new energy technologies issue 22

1New Energy Technologies #4(23) 2005

Magazine

• A role of alternative energy in the development of Russia, A. V. Frolov, Russia 2• The invention of the atomic hydrogen furnace, W. R. Lyne, USA 3• Vortex tubes in the innovation process, A. I. Azarov, Russia 11• Artificial tornado, A. I. Azarov, Russia 34• Vortex fuel less power engineering, A. V. Frolov, Russia 38• Gravity�inertial engine, A. Chernogorov, Ukraine 40• Diagravitic effect, W. S. Alek, USA 42• Kure Tekko motor 43• The lessons of history of the law of energy degradation, Yu.I.Volodko, Russia 44• Needle electrodes, A. V. Frolov, Russia 48• Mini heat power plants, Yu.S.Potapov, I. G. Kalachev, Russia 50• The law of electric circuit, Ph. M. Kanarev, Russia 58• Welcome financing, Ph. M. Kanarev, Russia 62• Permanent magnet motor, S. Kundel, USA 66• Thomas Bearden’s principle 67• Influence of aether density on the rate of existence of matter, A.V.Frolov, Russia 69• Vortex heat generators produced by AKOIL company 72• Honda’s more powerful fuel cell concept with home hydrogen refueling 74• Autothermia, E. I. Andreyev, Russia 77• The last issue of the “New Energy Technologies” magazine. Review 86

Information reported in New Energy Technologies magazine is not necessary endorsed by the publisher or staff.In many cases information received cannot be verified, though we try to report the news as accurately as possible.

Scientific news on advanced propulsion systems for aerospace industry and new energy technologies

Issue #4 (23) 2005

Publisher: Faraday Lab Ltd

Editor�in�Chief Alexander V. Frolov, Scientific Advisor Kirill P. Butusov,Technical Editor Svetlana A. Schlenchak, Translator Elena N. Artemieva

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New Energy Technologies

CONTENTS

Please note that publications in 2006 are not planned.

2 New Energy Technologies #4(23) 2005

Previously, many thoughts have beenexpressed about the special position ofRussia in the world economic system,which is determined by a number ofobjective factors, for example, by the roughRussian climate. In the famous book “WhyRussia i s not America” , i ts author,A.P. Parshev, shows in detail that there willbe no foreign investments into Russianproduction because development of anyproduction in Russia is not competitive,due to comparatively big costs ofconstruction and energy carriers . It isobvious that, in the modern world, capitalcan be eas i ly moved to places whereproduction expenses are minimal andeconomic ef f ic iency is maximal .For example, Parshev showed that theprime cost of oil production is less by a fewtimes in Kuwait than in Russia, though wehave oil. We have oil in Siberia, but it iseasier to produce wood in area of Amazon,which is never covered with ice. Coal isproduced by open�cut method in Australiaand so on. Discussing prospects of domesticeconomy, it is possible to suppose that, ifRussia wi l l enter the world economicsystem, no prof itable productionswill be left there and its economy will bedestroyed. Parshev sees the solution in fullisolation of the Russian market from theinternational one and in prohibition toexport capital, i.e. everything, which is usedfor production.

Such a course of events, in my opinion, isalready impossible and inadvisable, if theaim is development of Russia, i .e.strengthening of economics, defensivecapacity and improvement of l iv ingstandards. Let us find another solution.

Imagine that commercial izat ion ofalternative energy has been carried outand Russian producers can freely purchaseno�fuel electric power stations producedcommercially by factories. Let us supposethat costs of such systems will be equal tomodern diesel power stations, i.e. about500 US dollars per one kW of the startuppower. Thus, a small production can buyits own electric power station with a powerof 200 kW for about 100,000 US dollars.The station’s resource is limited becausedeteriorat ion of i ts mechanical partsoccurs. It is possible to admit that thestation will not have to be changed orthoroughly repaired for 10 years .According to the formula, we obtain aprime cost of energy produced by thisstation: we divide 100,000 $ by 10 years,which is operational costs of about 1 dollarper hour. With a full load of 200 kW, weobtain a prime cost of a kW/hour of thiselectric power station equal to 0.5 cents,without taking into account personnelexpenses and other operational costs. Ofcourse , the station can work withoutrepairs for more than 10 years and realprime cost will be even less.

Another advantage of the use ofalternative energy is its autonomy. Energycan be produced right where it is used.Transmission facilities are not necessary,which lowers its cost, too.

A question about competit ion on themarket appears . Do workers of o i lproduction and other companies have areason to worry about fuel energy? Theydo have a ground to think seriously, butthe reason is not new technologies. It is

A role of alternative energy in thedevelopment of Russia

Alexander V. FrolovFaraday Lab Ltd., Lev Tolstoy str., 7, Saint Petersburg, Russia, 197376

[email protected], [email protected](812)993-2501, 7(812)380-3844


From: William LyneTo: Alexander Frolov

Dear Alexander,

I am glad to hear from you. I think yourpublication is very valuable for the futureof mankind. I see that there is a lot ofcreativity blossoming in Russia among itsmany talented scientists.

As I state in my last book, Occult ScienceDictatorship, the plans for the Lyne Atomic

Hydrogen Furnace were plagiarized andcopied "verbatim" by a company called DWEnergy Research, LLC, of Colorado Springs,Colorado in U.S. patent #6,113,065, called"Liquid Gasification Process", claiming anenergy amplification of 1.9. This fact waspublished in Infinite Energy magazine, Vol.7 , I ssue 38, 2001. This patent wouldprobably be invalid since an inventor mustswear an oath that they have no knowledgeof the invention from anyone else prior toappl icat ion. This was , l ike the idea of"Moller", copied from my book. The chapterfrom my book was also plagiarized by a Dr.Hans Petermann who lives in Palm Springs,Cal ifornia . He removed my name andinserted his on my furnace design andpresented it to several California cities as asolution to the "energy crunch". Petermannhad actually stolen a copy of my manuscriptfrom my house prior to publication alongwith an original illustration which I had todo over.

The idea may be too far ahead of its time inthis country. There is so much dishonestywith the oil corporations which have toomuch inf luence on the sc ience and

MY INVENTION OF THE ATOMICHYDROGEN FURNACE

William R. [email protected]

William R. Lyne

the fact that prime cost of oil increaseswhile its resources come to their end. Inthe future , o i l wi l l be used only forproduction of plastic and other syntheticmaterials, not as fuel. But demand for theproducts of oil processing will not decreasesoon. Even after wide introduction ofalternative energy, such as, for example, fullchange of atomic, gas, coal and other fuelelectric power stations to systems of newgeneration, which will happen in about 50years, owners of cars will still form a bigmarket though growth of petrol costsmakes transport developers think about

alternative engines. In their initial state ofintroduction, new alternative energytechnologies can compete only withproducers of diesel power stations, becauseusers of these products will obviouslyprefer independence on fuel supply, even ifthe cost of the new stations will be higherthan the cost of diesel ones.

So, taking into account special features ofnational economy based on oil export,development and wide introduction ofalternative energy is fundamentally, vitallyimportant for Russia.


development here. I fear that the same kindof bad influence may develop in Russia asthe petroleum resources are exported andbecome more important to the economy. Theoi l companies do not want any ser iouscompetition for energy needs until the oilresources are reduced to the point of nolonger being feasible. Here in America wehave more petroleum and gas than we willever use. The Rockefeller interests haveobtained suppress ion of domest icproduction of these resources so that theycan continue to exercise their monopoly inoil imports. These same interests have beenthe main s tumbl ing b lock to Russ ia 'sexploi tat ion of i t s mass ive petro leumresources, which are probably greater thananywhere in the world. I believe the war inIraq was specifically initiated by GeorgeBush to cut off the deal which Russia hadwith Iraq.

Moller simply expanded on the informationon Langmuir, but the facts remain thatLangmuir d id not invent the AtomicHydrogen Furnace, I did. Langmuir did notconceive the "circuitous" process using thesame hydrogen, over and over, I did. AndLangmuir did not conceive of the process asbeing over�unity. I did. And I made all this"public domain", not Moller, although thatdoes not mean that Moller was entitled toplagiarize my book and design as he did. Thefurnace should be labeled the "Lyne AtomicHydrogen Furnace". Moller says this is notimportant, so why does he not remove hisname and place mine where it belongs? Doeshe be l ieve in the theft of inte l lectualproperty?

I couldn't help but notice that Moller isconnected to Naudin who is apparentlyconnected to Jacques Valee. Valee has amotive for creating problems for me. Hethreatened to sue me for calling him a CIAasset and the truth is, there is no way hecould not be a CIA asset since the UFOproject he worked for � Project Blue Book �was a CIA project.

