NutrientsNameNutrientsTypePurposeEnergy YieldCompositionSoluabilityLocationFunctionFound inCarbohydratesMacrunutrientOrganicEnergy4 (cal/g)C, H, OMain source of fuel (esp. w/ neurologic function & physical exercise)Grains, Vegetables, fruits, legumes, seeds, nuts, milkLipids9 (cal/g)C, H, OFatAdipose tissueEnergy source during rest- low- moderate exercise, provide fat-soluable vitamins & essential fatty acidsProteins4 (cal/g)C, H, O, NNot main source of energy, builds new cells/tissues, maintains bone, repairs damage, and regulates metabolism & fluid balanceMeat, dairy, seeds, nuts, & legumes, vegetables & whole grains

VitaminsMicronutrientStructure & RegulationA, D, E, KFatHuman bodyRegulating body processes: builds & maintains healthy bones & tissues, supports immune system, healthy vision, are sensitive to light, heat & airC, B-vitaminsWaterMinerals InorganicMajor (>100 mg/day)Body processes: Regulate fluid & energy production, bone & blood health, remove harmful metablic by-productsCalcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium, sulfurTrace (3 movements/day, can lead to dehydration, ex. Traveler's Darrheainfection of GI tract, stress, food intolerances, reactions to medications, bowel disordersConstipationInfrequent hard, small, difficult to pass stools; at least 3 months of: straining during bowel movement, hard stools, incomplete evacuation >25% of the time, 2- bowel movements/weekInadequate water/fiber intake, disruption of reqular diet/traveling, inadequate activity, dairy, stress, overuse of laxatives, hypothyroidism, neurological conditions (Parkinsons's Disease/ multiple sclerosis), antiacids, medicines, depression, eating disorders, irritable bowel syndrome, pregnancy, colon cancerIrratable bowel syndrome (IBS)interferes w normal colon functionStress, caffeine, large meals, chocolate, alcohol, dairy, wheatAbdominal cramps, bloating, dirrhea/constipationStress management, smaller meals, high-fiber diet, fluids, regular physical activity

4. CarbohydratesCarbohydratesMacronutrientSource of energySourcesC, H & O, glucoseEspecially for nerve cellsFruits, vegetables, grains

TypesCompositionExampleSourcesMonosaccharides1 moleculeGlucose, fructose, galactose, riboseDisaccharides2 moleculesLactose (clucose-galactose), maltose (glucose-glucose), sucrose (fructose-glucose)Oligosaccharides3-10 monosaccharidesRaffinose (gal-glc-fru)Beans, cabbage, whole grainsStachyose (gla-gal-glc-fru)Beans, legumesPolysaccharides100+ glucose moleculesStarch, glycogen, fibers

Complex CHODescriptionStoredSourcesStarchAmylose (straight-chain glucose) & Amylopectin (branched chain glucose)Grains, legumes, fruits, vegetablesResistant StarchGlucose molecules linked by beta bonds & indigestableGlycogenStorage from glucose from animalsAs fiber in liver & musclesNot in foodsFiberComposed of long polysaccharide chains, non digestable (dietary & functional fibers) [Total Fiber= DF+FF]Soluble FibersDissolve in H2O, viscous, gel-forming, fermentable, digested by internal bacteria, associated with risk of type 2 diabetesAs pectin, gum, mucilagecitrus fruits, berries, oats, beansInsoluble FibersDon't dissolve in H2O, nonviscus, cannot be fermented by bacteria, promotes regular bowel movements, alleciate constipation, reduce diverticulosisAs lignings, cellulose, hemicelulosesWhole grains, seeds, legumes, fruits, vegetables

Carbohydrate DigestionFunctionSalivary AmylaseEnyme in mouth produced by salivary glandsEnymes that begin CHO digestion in mouth & breaks CHO into maltose (inactivated in stomach by stomach acids)Pancreatic AmylaseEnzymes produced in pancreas & secreted into small intestineDigests CHO to maltose1. MouthChewing stimulates salivary amylaseBreak starch into shorter polysaccharides & maltose2. StomachSalivary amylose destroyed by acidsNo CHO digestion3. PancreasPancreatic Amylase secreted into SI4. Small IntestinePancreatic amylase, specific enzymesBreaks down remaining starch into maltose, break down disaccharides into monosaccharides, monosaccharides absorbed & enter bloodstream

RegulatorCarbohydrate Processing FunctionSecreted by:LocationLiverConverts all monosaccharides to glucoseInsulinStimulates glucose transporters to help take glucose from the blood across the cell membrane & stimulates the liver to take up glucose & convert to glycogenBeta-cells of pancreasSkeletal muscle, adipose tissue, heartGlucagonStimulates liver to convert glycogen to glucose (glycogenolysis: glucose to amino acids)Alpha-cells of pancreas when blood glucose levels=lowEpinephrineIncrease hepatic glycogenolysis, releasing glucose into the blood. Responsible for "fight-or-flight"Adrenal glands & nerve endings when glucose is lowNorepinephrineCortisolIncreases gluconeogenesis & decreases muscle glucose useAdrenal glands to act on liver, muscle & adipose tissueGrowth HormoneDecreases muscle glucose uptake, increase fatty acid mobilization and use, increases liver glucose output

