fldk dulrketl

l ü g s = ue Dgenrksg, uel Dgest itudiôe.

Hg kxdkh ket k `kh prgpôsi t g `kh nkekrlh [rquizl ks t ì

ke quk l`kjìs `k skr dgeagrjk dge ue pldtg plrdilh

plrl h hknlr l ksk a ie, dkhkorl`g ke <644, ks kh jisjg

prgpôsitg `k hl rkvghudiôe `k Jlyg, y `k hgs pltrigtls `k ksk plês ke tg`g tikjp g. K s hg quk kP ihustrk

_iv l`lv il eg pu`g h h kv lr l dlog.

Ks hg quk pkeslol kh nrle Jgrkeg, s êjoghg y rkprk

sketletk `k hl rkvghudiôe `k Jlyg, dule`g ksdrioêl

hls fkrjgsls plhlorls quk sirvke `k kpênrlak l kstk

lrt êduh g .

Ks hg quk fle `kskl`g l su vkz kh nkekrlh @grrk

ng y kh nkekrlh Hlvlh hk, l pkslr `k sus `ghgrgsls r i

v l h i`l`ks .

Fk lquê kh jg`g dôjg ke <649 sk kstlohkdêl hl jis

jl dukst iôe, pgr hl Rrkesl `k Jgetkvi`kg, ôrnleg `kh

h iokrlh isjg lh tg y `kslplsigel`g `k hl _kpýoh idl Lr

nketiel, ke ksk t ikjpg=

"Ks jkekst kr dgjprke`kr h l dukst iôe lrnket iel ke

su nrle`k uei`l`. Ks kh jkìg `k lrriolr l uel sghudiôe dgj phktl. K s prkdisg dgesi`krlr hl dukst iôe a rle-




066 L H O K _ @ I

dksl, hl dukst iôe griketlh y hl jisjl dukst iôe ak`k

rlt ivl y ueitlril dgjg alsks ìstietls `k uel j i s j l

y sghl dukstiôe, ke hl sghudiôe `k hl dulh rksi`k hl sg

hudiôe `k tg`ls. Kstl dukst iôe ks hl `k hl _ k p ý o h i d l

L r n k e t i e l , ks `kdir , hl `kh sistkjl pghêt idg, hl `k hl

grnleizld iôe nkekrlh `k hl _kpýoh idl L rnket iel . K h h l

eg ks gtrl quk hl let inul dukst iôe `k J l y g , quk fl

gdupl`g sudksivljketk, sknýe hgs t ikjpgs, l J g r k e g ,A u e k s , _ i v l ` l v i l , ke <6<2, ke <6<4, ke <6<;, ke <6<>,

ke <6?? y <6?1. Ket rloTe `gs jirls ke hl rkv gh ud iôe

` k J l y g , d g j g ke t g`l rkv ghud iôe aue` lj ket l h = hl

`kstruddiôe `kh let inug rénijke y hl Grnleizldiôe `k

ue rén ijke eukv g ke su h u n l r . . . L kstg sk rkùdk hl

dukstiôe `kh `êl. Tk vk quk khhl eg ks `k pkrsgels, sieg-

`k priedipigs, `k

s is t kjl. . . Ks ue

s i s t é j l h g quk sk

trltl `k `krrgdlr , eg uel d l o k z l . "

" R L ] N K E K _ L H . D G E N _ K T G N K E K _L H . ‐T ge fgy h ls

plh lorls quk rksukele ke t g`gs hgs ìjoitgs `k hl _k

pýoh idl L rnket iel ." "L rjgeêl nkekrlh , dgjkrd ig h iork ,

rgdk dge t g`ls hls eldigeks `kh ju e`g, pgrquk plr l

ksg sk rgjpikrge hls dl`kels `k hl f i sp l e l s k r v i ` u j

o r k . " (Eldigelh, `k @ id ikjork ?> `kh 463 y Kekrg-

?6 `kh 49.)·Dôjg puìérljgs eknlr eukst rls s ijplt êls l uel

dlusl tle egohk y m u s t l 7 · \ u é f g j o r k i j p l r d i l h eg

hl jirlrì `kh j i s j g j g ` g 7

Dulrket l `êls `k kstl`g `k sitig ke Q l h p l r l ê s g g

Tlet ilng egs l t k r r l e 3 y eg rka h kx igeljgs quk O u k

e g s L i r k s sk flhhl ke kstl`g `k sit ig `ks`k fldk ìkz

y siktk lügs, sie ietkrrupdiôe `k ue sghg `êl. ·K e qué

plês ei ke qué d irduestledil, `k kstk sinhg, sk p u k ` k




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T 0 6 9

ìsduhplr ue kstl`g `k sit ig, pgr kspldig `k ìkz y sik

tk lügs7

Hl L jéridl eg pg`rì jkegs quk fldkr v gt gs plrl

hl dksldiôe `k ksl `ksnrldil.

II 5

Qlhp lrlêsg , Lng stg <6 `k <6;<.

K E \ [ É K T P Ì E @ K L D [ K _ @ G Y K E \ [ É @ I T I K E P K E H LT -

R _ G Q I E D I L T L _ N K E P I E L T T G O _ K H L D [ K T P I Ô E @ K H @ Ê L

Lh jisjg t ikjpg quk uels prgviedils rkt irle l _g

sls kh Rg`kr quk hk tkeêle `khknl`g plrl ketke`kr keekngdigs kxtrlemkrgs, gtrls hk garkdke kh Rg`kr eldig

elh plrl hg ietkrigr y kxtkrigr .

Tk ìr êl quk fly dgetrlìddiôe ke kstg, pkrg eg ks

lsê. [els y gtrls vle l ue a ie dgjýe= kh kstlohkdijike

tg `k ue Ngoikreg eldigelh . Tk vk pgr kstgs jgvijike

tgs dlsi s ijuhtìekgs, quk hgs pukohgs lrnketiegs fle

dgjprkeì`g quk kh plês eg puk`k quk`lr ie`ka iei`l

jketk dgjg kstì, y quk ks yl t ikjpg `k `lrhk lutgri`l`ks k iestitudigeks nkekrlhks.

