new energy technologies issue 23

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1New Energy Technologies #4(23) 2005

Magazine

A role of alternative energy in the development of Russia, A. V. Frolov, Russia 2 The invention of the atomic hydrogen furnace, W. R. Lyne, USA 3 Vortex tubes in the innovation process, A. I. Azarov, Russia 11 Artificial tornado, A. I. Azarov, Russia 34

Vortex fuel less power engineering, A. V. Frolov, Russia 38 Gravityinertial engine, A. Chernogorov, Ukraine 40 Diagravitic effect, W. S. Alek, USA 42 Kure Tekko motor 43 The lessons of history of the law of energy degradation, Yu.I.Volodko, Russia 44 Needle electrodes, A. V. Frolov, Russia 48 Mini heat power plants, Yu.S.Potapov, I. G. Kalachev, Russia 50 The law of electric circuit, Ph. M. Kanarev, Russia 58 Welcome financing, Ph. M. Kanarev, Russia 62 Permanent magnet motor, S. Kundel, USA 66 Thomas Beardens principle 67 Influence of aether density on the rate of existence of matter, A.V.Frolov, Russia 69

Vortex heat generators produced by AKOIL company 72 Hondas more powerful fuel cell concept with home hydrogen refueling 74 Autothermia, E. I. Andreyev, Russia 77 The last issue of the New Energy Technologies magazine. Review 86

Information reported in New Energy Technologies magazine is not necessary endorsed by the publisher or staff.In many cases information received cannot be verified, though we try to report the news as accurately as possible.

Scientific news on advanced propulsion systems for aerospace industry and new energy technologies

Issue #4 (23) 2005

Publisher: Faraday Lab Ltd

EditorinChiefAlexander V. Frolov,Scientific Advisor Kirill P. Butusov,Technical Editor Svetlana A. Schlenchak, Translator Elena N. Artemieva

Correspondence Address: 7 Lev Tolstoy Str., StPetersburg 197376 Russia,Tel/fax: 7 (812) 3803844, [email protected] the back issues as PDF files on CD $29.

Please pay online from our web site http://www.faraday.ruPrinted in Russia. Copyright 20042005 by Faraday Lab Ltd.

Circulation: 500 printed copies

New Energy Technologies

CONTENTS

Please note that publications in 2006 are not planned.


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2 New Energy Technologies #4(23) 2005

Previous ly , many thoughts have beenexpressed about the special position ofRuss ia in the world economic system,which is determined by a number of objective factors, for example, by the roughRussian climate. In the famous book Why

Russ ia i s not America , i t s author ,A.P. Parshev, shows in detail that there willbe no foreign investments into Russianproduction because development of anyproduction in Russia is not competitive,due to comparat ively big costs of construction and energy carriers . It isobvious that, in the modern world, capitalcan be eas i ly moved to places whereproduct ion expenses are minimal andeconomic ef f ic iency is maximal .

For example, Parshev showed that theprime cost of oil production is less by a fewtimes in Kuwait than in Russia, though wehave oil. We have oil in Siberia, but it iseasier to produce wood in area of Amazon,which is never covered with ice. Coal isproduced by opencut method in Australiaand so on. Discussing prospects of domesticeconomy, it is possible to suppose that, ifRuss ia wil l enter the world economicsystem, no prof itable product ions

will be left there and its economy will bedestroyed. Parshev sees the solution in fullisolation of the Russian market from theinternational one and in prohibition toexport capital, i.e. everything, which is usedfor production.

Such a course of events, in my opinion, isalready impossible and inadvisable, if theaim is development of Russia, i .e.strengthening of economics, defensivecapacity and improvement of l iv ing

standards. Let us find another solution.

Imagine that commercia l izat ion of alternative energy has been carried outand Russian producers can freely purchasenofuel electric power stations producedcommercially by factories. Let us supposethat costs of such systems will be equal to

modern diesel power stations, i.e. about500 US dollars per one kW of the startuppower. Thus, a small production can buyits own electric power station with a powerof 200 kW for about 100,000 US dollars.The stations resource is limited becausedeteriorat ion of i t s mechanical partsoccurs. It is possible to admit that thestation will not have to be changed orthoroughly repaired for 10 years .According to the formula, we obtain a

prime cost of energy produced by thisstation: we divide 100,000 $ by 10 years,which is operational costs of about 1 dollarper hour. With a full load of 200 kW, weobtain a prime cost of a kW/hour of thiselectric power station equal to 0.5 cents,without taking into account personnelexpenses and other operational costs. Ofcourse, the station can work withoutrepairs for more than 10 years and realprime cost will be even less.

Another advantage of the use of alternative energy is its autonomy. Energycan be produced right where it is used.Transmission facilities are not necessary,which lowers its cost, too.

A quest ion about compet it ion on themarket appears . Do workers of oi lproduction and other companies have areason to worry about fuel energy? Theydo have a ground to think seriously, but

the reason is not new technologies. It is

A role of alternative energy in thedevelopment of Russia

Alexander V. FrolovFaraday Lab Ltd., Lev Tolstoy str., 7, Saint Petersburg, Russia, [email protected], [email protected]

7(812)993-2501, 7(812)380-3844


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From: William LyneTo: Alexander Frolov

Dear Alexander,

I am glad to hear from you. I think your publication is very valuable for the futureof mankind. I see that there is a lot ofcreativity blossoming in Russia among itsmany talented scientists.

As I state in my last book, Occult ScienceDictatorship, the plans for the Lyne Atomic

Hydrogen Furnace were plagiarized andcopied "verbatim" by a company called DWEnergy Research, LLC, of Colorado Springs,Colorado in U.S. patent #6,113,065, called

"Liquid Gasification Process", claiming anenergy amplification of 1.9. This fact was

published in Infinite Energy magazine, Vol.7 , I ssue 38 , 2001. This patent would

probably be invalid since an inventor mustswear an oath that they have no knowledgeof the invention from anyone else prior toappl icat ion . This was , l ike the idea of "Moller", copied from my book. The chapter

from my book was also plagiarized by a D r.Hans Petermann who lives in Palm Springs,

Cal iforn ia . He removed my name andinserted his on my furnace design and

presented it to several California cities as asolution to the "energy crunch". Petermannhad actually stolen a copy of my manuscript

from my house prior to publication alongwith an original illustration which I had todo over.

The idea may be too far ahead of its time inthis country. There is so much dishonesty

with the oil corporations which have toomuch inf luence on the sc ience and

MY INVENTION OF THE ATOMICHYDROGEN FURNACEWilliam R. Lyne

[email protected]

William R. Lyne

th e fact that prime cost of oil increaseswhile its resources come to their end. Inthe future , oi l wi l l be used only forproduction of plastic and other syntheticmaterials, not as fuel. But demand for theproducts of oil processing will not decrease

soon. Even after wide introduction of alternative energy, such as, for example, fullchange of atomic, gas, coal and other fuelelectric power stations to systems of newgeneration, which will happen in about 50years, owners of cars will still form a bigmarket though growth of petrol costsmakes transport developers think about

alternative engines. In their initial state ofintroduct ion , new alternat ive energytechnologies can compete only withproducers of diesel power stations, becauseusers of these products will obviouslyprefer independence on fuel supply, even if

the cost of the new stations will be higherthan the cost of diesel ones.

So, taking into account special features ofnational economy based on oil export,development and wide introduction ofalternative energy is fundamentally, vitallyimportant for Russia.
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development here. I fear that the same kindof bad influence may develop in Russia asthe petroleum resources are exported andbecome more important to the economy. Theoi l companies do not want any seriouscompetition for energy needs until the oil

resources are reduced to the point of nolonger being feasible. Here in America wehave more petroleum and gas than we willever use. The Rockefeller interests haveobtained suppress ion of domest ic

production of these resources so that theycan continue to exercise their monopoly inoil imports. These same interests have beenthe main s tumbl ing b lock to Russ ia'sexplo i tat ion of i t s mass ive pet ro leumresources, which are probably greater thananywhere in the world. I believe the war inIraq was specifically initiated by GeorgeBush to cut off the deal which Russia hadwith Iraq.

Moller simply expanded on the informationon Langmuir, but the facts remain thatLangmuir did not invent the AtomicHydrogen Furnace, I did. Langmuir did notconceive the "circuitous" process using thesame hydrogen, over and over, I did. AndLangmuir did not conceive of the process as

being overunity. I did. And I made all this"public domain", not Moller, although thatdoes not mean that Moller was entitled to

plagiarize my book and design as he did. Thefurnace should be labeled the "Lyne AtomicHydrogen Furnace". Moller says this is notimportant, so why does he not remove hisname and place mine where it belongs? Doeshe bel ieve in the theft of in te l lec tual

property?

I couldn't help but notice that Moller isconnected to Naudin who is apparentlyconnected to Jacques Valee. Valee has amotive for creating problems for me. Hethreatened to sue me for calling him a CIAasset and the truth is, there is no way hecould not be a CIA asset since the UFO

project he worked for Project Blue Book was a CIA project.