My anger with Moller aside, I would like tosee the article from 2001 on the RussianAcademy of Science discovery which was

announced in Ju ly , 2001. Thisannouncement seemed to be eclipsed by the9/11 attack a little over a month later. I havewondered even if the attack was not for thepurpose of obliterating this discovery. I havealso expected the petroleum interests inRussia to suppress the discovery so I don'texpect to hear about it ever again. I had asimilar design which was stolen from myhouse in 1978, along with the plans for apatent application for a new type industrialprocess and solarvoltaic cell, the applicationof patent application being filed 10 daysafter the theft. They did not patent the partof my design which involved the use of puresilica sand, mixed with dopants, sprinkledon an electrically conductive surface andsintered with microwaves, but the patent didinc lude the addit ion of dopants withhydrofluoric acid vapor in a microwavechamber in a vacuum. The process workedvery wel l , increased the eff ic iency ofsolarvoltaic cells from about 12�14% to25%. The patent was purchased byARCO and i s a leading technology insolarvoltaics.

The invention announced by the RussianAcademy of Sciences, Volgograd, was verys imi lar so maybe I was real ly ontosomething. At that time, I had some miningclaims which had silica sand which is 97%pure, the 3% "impurities" being grains ofprecious metal which could be removed bymerely washing the sand with water . Idisposed of those claims because there weretoo many cr iminals coming from al ldirections who believed that I had a "goldmine". I was afraid that the criminals wouldmurder me and they actually tried.

I may get further interested in the AHprocess and develop something. There areseveral alternate ways to produce the AHas I listed in my book.

I'm looking forward to receiving your CD.The one copy of New Energy Technologieswhich I have i s fu l l of interest ingpossibilities although it has usually been mymethod to pursue things which occurred tomy own mind. Naturally, there are manycross�over technologies which are very


interest ing . I usual ly get my ideas byreading about certain processes and theideas of new applications naturally aresuggested in my mind. I often see freeenergy processes hidden in certain chemicalprocesses, for example, which seem to haveevaded those who have written about them.

All the best,William Lyne

I first learned of the atomic hydrogenwelding process in a 1963 industr ia lprocesses class at Sam Houston StateUniversity, Huntsville, Texas. The processwas based on the 1912 discovery by IrvingLangmuir of atomic hydrogen dissociationand recombination, fo l lowed by hisinvention of the atomic hydrogenblowtorch. This welding process wasalready considered obsolete by 1963. Itstruck me that this valuable process hadbecome neglected for no good reason and Iimmediately considered its feasibility fora type of furnace.

Around 1976 I found that the blowtorchhad been used by German preciousmetals refiners to reduce platinum metalscompounds to the metallic state using acopper crucible which was cooled withwater from the bottom. While this kept thecopper crucible from melting (ca. 3500K),it a lso occurred to me that a lot of water was being heated, reinforcing myfurnace idea. I also conceived of using thesame hydrogen “circuitously”—over andover—since it was unnecessary to combustthe hydrogen to produce the heat . Infact, the complete exclusion of oxygen isideal for the dissociation process. Wateror other heat exchange fluid could preventmelt ing of the reaction chamber andcarry the heat away as produced andused to perform useful work, especiallyheating.Contrary to what Irving Langmuir and therelativists said, I intuitively sensed thatmore energy was produced by the processthan was required to dissociate thehydrogen. Langmuir believed that all heatproduced was absorbed by the hydrogenduring dissociation, while I believe that

most of the heat is converted from radiantenergy in space.

My conception was based partly on the factthat the total wattage required to run anatomic hydrogen welder appeared to beless than that required to run a comparablearc welder for similar jobs. While some ofthis reduction in electrical consumptioncould be attributed to the heat being moreconcentrated, I didn’t believe that this wasenough to account for such a significantdrop in electrical consumption. After all, aconventional welding arc is not widelydispersed either. The same kind of reductionis found with related plasma arc welders.

I also reasoned that, if it is true that theenergy from combusted hydrogenproduced by electrolysis is equal to theenergy required to e lectrolyze i t—asLangmuir and the relativists insisted—then the heat of recombined atomichydrogen produced directly by hydrolysisis 100% “free energy”, especially since thehydrogen can subsequently be combustedin air to recover the energy of hydrolysis.

Information obtained in my research(OCCULT ETHER PHYSICS, ChapterVI, Free Energy Massacre: The AtomicHydrogen Process , 1996, Wm. Lyne,Creatopia Productions) indicated that theheat produced (109 kcal/gram mole) was1058 times as great as the heat required todissociate diatomic hydrogen (103 cal/gram mole) as stated in the NortonEncyclopedia of Science, 1976, 5th Ed.

In 1981, I built and tested an atomichydrogen blowtorch. Initially I producedhydrogen from hydrolysis but later renteda cylinder of compressed hydrogen to testmy torch and to perform somemetallurgical experiments.

In 1996, I completed the design for theLyne Atomic Hydrogen Furnace. In 1997,the first edition of Occult Ether Physicswas issued. Some mathematical errors inthe first edition were corrected with aninserted “errata” page and in 1998 thesecond edition corrected these errors.


In 1999, I received an order from a GreekAddress for a copy of Occult Ether Physicsfrom a Nikolas Moller who resided inCyprus . I was astounded in 2001 todiscover that Moller had plagiarized andlooted my furnace design and Chapter VIand claimed it was “his”. He called it the“Moller Atomic Hydrogen Generator”using my original design verbatim. He hadmerely removed my name and expanded onwhat I had said about Langmuir—withoutany significant difference—yet deletedmany important points that I had made, yetin many places used my words verbatim.Langmuir did not invent the atomichydrogen furnace, I did. I was also first toconceive of the process as “over unity” andto use the hydrogen “circuitously”.

While there are many instances in thisworld where dishonest people steal theideas of others and claim them as their own,to build themselves up to be somethingthey are not, I was amazed that Molleractually believed that he could get awaywith it without being exposed as the fraudhe is . He apparently has succeeded infooling a number of unsuspecting andgullible people and in depriving me of thecredit which is all mine. Moller is the kindof criminal which we here in America call a“con�artist”.

I am both an inventor and a creatologist.It is my belief that the most importantattr ibutes of a creat ive inventor arecourage , independence , or iginal ity,stubbornness and an incl ination tochal lenge exist ing standard acceptedtheories. An idea thief inherently lacksthese attr ibutes and cannot inventanything but mayhem. As we may viewNikolas Moller’s future, it is probable thatanything e lse he may cla im to have“invented” has been stolen from others.In Occult Ether Physics I placed myatomic hydrogen furnace design directlyinto the public domain for free use anddevelopment , but nowhere did I g ivepermission for others to claim credit fororiginating my ideas, concepts, writings,discoveries or inventions. Improvements,if any, on my furnace should have such titles

as “Improvements on the Lyne AtomicHydrogen Furnace”.

U.S. patent laws are to carry out thepurpose stated in our constitution totransfer technology from inventors to thepublic. A patent protection is extended toinduce this process . I s idestepped thepatent process and gave my work directlyto the world to speed up the process. Thatwas nine years ago.

I believe my furnace has the capability togenerate power to drive steam turbines,heat buildings, generate electricity and topower vehicles of all kinds.

Editor: Further to this, we would like tointroduce some quotes from Will iamLyne’s book “Occult Ether Physics” toour readers.

William R. LYNE

Part of Chapter VI: FREE ENERGYMASSACRE; The AtomicHydrogen Process. 1996

Realistically, the atomic hydrogen reactioncan only he satisfactorily explained byreference to , construction of , or reconstruction of, an ether theory. While itmay be arguable that the "binding energy"between the two atoms of the moleculesomehow 'includes' this energy in someundef ined and myster ious way, thisargument actual ly supports an ethertheory, because the binding energy mustsomehow be exchanged with the energywhich is released when the molecule forms,consistent with the equal and oppositereaction rule.

The atomic hydrogen reaction first cameto my attention in 1964, when I wasstudying industr ia l processes at SamHouston State University, in Huntsville,Texas , the year a fter taking anintroductory course in college physics.While reviewing various welding processesin a textbook, my eyes fixed on an olderprocess called "atomic hydrogen welding".By that time, the process was already


considered "obsolete". To me, the processseemed valuable , not only because i tproduces such high temperatures above3400' F. enough to melt tungsten thehighest temperatures producible by manbut is also "self shielding", and can be usedto weld diverse metals, often without flux,with a concentrated flame producing littleheat distortion, when welding thin metal.In the process, 'normal' diatomic H

2, is shot

through an electric arc which dissociatesit into "atomic" hydrogen, H

1. This atomic

hydrogen recombines at the (welded)metal surface, producing the very highheat. Though the process interested methen, and always has, I have never seen anatomic hydrogen welding unit for sale, forthe 31 years hence. Industry's obviousexcuse for laying the valuable process asidewas that it had been 'replaced' by 'better'processes, such as MIG welding, thoughthey rarely mention "plasma arc welding",which has also almost disappeared from themarket. Since plasma arc welding is merelyan extension of the atomic hydrogenprocess, using a specially redesigned torch,the 'mysterious' reasons are undoubtedlythe same.

The process simmered in the inner recessesof my mind for a few years until 1976, whenI rekindled my interest in the process forpossible use in welding stainless steel andreducing and fusing plat inum metalcompounds, because hydrogen reducessuch compounds (which must a lso beshielded from oxygen) to metals . Theatomic hydrogen process does not relyupon the combustion of hydrogen withoxygen in the air, but, upon the "atomic"energy released when atomic hydrogenrecombines to form the 'normal', diatomichydrogen. I still had some unansweredquestions, since the various welding dataat my disposal failed to mention sufficientspecific details. If Nikola Tesla was right,then I am right, that the energy comesfrom the ether.