Hgs quk hk rkt irle hgs Rg`krks kxtkrigrks l _gsls,

hg fldke dge kh gomktg `k `lrhgs l ue Dgenrksg y l ue

Ngoikreg eld igelh ks 3 h gs quk h k g arkdke Rg`krks ie

tkrigrks, hg fldke dge kh a ie `k dgestituir ke éh hl lu

tgri`l` eldigelh quk tg`gs lefkhle.

[egs y gtrgs sk i`ketiaidle dge kh a ie, pkrg sk sk

plrle ke kh jkìg. Yl ks judfg, quk sk ket ike`le rks-




0 9 ² L H O K _ @ I

pkdtg lh a ie3 hl dukstiôe `k jkìg g `k jétg`g eg skrì

jltkril `k riül.

Kh dljieg l`gptl`g pgr hls prgviedils h i tgrlhks, ke

dlokzl`ls pgr k h nkekrlh [rquizl, ks kh jìs ldkrtl`g.

Dgesistk ke hl dgevgdldiôe `k ue Dgenrksg plrl agr

jlr uel Dgest itudiôe y drklr ue Ngoikreg nkekrlh ,

quk eg kxistk.

Kh gtrg jkìg, kh `k dgevkrt ir l _gsls ke kh Rg`kr nkekrlh quk sk lpktkdk, t ikek kstgs iedgevkeiketks.

@lrhk Rg`krks plrl hg ietkrigr, skrêl eldigelh izlr su

ìd t lùrl , quk fgy ks prgv ied il h sg h ljket k . Rrgdurlr

sk ue ìdtl`gr quk eg sk t ikek, y ue ìdtl`gr kstérih

y jlhg, ke vkz `k ue Ngoikreg dgest itudigelh , dule`g

el`l goh inl l khknir hg prijkrg, ks losur`g y alh tg `k

sketi`g dgjýe. Rgr ksk jkìg eg sk tke`rêl uel hknis

hlturl eldigelh , Priouelhks `k must id il eldigelhks y uelDgest itudiôe plrl su Ngoikreg. Tk tke`rêl hl Dgest i

tudiôe, kh Dgenrksg, hgs Priouelhks, rkùdi`g tg`g l hl

pkrsgel `kh nkekrlh _gsls3 hg dulh sudk`k fgy ke

Oukegs Lirks y ke lhnuels is hls slhvlmks `k hl Gdkleêl.

·Y qué dgesknuirêle dge kh hg hls prgviedils7 Hg quk

dgesinuk Oukegs L irks = h h kv lr k h rkt rlt g `k _gsls l h

pkdfg, uel dietl dghgrl`l ke kh sgjorkrg y kh ausih lh

fgjorg. Ksg pg`rì skr ìvkrt i`g y ogeitg, pkrg eg ksskrig, ei ìneg `k ue plês skesltg.

Eg sk dgesknuirêl hg quk sk `kskl= kh kstlohkdijike

tg `kh Rg`kr nkekrlh . Kh Rg`kr, kh Ngoikreg, eg ks ue

fkdfg aue`ljketlh y ekdkslrig lh sgstkeijiketg `kh

gr`ke pghêt idg y `k hl h iokrtl` jisjl, sieg dule`g ks

grnle izl`g ke iestitudiôe pkrjlek etk k ievlrilo hk.

Dule`g dgesistk ke ue fgjork, ks ue lddi`ketk, ks uel

sgjorl `k pg`kr= eg ks el`l.





Juy ìakrketk dgsl ks hg quk prgdhljl kh nkekrlh

[rquizl . K h quikrk ue v kr`l`krg Ngoikreg nkekrlh .

Lefkhlr pgr ue Ngoikreg ks ousdlr nlrletêls, pgr

quk kh Ngoikreg ke sê eg ks jìs quk hl slediôe, `k

hls nlrletêls. Rkrg plrl quk lsê skl, ks prkdisg quk kh

Ngoikreg kxistl y sk kxpi`l pgr uel Dgest itudiôe.

Dge rlzôe hl plrtk skesltl `k hgs ak`krlhks pi`k

uel Dgest itudiôe3 y hg kxtrlüg ks quk kh jisjg _gsls eg flyl prgjgvi`g su slediôe, dgjg kh ýeidg jk

ìg `k pgekr hl plz `k su vkmkz, quk yl dgjikezl,

y hl dgeskrvldiôe `k su agrtuel y `k sus fimgs olmg kh

ljplrg `k kh hl . ·Duìetls v i`ls pikesl tkekr _gsls7

·Kspkrl quk hl Tlhl `k rkprksketletks hk prgrrgnuk

hl quk tgdl yl su `kdl`kedil7

Hkmgs `k `kokrsk kxtrlülr quk hgs ak`krlhks `k sksg

y pru`kedil pi`le uel Dgest itudiôe, sk `kok kxtr lülr quk eg hg flyle fkdfg yl `k letkjleg.

[el Dgest itudiôe skrì kh ýeidg `kskehldk akh iz `k

hl pgsidiôe drêt idl y ìaêdih ke quk hgs fl dghgdl`g _g

sls dge su pghêt idl `k slenrk y `k fkdfgs ltrgdks. Ks

elturlh quk fgjorks dge aljih il, dge agrtuel y dge

kstijl pgr kh fgegr `k su egjork, eg quikrle ldl

olr sus `êls `kmle`g l sus `ksdkeìketks uel pkrspkd

t ivl `k rkedgrks, `k vkenlezls, `k iequiktu`ks.Ks iedgedkoiohk dôjg hgs sgstkek`grks skesltgs `k

_gsls eg sk flyle prkgdupl`g `k kstg letks `k lfg

rl, ei flyle trlolml`g pgr quk, jkìletk uel Dgest i

tudiôe rknuhlr, hls tkrriohks dgsls rklhizl`ls flstl lquê

`ke lh jkegs ksk rksuhtl`g, quk puìkrl kxduslrhls l

hgs gmgs `k hl pgstkri`l`.

· \ u é k spkrle hgs plrti` lrigs `k hl i`kl `k lphl zlr

hl Dgestitudiôe7 Kh kstlohkdijiketg `k uel plz `kaieê-




09 ? L H O K _ @ I

t ivl, ìdke kh hgs. Tie plz dgjphktl, eg sk puk`k pkeslr

ke Dgest itudiôe, ìdk _gsls.