My anger with Moller aside, I would like to

see the article from 2001 on the Russian Academy of Science discovery which was

announced in Ju ly , 2001. Th isannouncement seemed to be eclipsed by the9/11 attack a little over a month later. I havewondered even if the attack was not for the

purpose of obliterating this discovery. I havealso expected the petroleum interests in

Russia to suppress the discovery so I don'texpect to hear about it ever again. I had asimilar design which was stolen from myhouse in 1978, along with the plans for a

patent application for a new type industrialprocess and solarvoltaic cell, the applicationof patent application being filed 10 daysafter the theft. They did not patent the partof my design which involved the use of puresilica sand, mixed with dopants, sprinkledon an electrically conductive surface andsintered with microwaves, but the patent didinc lude the addi t ion of dopants wi thhydrofluoric acid vapor in a microwavechamber in a vacuum. The process workedvery wel l , increased the eff ic iency of solarvoltaic cells from about 1214% to

25%. The patent was purchased by ARCO and is a leading technology insolarvoltaics.

The invention announced by the Russian Academy of Sciences, Volgograd, was very

s imi lar so maybe I was real ly ontosomething. At that time, I had some miningclaims which had silica sand which is 97%

pure, the 3% "impurities" being grains of precious metal which could be removed bymerely washing the sand with water . I disposed of those claims because there weretoo many cr iminals coming from al l directions who believed that I had a "goldmine". I was afraid that the criminals wouldmurder me and they actually tried.

I may get further interested in the AH process and develop something. There areseveral alternate ways to produce the AHas I listed in my book.

I'm looking forward to receiving your CD.The one copy of New Energy Technologieswhich I have i s fu l l of in terest ing

possibilities although it has usually been mymethod to pursue things which occurred to

my own mind. Naturally, there are manycrossover technologies which are very


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in terest ing . I usual ly get my ideas byreading about certain processes and theideas of new applications naturally aresuggested in my mind. I often see freeenergy processes hidden in certain chemical

processes, for example, which seem to have

evaded those who have written about them.

All the best,William Lyne

I first learned of the atomic hydrogenwelding process in a 1963 industria lprocesses class at Sam Houston StateUniversity, Huntsville, Texas. The processwas based on the 1912 discovery by IrvingLangmuir of atomic hydrogen dissociationand recombinat ion , fol lowed by hisinvent ion of the atomic hydrogenblowtorch . This welding process wasalready considered obsolete by 1963. Itstruck me that this valuable process hadbecome neglected for no good reason and Iimmediately considered its feasibility fora type of furnace.

Around 1976 I found that the blowtorchhad been used by German preciousmetals refiners to reduce platinum metals

compounds to the metallic state using acopper crucible which was cooled withwater from the bottom. While this kept thecopper crucible from melting (ca. 3500K),it a lso occurred to me that a lot of water was being heated, reinforcing my

furnace idea. I also conceived of using thesame hydrogen circuitouslyover andoversince it was unnecessary to combustthe hydrogen to produce the heat . Infact, the complete exclusion of oxygen is

ideal for the dissociation process. Wateror other heat exchange fluid could preventmelt ing of the react ion chamber andcarry the heat away as produced andused to perform useful work, especiallyheating.Contrary to what Irving Langmuir and therelativists said, I intuitively sensed thatmore energy was produced by the processthan was required to d issociate thehydrogen. Langmuir believed that all heat

produced was absorbed by the hydrogenduring dissociation, while I believe that

most of the heat is converted from radiantenergy in space.

My conception was based partly on the factthat the total wattage required to run anatomic hydrogen welder appeared to be

less than that required to run a comparablearc welder for similar jobs. While some ofthis reduction in electrical consumptioncould be attributed to the heat being moreconcentrated, I didnt believe that this wasenough to account for such a significantdrop in electrical consumption. After all, aconventional welding arc is not widelydispersed either. The same kind of reductionis found with related plasma arc welders.

I also reasoned that, if it is true that theenergy from combusted hydrogenproduced by electrolysis is equal to theenergy required to e lectrolyze i tasLangmuir and the relativists insistedthen the heat of recombined atomichydrogen produced directly by hydrolysisis 100% free energy, especially since thehydrogen can subsequently be combustedin air to recover the energy of hydrolysis.

Information obtained in my research

(OCCULT ETHER PHYSICS, ChapterVI, Free Energy Massacre: The AtomicHydrogen Process , 1996, Wm. Lyne,Creatopia Productions) indicated that theheat produced (109 kcal/gram mole) was1058 times as great as the heat required todissociate diatomic hydrogen (103 cal/gram mole) as s tated in the NortonEncyclopedia of Science, 1976, 5th Ed.

In 1981, I built and tested an atomic

hydrogen blowtorch. Initially I producedhydrogen from hydrolysis but later renteda cylinder of compressed hydrogen to testmy torch and to perform somemetallurgical experiments.

In 1996, I completed the design for theLyne Atomic Hydrogen Furnace. In 1997,the first edition of Occult Ether Physicswas issued. Some mathematical errors inthe first edition were corrected with an

inserted errata page and in 1998 thesecond edition corrected these errors.


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In 1999, I received an order from a GreekAddress for a copy of Occult Ether Physicsfrom a Nikolas Moller who resided inCyprus . I was astounded in 2001 todiscover that Moller had plagiarized andlooted my furnace design and Chapter VI

and claimed it was his. He called it theMoller Atomic Hydrogen Generatorusing my original design verbatim. He hadmerely removed my name and expanded onwhat I had said about Langmuirwithoutany significant differenceyet deletedmany important points that I had made, yetin many places used my words verbatim.Langmuir d id not invent the atomichydrogen furnace, I did. I was also first toconceive of the process as over unity andto use the hydrogen circuitously.

While there are many instances in thisworld where dishonest people steal theideas of others and claim them as their own,to build themselves up to be somethingthey are not, I was amazed that Molleractually believed that he could get awaywith it without being exposed as the fraudhe is . He apparently has succeeded infooling a number of unsuspecting andgullible people and in depriving me of the

credit which is all mine. Moller is the kindof criminal which we here in America call aconartist.

I am both an inventor and a creatologist.It is my belief that the most importantattributes of a creat ive inventor arecourage , independence, original ity ,s tubbornness and an incl inat ion tochal lenge exist ing s tandard acceptedtheories. An idea thief inherently lacks

these attr ibutes and cannot inventanything but mayhem. As we may viewNikolas Mollers future, it is probable thatanything e lse he may cla im to haveinvented has been stolen from others.In Occult Ether Phys ics I p laced myatomic hydrogen furnace design directlyinto the public domain for free use anddevelopment , but nowhere d id I givepermission for others to claim credit fororiginating my ideas, concepts, writings,

discoveries or inventions. Improvements,if any, on my furnace should have such titles

as Improvements on the Lyne Atom icHydrogen Furnace.

U.S. patent laws are to carry out thepurpose stated in our constitution totransfer technology from inventors to the

public. A patent protection is extended toinduce this process . I s idestepped thepatent process and gave my work directlyto the world to speed up the process. Thatwas nine years ago.

I believe my furnace has the capability togenerate power to drive steam turbines,heat buildings, generate electricity and topower vehicles of all kinds.

Editor: Further to this, we would like tointroduce some quotes from WilliamLynes book Occult Ether Physics toour readers.

William R. LYNE

Part of Chapter VI: FREE ENERGYMASSACRE; The AtomicHydrogen Process. 1996

Realistically, the atomic hydrogen reaction

can only he satisfactorily explained byreference to , construct ion of , or reconstruction of, an ether theory. While itmay be arguable that the "binding energy"between the two atoms of the moleculesomehow 'includes' this energy in someundefined and mysterious way, thisargument actual ly supports an ethertheory, because the binding energy mustsomehow be exchanged with the energywhich is released when the molecule forms,

consistent with the equal and oppositereaction rule.

The atomic hydrogen reaction first cameto my attent ion in 1964, when I wasstudying industria l processes at SamHouston State University, in Huntsville,Texas , the year after taking anintroductory course in college physics.While reviewing various welding processesin a textbook, my eyes fixed on an older

process called "atomic hydrogen welding".By that t ime, the process was already


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considered "obsolete". To me, the processseemed valuable , not only because i tproduces such high temperatures above3400' F. enough to melt tungsten thehighest temperatures producible by manbut is also "self shielding", and can be used

to weld diverse metals, often without flux,with a concentrated flame producing littleheat distortion, when welding thin metal.In the process, 'normal' diatomic H

2, is shot

through an electric arc which dissociatesit into "atomic" hydrogen, H

1. This atomic

hydrogen recombines at the (welded)metal surface, producing the very highheat. Though the process interested methen, and always has, I have never seen anatomic hydrogen welding unit for sale, forthe 31 years hence. Industry's obviousexcuse for laying the valuable process asidewas that it had been 'replaced' by 'better'processes, such as MIG welding, thoughthey rarely mention "plasma arc welding",which has also almost disappeared from themarket. Since plasma arc welding is merelyan extens ion of the atomic hydrogenprocess, using a specially redesigned torch,the 'mysterious' reasons are undoubtedlythe same.