In the atomic hydrogen process,hydrogen is not really a "fuel", but rathera "medium" used in the extraction of andconversion of energy from the ether, by

transforming invis ible radiat ion andelectr ical energy into infrared (heat)radiation. The energy required to pump therecombined hydrogen to a holding tank,before being recycled and shot back acrossthe arc and into the reaction chamber onceagain , i s not considered in thiscomputation. This energy should benegligible, since the dissociation energy isbarely more than a thousandth of the grossoutput, and there is probably a way to makethe process work without a pump anyway.

If hydrogen atoms exothermically releaseenergy when they combine to formmolecules, the potential energy has beenlost by the molecules, yet they attributethe "potential energy" to the hydrogenmolecules � backwards to evade their dutyto draw the logical conclusion.

How does the atomic hydrogen obtain itsenergy, if not from the "ether"? No wonderestablishment science doesn't want you toknow there is an ether. If we are to believethe "law of conservation of energy", asinterpreted by establishment (relativistic,ether excluding) 'science', this process isimpossible, yet using data available from'standard' texts, I have shown that theinput energy of 103 cal./gram molecule issomehow either 'magnified' to 109,000cal ./gram molecule of hydrogen amultiplication of over 1,058 times or that,by use of hydrogen as a "medium", that the103 calories is 'seed' energy (called the"activation energy") , tr iggering theatomic hydrogen's apprehension of a net108,897 cal ./gram molecule , f rom the"ether".

You can forget what the relativists said.The equilibrium of the ZPR can be upsetby disturbances created in the OmniMatter which I divide into Omnions(ultra f ine , posit ive "subprotonic"particles) and Omnitrons ("sub electronic"charges carried by the Ominions) all ofwhich the ZPR interpenetrates .Unidirectional vibrations (disturbances)in the O Matter cause it to accumulatetransferred force from the ZPR, throwingOmni Matter out of equi l ibr ium, and


restoring equilibrium to the ZPR. TheOmni Matter 's excess force i s thentransferred through the atomic hydrogenatoms (or other temporari ly excited,enlarged atoms encompassing it) into theatomic mass f requencies , duringdisturbance, thus restoring equilibrium tothe Omni Matter. This transferred force isnot "energy created from nothing", butonly represents a change in the "form" ofsome of the infinite energy (force overtime), already existing in 'space' in otherforms (such as the ZPR, or as subelectronic" charges).

Whenever H2 is dissociated to 2H (H

1),

and the single electron clouds enlarge toencompass more Omni Matter I affected,by a greater ZPR), there is a reaction withand transfer of force from exothermicatomic sources, through the molecules,into str ipped Omnions which wereentrapped to bind the atoms together. Thisexothermic energy is sufficient to throw

the Omnions within the electron clouds,and concentrated in the space between theatoms, beyond their electronic quantumboundaries, so that the additional energyneeded to dissociate the atoms is regainedfrom the surrounding Omni Matter andZPR, restoring the equilibrium of the OmniMatter. With the recombination of theatomic hydrogen to form Н

2, the converted

ZPR radiant energy, and sub electroniccharges which I call Omnitrons isejected (squeezed out) from the atoms, asheat or other interconverted radiantenergy of lower frequency, as the electronclouds shrink with the addition of positivecharge carried by the Omnions. The reasonthe electron cloud density of the hydrogenmolecule is more concentrated in the areaaround the space between the atoms, isbecause of the entrained Omnions 'presence there . Otherwise , the twonegative charges carried by the two atomswould cause mutual repulsion. Actually,since heat is infrared spectrum radiation,

Fig. 1


Fig. 2


the process can be conceived as a means ofconvert ing the ZPR from an ultrapenetrating positive ('cold') spectrumradiation, to a mass reactive infrared(heat) spectrum radiation, and that is theproximate "source" of the so called "freeenergy", in the form of exothermic heatradiation. The ZPR is an analogue tosunshine, except it penetrates all matter allthe time and is not affected by day or night,so it can be converted to usable energy allthe time with the appropriate technology,such as the atomic hydrogen process.

Incidentally, this same atomic hydrogenprocess, as first published here and now, isalso the apparent source of the anomalousexothermic heat produced in aqueouscavitation, as well as in the so called "coldfusion" process, which are two other freeenergy processes which are based on theatomic hydrogen process.

The atomic hydrogen atoms have single,unpaired electrons in enlarged shells. Theseatoms are in Mendeleev's Group I a, andall the atoms in that group have unpairedouter electrons, and are photoreactive toand transmute when exposed to ultravioletlight, as do all the atoms of elements belowatomic number 19. Some of these elementstransmute in visible and infrared light, andall of them can be used to transmute ZPRinto usable f ree energy. This photoreactivity creates temporary, artificialradioactivity producing isotopes of shorthalf life, with the emission of photon energyrestoring equilibrium to the atoms as theyreturn to their ground states. The energyfor these radioactive emissions comes fromthe ether, not from the atoms themselves.The atoms can be analogized by certaincrystals, described by the Raman Effect, inwhich light passing through the crystals is"stepped down" to lower frequencies. Theinfrared spectrum light produced by theatomic hydrogen process is thermicallyreactive with normal atomic and molecularmatter, because of its longer wavelengths.The transfer of force from the ZPR, via theOmni Matter, through the dissociated H,atoms, is apparently the kind of thing

somewhat cryptically spoken of by Tesla,when he stated: "There is no energy inmatter other than that received from theenvironment.”

Editor: We recommend this book to ourreaders. You can order it from

CREATOPIA PRODUCTIONSWilliam R. Lyne, Lamy,New Mexico 87540Tel./Fax (505)466�3022

an online and publishedmagazine about Electric,Hybrid, Fuel Cell Vehicles,advanced batteries, ultracapacitors, fuel cells,microturbines, free energysystems, events andexhibitions worldwide

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[email protected] $13/3 issues


A.I. Azarov (b.1937) graduated fromNikolaev Shipbuilding Institute in 1960.Ph.D. (eng.), head of Laboratory of vortextechnique (Author’s Laboratory) in St.Petersburg State Polytechnic Universitysince 1983. Merited inventor of Latvia,corresponding member of St.�PetersburgEngineering Academy, academic of RussianAcademy of Natural Sciences. Author of morethan 160 inventions and 140 publications inthe field of industrial application of vortexeffect and refrigeration, energetic andtransport machinery.

Introduction

The vortex effect is a surprising discovery ofthe XX century: a “tornado” is obtained in atube and its heat transfers “itself” from the axisto the periphery of the vortex flow. A simplerefrigerating machine is a vortex tube (as a“point” source of cold and heat). It allowssolving numerous technological problemsduring climatic tests of electronics and fuel

equipment, during ground tests of aero�spaceequipment and others. First, hundreds ofinventions directed at industrial andcommercial use of the vortex effect appeared.Some of them will be a basis for advanced kindsof industrial products.

Let us name the three inventors, whose creativecontribution (the “intellectual labour” of adeveloper) is already embodied in productsproduced serially during a few decades:

G.J. Ranque (France, 1931) invented thefirst vortex tube in the world;Charles Fulton (USA, 1965) suggested thesimplest cylinder non�chilled vortex tubewhich still stays in production in the USA andWestern Europe without any considerablechanges;Anatoly Azarov (USSR, Russia, 1967…2005)has developed, patented, and organized along�term serial production of a fewgenerations of vortex tubes of differentdesigns, for example:• miniature vortex tubes with D=4mm and5mm for two generations of portabletransport refrigerators;• vortex tubes with an inner ribbing of achilled vortex chamber, for test equipment;• multi�chamber vortex tubes of multipleuse with 2, 4, 6, 8, 16, and 20 flows of differenttemperature and many others.

Only four of Azarov’s projects developed forplants�producers are presented in the article.The publication’s aim is to show how, alongwith expansion of vortex tubes’ use, theirconstructional appearance changed and topresent technology of the newest level:modular vortex tubes for the beginning of theXXI century (Project 4). They open newopportunities for the producers and allowmultiple uses for the users.

VORTEX TUBESIN THE INNOVATION PROCESS

A.I. AzarovSaint Petersburg, Russia

[email protected] [email protected]


Annotation

The vortex tube (VT) is interesting fornew energy and refrigerating engineeringas an experimental object with highdevelopment potential and as industryproduct with a quickly widening, uniquecombination of technological andoperation properties.