R k r g , s ie Dgest itudiôe, eg tke`réis plz mljìs. Hl

hky ks kh dlhjletk suprkjg.

Hl ìdtlùrl ks uel prgvgdldiôe dgestletk l hl

pkhkl= ks hl lelrquêl dgest itui`l y dgevkrt i`l ke ies

t i tudiôe pkrjleketk.Olmg hl ìdtlùrl, hl plz ks ijpgsiohk. ·\ué ks hl

ìdtlùrl7 Ks kh kstl`g `k s it ig. ·\ué ks kh kstl`g `k

sit ig7 Ks kh kstl`g `k nukrrl. Ousdlr hl plz ke hl ìd

tlùrl ks ue dgetrlsk eti`g= ks ousdlr hl plz ke hl

nukrrl .

Kh ouke sketi`g `k hgs ak`krlhks quk pi`ke uel hky

aue`lj ketlZ ks iedukstigelo hk, y rlrl vkz kh ouke ske

ti`g nkekrlh `kml `k slh ir triuealetk.@kjlsil`g tghkrletk y suari`g fl s i`g kh plrt i`g

ak`krlh ke kspkrlr ìkz y siktk lügs l quk su mkak, jìs

prkgdupl`g `k s ê quk `k hgs suygs, lsknurk pgr jkìg

`k hl slediôe `k ue pldtg aue`ljketlh pkrjleketk kh

ngdk trlequihg y `kaieitivg `k hg quk hk fl `l`g hl

vidtgril y hl agrtuel `k sus lrjls ke hl nukrrl d iv i h .

Rkrg kh nkekrlh _gsls fl fkdfg dge su plrt i`g hg quk

hgs durl`grks dge fuéralels r idls, quk euedl hls flh hle olstletk slzgel`ls plrl `lrhks kstl`g. Jiketrls

quk Dlhiagreil sk fl fkdfg Kstl `g `k hl D geak `krl diôe

ke `gs lügs, hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel, quk t ikek yl dul

rketl, tg`lvêl ks pupihl, sknýe kh nkekrlh _gsls. Rkrg

hl dfidl fl pkì`g dgeskmg `k aljihil, y ks prgolohk quk

sk `kspgsk dge kh rénij ke dgestitudige lh, l `ks pkd fg

`kh kngêstl durl` gr. +





III '

Qlhp lrlêsg , Ln gs tg <9 `k <6;<.

R _ L D P I D L O I H I @ L @ @ K [ E D L J O I G N K E K _ L H K E Z

O [ K E G T L I _ K T

@ kdêljgs pgdg fl= k h Orlsih skrì ue lh il`g jìs kai

dlz `k hgs gpgsitgrks lrnketiegs l _gsls, quk hg fle

si`g hl Arledil y hl Ienhltkrrl.

R g r q u k k h Orlsih kstì ke Lj éridl, y lqukh hgs Rg`k

rks kstlole l trks jih hknuls `k ìstledil. Qkdieg `k

_gsls, kh Orlsi h tke`rì quk h hkvlr hl dukst iôe flstlvkedkr, si eg quikrk skr ievlì`g pgr kh ìdtl`gr. Ke

eienýe dlsg pg`êl éstk ievlìr l hl Arledil y l hl Ie

nhltkrrl, pgr duyl rlzôe kstls eldigeks fle pgì`g

lole`gelr ijpuekjketk lh gost iel`g ìdtl`gr dule`g

hks fl tkei`g duketl.

- L jkridleg k h Orlsih, dgjg Oukegs Lirks, eg puk`k

skr rkput l`g kekjing `k h l dlusl `k L jéridl3 y _g

sls eg tke`rì fgy kh prktkxtg phlusiohk dge quk letks`grlol su jlh l dlusl .

Kh Orlsi h , dgjg plês ljkridleg y vkdieg `kh Rhltl,

dgegdk hgs fgjorks, hls dgsls, y hgs jkìgs `k kstk plês

dgjg h gs suygs prgpigs 3 h g quk eg sudk`êl l h l Arle

dil 3 du yl s ìa iduh tl`ks tg`ls f le vkei`g `k eg dge gdkr

kh plês dge quk dgetke`êl.

= K h O rls i h tgj l l _g sls ke su hudfl l dtulh , dge `gdk

lügs jìs `k k`l` y `k `ksprkst inig. @gdk lügs jìs ke




090 L H O K _ @ I

ue fgjork vikmg, sge `gdk nrl`gs jkegs `k dgrlmk

y `k prkstinig.

Kh Orlsi h sk lsgdil l hgs ak`krlhks, l hgs vkedk`g

rks, l fgjorks dghgdl`gs ke lhtg, l Rg`krks h istgs y

prkplrl`gs plrl gorlr3 hl Arledil sk lh ig l ue plr

ti`g aukrtk sôhg pgr kh fgegr, pkrg dlê`g ke jkìgs,

rivlh `kh plrti`g quk gduplol kh plês.

Dget rl ks t ls v ket l mls , ·qué pgskk _gsls7 ·Kh Rg`kr`k h hkvlr hl h iokrtl` l hgs ksdhlvgs ke kh skeg `kh Orl

sih, dgjg sk ìdk7 Rkrg ksk Rg`kr lsistk ke jlygr

nrl`g lh Orlsi h 3 pgrquk si ke kh Ijpkrig sge ksdhlvgs

hgs eknrgs, ke Oukegs Lirks sge ksdhlvgs hgs ohledgs

y hgs eknrgs. [e lj g eg puk`k h hkvlr h iokrtl` l eie

nuel plrtk.

· \ ué jìs pgskk _ gsls 7 · Tu kspl`l 7. E g ks hl `kh

prisigekrg `k Khol, quk, dgjg vlri h hl jìnidl, flnl slh ir kmérditgs `k hl el`l.