The process simmered in the inner recessesof my mind for a few years until 1976, whenI rekindled my interest in the process forpossible use in welding stainless steel andreducing and fus ing plat inum metalcompounds, because hydrogen reducessuch compounds (which must a lso beshielded from oxygen) to metals . Theatomic hydrogen process does not relyupon the combustion of hydrogen withoxygen in the air, but, upon the "atomic"

energy released when atomic hydrogenrecombines to form the 'normal', diatomichydrogen. I still had some unansweredquestions, since the various welding dataat my disposal failed to mention sufficientspecific details. If Nikola Tesla was right,then I am right, that the energy comesfrom the ether.

In the atomic hydrogen process,hydrogen is not really a "fuel", but rather

a "medium" used in the extraction of andconversion of energy from the ether , by

trans forming invis ible radiat ion andelectrical energy into infrared (heat)radiation. The energy required to pump therecombined hydrogen to a holding tank,before being recycled and shot back acrossthe arc and into the reaction chamber once

again , i s not cons idered in thiscomputat ion . This energy should benegligible, since the dissociation energy isbarely more than a thousandth of the grossoutput, and there is probably a way to makethe process work without a pump anyway.

If hydrogen atoms exothermically releaseenergy when they combine to formmolecules, the potential energy has beenlost by the molecules, yet they attributethe "potential energy" to the hydrogenmolecules backwards to evade their dutyto draw the logical conclusion.

How does the atomic hydrogen obtain itsenergy, if not from the "ether"? No wonderestablishment science doesn't want you toknow there is an ether. If we are to believethe "law of conservation of energy", asinterpreted by establishment (relativistic,ether excluding) 'science', this process isimpossible, yet using data available from

'standard' texts, I have shown that theinput energy of 103 cal./gram molecule issomehow either 'magnified' to 109,000cal ./gram molecule of hydrogen amultiplication of over 1,058 times or that,by use of hydrogen as a "medium", that the103 calories is 'seed' energy (called the"act ivat ion energy") , t r iggering theatomic hydrogen's apprehension of a net108,897 cal ./gram molecule , f rom the"ether".

You can forget what the relativists said.The equilibrium of the ZPR can be upsetby disturbances created in the OmniMatter which I divide into Omnions(ultra f ine , pos it ive "subprotonic"particles) and Omnitrons ("sub electronic"charges carried by the Ominions) all ofwhich the ZPR interpenetrates .Unidirectional vibrations (disturbances)in the O Matter cause it to accumulate

transferred force from the ZPR, throwingOmni Matter out of equi l ibrium, and


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restoring equilibrium to the ZPR. TheOmni Matter 's excess force is thentransferred through the atomic hydrogenatoms (or other temporari ly excited ,enlarged atoms encompassing it) into theatomic mass frequencies , during

disturbance, thus restoring equilibrium tothe Omni Matter. This transferred force isnot "energy created from nothing", butonly represents a change in the "form" ofsome of the infinite energy (force overtime), already existing in 'space' in otherforms (such as the ZPR, or as subelectronic" charges).

Whenever H2

is dissociated to 2H (H1),

and the single electron clouds enlarge toencompass more Omni Matter I affected,by a greater ZPR), there is a reaction withand transfer of force from exothermicatomic sources, through the molecules,into s tr ipped Omnions which wereentrapped to bind the atoms together. Thisexothermic energy is sufficient to throw

the Omnions within the electron clouds,and concentrated in the space between theatoms, beyond their electronic quantumboundaries, so that the additional energyneeded to dissociate the atoms is regainedfrom the surrounding Omni Matter and

ZPR, restoring the equilibrium of the OmniMatter. With the recombination of theatomic hydrogen to form

2, the converted

ZPR radiant energy, and sub electroniccharges which I call Omnitrons isejected (squeezed out) from the atoms, asheat or other interconverted radiantenergy of lower frequency, as the electronclouds shrink with the addition of positivecharge carried by the Omnions. The reasonthe electron cloud density of the hydrogenmolecule is more concentrated in the areaaround the space between the atoms, isbecause of the entrained Omnions 'presence there . Otherwise , the twonegative charges carried by the two atomswould cause mutual repulsion. Actually,since heat is infrared spectrum radiation,

Fig. 1


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Fig. 2


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the process can be conceived as a means ofconvert ing the ZPR from an u ltrapenetrating posit ive ( 'cold') spectrumradiat ion , to a mass react ive infrared(heat) spectrum radiation, and that is theproximate "source" of the so called "free

energy", in the form of exothermic heatradiation. The ZPR is an analogue tosunshine, except it penetrates all matter allthe time and is not affected by day or night,so it can be converted to usable energy allthe time with the appropriate technology,such as the atomic hydrogen process.

Incidentally, this same atomic hydrogenprocess, as first published here and now, isalso the apparent source of the anomalousexothermic heat produced in aqueouscavitation, as well as in the so called "coldfusion" process, which are two other freeenergy processes which are based on theatomic hydrogen process.

The atomic hydrogen atoms have single,unpaired electrons in enlarged shells. Theseatoms are in Mendeleev's Group I a, andall the atoms in that group have unpairedouter electrons, and are photoreactive toand transmute when exposed to ultraviolet

light, as do all the atoms of elements belowatomic number 19. Some of these elementstransmute in visible and infrared light, andall of them can be used to transmute ZPRinto usable free energy. This photoreactivity creates temporary, artificialradioactivity producing isotopes of shorthalf life, with the emission of photon energyrestoring equilibrium to the atoms as theyreturn to their ground states. The energyfor these radioactive emissions comes from

the ether, not from the atoms themselves.The atoms can be analogized by certaincrystals, described by the Raman Effect, inwhich light passing through the crystals is"stepped down" to lower frequencies. Theinfrared spectrum light produced by theatomic hydrogen process is thermicallyreactive with normal atomic and molecularmatter, because of its longer wavelengths.The transfer of force from the ZPR, via theOmni Matter, through the dissociated H,

atoms, is apparently the kind of thing

somewhat cryptically spoken of by Tesla,when he stated: "There is no energy inmatter other than that received from theenvironment.

Editor: We recommend this book to our

readers. You can order it from

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A.I. Azarov (b.1937) graduated fromNikolaev Shipbuilding Institute in 1960.Ph.D. (eng.), head of Laboratory of vortextechnique (Authors Laboratory) in St.Petersburg State Polytechnic Universitysince 1983. Merited inventor of Latvia,corresponding member of St.PetersburgEngineering Academy, academic of RussianAcademy of Natural Sciences. Author of morethan 160 inventions and 140 publications inthe field of industrial application of vortex

effect and refrigeration, energetic andtransport machinery.

Introduction

The vortex effect is a surprising discovery ofthe XX century: a tornado is obtained in atube and its heat transfers itself from the axisto the periphery of the vortex flow. A simplerefrigerating machine is a vortex tube (as apoint source of cold and heat). It allows

solving numerous technological problemsduring climatic tests of electronics and fuel

equipment, during ground tests of aerospaceequipment and others. First, hundreds ofinventions directed at industrial andcommercial use of the vortex effect appeared.Some of them will be a basis for advanced kindsof industrial products.

Let us name the three inventors, whose creativecontribution (the intellectual labour of adeveloper) is already embodied in productsproduced serially during a few decades:

G.J. Ranque (France, 1931) invented thefirst vortex tube in the world;Charles Fulton (USA, 1965) suggested thesimplest cylinder nonchilled vortex tubewhich still stays in production in the USA andWestern Europe without any considerablechanges;

Anatoly Azarov (USSR, Russia, 19672005)has developed, patented, and organized alongterm serial production of a fewgenerations of vortex tubes of differentdesigns, for example: miniature vortex tubes with D=4mm and5mm for two generations of portabletransport refrigerators; vortex tubes with an inner ribbing of achilled vortex chamber, for test equipment; multichamber vortex tubes of multiple

use with 2, 4, 6, 8, 16, and 20 flows of differenttemperature and many others.

Only four of Azarovs projects developed forplantsproducers are presented in the article.The publications aim is to show how, alongwith expansion of vortex tubes use, theirconstructional appearance changed and topresent technology of the newest level:modular vortex tubes for the beginning of theXXI century (Project 4). They open new

opportunities for the producers and allowmultiple uses for the users.

VORTEX TUBESIN THE INNOVATION PROCESS

A.I. AzarovSaint Petersburg, Russia

[email protected] [email protected]


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Annotation

The vortex tube (VT) is interesting fornew energy and refrigerating engineeringas an experimental object with highdevelopment potential and as industryproduct with a quickly widening, unique

combinat ion of technological andoperation properties.