FROM EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCHTO VORTEX TECHNOLOGY

A jet of the compressed medium in the fieldof centr i fugal forces “spontaneously”divides into a chilled nucleus and heatedperipheral layers – transfer of heat fromaxis to periphery of a turbulent rotatingflow is called the vortex effect. A coolingmachine, which uses it, is a vortex tube (VTin Fig. 1). It is compact, has no wearableparts, inertialess and trouble�free duringoperation [1]. In the development of VTdriving force is an experiment; accordingto its results, hypotheses are checked,different kinds of influence on vortex floware compared, where:

• the radial pressure gradient 0.003�1.0MPascal/mm (up to 5 MPascal/mm) withthe vortex rotat ion frequency from3x10 3c �1 to 1x105c �1 (the rotat ionfrequency can be multiply increased in theexperimental device for fundamentalresearches);• distribution of speeds, pressures andtemperatures according to the section andlength of vortex chamber is complicated(sometimes non�stat ionary) in thepresence of secondary vortex flows andprecession of the vortex flow nucleus;• acoust ic energy is generated and

redistributed in the acoustically non�uniform environment : temperature ,density, acoustic impedance of the movingmedium differ by the section and length ofthe vortex chamber, which has the form ofaxisymmetric channel , and a level ofacoustic pressure corresponds with thearea of a non�l inear acoustic , i .e .considerably exceeds 170 decibel;• vorticity has anisotropic nature. In theparaxial area (to a half of the vortex flowradius) vorticity intensity is E=25�35%while, at the distance exceeding the radius’hal f , the value of vort ic ity intensitydecreases to E=5% and lower;• a relative value of turbulent energy ismaximal in the paraxial area and can reach0.04�0.06 (which is considerably more thanduring non�swirled flow);• in spectral characteristic of VT noise,there are “pecul iar it ies” . Theirinterpretation (parts 3, 4) will lead to adeeper understanding of the vortexeffect’s nature, show ways to increase VTefficiency;• during operation using dry air, glow ofthe vortex’s nucleus and other “anomalies”are observed.

According to the amount of registered andrealized inventions in this field, Russiaremains the leader. Transformation of VTfrom an experimental object into a productof multiple uses began almost simultaneouslyin the USSR and USA [3] in the 1960s. Forexample, at that time, in the USSR:• adiabatic VT for natural gas industrywere tested and economical nonadiabaticVT with a chamber intensively chilledduring air barbotage through liquid wereprepared to long�term serial production (inTable #1 [2, 4, 5]), i.e. they are more perfectenergetically than the adiabatic ones;

Editor’s note: We publish Anatoly Azarov’s article on vortex devices inorder to develop the technology of autonomous fuel less electrogenerators, which have been described earlier in our magazine. It is thevortex tube that allows taking heat energy from a monothermal source(air), according to this technology. Please, read the article in this issue,page 38. A.V. Frolov.

Part 1. Development of the vortex technology in Russia


Compressed air

Cold flow

Hotflow

a b c d

1

2 3 4

L

d D

Fc

• growth of the “invention chain” began.These inventions defined the level of somefollowing generations of VT showed in theTable by Projects 1�4 (the USSR andRussian invention numeration: ## 300726,300727, 337621, 435419, 456118, 470684,556285, 585376, 606044, 630964, 641245,769233, 892146, 1255825, 2067266,2177590);• research and use of the invention grouprelated to “pulse” intensification of theprocess in VT began (## 334449, 334450,336473, 337620, 347435, 390337, 735877and others).

(Note: VTs of foreign productionpresented today are almost similar (Fig.2) to the simplest experimental modelsof the 1950s – 1960s. It seemsparadoxical taking into account quicklychanging generations of electronics,lasers, and rockets).

As a source of compressed air for thesimplest VT, a pneumatic net of anenterprise is usually used. A cold flow witha temperature from +20C to �120C and,

occasionally, a hot one with a temperaturefrom 40C to 120C are obtained this way.In more complicated vortex devices, a flowof air, helium, oxygen, and natural gascould be chilled to cryogenic temperaturesor heated by hundreds of degrees. VTs havebeen used during land tests of aerospaceequipment [7], tests of electronics, fuelmachinery, chemical and oi l �gasengineering equipment . VT maintainnecessary temperature locally (by points)

Fig. 1a. Formation of a tornado – a self-organizing process of transformation and

concentration of energy diffused in differentnonequilibriums (of temperature, moisture

etc.).

Fig. 1b. VT design [2]:1 – a hole d of the diaphragm for discharge of the cold vortex flow’s nucleus; d= (0.40–

0.65)D; 2 – jet inlet; 3 – vortex energy division chamber; L= (3-25)D; 4 – throttle fordischarge of the hot flow (from 15% to 75% of air consumed by the adiabatic VT); a – trayrectilinear single-jet inlet of VT according to Fig. 2a; b – spiral inlet with the critical sectionFc = (0.04-0.12)D2 and preliminary whirling of VT flow according to Fig. 3-8 and Fig. 2b; c

and d – double-jet and multiple-jet tangential inlet of Vt, according to Fig. 2c.


a. b.

c.

in technological and/or working zones:during work near open f lame, strongvibrations at a chilled object, dustiness,gassy environmental air, absence of a placefor freon air�conditioners or impossibilityof their maintenance. In such conditions,VTs are a simple and trouble�free tool ofenergy saving excluding the need forpower�consuming total air conditioning ina large production area [8].

We wil l show how, during change tomultiple uses , the constructional andtechnological get�up of some generationsof VT (made for many factories�users, notfor single research�industrial experiments)has been changing and how the VT set�upwill change soon. We will consider only fourprojects – stages of technologydevelopment. All of them are an initiativeof one inventor�developer. No funds of

Fig. 2. Experimental and industrial VT of different years, compared

a. 1950s [6]. Experimental adiabatic VT with two tray inlets, according to Fig. 1a.

b. 1960s [4]. Experimental nonadiabatic VT with a water cooling jacket on the chamber anda spiral inlet, according to Fig. 1b: D=5mm, L=30D (up) and L= 80D (down). Industrial

variant of VT L=30D see in Table: p.#1 (1969 [2, 5]).

c. 2005. Present-time adiabatic VT of foreign production with the multiply-nozzle inlet,according to Fig. 1c, d.


the state budget or investors have beenspent on their development.

The first project is a creative response tothe need of transport mechanicalengineering, which prepared diesellocomotives for export to countries withhot c l imate ; the other two ones areresponses to the need for “point” VT forengineering tools, mechanical engineeringequipped with electronics ; the fourthproject is a qualitatively new technologicallevel for the beginning of XXI century.

We wil l show VT made of metal andplastics, which work using compressed air:nonadiabatic VT with a chilled finnedchamber; adiabatic (non�chilled) ones withminimal amount of parts and a heateddiaphragm; portable vortex refrigeratorsfor pneumo�provided transport objects.The newest technology oriented atminimization of expenses is presented bymodular VT: there are f rom 2 to 20interacting vortex chambers and from 1 to5 multi�chamber “vortex modules” in them.

The main results of the projects ’real izat ion are expressed in the f inalchapter ; character ist ics of fourgenerations of VT are presented in theTable. The experience of innovation VTdevelopment has to be summarized takinginto account a situation in science intensivekind of products on the internal andexternal markets. An attempt of such asummary is presented in the article.

VORTEX TUBES FOR TRANSPORTREFRIGERATORS AND TESTEQUIPMENT (PROJECTS 1, 2)

For the first time in the world, nonadiabaticVT were used [2, 5] in the first generation oftransport vortex refrigerators: since 1969, �on a model�production scale and, since 1971,� for serial production (Fig. 3). Atemperature in a 14�liter refrigerator TVH�14 is from 0C to +7C with a temperature in achamber, which is not provided with an airconditioner, is from 20C to 50C. Therefrigerator became an addit ionalconsumer of compressed air from a board

pneumo�system supplied by a “brake”compressor of the diesel locomotive, whichis engaged cyclically. Connection of therefr igerator increased the re lat ive“duration of engagement” of the PVcompressor only by 0.5% (from 32.0% to32.5%). This did not worsen the pneumo�system’s performance and allowed betteruse of the board compressor of highefficiency. With unessential expenses forthe refrigerator, a level of comfort in thechamber and export price of the diesellocomotive increased.

(Note: The alternative decision to useabsorption�dif fusion refr igerators,called “Morozko”, gave no results: in theevent of transport vibrations and atemperature in the chamber higher than35C, these refrigerators do not work).

A simplified adiabatic VT of the minimal sizewas used for the second generation of vortexrefrigerators [9]. In order to decreaseproduction costs, the amount of parts in thisVT was decreased by some times: threeoutwardly similar modifications of VT differonly by an inner diameter of the vortexchamber and sizes of the spiral inlet (forrefrigerators with capacities of 5, 15 and50l; Fig. 3). The refrigerators have beenproduced for more than two decades andare used today because VTs are problem�free in operation [10].

Test departments and climatic chambersneed a reliable and inertialess source of coldair with a temperature from 220K to 280Kfor casual testing of integrated products.Many plants used a decision, simple in useand cheap in production: compactadiabatic VTs with single�stage or double�stage expansion of compressed air or moreeconomical nonadiabatic VTs of highercooling efficiency. Prototypes of the VTswere preliminarily checked as tools ofindividual and collective heat protectionof workers in energy engineering andmetallurgy [11]. Designs of the VT havebeen presented to some industry fields fordevelopment of a test base (Fig. 4); thevery first lots of VT were produced by thelargest enterprises of engineering tools and


a.

c.

b.