Elìk fl v istg ori h hlr ksl kspl`l ke dgjoltk. Nkek

rlh dgjleìtlrig, fl pkhkl`g sikjprk pgr jkìg `k

sus sgdigs nkstgrks, y sge éstgs hgs -quk fgy sk hkvle

tle dgetrl éh . Fgy sge hgs nkekrlhks [rquizl, Nlrzôe ,

Hljls, ktd.3 jlülel skrìe flstl hgs jìs dkrdlegs `k

su pkrsgel, pgrquk tg`gs ekdksitle hls nlrletêls `k

fgegr y sknuri`l` quk lquéh hgs.Hk quk`lrì k h nkekrlh Jleuk[tl. Eg sk t gjk l org

jl kstg. Hl skügrl Jleuk[tl, fi ml `kh nkekrlh _gsls,

ks nkekrlhl kh hl jisjl pgr t êtuhgs ìsdkrei`gs pgr hl

hknis hlturl `k Oukegs Lirks. Rk rg, ·qué flrì kstk nrl

digsg nke krlh `k ksdhlviel y `k lole idg7 Y l eg kstl

jgs ke hls k`l`ks `k Mulel `k Lrdg. Rgr gtrl plrtk,

sknýe Lhkmle`rg @uj ls, hl skügritl Jleukhl arisl ke

hgs dulrketl, y su fkrjgsurl eg ks yl ue pg`kr ji-





h i tlr . Fk lfê `gs nkekrlhks `k slhôe pgdg ijpgeketks

plrl hl h iokrtl` ljkridlel, si lhnuel vkz sk pikesl

ke hg quk sge y sk quikrk trltlrhks ke hg quk vlhke.

Ks dgsl iedgedkoiohk3 ùrletk ìkz y s iktk lügs `k

su ìdtlùrl slenriketl y pke`kedikrl, _gsls eg fl

tkei`g ue dgjoltk. prôxijg dieduketl hknuls `k su pkr

sgel. Eg sk fl t irl`g ue t irg ke Oukegs Lirks ùrletk

tg`g ksk t ikjpg `k nukrrl. Hgs arledksks eg `kskjolrdlrge ue fgjork ke hl dgstl lrnketiel. Kh nkekrlh Hl-

vlhhk sgrprkeìô hl prgviedil `k Oukegs Lirks ietldtl ke

rkdursgs3 kenrgsô sus ai hls3 h hknô flstl Jgrôe, diedg

hknuls `k hl dlpitlh y `k _gsls, y `ks`k lh h ê sk vghviô

sie t irlr ue tirg y sie quk sk hg t irlske l éh . Kstk eg

ks ue rkdukr`g ldrijieletk3 kh egohk nkekrlh yldk

ke uel tujol `k fgegr y `k rkspktg. Ks ue `ltg fis

tôridg trlê`g pgr hl ekdksi`l` `k kstlohkdkr hl vkr`l``k hls dgsls plsl`ls, plrl `kslrjlr rkdkhgs k ieaueìr

lh iketg. Eg sk fl t irl`g ue t irg l _gsls, `ketrg `k

su jisjl diu`l`, y , s ie kjolrng, sk hk drkk ievkediohk

pgr judfgs .

Hls ýeidls olhls quk fl gê`g siholr sge hls quk fl

jle`l`g t irlr ke hls dìrdkhks l pris igekrgs ie`kake

sgs. Ksls olhls eg supgeke dgrlmk, s ieg t iji`kz kxtrk

jl. Pg`l kmkdudiôe ks fi ml `kh jik`g. Dule`g sk tkjkl ue fgjork, sk hk suprijk. Euedl kh dgrlmk ks jl

tl`gr.

·Dge qué prgv ied ils duket l7 ·Dge h ls `kh Egrt k y

dge hls `k Duyg7 @l risl gêr `kdir quk Pudujìe y

Tlhtl puk`ke pkrtkekdkrhk `k dgrlzôe. [els y gtrls

sge prgviedils hkmlels, quk pgdg lpgyg pg`rìe `lrhk.

@ ist le `k Oukegs L irks `gs v kdks jìs quk k h Orlsih.

Hg quk tikek `k skrig hl situldiôe ks quk hls prgvie-




91 H O K _ @ I

dils hitgrlhks suohkvl`ls dgetrl _gsls sge tlrr ijpgr

tletks, jihitlrjketk flohle`g, dgjg tg`l hl _kpýohidl.

Kstìe hhkels `k rkdursgs quk kh jisjg _gsls fl ljge

tgel`g lhhê. Pikeke l su arketk nkekrlhks quk fle kmkr

di`g hgs jìs lhtgs rlengs ketrk hgs mkaks `k _gsls.

Tge hls prgviedils quk fl ousdl`g éh sikjprk pgr lhil

`ls3 y dge khhls dkhkorô ke <644 hl Hinl, vighl`l pgr

éh, quk fgy hk dgstlrì su kxistkedil ke kh Rg`kr.Ketrk _êgs y Dgrriketks sge iekxpunelohks, dgjg kh

Rlrlnuly, pgr hgs nrle`ks rêgs quk hgs `kaike`ke dge

trl tg`l lnrksiôe, jìxijk dule`g ksgs rêgs kstìe gdu

pl`gs pgr aukrzls elvlhks, quk hks sirvke `k lpgyg y

quk _gsls eg tikek.

Kh mkak elvlh `k quk fgy sk sirvk _gsls, ýeidg `k

quk puk`k kdflr jleg, fl pkrì`g sus fkrjlegs y su

pl`rk pghêtidg, vêdtijls `k hl drukh`l `k hhgsls, y éhjisjg fl pkhkl`g vlhkrgsljketk dgetrl hls ole`krls

`kh ìdtl`gr. ·\ ué l`fksiôe dgrìlh pg`rì tkekrhk7

·Rg`rêl _gsls dgetlr dge skjkmletks fgjorks `ks

pués `kh eukvg dgetrlstk kxpkrijketl`g ke Oukegs

Lirks 7

Oukegs Lirks ks y fl si`g kh ýeidg rkaunig `k _g

sls. Ti sus kekjings hk ltldle lhhê, hk ldlolrìe aìdih

jketk, pgrquk ksk rkaunig ýeidg quk tikek ks tljoiée

kh agdg `k hl jlygr rklddiôe dgetrl éh (<). Ti sk dgjol

tke dgjg flstl lquê, `k ìstledil `k dike hknuls, _g

sls hgs vkrì `gs y trks vkdks. @uküg trlequihg `k Ouk-

egs Lirks, flrì `k sus jisjgs kekjings sgh`l`gs fk

rgidgs ke su `kakesl. @ésk ue lpgyg ltrkvi`g y `keg`l-

<) Tk vk iesistike`g, lh @r. Lhokrì ke hls i`kls `k su phle`k dljplül prgpukstg'ì 'Hlvlhhk 'ke •'<649'=‐(K itgr3)