TermDefinitionInfluencesExamplesGlycemic IndexFood's potential to raise blood glucoseHigh Glycemic Index: Surge in blood glucose= increase in insulinGlycemic LoadUsed to determine the effect of a food on a person's glucose response (grams of food * glycemic index)Less index= less flactuations, reduces risk for heart disease & colon cancerBeans, fresh vegetables, whole wheat

PurposeRole of Carbohydrates ResultsPreventionEnergy1 gram= 4 kcal, used by RBC, energy during exerciseKetosisFat breakdown during fasting forms ketones, Acetoacetate & -hydroxybutyrate from acetyl CoAExcess increase blood acidity= ketoacidosisSufficient energy from CHO prevents ketone productionGluconeogenesisOccurs when a diet is deficient in carbohydrate so the body will make its own glucose from proteinCannot be used to make new cells, repair tissue damage, support immune system, perform other functions

Complex CHOReducesEnhancesNotesFiberRisk of colon cancer, hemorrhoids, constipation & intestinal problems, risk of diverticulosis, heart disease, type 2 diabetesWeight lossProduces Butyrate: helps colon replicate cells & resist chem. Injury, inhibits tumor cell growth

TermGrain TeminologyRefined Grain3/4s kernal parts removed leaving only endosperm (Starch)EnrichedNutrients lost in processing are readded to foodsFortifiedNutrients are added to foodsWhole Graincontains all essential parts & naturally pccuring nutrients of entire grain seed

CHO Metabolism DisordersDefinitionNotesTreatmentSymptonsDiabetesChronic disease characterized by elevated blood glucose & inadequate/ ineffective insulinType 1, Type 2, Gestational DiabetesMonotoring of blood glucose, medication management, proper nutrition & diet, exercise, weight managementInsulin Insensitivity: become less responsive to insulin. Metabolic syndrome: risk factors for increased waistline, high triglyceride levels, low HDL, high blood pressure, high fasting blood pressurePrediabetesFasting blood glucose level slightly higher than normal (impared fasting)Few-no warning signs but tissue damageCan delay/prevent progression to diabetesHypoglycemiaLow blood glucose = shakiness, sweating, anxiety, weakness (Reactive: with eating & Fasting: without eating)Lactose IntoleranceInsufficent lactase to digest lactose-containing foodsVariations in intolerancegas, bloating, cramping, nausia, dirrhea

5. Lipids

8. Energy MetabolismVitaminNameFunctionProcessSourcesDeficiencyToxicityNotesB1ThiaminMetabolism of CHO & branched chained amino acids, aids formation of DNA & RNA & neurotransmittersForming coenzymes: thyamin pyrophosphate (TPP)whole grains & meatsBeriberi- muscle wastingNo ULB2RiboflavinRedox reactions in Metabolism of macronutrientsForming FAD/ FMN, part of coenzyme for glutathione peroxidasewhole grains & meats & milkAriboflavinosis- sore throat, swollen mucouc membranes, stomatidis, keylosisno ULSensitive to light & oxidationB3NiacinMetabolism of macronutrientsForms nicotinic acid & nicotinamidemeat, fish, poultry, grainsPellagra- dermatitis, dirrhea, death, patchy skinonly from supplementscan be made from tryptophanB6PyridoxineAmino acid metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, heme group synthesis, gluconeogenesis (formation of glucose from non-CHO)coenzyme in >100 reactions in the bodymeat, fish, poultry, grains, starchy veggiesskin, blood & nerve tissue damageonly from supplements & nerve damage, skin lesionsFolateMetabolism of 1-carbon CH3, crutial for DNA synthesis, cell differentiation, amino acid synthesis, & repair of damaged cells. Also embryo developmentWorks with enzymes green leafy vegetables, bread, grain, liver, lentils, asparagus, oatmealNeural tube defects in infants, anemia & heart diseaseSupplemented for pregnantB12CyanocobalaminDNA synthesis, NS functioningmeat, eggs, dairy, seafoodrare-associated w anemiaHas cobalt center, vegetarians are prone to these deficienciesPantothenic AcidFatty acid metabolism, synthesizing cholesterol, steroids, detoxification of drugsCOENZIMES: CoA, ACPmeat, egg yolk, potatoes, oats, tomatosno ULBiotinfatty acid synthesis, gluconeogenesis & macronutrient metabolismCholineMetabolism, cell membrane synthesis, neurotransmission, fat/Cholesterol metabolism/transport, momocysteinewidespreadfat accumulation in the liveronly from supplementsVitamin-like substanceIodineregulates Body temp, metabolism, reproduction & growthsaltwater fish, US SaltGoiter- enlarged thryoid gland, cretinism-mental retardation & stunted growth, hypothyroidism- low thyroid hormone=low body temp, cold intolerance, weight gain, fatigue, sluggihnessinterferes with throid function, weight loss, increased heat production, muscular tremors, nervousness, racing heartbeat, protrusion of eyesComponent if thyroid hormonesChromiumassists insulin to transport glucose from the bloodstream into the cells, RNA & DNA metabolims, supports immune function & growthWidely distrbutedinhibit glucose uptake into cells= rise in blood glucose & insulni levelsunknownMaganeseacts as a cofactor in macronutrient metabolism, gluconeogenesis, cholesterol synthesis, urea formationpart of antioxidant: superoxide dismutasewhole grainsimpairs NS= spasms & tremorsSulfurenergy metabolism- component in thiamin & biotin, alcohol detoxification, acid-base balancepart of amino acids: methoinine & cysteinefrom dietary proteins onlyMajor mineral