Fig. 3a-c. Project 1. Transport vortexrefrigerators of the first generation

a. TVH-14 in a cab of an export diesellocomotive 2TE114 (1969)

b. Design of a vortex refrigerating unitwith a refrigerating accumulator (water,brine) in the refrigerator chamber: 1 –

nonadiabatic VT D=5mm with barbotagecooling of the chamber (in Table #1); 2

– coil for preliminary cooling ofcompressed air before VT; 3 – channelof air-water mixture, cooling coil 2 andthe VT chamber 1; 4 – ejector suppliedby a hot flow from VT (15% of total air

consumption by VT); 5 – liquidrefrigerating accumulator with barbotage

inlet of cold air from the VT 1.

c. Design of nonadiabatic VT with a U-shaped bent chamber and elements of therefrigerating unit for TVH-14 (positions are

the same)


e.d.

the electronics industry in Leningrad(Saint Petersburg).

ONE�CHAMBER AMD MULTI�CHAMBER VORTEX TUBES OF

MULTIPLE USE (Project 3)

In order to initiate the appearance ofcompetitive productions and selection ofthe best VTs under industrial conditions,12 models of the items for “running�in” intool production, auto production,e lectronic industry and others weresuggested: for air curtains at workingplaces in hot departments; for cooling ofsolutions in galvanic baths; for “multi�point” cool ing of program machines ’cabinets etc. The working designs, start

marketing information, productionprototypes, VT manuals [12] have beengiven for free to 60 plants (in response tohundreds of requests): metal and plasticVTs, f ixed to a cool ing object andembedded into it VTs, one�chamber andmulti�chamber ones (Fig. 5, 6).

It was expected that the plants wi l lproduce and use lots of the industrialprototypes of all 12 models themselves, fortheir own needs , and, then, the bestprototypes will stay in production – theseVTs, which wil l indicate industr ia l“preferences” and directions of furtherimprovement. For example, in order tochill 17 control cabinets at a big automatedline “Renault�2” for processing of 52 auto

Fig. 3d-e. Project 1. Transport vortex refrigerators of the second generation

d. TVH-15 with a refrigerating unit designed for conveyor assembling: VT D=4(6)mm (forTVH-50, TVH-15, TVH-5 – produced until 1991; see below and in Tables # 2-4) is located

along an axis of a sectional counterflow heat exchanger for preliminary cooling ofcompressed air to +5C…+15C.

e. A miniature VT D=4mm with “non-frosting” diaphragm heated by the chamber heat: 1 –critical section; 2 – chamber; 3 – a hole of the diaphragm; 4 – diffuser of the cold flow

made as a whole with the diaphragm.


а. b.

c.

2

4

55

3 31

4

cyl inder head models , during no�manproduction, which needs only problem�freeelectronics (see Part 2). Zavolzhsky motorplant used a lot of VTs, according to Fig. 5,at the left above. Users produced firstthousands of VTs in dozens of c it ies :Vyborg, Vilnius, Ulan�Ude, Novosibirskand others [13].

Then the main result was defined: from 6to 9 plants became long�term suppliers ofVTs (in Table: # 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20); forinstance , in Rostov�on�Don, VTproduction was begun by competing plantsin two industries – machine�tool buildingand auto�making (Fig. 5 , at the r ightbelow).

For the first time, embedded intensifiersof the vortex temperature division processwere used [4, 5 , 14]. Since competingsuppliers appeared, users and producersbegan to prefer plastic VTs with one (Fig.5) or a few (Fig. 6) vortex chambers to all�metal ones, i.e. industrial “preferences”have been defined. One and multi�chamberVTs began to compete with each other. Useof polymeric materia ls led to a newproduction level with attraction of highlyeffective equipment. Production costsdecreased.

For example, at the High�energy PhysicsInst itute (Protvino town of Moscowregion) lots of two�chamber VTs (Fig. 6,at the left) having the unique “flat” formand minimal overall size were used in mainand badly access ible zones of bigexperimental devices for cooling extra�high�speed electronic blocks.

The competit ive abi l ity of the multi�chamber VTs have been confirmed by long�term practice and their furtherdevelopment is a task solved inProject 4.

Fig. 4. Project 2. Vortex equipment for testdepartments and climatic chambers

a. a source of cold and hot flows containingan embedded VT D=20 mm (in Table: #5) –a “Working place of a toolsetter-investigatorof radio equipment RMNR-20T”, gold medalof the exhibition of USSR national economy

achievements.

b. Two-stage 5-chambers VT D=10 mm withmaximal temperature decrease of four“resulting” cold flows (in Table: #6).

c. Nonadiabatic two-chambers “laminarAzarov’s VT” D=38mm (in Table: #7) cut: 1and 2 – ring gaskets and plates-ribs; 3 – a

spiral section of the helix; 4 – cold flowdiffuser; 5 – the first cone section of the

chamber.


а.

b.

c.

Fig. 5. Project 3. One-chamber all-metaland plastic VTs

a. Above. A simplest adiabatic VT D=20mm(in Table, #14). Below. A design project ofthe prototype # 31749 for the nonadiabatic

“laminar Azarov’s VT” Below. RVTK-16/1device assembled with a fan (in Table, #13)

- nonadiabatic “laminar Azarov’s VT”D=16mm of highest efficiency with coolingof the rib chamber and 100% share of the

cold flow.

b. At an assembling department of RVTK 16/1: before assembling the fan to a jacket of

the plate-rib chamber.

c. Above. A design project of the prototype# 31750. Below: Industrial modifications of

adiabatic VTs D=20mm of multiple usesused at hundreds plants from 1983-1993(from left to right, in Table: # 16, 20, 17

and 15).


а.

b.

c.

According to incomplete data of only oneindustr ia l f ie ld (Ministry of e lectr icindustry) for 1990, the number of plants�users of VT of Project 3 exceeded 200: VTsbecame a “product for any plant”. In theend of 1990, Leningrad regional counciland Council of Leningrad PolytechnicInstitute nominated developer A.I. Azarov,awarding him the honorary title of anhonoured inventor of the USSR. By 2005,the number of plants�users increased by afew times. Many enterprises purchased lotsof VTs many times. In order to define themain industries�users, hundreds of plantswere considered: from 30% to 50% of theactual number of the VT users, accordingto Project 3 [15]. For instance, in SaintPetersburg, 44 plants were taken intoaccount; in Moscow – 48; both in Rostov�on�Don and in Nizhniy Novgorod – 18; inYekaterinburg, Cheliabinsk, Samara – 5plants in each city and so on. This amountof sampling was considered 100%.

The distr ibution of the plants i s thefollowing:35% � engineering tools and electronicindustry, chemical and oil�gas mechanicalengineering;18% � mining equipment, compressors andengineering of tools, bearing engineering,transport;18% � shipbuilding, metallurgy, aluminumindustry, hydraulic engineering, hydraulicmachinery, plastic processing, polygraphy,glass production;14% � aerospace industry, mechanicalenergy engineering, hel icopterproduction, e lectr ic mechanicalengineering;15% � confect ionary industry, bread�making plants and others.

MODULAR MULTI�CHAMBERVORTEX TUBES (Project 4)

First devices for point “non�machine”cooling using vortex or thermoelectriceffect appeared almost at the same time,but the technology of thermoelectr ic(semiconductor) cool ing developedquicker. In order to decrease developmentand production costs and save t ime,

Fig. 6. Project 3. Miniature multi-chamber VTs without extensions

embedded into powerful computerequipment

a. The simplest 2-chamber VT (D=10mm)with a “thickness” of 18 mm with minimalamount of parts supplied to users in thesame constructive get-up for more than

15 years (in Table: #18).

b. VT with drum arrangement of 6 vortexchambers (D=5 mm), with axial supply ofcompressed air and mufflers of cold andhot flows’ noise embedded into the endsof the drum (“MIkrofon” d42x100mm; in

Table: #9).

c. 2-body VT (D=5mm) with individualtemperature control of 16 cold flows,tubular flexible “cold” airways and a

flange for fixing in a cooling object (inTable, # 11).


standard micro�modules with a relativelysmall amount of semiconductor elementsare used for a lot long time. Project 4began to change to modular VT designs forthe f i rst t ime (Fig . 7 – 9) . Materia lintensity of a product decreases by 2 timesand more , i f the one�chamber VT ischanged to a module with 2 or 4 vortexchambers.

Aims of Project 4. To abate costs using thesimplest e lements – modules with adecreased number of parts and labour�output ratio (comparing with VTs of thepast) . To suggest uni f ied VTs with adifferent number of modules and chillproduction efficiency, properties and use.

To present any patterns of a multi�modularVT, which would exclude a need for singleprojects for numerous new tasks , toproducers and users. To give an impulse toexpanding of use of the newest VTs.Modular demands. It must be simple inproduction and have flow tracing withconsiderable noise clipping. The modulesmust be assembled in a complete productwith a screwdriver.

For the f irst t ime, modular VTs werecreated (in Table: # 21�23) for a range ofcooling productivity from dozens of Wattsto 4.5�7.5 kW. They are based on two typesof multi�chamber vortex modules: a smallmodule «052»: dimension is d44x75 mm,

Fig. 7. Project 4. A new development stage of the technology:A group of modular VTs of universal and specialized use (in Table: # 21-25 and 26-30),

Using 1 or 2 modules «052», or 1, 2 or 5 modules «102/104».