GO _L T T KH KD P L T 0 9 >

`g l ksgs kekjings gduhtgs, y ke ue sghg `êl, ks eukstrl ak, kh kmérditg rgsistl vkstirì hgs dghgrks `k hl rk

v gh ud iôe `k J l y g , quk kstìe ke su dgrlzôe, y kh ìd

tl`gr sk v krì `kslirl`g y sghg. Gtrgs t irlegs jìs

aukrtks y déhkorks quk éh fle tkrjiel`g `k kstk jg

`g, y éh eg t ikek pltketk `k priv i hknig plrl skr ljl`g

`k sus v êdt ijls.

I Q

Qlhp lrlê sg, ? `k Tkp tikj ork `k <6;Z,

E G K T P I K J R G @ K D G E T P I P [ I _ K H R L Ê T , G O I K E T K L , K T

P K J R _ L E G R L _ L @ K M L _ K H R L H L D I G @ K R L H K _ J G

_ g s l s eg fl eknl`g euedl hl dgevkeikedil `k ue N g

oikreg nkekrlh , hl ekdksi`l` `k uel Dgest itudiôe, plrl

h l _kpýoh idl L rnket iel . Rgr kh dgetrlrig, hg fl dgeak

sl`g ke lhtg. L h ousdlr hl plz y gr`ke (ksdrioêl éh lh

nkekrlh \uirgnl) , lrnujket k ust k` l ksgs ngokrel`g

rks dge kh plsg rktrônl`g quk fl `l`g hl eldiôe, lhk

mle`g tr istkjketk kh suspirl`g `êl `k hl nrle`k gorl`k hl Dgest itudiôe eldigelh . . . Elìk jìs quk ustk` y

yg pg`rì kstlr pkrsulì`g `k hl ekdksi`l` `k hl grnl

eizldiôe `k ue Ngoikreg nkekrlh y `k quk ks kh ýeidg

jkìg `k `lrhk skr y rkspktloih i`l` l eukst rl _kpý

o h i d l . "

Kst ls plh lorls sge `k _ g s l s , pgr j ìs quk eg hg pl

rkzdle.

H g q u k éh eknl ol, flohle` g sgork kstg, krl hl gpgrtu-G O O L T TKHKDPLT.‐Pgjg Q . 4?




L H O K _ @ I

ei`l` `k trltlr y gduplrsk `k Dgest itudiôe y D g e n r k

sg. Kh t ikjpg, kh jgjketg, plrl gduplrsk `k khhg, krl

hg jlhg l sus gmgs.

Rkrg ·qué t ikjpg krl ksk7 ·Duìe` g ksdr io êl _g sls

ksls plhlorls, `kdhlrle`g ietkjpkst ivg kh pkesljike

tg `k ue Ngoikreg nkekrlh 7 Krl ke <640, kh ?2 `k @i

dikjork, ke quk `ltlol su dlrtl lh nkekrlh \ uirg nl,

`ks`k Tle Letgeig `k Lrkdg.@ i k z y siktk lügs fldk, puks, quk _gsls ì mg pgr pr i

jkrl vkz= Fgy eg ks jgjketg `k pkeslr ke Dgest i t u

diôe ei ke Ngoikreg nkekrlh .

K s t l j g s l jkìl`gs `k <6;<, y tg`lvêl ks tle prk

jlturg dgjg ke <640, sknýe kh nkek rlh _ gsl s, pkeslr

ke Ngoikreg nkekrlh plrl hl _kpýoh idl L rnket iel , sie

kjolrng `k quk elìk kstì tle pkrsulì`g dgjg éh

`k tl ekdksi`l` `k hl grnleizldiôe `k ue Ngoikreg nk-

ekrlh y `k quk ks kh têeidg jkìg `k `lrhk rkspktloihi

`l` y skr l ksl _kpýohidl.

H h k n l r ì kh lüg `k <61<, trls éh v ke`rì <6><, y s ikj

prk kh nkekrlh _gsls flh hlrì ietkjpkst ivg kh pkesljike

tg `k ue Ngoikreg dgest itudigelh p r hl _kpýoh idl

Lrnketiel, jiketrls flyl tgetgs quk sk hg drkle y dge

siketle ke quk lsê sk rêl `k sus `kstiegs. Rgr su plrtk,

kstì hkmgs `k skr zgezg ke flh hlr prkjlturg kh t érjieg `k hl oukel vi`l quk h hkvl. O ike pg` rêl v iv ir jìs

lügs quk Jltuslhée, mljìs skrêl gpgrtueg `kmlr hl

vi`l `k Rlhkrjg, kpisgìg `k Hls jø y uel egdfks,

p r v g h v k r l hl v i`l pr iv l`l, l gok`kdkr ke vkz `k

ìdtlr, l fldkr hl v i`l `k s ijphk d iu`l`leg ke vkz `k

fldkr hl v i`l `k sgokrleg losghutg quk fgy h hkvl. Ksg

sineiaidl plrl éh grnleizlr hl _kpýoh idl , y ksg ks hl

v kr`l`. Grnleizlr hl _kpýoh idl skrêl `kmlr `k kxist ir





plrl éh , y olstl ksg plrl quk eg sk flhhk ietkjpkstivg,

sieg duhplohk, kh pkesljiketg `k uel Dgestitudiôe quk

hk rkkjphldk ke kh Ngoikreg `kh plês.