FROM EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCHTO VORTEX TECHNOLOGY

A jet of the compressed medium in the fieldof centri fugal forces spontaneous lydivides into a chilled nucleus and heatedperipheral layers transfer of heat fromaxis to periphery of a turbulent rotating

flow is called the vortex effect. A coolingmachine, which uses it, is a vortex tube (VTin Fig. 1). It is compact, has no wearableparts, inertialess and troublefree duringoperation [1]. In the development of VTdriving force is an experiment; accordingto its results, hypotheses are checked,different kinds of influence on vortex floware compared, where:

the radial pressure gradient 0.0031.0

MPascal/mm (up to 5 MPascal/mm) withthe vortex rotat ion frequency from3x10 3c 1 to 1x105c 1 (the rotat ionfrequency can be multiply increased in theexperimental device for fundamentalresearches); distribution of speeds, pressures andtemperatures according to the section andlength of vortex chamber is complicated(sometimes nonstat ionary) in thepresence of secondary vortex flows and

precession of the vortex flow nucleus; a co us ti c e ne r gy is ge ne ra te d a nd

redistributed in the acoustically nonuniform environment : temperature ,density, acoustic impedance of the movingmedium differ by the section and length ofthe vortex chamber, which has the form ofaxisymmetric channel , and a level of acoustic pressure corresponds with thearea of a nonl inear acoust ic , i . e .considerably exceeds 170 decibel; vorticity has anisotropic nature. In theparaxial area (to a half of the vortex flowradius) vorticity intensity is E=2535%while, at the distance exceeding the radiushal f , the value of vort icity intens itydecreases to E=5% and lower; a relative value of turbulent energy ismaximal in the paraxial area and can reach0.040.06 (which is considerably more thanduring nonswirled flow);

in spectral characteristic of VT noise,there are pecul iarit ies . Theirinterpretation (parts 3, 4) will lead to adeeper understanding of the vortexeffects nature, show ways to increase VTefficiency; during operation using dry air, glow ofthe vortexs nucleus and other anomaliesare observed.

According to the amount of registered and

realized inventions in this field, Russiaremains the leader. Transformation of VTfrom an experimental object into a productof multiple uses began almost simultaneouslyin the USSR and USA [3] in the 1960s. Forexample, at that time, in the USSR: adiabatic VT for natural gas industrywere tested and economical nonadiabaticVT with a chamber intensively chilledduring air barbotage through liquid wereprepared to longterm serial production (in

Table #1 [2, 4, 5]), i.e. they are more perfectenergetically than the adiabatic ones;

Editors note: We publish Anatoly Azarovs article on vortex devices inorder to develop the technology of autonomous fuel less electrogenerators, which have been described earlier in our magazine. It is the

vortex tube that allows taking heat energy from a monothermal source(air), according to this technology. Please, read the article in this issue,page 38. A.V. Frolov.

Part 1. Development of the vortex technology in Russia


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Compressed air

Cold flow

Hotflow

a b c d

1

2 3 4

L

d D

Fc

growth of the invention chain began.These inventions defined the level of somefollowing generations of VT showed in theTable by Projects 14 (the USSR andRussian invention numeration: ## 300726,300727, 337621, 435419, 456118, 470684,

556285, 585376, 606044, 630964, 641245,769233, 892146, 1255825, 2067266,2177590); research and use of the invention grouprelated to pulse intensification of theprocess in VT began (## 334449, 334450,336473, 337620, 347435, 390337, 735877and others).

(Note: VTs of foreign productionpresented today are almost similar (Fig.2) to the simplest experimental modelsof the 1950s 1960s. It seemsparadoxical taking into account quicklychanging generations of electronics,lasers, and rockets).

As a source of compressed air for thesimplest VT, a pneumatic net of anenterprise is usually used. A cold flow witha temperature from +20C to 120C and,

occasionally, a hot one with a temperaturefrom 40C to 120C are obtained this way.In more complicated vortex devices, a flowof air, helium, oxygen, and natural gascould be chilled to cryogenic temperaturesor heated by hundreds of degrees. VTs havebeen used during land tests of aerospaceequipment [7], tests of electronics, fuelmachinery , chemical and oi l gasengineering equipment . VT maintainnecessary temperature locally (by points)

Fig. 1a. Formation of a tornado a self-organizing process of transformation and

concentration of energy diffused in differentnonequilibriums (of temperature, moisture

etc.).

Fig. 1b. VT design [2]:1 a hole d of the diaphragm for discharge of the cold vortex flows nucleus; d= (0.40

0.65)D; 2 jet inlet; 3 vortex energy division chamber; L= (3-25)D; 4 throttle fordischarge of the hot flow (from 15% to 75% of air consumed by the adiabatic VT); a trayrectilinear single-jet inlet of VT according to Fig. 2a; b spiral inlet with the critical sectionF

c= (0.04-0.12)D2 and preliminary whirling of VT flow according to Fig. 3-8 and Fig. 2b; c

and d double-jet and multiple-jet tangential inlet of Vt, according to Fig. 2c.


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a. b.

c.

in technological and/or working zones:during work near open f lame, s trongvibrations at a chilled object, dustiness,gassy environmental air, absence of a placefor freon airconditioners or impossibilityof their maintenance. In such conditions,

VTs are a simple and troublefree tool ofenergy saving excluding the need forpowerconsuming total air conditioning ina large production area [8].

We will show how, during change t omult iple uses , the construct ional andtechnological getup of some generationsof VT (made for many factoriesusers, notfor single researchindustrial experiments)has been changing and how the VT setup

will change soon. We will consider only fourprojects s tages of technologydevelopment. All of them are an initiativeof one inventordeveloper. No funds of

Fig. 2. Experimental and industrial VT of different years, compared

a. 1950s [6]. Experimental adiabatic VT with two tray inlets, according to Fig. 1a.

b. 1960s [4]. Experimental nonadiabatic VT with a water cooling jacket on the chamber anda spiral inlet, according to Fig. 1b: D=5mm, L=30D (up) and L= 80D (down). Industrial

variant of VT L=30D see in Table: p.#1 (1969 [2, 5]).

c. 2005. Present-time adiabatic VT of foreign production with the multiply-nozzle inlet,

according to Fig. 1c, d.


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th e state budget or investors have beenspent on their development.

The first project is a creative response tothe need of t ransport mechanicalengineering, which prepared diesel

locomotives for export to countries withhot cl imate ; the other two ones areresponses to the need for point VT forengineering tools, mechanical engineeringequipped with electronics ; the fourthproject is a qualitatively new technologicallevel for the beginning of XXI century.

We will show VT made of metal andplastics, which work using compressed air:nonadiabatic VT with a chilled finnedchamber; adiabatic (nonchilled) ones withminimal amount of parts and a heateddiaphragm; portable vortex refrigeratorsfor pneumoprovided transport objects.The newest technology oriented atminimization of expenses is presented bymodular VT: there are from 2 to 20interacting vortex chambers and from 1 to5 multichamber vortex modules in them.

The main results of the projects real izat ion are expressed in the f inal

chapter ; characteris t ics of fourgenerations of VT are presented in theTable. The experience of innovation VTdevelopment has to be summarized takinginto account a situation in science intensivekind of products on the internal andexternal markets. An attempt of such asummary is presented in the article.

VORTEX TUBES FOR TRANSPORTREFRIGERATORS AND TEST

EQUIPMENT (PROJECTS 1, 2)

For the first time in the world, nonadiabaticVT were used [2, 5] in the first generation oftransport vortex refrigerators: since 1969, on a modelproduction scale and, since 1971, for serial production (Fig. 3). Atemperature in a 14liter refrigerator TVH14 is from 0C to +7C with a temperature in achamber, which is not provided with an airconditioner, is from 20C to 50C. The

refrigerator became an additionalconsumer of compressed air from a board

pneumosystem supplied by a brakecompressor of the diesel locomotive, whichis engaged cyclically. Connection of therefr igerator increased the relat ivedurat ion of engagement of the PVcompressor only by 0.5% (from 32.0% to

32.5%). This did not worsen the pneumosystems performance and allowed betteruse of the board compressor of h ighefficiency. With unessential expenses forthe refrigerator, a level of comfort in thechamber and export price of the diesellocomotive increased.

(Note: The alternative decision to useabsorptiondif fus ion refr igerators,called Morozko, gave no results: in theevent of transport vibrat ions and atemperature in the chamber higher than35C, these refrigerators do not work) .

A simplified adiabatic VT of the minimal sizewas used for the second generation of vortexrefrigerators [9]. In order to decreaseproduction costs, the amount of parts in thisVT was decreased by some times: threeoutwardly similar modifications of VT differonly by an inner diameter of the vortexchamber and sizes of the spiral inlet (for

refrigerators with capacities of 5, 15 and50l; Fig. 3). The refrigerators have beenproduced for more than two decades andare used today because VTs are problemfree in operation [10].

Test departments and climatic chambersneed a reliable and inertialess source of coldair with a temperature from 220K to 280Kfor casual testing of integrated products.Many plants used a decision, simple in use

and cheap in product ion : compactadiabatic VTs with singlestage or doublestage expansion of compressed air or moreeconomical nonadiabatic VTs of highercooling efficiency. Prototypes of the VTswere preliminarily checked as tools ofindividual and collective heat protectionof workers in energy engineering andmetallurgy [11]. Designs of the VT havebeen presented to some industry fields fordevelopment of a test base (Fig. 4); the

very first lots of VT were produced by thelargest enterprises of engineering tools and


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e.d.

the electronics industry in Leningrad(Saint Petersburg).

ONECHAMBER AMD MULTICHAMBER VORTEX TUBES OF

MULTIPLE USE (Project 3)

In order to init iate the appearance of competitive productions and selection ofthe best VTs under industrial conditions,12 models of the items for runningin intool product ion , auto product ion ,e lectronic industry and others weresuggested: for air curtains at workingplaces in hot departments; for cooling ofsolutions in galvanic baths; for multipoint cool ing of program machines cabinets etc. The working designs, start

market ing information , product ionprototypes, VT manuals [12] have beengiven for free to 60 plants (in response tohundreds of requests): metal and plasticVTs , f ixed to a cool ing object andembedded into it VTs, onechamber and

multichamber ones (Fig. 5, 6).