An example for comparison: A number of parts, labour-output ratio, material intensity, massand acoustic pressure of the modular VT M104, which has higher cooling productivity, are

less by 3-4 times than the ones of three modifications of VT V201 of the Project 3 working athundred plants since 1983-1993 (in Table: # 15, 16 and 20; Fig. 6c).


а.

b.

c.

а.

b.

c.

Fig. 8. Project 4. Miniature VTs with 1 or2 two-chamber vortex modules «052»

(from left to right):

a. VT on the support (in Table, # 22and 24): 1 – module «052»;

2 – vectorable nozzle of cold flow;3 – temperature regulator; 4 – support;

5 – ejector capping.

b. VT with controlled outflow velocity ofcold flow and bonding flange

(in Table, # 21).

c. 2-modular VT with vectorable nozzlesof cold flow (in Table, # 26).

Fig. 9. Project 4. VTs of universal use on thebasis of module «102/104» (from left to right):

a. VT during assembling (in Table: # 25).

b. The same, assembling is almost finished.

c. Wear capping of cold flow for module«102/104».


two vortex chambers D=5 mm (Fig. 7, 8)and a big module «102/104»: dimension isd52x144 mm, 2 or 4 vortex chambers D=10mm (Fig.7, 9).

With minimal production costs , usersobtain from 10 to 14 models andmodifications (Fig. 7):

• VT of universal use (in Table, # 21�25)� for long�term serial production. It beganfrom the VT using the “small” and “big”modules (at the left, Fig. 8 and 9). “Naturalselection” will define which VT moduleswill be preferred, as it happened duringProject 3 promotion.• VTs of specialized use (in Table, # 26�30) – for production in small amounts asorders for them will be obtained.

DEVELOPMENT DIRECTIONS

1. Development went from the one�chamber and multi�chamber VTs to themodular devices. VTs were used:• first (Project 1) – in transport andagricultural machine engineering: inrefrigerators for the operator’s cab inexport diesel locomotives 2TE 114,passenger diesel trains DR�1, DR�1A, DR�1P and in KamAZ cars, grain combines,tractors, buses;• then (Project 2) – in chemical and oil�gas machine engineering, radio electronicsand tool engineering, motor industry:during temperature�climatic testing ofnew products;• and, finally, (Projects 3, 4) – in mainindustrial fields: for solution of production�technological problems of hundreds ofplants�users.

2. Russian industry, as it is shown above,used several generations of VTs, not onegeneration (the one suggested by Fulton[3]) as foreign industry did . Theconstruction get�up of these severalgenerations was determined by a singleinvention�developer – the article’s author.

3. Nonadiabatic VTs for “point” cooling ofobjects must be made more compact. It is

necessary to change from VTs of D=38mmand D=16mm (Projects 2 , 3) to theminiature VTs of D=2.5�10mm(experiments with VTs up to D=1mm).

4 . Keeping a s imple and trouble� freedesign, it is necessary to use only simpletechnological methods in VT development.Compact VTs with a minimal amount ofparts and a quantity of vortex chambers,which is more than two [7 , 8] , arepreferable. Russian plants have been usingthe advantages of multi�chamber VTs formore than 15 years (Fig. 6).

5 . Instead of developing many futuredevices, the multi�chamber modules aresuggested (Fig. 7 – 9) for different typesof VTs. Mult i�point cool ing by someminiature VTs, according to the heatemission “topography” at the object ismore efficient than total cooling of theobject . This is why big production ofconstructional ly perfect VTs with acooling productivity of less than 0.2 – 0.4kW has better economic prospects thanproduction of VTs with a cool ingproductivity of more than 1 kW.

6. For many future applications, a changefrom “non�autonomous” VTs toautonomous ones which do not depend onthe presence of a pneumo�net with anexcessive resource near a chilled object.The processes of air compression, coolingand expansion are to be combined in asingle “vortex block” along with highefficiency and compact size of a device.Creation of such a device is the mostimportant inventive aim.

GENERAL RESULTS

Project 1: For the first time in the USSR,the long�term ser ia l production ofminiature VTS is realized: nonadiabatic(D=5mm) and adiabatic (D=4 mm) ones.It i s conf irmed that VTs stably workwithout deterioration for more than 30years us ing untreated and non�driedcompressed air from the board pneumo�net. The successful use of VTs was animpulse to develop new Projects.


TableAzarov’s Vortex Tubes

# Marking Figure Maximal chilling Fields of Dimension VORTEX TUBES (VT)of vortex productivity, kW use mmtubes (see the Diameter Amount VT form VT

Рс=0.41 Рс=0.69 notes) of VT, of VTs mate� Mpascal Mpascal mm rial

Project 1: Vortex tubes embedded into a regenerative cooling device of a transport vortex refrigerator1 VT�05 2, 3 � 0.07 10 16х40х170 5 1 Cone�Cylinder М2 VT�04 3 � 0.06 10 52хD36 4 1 Cone М3 VT�06 3 � 0.12 10 52хD36 6 1 Cone М4 VT�04А 3 � 0.03 10 52хD36 4 1 Cone МProject 2: Vortex tubes embedded into devices for temperature�climatic testing of equipment5 VV�0,5/ 4 0.5 0.9 9 280х110х110 20 1 Cylinder М

1.5�4К6 VV�0,5/ 4 � 0.9* 9 150х70х90 10 1+4 Cylinder М

1.5�25К7 RVTK�38/2 4 3.0 6.0 9 800х300х500 38 2 Cone�Cylinder М8 RVTK�38/4 4 6.0 12.0 9 800х600х500 38 4 Cone�Cylinder МProject 3: Vortex tubes of multiple use, 1�chamber and multi�chamber9 S056 6 0.15 0.3 1, 2, 8 100хD42 5 6 Cylinder М10 V058 � 0.2 0.4 1, 5 100х60х35 5 8 Cone�Cylinder М11 V058.2 6 0.35 0.7 1, 4 100х60х75 5 16 Cone�Cylinder М12 V072 � 0.1 0.2 8 130х50х18 7 2 Cylinder P13 RVTK�16/1 5 0.6 0.9 1 260х180х160 16 1 Cone�Cylinder М14 VV�0.5/А 5 0.5 0.9 1, 3, 4, 9 280х110х80 20 1 Cylinder М

1.5�415 VVP�20 5 0.5 0.8 1, 2 350х80х70 20 1 Cone�Cylinder P16 VVP�20/1 5 0.5 0.9 1, 2 360х80х70 20 1 Cone�Cylinder P17 VVP�20А 5 0.6 1.1 6 310х60х60 20 1 Cone P18 VVP�10/2 6 0.3 0.5 1 270х80х18 10 2 Cone�Cylinder P19 V102 6 0.3 0.5 1, 2, 5 275х80х20 10 2 Cone�Cylinder P20 V201 5 0.7 1.1 1, 2, 5, 6 390х80х70 20 1 Cone�Cylinder P

NEWEST LEVEL OF THE VORTEX TECHNOLOGYPROJECT 4: Multi�chamber modular vortex tubes of multiple use

a) Vortex tubes of “universal” use containing a vortex module «052» or «102»21 M052А 7, 8 0.1 0.2 1�8 92х56х48 5 2 Cylinder P22 M052В 7, 8 0.1 0.2 1�8 115х56х42 5 2 Cylinder P23 M052С 7 0.1 0.2 1�8 105х56х42 5 2 Cylinder P24 M052D 7, 8 0.1 0.2 1�8 125х56х42 5 2 Cylinder P25 M102 7, 9 0.45 0.75 1�8 220х60х60 10 2 Cone�Cylinder P

b) Vortex tubes of the “specialized” use containing 1, 2 or 5 vortex modules26 M052.2 7, 8 0.2 0.4 5, 8 150х115х70 5 4 Cylinder P27 M102.2 7 0.9 1.5 2, 3, 7 505х150х140 10 4 Cone�Cylinder P28 M104 7 0.9 1.5 3, 5, 6 290х60х60 10 4 Cone�Cylinder P29 M104.2 7 1.8 3.0 2, 3, 7 530х150х140 10 8 Cone�Cylinder P30 M104.5 7 4.5 7.5 2, 3 370х70х170 10 20 Cone�Cylinder P

Notes:• Allowed excessive pressure of compressed air at the VT’s inlet P

c = (0.1�1.0) MPascal;

recommended (working) pressure Pc = (0.2�0.7) MPascal; “economical” pressure P

c = (0.1�0.5)

MPascal. A temperature of cold flow out of VT is from 290K to 250�230 (220)K depending onthe position of the VT operation mode regulator and compressed air pressure. * – under pressureof compressed air P

c = 2.5 MPascal at the inlet to two�stage VT. M is metal, P is polymeric

material.• Fields of use: 1 – mechanical engineering technologies, tools engineering, industrialelectronics: creation of “cold zones” on the surface or in the volume of a tool and/or material;cooling of control units of program machines, automatic lines, robotized units, no�man productions;2 – hot and noxious productions: air curtains in working zones of painting chambers, forges,galvanic and metallurgy productions; deep mines: ventilation of dead�ends; 3 – foundry: cooling


of sand in devices with quickly hardening mixtures: storage of agricultural products: cooling ofgrain and dispersed products in temporary storehouses: 4 – furniture industry: blowing of coldair in a milling zone during facing slab production and in a zone of lacquer loading in lacquer�loading machines; 5 � self�propelled equipment for hot climate: cooling of working zones in cranecabins, in drillers’ vans etc.; 6 – production of sheet materials: inflating of polyethylene film bycold flow; cooling of sheet rubber; glass production: inertialess creation of “cold zones”; 7 –transportation and storage of fruits and vegetables; 8 – food productions; transport, miningengineering; 9 – test devices; 10 – portable transport refrigerators, chillers of drinking water andmany others.