Rkrg hg quk ks `k l`jirlr ks hl pldikedil `k hgs ouk

egs floitletks `k ksk plês, dlpldks `k lhnýe ieahumg, ke

rksinelrsk l vivir lügs y lügs sie ue mkak quk hgs

prksi`l ietkrigrjketk, s ie Dìjlrls hknis hlt ivls, s ie Pri

ouelhks nkekrlhks, sie ue Ngoikreg, ke aie, pgrquk hgsfl pkrsu lì` g `k skr ksg hg quk hks dgevikek kh fgj

ork quk sk fl lpg`krl`g `kh Ngoikreg, fldiée`ghg su

pltrijgeig pkrsgelh y `kdhlrle`g, dgjg ks elturlh , pkr

pktuljketk ietkjpkstivg kh pkesl r ke pr ivlr hk `k hl

nlenl `k skr ljg y skügr `k sus dgjpltrigtls, ùküg

`k ue plês fkrjgsg, dgjg `k su fldike`l privl`l.

Hgs lrnujketgs dge quk fl khuì`g hl slediôe `k

uel Dgestitudiôe, pgr ìkz y siktk lügs, sge ìnegs `khsliektk jìs mgdgsg y nrgtksdg.

[eg `k hgs priediplhks, sknýe éh , ks hl alhtl `k ue

hunlr plrl hl rkueiôe `k ue Dgenrksg quk skl sleg,

fgspitlhlrig y dôjg `g, pgrquk hgs ìputl`gs ekdksitle

hlrng tikjpg plrl kxpkìrsk (plhlorls `k _gsls) .

Tk vk duìetl sghiditu` tgjl pgr hl slhu` `k hgs ìpu

tl`gs. Eg quikrk quk kstée sumktgs l hl nripk, ei lh

fljork, y dgjg, pgr lfgrl, tg`lvêl hl _kpýoh idl Lrnketiel eg pgskk ue dh ijl tkjphl`g y sulvk dgjg plrl

ìputl`gs dgestituyketks, ks ekdkslrig kspkrlr l quk

ue dltldhisjg prgvkl l ksk plês `k ue hunlr slhuork

plrl jlesiôe `k su auturg Dgenrksg.

Ti eg kxistk kh hunlr plrl lhgmlr ìputl`gs, jkegs

kxistke fgjorks plrl ìputl`gs, sknýe _gsls. Fk lquê

su t ipg i`klh `kh ` iput l`g= "Hgs ìput l`gs‐ ìdk é h ‐

`koke skr ak`krlh ks l prukol‐ plrl k h slhvlmk ueitlrig




; 2 2 L H O K _ @ I

eg fly Dgenrksg‐ , fgjorks `k rkspkt g , jg`krl`gs ,

dirduespkdtgs y `k judfl pru`kedil y slokr ke hgs rl

jgs `k hl l`j ieistrldiôe pý ohi dl ", ktd., ktd. Y dgj g,

sknýe éh , ks prkjlturg tg`lvêl kh pkesljiketg `k ue

Dgenrksg, sk sinuk quk ke su gpieiôe tg`lvêl kh plês

eg tikek ak`krlhks l prukol plrl skr ìputl`gs, ei fgjorks `k rkspktg, jg`krl`gs, d irduespkdtgs, ktd . Kh duj

phijiketg l su plês y l su plrti`g ks gohinletk. Tôhg

kh nkekrlh _gsls, quk suphk lh Ngoikreg nkekrlh , ks

fgjork `k judfg slokr ke hgs rljgs `k hl l`jieis

trldiôe pýohidl, hg dulh eg `kml `k skr jg`kstg y jg

`krl`g dgjg éh `kdêl l hgs ìputl`gs dgestituyketks.

Gtrg gostìduhg dgestitudigelh, sknýe éh , ks hl alhtl

`k ueiôe y dgedgrìl. Rkrg sk hk prknuetlrêl, ·quiée

ks kh quk nritl `ks`k lfgrl ìkz y siktk lügs iedlesl

o h k j k e t k = jukrle hgs slhvlmks ueitlrigs7 Ti éh fl dge

vkrti`g hl ìvisiôe ke priedipig `k Ngoikreg, ·dôjg y

plrl duìe`g kspkrl hl plz ekdkslril l hl Dgest itudiôe7

Kh nkekrlh _gsls, rkdgegdike`g hl ekdksi`l` `k uel

Dgestitudiôe nkekrlh y gpgeiée`gsk l su slediôe, fldk

kh jlh l su plês l sloike`ls, `ksduork jlhl ak y kenlü g, y sôhg j ukstrl quk quikr k ngo kre lr ie`kaiei`l

jketk l kxpkesls `k su plês , y ke prgvkdfg kxdhusivg

`k su pkrsgel.




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T ; 2 <

Q

4 `k Tkptikjork `k <6;<.

· R G _ \ [ É T[OTITPK _GTLT7

"_gsls kxistk, `kspués `k tletgs lügs `k dgjoltks

dgetrl éh 3 hukng ks qukri`g, ks ldkptl`g y lpgyl`g pgr

kh plês 3 ks iev kedio h k ."

Fk lfê kh rlzgeljiketg altlh istl dge quk hl pkrkzl,

hl inegrledil `k hgs fkdfgs y hl altui`l` `gnjìtidl

rgjpke `k ue nghpk hl dukstiôe `kh Rhltl y hl siketle

`k ue jg`g irrkvgdlohk.Gtrg ks kh vkr`l`krg jg`g `k kstlohkdkr hl dukst iôe.

_gsls, ·fl si`g dgjolti`g pgr vkietk lügs7 Hukng

eg ks qukri`g, eg ks ldkptl`g pgr kh plês . Eg fly r i

üls `k ljgr ke hl pghêt idl.

·Kxis t k `kspués `k t let gs dgjolt ks7 Hukng eg h g

fle sloi`g dgjoltir. Fk lquê hl sghudiôe `kh prgohk

jl `k su kxistkedil.

Fl si`g jlh ltldl`g3 pgr pkrsgels iedgjpktketks3

pgr jkìgs iel`kdul`gs3 l kegrjk ìstledil `kh tkrrk

eg l`ge`k kstì kh nkrjke `k su Rg`kr.