I t was expected that the plants wil lproduce and use lots of the industrialprototypes of all 12 models themselves, fortheir own needs , and , then , the bestprototypes will stay in production theseVTs , which wil l indicate industria lpreferences and directions of furtherimprovement. For example, in order tochill 17 control cabinets at a big automatedline Renault2 for processing of 52 auto

Fig. 3d-e. Project 1. Transport vortex refrigerators of the second generation

d. TVH-15 with a refrigerating unit designed for conveyor assembling: VT D=4(6)mm (forTVH-50, TVH-15, TVH-5 produced until 1991; see below and in Tables # 2-4) is located

along an axis of a sectional counterflow heat exchanger for preliminary cooling ofcompressed air to +5C+15C.

e. A miniature VT D=4mm with non-frosting diaphragm heated by the chamber heat: 1 critical section; 2 chamber; 3 a hole of the diaphragm; 4 diffuser of the cold flow

made as a whole with the diaphragm.


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. b.

c.

2

4

55

3 31

4

cyl inder head models , during nomanproduction, which needs only problemfreeelectronics (see Part 2). Zavolzhsky motorplant used a lot of VTs, according to Fig. 5,at the left above. Users produced firstthousands of VTs in dozens of c it ies :Vyborg, Vilnius, UlanUde, Novosibirskand others [13].

Then the main result was defined: from 6to 9 plants became longterm suppliers of

VTs (in Table: # 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20); forinstance , in RostovonDon, VTproduction was begun by competing plantsin two industries machinetool buildingand automaking (Fig. 5 , at the rightbelow).

For the first time, embedded intensifiersof the vortex temperature division processwere used [4, 5 , 14]. Since competingsuppliers appeared, users and producers

began to prefer plastic VTs with one (Fig.5) or a few (Fig. 6) vortex chambers to allmetal ones, i.e. industrial preferenceshave been defined. One and multichamberVTs began to compete with each other. Useof polymeric materia ls led to a newproduction level with attraction of highlyeffective equipment. Production costsdecreased.

For example, at the Highenergy Physics

Inst itute (Protvino town of Moscowregion) lots of twochamber VTs (Fig. 6,at the left) having the unique flat formand minimal overall size were used in mainand badly access ible zones of b igexperimental devices for cooling extrahighspeed electronic blocks.

The compet it ive abi l i ty of the mult ichamber VTs have been confirmed by longterm pract ice and their furtherdevelopment is a task solved inProject 4.

Fig. 4. Project 2. Vortex equipment for testdepartments and climatic chambers

a. a source of cold and hot flows containingan embedded VT D=20 mm (in Table: #5) a Working place of a toolsetter-investigatorof radio equipment RMNR-20T, gold medalof the exhibition of USSR national economy

achievements.

b. Two-stage 5-chambers VT D=10 mm withmaximal temperature decrease of fourresulting cold flows (in Table: #6).

c. Nonadiabatic two-chambers laminarAzarovs VT D=38mm (in Table: #7) cut: 1

and 2 ring gaskets and plates-ribs; 3 a

spiral section of the helix; 4 cold flowdiffuser; 5 the first cone section of the

chamber.


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.

b.

c.

Fig. 5. Project 3. One-chamber all-metaland plastic VTs

a. Above. A simplest adiabatic VT D=20mm(in Table, #14). Below. A design project ofthe prototype # 31749 for the nonadiabatic

laminar Azarovs VT Below. RVTK-16/1device assembled with a fan (in Table, #13)

- nonadiabatic laminar Azarovs VTD=16mm of highest efficiency with coolingof the rib chamber and 100% share of the

cold flow.

b. At an assembling department of RVTK 16/1: before assembling the fan to a jacket of

the plate-rib chamber.

c. Above. A design project of the prototype# 31750. Below: Industrial modifications of

adiabatic VTs D=20mm of multiple usesused at hundreds plants from 1983-1993(from left to right, in Table: # 16, 20, 17

and 15).


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.

b.

c.

According to incomplete data of only oneindustria l f ie ld (Ministry of e lectricindustry) for 1990, the number of plantsusers of VT of Project 3 exceeded 200: VTsbecame a product for any plant. In theend of 1990, Leningrad regional council

and Council of Leningrad PolytechnicInstitute nominated developer A.I. Azarov,awarding him the honorary t it le of anhonoured inventor of the USSR. By 2005,the number of plantsusers increased by afew times. Many enterprises purchased lotsof VTs many times. In order to define themain industriesusers, hundreds of plantswere considered: from 30% to 50% of theactual number of the VT users, accordingto Project 3 [15]. For instance, in SaintPetersburg, 44 plants were taken intoaccount; in Moscow 48; both in RostovonDon and in Nizhniy Novgorod 18; inYekaterinburg, Cheliabinsk, Samara 5plants in each city and so on. This amountof sampling was considered 100%.

The distr ibut ion of the plants i s thefollowing:35% engineering tools and electronicindustry, chemical and oilgas mechanicalengineering;

18% mining equipment, compressors andengineering of tools, bearing engineering,transport;18% shipbuilding, metallurgy, aluminumindustry, hydraulic engineering, hydraulicmachinery, plastic processing, polygraphy,glass production;14% aerospace industry, mechanicalenergy engineering, hel icopterproduct ion , e lectric mechanicalengineering;

1 5% confect ionary industry , breadmaking plants and others.

MODULAR MULTICHAMBERVORTEX TUBES (Project 4)

First devices for point nonmachinecooling using vortex or thermoelectriceffect appeared almost at the same time,but the technology of thermoelectric(semiconductor) cool ing developed

quicker. In order to decrease developmentand product ion costs and save t ime,

Fig. 6. Project 3. Miniature multi-chamber VTs without extensions

embedded into powerful computerequipment

a. The simplest 2-chamber VT (D=10mm)with a thickness of 18 mm with minimal

amount of parts supplied to users in thesame constructive get-up for more than

15 years (in Table: #18).

b. VT with drum arrangement of 6 vortexchambers (D=5 mm), with axial supply ofcompressed air and mufflers of cold andhot flows noise embedded into the endsof the drum (MIkrofon d42x100mm; in

Table: #9).

c. 2-body VT (D=5mm) with individualtemperature control of 16 cold flows,tubular flexible cold airways and a

flange for fixing in a cooling object (inTable, # 11).


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standard micromodules with a relativelysmall amount of semiconductor elementsare used for a lot long time. Project 4began to change to modular VT designs for

the f i rs t t ime (Fig . 7 9) . Materia lintensity of a product decreases by 2 timesand more , i f the onechamber VT ischanged to a module with 2 or 4 vortexchambers.

Aims of Project 4. To abate costs using thes implest e lements modules with adecreased number of parts and labouroutput ratio (comparing with VTs of thepast) . To suggest unified VTs with adifferent number of modules and chillproduction efficiency, properties and use.

To present any patterns of a multimodularVT, which would ex clude a need for singleprojects for numerous new tasks , toproducers and users. To give an impulse to

expanding of use of the newest VTs .Modular demands. It must be simple inproduction and have flow tracing withconsiderable noise clipping. The modulesmust be assembled in a complete productwith a screwdriver.

For the f irst t ime, modular VTs werecreated (in Table: # 2123) for a range ofcooling productivity f rom dozens of Wattsto 4.57.5 kW. They are based on two typesof multichamber vortex modules: a smallmodule 052: dimension is d44x75 mm,

Fig. 7. Project 4. A new development stage of the technology:A group of modular VTs of universal and specialized use (in Table: # 21-25 and 26-30),

Using 1 or 2 modules 052, or 1, 2 or 5 modules 102/104.

An example for comparison: A number of parts, labour-output ratio, material intensity, massand acoustic pressure of the modular VT M104, which has higher cooling productivity, are

less by 3-4 times than the ones of three modifications of VT V201 of the Project 3 working athundred plants since 1983-1993 (in Table: # 15, 16 and 20; Fig. 6c).


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.

b.

c.

.

b.

c.

Fig. 8. Project 4. Miniature VTs with 1 or

2 two-chamber vortex modules 052(from left to right):

a. VT on the support (in Table, # 22and 24): 1 module 052;

2 vectorable nozzle of cold flow;3 temperature regulator; 4 support;

5 ejector capping.

b. VT with controlled outflow velocity ofcold flow and bonding flange

(in Table, # 21).

c. 2-modular VT with vectorable nozzles

of cold flow (in Table, # 26).

Fig. 9. Project 4. VTs of universal use on thebasis of module 102/104 (from left to right):

a. VT during assembling (in Table: # 25).

b. The same, assembling is almost finished.

c. Wear capping of cold flow for module

102/104.


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two vortex chambers D=5 mm (Fig. 7, 8)and a big module 102/104: dimension isd52x144 mm, 2 or 4 vortex chambers D=10mm (Fig.7, 9).