Project 2: For the first time, adiabatic VTswith one�stage (D=20mm) and two�stage(D=10mm) expansion of compressed airare used for production testing. Theyef fect ively subst ituted ammoniarefr igerat ing systems of foreignproduction. Nonadiabatic multi�chamberVTs of the new kind are used: with the ribchamber (D=38mm) in the form of apackage of plates alternating with the ringgaskets.

Project 3 : Appearance of competingsuppliers of VTs for hundreds of plants�users was initiated; the largest plants(GAZ, KamAZ) bought VT lots for manytimes. Statistically important informationon VT users was obtained [15]: “point”

cool ing without use of the standardrefrigeration equipment is used in manyfields . In order to change to the newtechnological level (Project 4) , theindustrial “preferences” are defined.

Project 4: The first in the world multi�chamber VTs are used by food industryplants. They have a better combination ofproperties and will take a leading positionpress ing the “class ical” VT (part 2) .Production of VTs using the “small” and“big” modules has begun. Along with thegrowth of a suppliers’ amount, a contestenvironment will be formed.

Note: VTs of single�purpose use werenot considered in the article [7, 16�18].

Part 2. Industrial use

Vortex tubes do not use greenhouse gasesand can replace standard refrigeratingequipment in well grounded cases: in caseswhen its use i s impossible due tooperational, dimensional, cost or ecologicallimitations. VTs are used in industry (seethe Table in Part 1) but are not presentedin the l iterature as devices of quicklywidening use yet.

Meeting this lack, we will consider someexamples of VTs use when:• appearance of a “point” vortex coolinggenerator gives obvious advantages, whichdo not require additional basing, to arefrigerating system of an object;• advantages of VT introduction into therefrigerating system are not obvious andit i s necessary to compare competing

technological solutions (for instance, innew appl icat ion f ie lds opened bydevelopment of the newest technologicaldevices) to discover them.

First, we will introduce a simple method[1] of choice of a preferable refrigeratinggenerator (among numerous avai lableones) based on a so called qualimetricevaluation of a technological solution [2].It can be used at any stage:

• during development of a refrigeratingsystem of an object taking into accountspecified operational conditions;• during development of the industrialproduction;• during processing of the long�tern useresults.


Choice of a VORTEX TUBE accordingto a combination of technological and

performance characteristics

Setting operational conditions and a fieldof use, it is necessary to quickly evaluateapplicability or impropriety of VT (airchi l ler) in comparison with standardequipment for objects’ cooling. Choosinga preferable solution, the characteristicswhich are important for a producer and auser will be taken into account in theirtotal ity [1] . An object ive choice isposs ible , according to a value of an“integral index of qual ity” K of arefrigerating system. In a general case, Kis a ratio of a whole obtained result R to allcosts S.

We will take that the whole result (R) forthe air�cool ing system (technologicalconditioning) is a used part of its exergycooling productivity and all costs (S) is avalue of production and operational costsof the system. This approach al lowsshowing an influence of the technologicaland operational factors on the result R andon the costs S (per year or a device’s life):discovering a dependency of the “integralindex of quality” K’s value upon them. K’sdimensional ity i s kWhour/rouble (orkWhour/US dollar):

K = = ,RS U x f(t) x p + (W x A x b) x c

(a x h x Q) x A x b x (1� )nm

where f(t) = ,E x (1+E)t�1

(1�E)t � 1

of cooling productivity used for takingaway heat from a product, a cooled object;Q is exergy cooling productivity of acooling generator, a cooling system, an airconditioning system, kW; U is costs for theindustrial production of a cooling system,roubles, US dollars; c is electric energycost, roubles/kWhour (USD/kWxh); W isenergy costs per pour, kW/hour; m isaverage error�free running time, hour; n isaverage loss of a cooling system’s workingtime per a repair, hour; p is a coefficient ofthe U costs’ increase due to repairs.

A cool ing generator (refr igerat ingsystem) with the highest K is preferablefor the specified conditions. Choosing thebest refr igerat ing system, thus , acombination of the characteristics is used,not single characteristics of competingtechnological solutions. All importantcharacter ist ics are included into thiscombination: the operational (a, b, m, n, t,h, Q, W…) and technological (U, p …) ones.The method was f irst used for basing,development and production mastering ofthe first serial vortex refrigerators andvortex tubes for them.

An example of choosing by the qualimetricevaluation method: let us change a vaporcompression air conditioner to a vortex aircooler (VT) in a refrigerating system of aprocessor cabinet used under theenvironmental air temperature from 35Cto 42C for a long time. If there is a pneumosystem with an excessive resource near theVT, such a change leads to an increase ofthe integral qual ity index of therefrigerating system by 1.2 – 2.9 times.Hence, the change is advisable under thementioned conditions.

Cooling of industrial electronics

As a duty of the refrigerating system, VTsupplements an embedded venti lationsystem and turns on automatical ly ormanually, when overheat can occur inelectronic control units under hightemperatures of the environmental air (dueto a lack of a regular ventilation heating ofcabinets under high air temperatures). VT

here: f(t) is a function of the reducing ofthe costs to a united time point; E is anormative coef f ic ient of capitalinvestments ’ e f f ic iency(E 0,2); t is VT’s life, years; A is a yeart ime reserve ; A = 8640 hours ; b i s aworking t ime coef f ic ient ; h i s atemperature dynamic coefficient, i.e. a partof working time without a time when acooling system is reaching the operationaltemperature; a is an effective (actual) part


is used for this in different fields. Let usconsider some examples (Fig. 1, 2):

Example 1. An automatic line “Renault�2”(210 equipment units united in a no�mantechnological chain for processing of 54cyl inder head models for automobileengines) was instal led at ZavolzhskyMotor Plant. During the summer months,stoppages, spoilages, tool breakages began– time losses due to overheats in cabinetsof the line’s electronic control. Summerindoor temperature exceeds 35�40C; thereis no central conditioning system.

Unstable operation of the automatic lineduring the hot season caused a threat ofthe year production plans’ wrecking inadjacent enterprises of the industry. InDecember 1984, television of Gorky city(and television of other regions) showed afilm about production use of the inventiongroup – “Azarov’s vortex tubes” for testequipment, transport refrigerators, heatprotection equipment etc.

The USSR Ministry of automobileproduction immediately sent a petition foremergency scientific and technologicalhelp to the plant, according to a communityagreement. The same day, the developergave representatives of the plant a VTprototype, its working drafts and a userinstruction.

(Note: VT has been developed for heat�protection clothing used during repair ofenergy and metallurgy objects. Theywere use only in this field. Its availabilityfor cooling of electronic control cabinetshad to be defined but the emergencypetition of the Ministry gave no time tosearch or develop an alternativesolution).

ZMP produced first dozens of VTs (p.1, inTable: #14) for its needs (and need of others imilar plants which faced the sameproblem of “summer” overheats of theirelectronics). In January 1985, 17 VTs wereinstalled in all control cabinets of the line.Due to remoteness of the plant andemergency of the work, production and

launching of the VTs in this case (unlikemany others, see below) was carried out bythe plant’s forces only, without help of thedeveloper.

But it only made the result obtained by theplant, which knew about the industrial useof VT from the te levis ion f i lm, moreconvincing: the line’s operation becamestable, stoppages and spoilages caused byoverheat of the electronics disappeared;annual capacity of “Renault�2” increasedby 12.6% that was equal to additionaloperation of the line during 1.5 months ayear. (There were no losses due to spoilageand change of chip cards).

In this case, complete use of cold producedby VTs was practically 100%. The airconditioning system in a huge shop (with asquare of 0.2 hectares) would have beenmore power�consuming by hundreds timesand more expensive by thousands times,according to the amount of initial capitalinvestments.

In order to compensate the sum of all heatemiss ions in the shop ( from electr icmotors , insolat ion etc .) , cool ingproductivity of the a ir condit ioningsystem must be hundreds times more thanthe one which 17 VTs can create for pointcooling of the electronic units. Thus, VTssolve the problem of maintenance of acomplicated technological system’s stableoperation and, during hot periods, they actas a “multi�point” duty cooling systemsupplementing the regular cabinets ’ventilation cooling system.