Hgs arledksks eg hg fle ltldl`g mljìs3 sk fle h i

jitl`g l ohgquklr l Oukegs Lirks, ks `kdir , l jgrt i

aidlr pgr hl ksdlskz uel pgohldiôe jgrtiaidl`l yl pgr

kh `kspgtisjg. Fle qukri`g h iokrtlr l Oukegs Lirks,

pgr fljork y `kseu`kz. _gsls dgestruêl mlrìeks y plhldigs ùrletk kh ohgqukg y sk `lol ke kh hgs uel vi`l




;Ô? L H O K _ @ I

`k phldkr y `k gpuhkedil, dge quk `kjgstrlol irôeidl

jketk l sus kekjings kh jlh quk hk fldêl kh ohgqukg.

Tie jgvkrsk `k Oukegs Lirks, fl prksketl`g oltlh hl

l sus kekjings ietkrigrks, ke Dgrriketks, ke Ketrk _êgs,

ke Dôr`gol, ke Pudttjìe y Jke`gzl, ks `kdir, l `gs

diketls y trksdiketls hknuls. Y hg pkgr ks quk sus kek

jings fle ousdl`g ksl ìstledil, slhvl`grl plrl éh .

Hgs mkaks `kh plrt i`g ueitlrig, vkedi`gs ke <6?6, egdgjprkeìke`g hl ìakrkedil `k épgdls, lorinlole kh

ksdkptidisjg g alhtl `k ak ke hls jlsls quk `kmle hgs

rkv ksks . Tk l h k mlole `k Oukegs L irks , plrl agrjlr

aukrtks kmérditgs, dge hl sknuri`l` quk garkdk hl ìs

tledil3 y _gsls, lprgvkdfìe`gsk `k ksl vketlml, hgs

ousdlol ke su sukhg y lhkmlol hl nukrrl `k Oukegs

L i r k s . Lsê fl pkhkl`g pgr ìkz lügs `ks`k hl trle

quih i`l` `k su fgnlr, euedl lslhtl`g pgr hls h hljls `khl nukrrl.

Fl fkdfg sus dljplüls lhrk`k`gr `k Rlhkrjg, ks

`kdir, `kh jìs ogeitg plhldig quk kxistl ke hl Ljéridl

`kh Tu`. Hg fl dgestrui`g jiketrls sus dréùhgs sgh

`l`gs `krrljlole su slenrk ke ru`gs dgjoltks. Kh

sk fl `l`g uel vi`l `k rky, jiketrls sus sgstkek`grks

sk `lole vi`l `k pkrrgs.

Rkhkle`g dge tletl dgjgì`l`, ·dôjg pg`êl dle

slrsk `k hl nukrrl7 Hl fl ousdl`g dgestletkjketk

jike trls fl tkei`g tgetgs quk hl fidikrle pgr su

duketl.

Hgs lelhks `k sus dljplüls skrêle durigsgs. Kh dl

pêtuhg `k hgs riksngs sk rkùdirêl lh `k hls lpgphkmêls

quk fl pgì`g trlkrhk hl vi`l sk`ketlril, hl goksi`l`

y kh phldkr. Tus pl`kdijiketgs a êsidgs sge hgs `k hl ngtl, y ks `kdir hg tg`g. [e nkekrlh ngtgsg, ks ue nkekrlh




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T ;«4

keviìlohk, dikrtljketk. Ks ue jihitlr quk eg fl jihi

tl`g. Jih i tlr ks le`lr. @urletk sus tkrriohks dljpl

üls, eg sk fl skplrl`g ue sghg `êl `k su qukri`l Jl-

eukhitl, `k sus elrlemgs, `k sus dhlvkhks, `k sus ouageks.

Rkhkle`g `k ksk jg`g, oike sk puk`k nritlr tg`l

h l v i ` l = ¡Juk rle hgs slhvlmks ueitlrigs ·Rlrl qué h l

plz7 ·\ué puk`k t rlkr h k7 ·Ngdks7 Hl nukrrl sk h gs

garkdk ke tlh nrl`g quk hg fle pukstg ngtgsg.Jiketrls hk dgjoltle `k ksk jg`g, s ikjprk skrì

vkedk`gr.

Rkrg eg skrì tle akh iz ke l`khletk.

Fgy hk dgjoltke hgs ak`krlhks, ks `kdir, hgs quk ks

tìe ke hl jisjl Oukegs Lirks, y l su hl`g. Rlhkrjg

dgetikek, quizì, lh quk fl `k `lr duketl `k su pkrsgel.

Hk ltldle sus ìsdêpuhgs, pgr hgs jisjgs jkìgs=

ìketk pgr ìketk, gmg pgr gmg.Dlesl`gs `k prgjksls y kspkrlezls, hgs ak`krlhks

hk pi`ke hl rklhizldiôe, hl vkr`l` `k ksls prgjksls y

kspkrlezls. Qkenl hl ak`krldiôe, hk ìdke3 pkrg skl

kstl ak`krldiôe ue fkdfg y eg ue egjork. L dìolsk h l

v i`l `k plh ld ig3 v kenl h l inulh `l` plrl t g`gs . L dìoke

sk hgs ngokrel`grks dge pg`kr `k v i`l y jukrtk, pgr

vkietk lügs y plrl tg`l hl v i`l, y tkenljgs jle`ltl

rigs ìstietgs dl`l dultrg y diedg lügs, dgjg ke Kstl

`gs [ei`gs y ke Dfihk.

Hl dril`l, ks `kdir, hl ak`krldiôe, sk hk fl vukhtg

rkspge`gel, y lsê `koêl `k sudk`kr lh a ie. Eg skrêle

lrnketiegs hgs ak`krlhks, si dgesietikske ke fldkr `k

kueudgs tg`l hl vi`l y ke fldkrsk jltlr pgr quk hl

_kpýoh idl L rnket iel t kenl ue C lakt y ue Tuh t ìe .

Kh `êl quk Oukegs Lirks, l ijitldiôe `k Rlrês,

ketrkke hls Puhhkrêls `k Rlhkrj g, sk dgj prke `krì kh a ie `k




;20 L H O K _ @ I

ksk plhldig leaioig, flhhle`g ke vkz `kh férgk uel tkhl

quk sk lsihl olmg kh plokhhôe ienhés, ke hls vlhizls kx

tkrigrks.