With minimal production costs , users

obtain from 10 to 14 models andmodifications (Fig. 7):

VT of universal use (in Table, # 2125) for longterm serial production. It beganfrom the VT using the small and bigmodules (at the left, Fig. 8 and 9). Naturalselection will define which VT moduleswill be preferred, as it happened duringProject 3 promotion. VTs of specialized use (in Table, # 2630) for production in small amounts asorders for them will be obtained.

DEVELOPMENT DIRECTIONS

1. Development went from the onechamber and multichamber VTs to themodular devices. VTs were used: f ir st (P roje ct 1 ) i n tran sp ort an dagricultural machine engineering: inrefrigerators for the operators cab in

export d iesel locomotives 2TE 114,passenger diesel trains DR1, DR1A, DR1P and in KamAZ cars, grain combines,tractors, buses; then (Project 2) in chemical and oilgas machine engineering, radio electronicsand tool engineering, motor industry:during temperatureclimatic testing ofnew products; and, finally, (Projects 3, 4) in mainindustrial fields: for solution of production

technological problems of hundreds ofplantsusers.

2. Russian industry, as it is shown above,used several generations of VTs, not onegeneration (the one suggested by Fulton[3]) as foreign industry d id . Theconstruct ion getup of these severalgenerations was determined by a singleinventiondeveloper the articles author.

3. Nonadiabatic VTs for point cooling ofobjects must be made more compact. It is

necessary to change from VTs of D=38mmand D=16mm (Projects 2 , 3) to theminiature VTs of D=2.510mm(experiments with VTs up to D=1mm).

4 . Keeping a s imple and trouble free

design, it is necessary to use only simpletechnological methods in VT development.Compact VTs with a minimal amount ofparts and a quantity of vortex chambers,which is more than two [7 , 8] , arepreferable. Russian plants have been usingthe advantages of multichamber VTs formore than 15 years (Fig. 6).

5 . Instead of developing many futuredevices, the multichamber modules aresuggested (Fig. 7 9) for different typesof VTs . Mult ipoint cool ing by someminiature VTs , according to the heatemission topography at the object ismore efficient than total cooling of theobject . This is why big production of construct ional ly perfect VTs with acooling productivity of less than 0.2 0.4kW has better economic prospects thanproduct ion of VTs with a cool ingproductivity of more than 1 kW.

6. For many future applications, a changefrom nonautonomous VTs toautonomous ones which do not depend onthe presence of a pneumonet with anexcessive resource near a chilled object.The processes of air compression, coolingand expansion are to be combined in asingle vortex block along with highefficiency and compact size of a device.Creation of such a device is the mostimportant inventive aim.

GENERAL RESULTS

Project 1: For the first time in the USSR,the longterm seria l product ion of miniature VTS is realized: nonadiabatic(D=5mm) and adiabatic (D=4 mm) ones.I t i s conf irmed that VTs stably workwithout deterioration for more than 30years us ing untreated and nondriedcompressed air from the board pneumo

net. The successful use of VTs was animpulse to develop new Projects.


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TableAzarovs Vortex Tubes

# Marking Figure Maximal chilling Fields of Dimension VORTEX TUBES (VT)of vortex productivity, kW use mmtubes (see the Diameter Amount VT form VT

=0.41 =0.69 notes) of VT, of VTs mateMpascal Mpascal mm rial

Project 1: Vortex tubes embedded into a regenerative cooling device of a transport vortex refrigerator1 VT05 2, 3 0.07 10 1640170 5 1 ConeCylinder 2 VT04 3 0.06 10 52D36 4 1 Cone 3 VT06 3 0.12 10 52D36 6 1 Cone 4 VT04 3 0.03 10 52D36 4 1 Cone Project 2: Vortex tubes embedded into devices for temperatureclimatic testing of equipment5 VV0,5/ 4 0.5 0.9 9 280110110 20 1 Cylinder

1.546 VV0,5/ 4 0.9* 9 1507090 10 1+4 Cylinder

1.5257 RVTK38/2 4 3.0 6.0 9 800300500 38 2 ConeCylinder 8 RVTK38/4 4 6.0 12.0 9 800600500 38 4 ConeCylinder Project 3: Vortex tubes of multiple use, 1chamber and multichamber9 S056 6 0.15 0.3 1, 2, 8 100D42 5 6 Cylinder 10 V058 0.2 0.4 1, 5 1006035 5 8 ConeCylinder 11 V058.2 6 0.35 0.7 1, 4 1006075 5 16 ConeCylinder 12 V072 0.1 0.2 8 1305018 7 2 Cylinder P13 RVTK16/1 5 0.6 0.9 1 260180160 16 1 ConeCylinder 14 VV0.5/ 5 0.5 0.9 1, 3, 4, 9 28011080 20 1 Cylinder

1.5415 VVP20 5 0.5 0.8 1, 2 3508070 20 1 ConeCylinder P16 VVP20/1 5 0.5 0.9 1, 2 3608070 20 1 ConeCylinder P17 VVP20 5 0.6 1.1 6 3106060 20 1 Cone P18 VVP10/2 6 0.3 0.5 1 2708018 10 2 ConeCylinder P19 V102 6 0.3 0.5 1, 2, 5 2758020 10 2 ConeCylinder P20 V201 5 0.7 1.1 1, 2, 5, 6 3908070 20 1 ConeCylinder P

NEWEST LEVEL OF THE VORTEX TECHNOLOGYPROJECT 4: Multichamber modular vortex tubes of multiple usea) Vortex tubes of universal use containing a vortex module 052 or 102

21 M052 7, 8 0.1 0.2 18 925648 5 2 Cylinder P22 M052 7, 8 0.1 0.2 18 1155642 5 2 Cylinder P23 M052 7 0.1 0.2 18 1055642 5 2 Cylinder P24 M052D 7, 8 0.1 0.2 18 1255642 5 2 Cylinder P25 M102 7, 9 0.45 0.75 18 2206060 10 2 ConeCylinder P

b) Vortex tubes of the specialized use containing 1, 2 or 5 vortex modules26 M052.2 7, 8 0.2 0.4 5, 8 15011570 5 4 Cylinder P27 M102.2 7 0.9 1.5 2, 3, 7 505150140 10 4 ConeCylinder P28 M104 7 0.9 1.5 3, 5, 6 2906060 10 4 ConeCylinder P29 M104.2 7 1.8 3.0 2, 3, 7 530150140 10 8 ConeCylinder P30 M104.5 7 4.5 7.5 2, 3 37070170 10 20 ConeCylinder P

Notes: Allowed excessive pressure of compressed air at the VTs inlet P

c= (0.11.0) MPascal;

recommended (working) pressure Pc

= (0.20.7) MPascal; economical pressure Pc

= (0.10.5)MPascal. A temperature of cold flow out of VT is from 290K to 250230 (220)K depending onthe position of the VT operation mode regulator and compressed air pressure. * under pressureof compressed air P

c= 2.5 MPascal at the inlet to twostage VT. M is metal, P is polymeric

material. Fields of use: 1 mechanical engineering technologies, tools engineering, industrialelectronics: creation of cold zones on the surface or in the volume of a tool and/or material;cooling of control units of program machines, automatic lines, robotized units, noman productions;

2 hot and noxious productions: air curtains in working zones of painting chambers, forges,galvanic and metallurgy productions; deep mines: ventilation of deadends; 3 foundry: cooling


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ofsand in devices with quickly hardening mixtures: storage of agricultural products: cooling ofgrain and dispersed products in temporary storehouses: 4 furniture industry: blowing of coldair in a milling zone during facing slab production and in a zone of lacquer loading in lacquerloading machines; 5 selfpropelled equipment for hot climate: cooling of working zones in cranecabins, in drillers vans etc.; 6 production of sheet materials: inflating of polyethylene film bycold flow; cooling of sheet rubber; glass production: inertialess creation of cold zones; 7

transportation and storage of fruits and vegetables; 8 food productions; transport, miningengineering; 9 test devices; 10 portable transport refrigerators, chillers of drinking water andmany others.

Project 2: For the first time, adiabatic VTswith onestage (D=20mm) and twostage(D=10mm) expansion of compressed airare used for production testing. Theyef fect ively subst ituted ammoniarefr igerat ing systems of foreign

production. Nonadiabatic multichamberVTs of the new kind are used: with the ribchamber (D=38mm) in the form of apackage of plates alternating with the ringgaskets.

Project 3 : Appearance of compet ingsuppliers of VTs for hundreds of plantsusers was init iated; the largest plants(GAZ, KamAZ) bought VT lots for manytimes. Statistically important informationon VT users was obtained [15]: point

cool ing without use of the s tandardrefrigeration equipment is used in manyfie lds . In order to change to the newtechnological level (Project 4) , theindustrial preferences are defined.

Project 4: The first in the world multichamber VTs are used by food industryplants. They have a better combination ofproperties and will take a leading positionpress ing the class ical VT (part 2) .Production of VTs using the small andbig modules has begun. Along with thegrowth of a suppliers amount, a contestenvironment will be formed.

Note: VTs of singlepurpose use werenot considered in the article [7, 1618].

Part 2. Industrial use

Vortex tubes do not use greenhouse gasesand can replace standard refrigeratingequipment in well grounded cases: in caseswhen its use i s imposs ible due tooperational, dimensional, cost or ecologicallimitations. VTs are used in industry (seethe Table in Part 1) but are not presented

in the l iterature as devices of quicklywidening use yet.

Meeting this lack, we will consider someexamples of VTs use when: appearance of a point vortex coolinggenerator gives obvious advantages, whichdo not require additional basing, to arefrigerating system of an object; advantages of VT introduction into therefrigerating system are not obvious and

it i s necessary to compare compet ing

technological solutions (for instance, innew appl icat ion f ie lds opened bydevelopment of the newest technologicaldevices) to discover them.

First, we will introduce a simple method[1] of choice of a preferable refrigeratinggenerator (among numerous avai lableones) based on a so called qualimetricevaluation of a technological solution [2].It can be used at any stage:

during development of a refrigeratingsystem of an object taking into accountspecified operational conditions; during development of the industrialproduction; during processing of the longtern use

results.


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Choice of a VORTEX TUBE accordingto a combination of technological and

performance characteristics

Setting operational conditions and a fieldof use, it is necessary to quickly evaluate

applicability or impropriety of VT (airchi l ler) in comparison with s tandardequipment for objects cooling. Choosinga preferable solution, the characteristicswhich are important for a producer and auser will be taken into account in theirtotal ity [1] . An object ive choice isposs ible , according to a value of anintegral index of qual ity K of arefrigerating system. In a general case, Kis a ratio of a whole obtained result R to allcosts S.

We will take that the whole result (R) forthe a ircool ing system (technologicalconditioning) is a used part of its exergycooling productivity and all costs (S) is avalue of production and operational costsof the system. This approach a l lowsshowing an influence of the technologicaland operational factors on the result R andon the costs S (per year or a devices life):discovering a dependency of the integral

index of quality Ks value upon them. Ksdimensional ity is kWhour/rouble (orkWhour/US dollar):

K = = ,R

S U x f(t) x p + (W x A x b) x c

(a x h x Q) x A x b x (1 )nm

where f(t) = ,E x (1+E)t1

(1E)t 1

of cooling productivity used for takingaway heat from a product, a cooled object;Q is exergy cool ing product ivity of acooling generator, a cooling system, an airconditioning system, kW; U is costs for theindustrial production of a cooling system,

roubles, US dollars; c is electric energycost, roubles/kWhour (USD/kW xh); W isenergy costs per pour, kW/hour; m isaverage errorfree running time, hour; n isaverage loss of a cooling systems workingtime per a repair, hour; p is a coefficient ofthe U costs increase due to repairs.

A cool ing generator (refr igerat ingsystem) with the highest K is preferablefor the specified conditions. Choosing thebest refr igerat ing system, thus , acombination of the characteristics is used,not single characteristics of competingtechnological solutions . All importantcharacteris t ics are included into thiscombination: the operational (a, b, m, n, t,h, Q, W) and technological (U, p ) ones.The method was f irst used for basing,development and production mastering ofthe first serial vortex refrigerators andvortex tubes for them.

An example of choosing by the qualimetricevaluation method: let us change a vaporcompression air conditioner to a vortex aircooler (VT) in a refrigerating system of aprocessor cabinet used under theenvironmental air temperature from 35Cto 42C for a long time. If there is a pneumosystem with an excessive resource near theVT, such a change leads to an increase ofthe integral qual ity index of therefrigerating system by 1.2 2.9 times.

Hence, the change is advisable under thementioned conditions.

Cooling of industrial electronics

As a duty of the refrigerating system, VTsupplements an embedded ventilationsystem and turns on automatically ormanually, when overheat can occur inelectronic control units under hightemperatures of the environmental air (due

to a lack of a regular ventilation heating ofcabinets under high air temperatures). VT

here: f(t) is a function of the reducing ofthe costs to a united time point; E is anormative coef f ic ient of capita linvestments e f f ic iency(E 0,2); t is VTs life, years; A is a yeart ime reserve ; A = 8640 hours ; b i s aworking t ime coef f ic ient ; h i s atemperature dynamic coefficient, i.e. a partof working time without a time when acooling system is reaching the operationaltemperature; a is an effective (actual) part


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is used for this in different fields. Let usconsider some examples (Fig. 1, 2):

Example 1. An automatic line Renault2(210 equipment units united in a nomantechnological chain for processing of 54

cyl inder head models for automobileengines) was instal led at ZavolzhskyMotor Plant. During the summer months,stoppages, spoilages, tool breakages began time losses due to overheats in cabinetsof the lines electronic control. Summerindoor temperature exceeds 3540C; thereis no central conditioning system.

Unstable operation of the automatic lineduring the hot season caused a threat ofthe year production plans wrecking inadjacent enterprises of the industry. InDecember 1984, television of Gorky city(and television of other regions) showed afilm about production use of the inventiongroup Azarovs vortex tubes for testequipment, transport refrigerators, heatprotection equipment etc.

The USSR Ministry of automobileproduction immediately sent a petition foremergency scientific and technological

help to the plant, according to a communityagreement. The same day, the developergave representatives of the plant a VTprototype, its working drafts and a userinstruction.

(Note: VT has been developed for heatprotection clothing used during repair ofenergy and metallurgy objects. Theywere use only in this field. Its availabilityfor cooling of electronic control cabinets

had to be defined but the emergencypetition of the Ministry gave no time tosearch or develop an a lternativesolution).

ZMP produced first doze ns of VTs (p.1, inTable: #14) for its needs (and need of others imilar p lants which faced the sameproblem of summer overheats of theirelectronics). In January 1985, 17 VTs wereinstalled in all control cabinets of the line.

Due to remoteness of the plant andemergency of the work, production and

launching of the VTs in this case (unlikemany others, see below) was carried out bythe plants forces only, without help o f thedeveloper.

But it only made the result obtained by the

plant, which knew about the industrial useof VT from the televis ion f i lm, moreconvincing: the lines operation becamestable, stoppages and spoilages caused byoverheat of the electronics disappeared;annual capacity of Renault2 increasedby 12.6% that was equal to additionaloperation of the line during 1.5 months ayear. (There were no losses due to spoilageand change of chip cards).

In this case, complete use of cold producedby VTs was practically 100%. The airconditioning system in a huge shop (with asquare of 0.2 hectares) would have beenmore powerconsuming by hundreds timesand more expensive by thousands times,according to the amount of initial capitalinvestments.

In order to compensate the sum of all heatemiss ions in the shop ( from electricmotors , insolat ion etc .) , cool ing

product ivity of the a ir condit ioningsystem must be hundreds times more thanthe one which 17 VTs can create for pointcooling of the electronic units. Thus, VTssolve the problem of maintenance of acomplicated technological systems stableoperation and, during hot periods, they actas a multipoint duty cooling systemsupplementing the regular cabinets ventilation cooling system.

Example 2. The use of VT consistentlywidens at baker and confectioner factories(in Table: # 15, 16, 20; Fig. 2) for coolingof processors which control factories compress ion refr igerat ing machines .Processor cabinets operate in rooms withhigh temperature, where a system of totalair conditioning is unavailable due toenergy and economical l imitat ions .Specialists of these factories consider VTsas reliable and the most available solution

of the problem of troublefree electronicsoperation maintenance.


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1

4

2 5

6

3

8

7

.

b.

Example 3. A big automatic l ine forcardboard production made by specialistsof the USA, Germany and the USSR in

Leningrad region.

Air moisture is up to 90% and processammonia concentration is high in a shop.Due to the overheat ing of e lectroniccontrol units, the lines operation wasunstable : regular compress ion a irconditioners Mesurex, USA, (embeddedinto processor cabinets) stopped working.Heat failures of this complex technologicalsystem were impossible more than 15 years

ago by a s imple change of f reonconditioners to the same amount of VTs (inTable: #13). The change has been carriedout by the factory a fter gett ingconsultation of the VT developer.

The users expressed a desire to introduceVTs into the system of cabinets cooling asa main or additional tool for cooling ofelectronics at the following lines.

Example 4. Electronic control units atmain production lines of KamAZ motor

plant were supplemented by coolers (inTable: #19) and, in 2 months, 9 KamAZplants stated their need for 3,162 vortexcoolers.

Example 5. At a Moscow plant AZLK, in1980s , some VTs were instal led intoprocessor cabinets of program machines(in Table: # 15, 16) in order to excludeoverheating. According to the obtainedresult, the plant evaluated its need as aneed for 3,000 VTs of this type (aftermodernization of the plants pneumo net).

Example 6. An abstract from a letter of

Energomekhanichesky zavod plant schief engineer, E.N. Turchin (# 726 from

Fig. 1. A scheme of electronic cabinetcooling with VT(regular cabinet ventilators

are not shown)

1 a pneumo net of the plant, 2 acollector- entrainment separator, 3 an

electric pneumatic valve (open-close), 4 a temperature sensor, 5 V201, M102 VTmodels; 6 drainage of hot flow out of the

shops, 7 cold perforated airways inheat-intensive cabinet zones, 8 chip cards

zones of local microclimate.

Fig. 2. Industrial electronics cooling at foodindustry enterprises

a. Vortex air cooler V201 (project 3) in a

microprocessor cabinet of a big refrigeratingdevice for a chamber of low-temperature

storage of semi-prepared foods.

b. A vortex air cooling system of amicroprocessor cabinet is introduced to a

foreign guest.