Oukegs Lirks `lrì ksk `êl `k fgegr l hl Ljéridl

dule`g kh nkekrlh [rquizl, ijitle`g l Elpghkôe, ke

vkz `k Lrtinls, sk lrrgmk dgjg kh ìnuihl ltrkvi`l `kh

Ijpkrig, sie rg`kgs, sgork hl ridl dlpitlh `kh Rhltl, quk

fldk vivir l _gsls y quk hk flrì dlkr lh a ie.

Q I

Ql hplr lêsg , << ( hk Tkp tikj ork `k <6;<.

T I P [ L D I Ô E @ K H R H L P L

Hgs akh idks leuedigs sgork hl pkripkdil quk dgjike

zl ke kh _êg `k hl Rhltl, fle gotkei`g su dgeairjldiôe

pgr hl ýh t ijl kjolrdldiôe vkei`l `k Jgetkvi`kg. L

kstl fgrl kstlrì `l`l quizì hl oltlh hl quk `kok fl

dkr `kslplrkdkr `kh Kstl`g griketlh kh kmérditg `kh `id

tl`gr _gsls, lh jle`g `kh nkekrlh Griok. Tk puk`kdgetlr dge ksk rksuhtl`g dlsi iealh iohkjketk, ltke`ike

`g lh eýjkrg, pg`kr y elturlhkzl `k hgs khkjketgs quk

gorle ke alvgr `k hl oukel dlusl, y l hl iedlpldi`l`

losghutl `k quk fl `l`g tle ljphils prukols kh nkekrlh

`k _gsls .

Pg`g leuedil kh priedipig `k t ikjpgs eukvgs y vke

turgsgs plrl ksls rknigeks, tle h inl`ls ke `kstiegs dge

hl _kpýoh idl `k Dfihk. Rlrkdk quk hl prgvi`kedil, slt is-




G O _ L T T K H K D P L T ; 2 ;

akdfl `k dgrrkddiôe, sk `ksprke`k y lrrgml hkmgs `k sê

kh lzgtk `k quk sk floêl skrvi`g flstl lquê. Jih dgie

di`kedils `ksdu orke su j leg ke jk` ig `k hg quk sk

gorl, dgjg dlsulhjketk.

Hgs jkmgrks mkaks `k _gsls, sk hkvletle dgetrl éh .

K h Orlsih, Kstl`g su`ljkridleg, quk fldk fgegr lh

dgetieketk pgr kh hustrk `k sus iestitudigeks, rkkjphl

zl l hl Arledil ke kh `rljl `kh Rhltl, y fldk dlusldgjýe dge hls h iokrtl`ks y kh prgnrksg lrnketieg, quk

dgespirle pgr `gjielr hl situldiôe.

Hl Arledil jisjl, eg qukrike`g trltlr dge ue Rg

`kr sie pg`krks, sk `ktikek ke hgs ujorlhks `k hl duks

tiôe y kspkrl kh l`vkeijiketg `k hl h iokrtl` plrl

trltlr dge kh hl.

[eg `k hgs dluìh hgs jìs ijpgrtletks quk _gsls tk

eêl ke kh ietkrigr ldlol `k jgrir. @ge Akhipk Iolrrl,ngokrel`gr `k hl prgviedil `k Tletilng `kh Kstkrg,

krl uel `k ksls dltkngrêls `k hl lhturl `k Hôpkz `k

Tletl Ak y \uirgnl. _gsls hg dghgdô sikjprk ketrk

hls dghujels `k hg quk éh h hljl dgeak`krldiôe.

Y plrl quk eienýe ìsnustg alhtk lh ìdtl`gr `k

Oukegs Lirks, yl t ikek lh nkekrlh Ahgrks ke jkìg `k

hgs pukohgs `k Ljéridl, jkmgr ldgni`g quk éh , y tke`rì

juy prgetg lh nkekrlh Tletl Druz, quk sk prksketle

l `ksjketir dge su jg`krldiôe hls dlhujeils `kh quk

hgs dlhia idô `k trli`grks l hl Ljéridl, pgr sôhg `lrsk

hgs lirks `k `kakesgr `k su dlusl.

Hgs dljiegs `k fikrrg, hls h iokrtl`ks `l`ls lh dg

jkrdig, sge hls prgtkstls ksphéeì`ls dge quk Dfihk

dge`ke l egohkj ketk lh sistkjl `k `kvl stldiôe y `k

kjorutkdijiketg quk fl prkvlhkdi`g pgr tletgs lügske hgs fkrjgsgs plêsks `k jìs lh hì `k hgs Le`ks.




ÊE@ DK @KH PGJG Q

@ITD[TIÔE FITPÔ _ID Y RG HÊPID

I Dgeêstldiôe lh vgtg `k Ljéridl.

II Lddiôe `k Kurgpl ke Ljéridl.

ÊI Ê Hl _kpýohidl Lrnketiel trkietl y siktk lügs `kspués `k su rkvghudiôe `k Jlyg.

IQ Dlrtls sgork hl Rrkesl.

Q Dgjphidi l` `k hl Rrkesl ke hls nukrrls divihks.

Q I Hl `kjgdrldil `k Oukegs Lirks.

Q I I Hl Dgestitudiôe lrnketiel ks eldigelh eg ljkri

dlel.

Q I I I Kstl`g `k hl dukstiôe lrnketiel pgr `ketrg y pgr

aukrl.

IV Dgestitudiôe egjielh y Dgestitudiôe rklh.

V _kkhkddigeks prksi`kedilhks.

V I Drisis kdgeôjidl y pghêtidl.

V II Rltril. Kstl`g y Hiokrtl`.

V II I Rghêtidl y riqukzl.

V IQ Nkeklhgnêl pghêtidl su`ljkridlel.

V Q Dlusls kdgeôjidls `k akeôjkegs pghêtidgs.

V Q I [eg ke `g-s3 eg `gs ke ueg.

V Q I I Rrgohkjls pghêtidgs.V Q I II Dukstiôe rkhinigsl lrnketiel.

V IV Hl _kpýohidl Lrnketiel ke <6;<.


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