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17 .06.2003): Vortex coolers VVP20/1are installed at posts of CNC machines andalso at industria l e lectronic unitsFANUK (produced in Japan) and havebeen used continuously since 1995 to thepresent time providing for the necessary

cooling of the mentioned objects. We haveno claims concerning the use of the vortexcoolers.

VORTEX TUBES in food industry

The food industry is a largescale user ofdifferent air coolers and heaters. The VTuse continuously widens here for coolingof electronic control units (Fig. 1, 2). Theyare also directly used in food productsproduction methods (Fig. 3 and 4).

Example 7. Blowing of cold air flow froma VT to the drums technological zonedecreases duration of the icing applicationprocess (Fig. 3) . This was practicallyconfirmed by specialists of some SaintPetersburg and Moscow confectioneries.

Example 8. Caramel , which waspreliminarily cooled on a production line(by a s tat ionary cool ing machine) , i s

additionally cooled during hot seasons byVTs (Fig. 4). This makes it easier to dividecaramel and improves the products qual ity.

VORTEX TUBES at selfpoweredequipment

Example 9. In cabins of excavators atcomplex ore mines, a pack of VTs is used.They cool the operators working zone. Atthe same t ime, cabin pressurizat ion

preventing harmful complex ore dust intothe cabin is carried out (Fig. 6).

Examples considered above show thatdeterminative criteria during the choosingof a cold a ir source are part icularperformance attr ibutes of VT:compactness and inertialess operation(Fig. 14) ; a wide range of cold f lowtemperatures (Fig. 5); an ability to createexcessive pressure in a relatively close

volume along with its cooling the socalled cabin pressurization (Fig. 6).

There are a lot of fields where VT can beused if only an oilfree compressor with asmall reduction degree and the necessaryefficiency is used for its supply (Fig. 7, 8).

Advantages of the cooling system with VTs

are not obvious: it is necessary to carry outan analysis taking into account the mostimportant (or a l l) technological orperformance characteristics, for example,on the basis of the method of qualimetriccomparison of competing technologicalsolutions, which has been shown in thebeginning in the article.

The VT use in cooling systems, accordingto Fig . 7 and 8 , under experimentalindustrial conditions, are not examined buttheir competitive ability mainly dependsnot only on VT but also on characteristicsof other important cool ing systemelements: pos. 13 (Fig. 7) and pos. 14(Fig. 8). In these cases, introduction of VTinto air cooling system of an object can beeas i ly substant iated for especia l lystringent terms of the system use whichcondition:

n on op er ab il it y o f th e al te rn at iv e

vapor compress ion refr igerat ingequipment under extremely hightemperatures and vibrations at an object,for instance, when search teams work indeserts (Fig. 7); complete absence of maintenance of the vapor compress ion refr igerat ingequipment and impossibility to refill it byfreon, for example, during episodic transferof agricultural products by farmers fromunderpopulated mountain regions to

cities (Fig. 8).

VORTEX DEVICES for machineengineering technology

Example 10. We will consider only one VTuse in the machine engineering technology[3] though different uses are available(Fig. 9).

If a chamber for lowtemperature influence

on a material or a product i s used rarely, itmakes no sense to buy an expensive low


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.

b.

1

2

3

4

5

temperature cool ing machine withexacting maintenance requirements. Inthis case, it is enough to use VTs assembledaccording to a scheme, which a l lowsutilizing a part of cooling productivity

which was not used directly in the lowtemperature chamber.

Microcoolers for tool engineeringindustry

According to a thoroughly d iscussedstrategy of machine engineeringdevelopment to 2010, tool engineeringplays the leading role: development of itsexport oriented potential was planned;possibilities to increase program machinessupply to India, Africas countries andother regions with hot climate and strictrequirements to e f f ic iency of cool ingvent i lat ion system for control microprocessors (and a niche for VT use duringmultipoint cooling of the most importantcabinet zones) was evaluated. VT givesheat reliability to mechanical processingequipment with minimal costs , makesoperat ion of a machine ( l ine , unit)independent on the environmental

temperature changes , and improves

Fig. 3. At confectioneries, VTs increasethe process of icing application on nuts,

raisins and other dispersed stuff inrotating drums by 3-4 times

a. Drums at icing application shop.

b. In order to cool a product locally, anoperator inserts a VT (M102, M104) fixed

on a turning post and connected to asource of compressed air a factoryspneumo net. There is a cone perforatedflared end for cooling flow supply onto aproduct in the drum at the cold air outlet

of the VT.

Fig. 4. During hot summer, caramel ispreliminarily cooled at the confectionery

before its division:

1 and 5 pneumo net elements, 2 avortex cooler (M052V, M052C,

M102,V201), 3 a hot air flow tap, 4 ajacket-airway with a notched outlet

above the production line(after a regular refrigerating machine-

air cooler).


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performance attr ibutes of complextechnological systems.

Vortex coolers, thus, would widen exportposs ibi l i t ies of expens ive equipmentwithout ra is ing i t s price . A cool ing

ventilation system supplemented by one ora few vortex microcoolers in heatintensive zones of the processor cabinet isuseful not only as an export product.Summer becomes hotter in a considerablepart of Russia (while there are no airconditioning systems in most productionshops). A need for microcoolers for toolengineering ( in the country and forexport) , according to the cons idereddevelopments strategy, by a minimalevaluation, is about 20,000 items a year andit can greatly increase to 2010.

A big machinetool plant or a supplier ofmicroprocessor cabinets can be aproducer : an enterprise with wideproduction connections in its field andestablished export connections. First lotsof the modular VTs (M052A, V, C, D) canbe used by the producer in its shops andthen supplied by the producer to the usersin adjusting fields. The following lots of

VTs will be embedded into products; forexample, into the microprocessor cabinetssupplied to the users in the frame of theestablished production connections toRuss ia , Byeloruss ia , Kazakhstan , andUkraine (al l these countries have

Fig. 6. In order to improve workingconditions in cabins of power and pneumoprovided excavators at complex ore mines,

a unit from two or four VTs of VVP-20/1model is used. They carry out cabin

pressurization and air cooling-heating in theworking zone: a powerful excavator at Ust-Talovka mine.

Fig. 7. Multi-point cooling of cabin 7 orcabin 8 of a self-powered object used underextreme temperature conditions (in deserts

and other hot regions):

1, 2, 3 a system of compressed airpreparation, 4, 5 VTs in the cabins

(M052A, V, C, D or M102), 6 routing of

compressed air, 9 hot air drainage.

Fig. 8. Cooling of automobile fruit carrierschamber to +12C+3C:

1, 2, 3, 4 a diesel-generator, an electriccompressor, a radiator, a compressed air

dryer, 5 hot air drainage, 6 VTs of M102,

M104, M102.2, or M104.2 models.


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developed tool engineering). Then allmodels of the modular VTs of universal usewill be used for widening export. At thattime, the plantsproducers will also haveorders for the modular VTs of particularuse.

Other uses

Fig. 10 shows a possibility to use VTs forcooling of: a gr i cu lt ur al p ro du ct s te mp or a ri lystored in boxes (when a specialized coolingequipment is absent but there is a pneumonet around); deadends in mines and tunnels duringdrifting in hot regions; working zones of repairmen, welders ,painters , during f i t t ingout of a ship ;during works in tank ships tanks (wheretank shell temperature can exceed 60C).

Conclusion

1. The Russian industry has longtermexperience of successful VT use in differentfields: in air curtains at fixed working places

in metal lurgy, galvanic and tannin gindustries, painting chambers; in electronic units cooling systems incontrol systems; d ur in g i ci ng ap pl ic at io n o nt oconfect ionery products in drums and

during caramel division (split); in portable transport refrigerators fora cabin; in chambers for temperatureclimatictesting of products; in the furniture industry, during highspeed appl icat ion of a glue s tr ip andlacquerloading machines operation; in cabins of a mountain combine; a selfpowered object used under extremeconditions; a charging crane in metallurgy;an excavator; i n sh ip bu il di ng a nd do ck ya rd s f orimprovement of working conditions in asmall room; i n r o om s f o r s ho r t te r m s to r ag e o f agricultural products, in boxes and others.

2. With minimal time and costs, the use ofVTs gives largescale economical andecological results. Reducing atmosphericemissions of greenhouse gases from thestandard refrigerating equipment, it is

necessary to consider VT as a device withhigh development potential which is notdiscovered yet. For example: mul ti p oin t v orte x cool in g o f h ea tintensive objects in well grounded casesmakes it unnecessary to build an expensive

Fig. 9. A regenerative-cascade schemeof the low-temperature chambers aircooling 10 for cold detail hardening

rarely used in the machine engineeringtechnology

1, 2, 3, 4, 7 a system of compressedair preparation; 5, 6 VT models M102,

V201 (first and second cascades); 8, 9 counterflow recuperative heat-

exchangers.

Fig. 10. Cold air ventilation of tunnelsand dead-ends in deep mines and also

temporary store houses, in case there isno standard refrigerating equipment:

1 VTs of model M102, M104, M104A,M102.2, M104.2, and M104.5; 2 a

mines (or store houses) pneumo net; 3

hot air drainage.
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