Example 2. The use of VT consistentlywidens at baker and confectioner factories(in Table: # 15, 16, 20; Fig. 2) for coolingof processors which control factories ’compress ion refr igerat ing machines .Processor cabinets operate in rooms withhigh temperature, where a system of totalair conditioning is unavailable due toenergy and economical l imitat ions .Specialists of these factories consider VTsas reliable and the most available solutionof the problem of trouble�free electronics’operation maintenance.


1

4

2 5

6

3

8

7

а.

b.

Example 3. A big automatic l ine forcardboard production made by specialistsof the USA, Germany and the USSR inLeningrad region.

Air moisture is up to 90% and processammonia concentration is high in a shop.Due to the overheating of e lectroniccontrol units, the line’s operation wasunstable : regular compress ion a irconditioners “Mesurex”, USA, (embeddedinto processor cabinets) stopped working.Heat failures of this complex technologicalsystem were impossible more than 15 yearsago by a s imple change of f reonconditioners to the same amount of VTs (inTable: #13). The change has been carriedout by the factory after gett ingconsultation of the VT developer.

The users expressed a desire to introduceVTs into the system of cabinets’ cooling asa main or additional tool for cooling ofelectronics at the following lines.

Example 4. Electronic control units atmain production lines of KamAZ motor

plant were supplemented by coolers (inTable: #19) and, in 2 months, 9 KamAZplants stated their need for 3,162 vortexcoolers.

Example 5. At a Moscow plant AZLK, in1980s , some VTs were instal led intoprocessor cabinets of program machines(in Table: # 15, 16) in order to excludeoverheating. According to the obtainedresult, the plant evaluated its need as aneed for 3,000 VTs of this type (aftermodernization of the plant’s pneumo net).

Example 6. An abstract from a letter of“Energomekhanichesky zavod” plant ’schief engineer, E.N. Turchin (# 726 from

Fig. 1. A scheme of electronic cabinetcooling with VT(regular cabinet ventilators

are not shown)

1 – a pneumo net of the plant, 2 – acollector- entrainment separator, 3 – an

electric pneumatic valve («open-close»), 4 –a temperature sensor, 5 – V201, M102 VTmodels; 6 – drainage of hot flow out of the

shop’s, 7 – «cold perforated airways» inheat-intensive cabinet zones, 8 – chip cards

– zones of local microclimate.

Fig. 2. Industrial electronics cooling at foodindustry enterprises

a. Vortex air cooler V201 (project 3) in amicroprocessor cabinet of a big refrigerating

device for a chamber of low-temperaturestorage of semi-prepared foods.

b. A vortex air cooling system of amicroprocessor cabinet is introduced to a

foreign guest.


17.06.2003): “Vortex coolers VVP�20/1are installed at posts of CNC machines andalso at industr ia l e lectronic units“FANUK” (produced in Japan) and havebeen used continuously since 1995 to thepresent time providing for the necessarycooling of the mentioned objects. We haveno claims concerning the use of the vortexcoolers”.

VORTEX TUBES in food industry

The food industry is a large�scale user ofdifferent air coolers and heaters. The VTuse continuously widens here for coolingof electronic control units (Fig. 1, 2). Theyare also directly used in food productsproduction methods (Fig. 3 and 4).

Example 7. Blowing of cold air flow froma VT to the drum’s technological zonedecreases duration of the icing applicationprocess (Fig. 3) . This was practical lyconfirmed by specialists of some SaintPetersburg and Moscow confectioneries.

Example 8. Caramel , which waspreliminarily cooled on a production line(by a stat ionary cool ing machine) , i sadditionally cooled during hot seasons byVTs (Fig. 4). This makes it easier to dividecaramel and improves the product’s quality.

VORTEX TUBES at self�poweredequipment

Example 9. In cabins of excavators atcomplex ore mines, a “pack” of VTs is used.They cool the operator’s working zone. Atthe same t ime, cabin pressurizat ionpreventing harmful complex ore dust intothe cabin is carried out (Fig. 6).

Examples considered above show thatdeterminative criteria during the choosingof a cold a ir source are part icularperformance attr ibutes of VT:compactness and inertialess operation(Fig . 1�4) ; a wide range of cold f lowtemperatures (Fig. 5); an ability to createexcessive pressure in a relatively closevolume along with its cooling – the socalled cabin pressurization (Fig. 6).

There are a lot of fields where VT can beused if only an oil�free compressor with asmall reduction degree and the necessaryefficiency is used for its supply (Fig. 7, 8).

Advantages of the cooling system with VTsare not obvious: it is necessary to carry outan analysis taking into account the mostimportant (or a l l) technological orperformance characteristics, for example,on the basis of the method of qualimetriccomparison of competing technologicalsolutions, which has been shown in thebeginning in the article.

The VT use in cooling systems, accordingto Fig . 7 and 8 , under experimental�industrial conditions, are not examined buttheir competitive ability mainly dependsnot only on VT but also on characteristicsof other important cool ing systemelements: pos. 1�3 (Fig. 7) and pos. 1�4(Fig. 8). In these cases, introduction of VTinto air cooling system of an object can beeasi ly substantiated for especial lystringent terms of the system use whichcondition:

• nonoperability of the “alternative”vapor compress ion refr igerat ingequipment under extremely hightemperatures and vibrations at an object,for instance, when search teams work indeserts (Fig. 7);• complete absence of maintenance ofthe vapor compress ion refr igerat ingequipment and impossibility to refill it byfreon, for example, during episodic transferof agricultural products by farmers fromunder�populated mountain regions tocities (Fig. 8).

VORTEX DEVICES for machineengineering technology

Example 10. We will consider only one VTuse in the machine engineering technology[3] though different uses are available(Fig. 9).

If a chamber for low�temperature influenceon a material or a product is used rarely, itmakes no sense to buy an expensive low�


а.

b.

1

2

3

4

5

temperature cool ing machine withexacting maintenance requirements. Inthis case, it is enough to use VTs assembledaccording to a scheme, which al lowsutilizing a part of cooling productivitywhich was not used directly in the low�temperature chamber.

Micro�coolers for tool engineeringindustry

According to a thoroughly discussedstrategy of machine engineeringdevelopment to 2010, tool engineeringplays the leading role: development of itsexport oriented potential was planned;possibilities to increase program machinessupply to India, Africa’s countries andother regions with hot climate and strictrequirements to e f f ic iency of cool ingventi lat ion system for control micro�processors (and a “niche” for VT use duringmulti�point cooling of the most importantcabinet zones) was evaluated. VT givesheat reliability to mechanical processingequipment with minimal costs , makesoperation of a machine ( l ine , unit)independent on the environmentaltemperature changes , and improves

Fig. 3. At confectioneries, VTs increasethe process of icing application on nuts,

raisins and other dispersed stuff inrotating drums by 3-4 times

a. Drums at icing application shop.

b. In order to cool a product locally, anoperator inserts a VT (M102, M104) fixed

on a turning post and connected to asource of compressed air – a factory’spneumo net. There is a cone perforatedflared end for cooling flow supply onto aproduct in the drum at the cold air outlet

of the VT.

Fig. 4. During hot summer, caramel ispreliminarily cooled at the confectionery

before its division:

1 and 5 – pneumo net elements, 2 – avortex cooler (M052V, M052C,

M102,V201), 3 – a hot air flow tap, 4 – ajacket-airway with a notched outlet

above the production line(after a “regular” refrigerating machine-

air cooler).


performance attr ibutes of complextechnological systems.

Vortex coolers, thus, would widen exportpossibi l i t ies of expensive equipmentwithout rais ing i ts pr ice . A cool ingventilation system supplemented by one ora few vortex micro�coolers in heat�intensive zones of the processor cabinet isuseful not only as an export product .Summer becomes hotter in a considerablepart of Russia (while there are no airconditioning systems in most productionshops). A need for micro�coolers for toolengineering ( in the country and forexport) , according to the considereddevelopments strategy, by a minimalevaluation, is about 20,000 items a year andit can greatly increase to 2010.

A big machine�tool plant or a supplier ofmicro�processor cabinets can be aproducer : an enterprise with wideproduction connections in its field andestablished export connections. First lotsof the modular VTs (M052A, V, C, D) canbe used by the producer in its shops andthen supplied by the producer to the usersin adjusting fields. The following lots ofVTs will be embedded into products; forexample, into the micro�processor cabinetssupplied to the users in the frame of theestablished production connections toRussia , Byeloruss ia , Kazakhstan, andUkraine (al l these countries have

Fig. 6. In order to improve workingconditions in cabins of power and pneumoprovided excavators at complex ore mines,

a unit from two or four VTs of VVP-20/1model is used. They carry out cabin

pressurization and air cooling-heating in theworking zone: a powerful excavator at Ust-

Talovka mine.

Fig. 7. “Multi-point” cooling of cabin 7 orcabin 8 of a self-powered object used underextreme temperature conditions (in deserts

and other hot regions):

1, 2, 3 – a system of compressed airpreparation, 4, 5 – VTs in the cabins

(M052A, V, C, D or M102), 6 – routing ofcompressed air, 9 – hot air drainage.

Fig. 8. Cooling of automobile fruit carrier’schamber to +12C…+3C:

1, 2, 3, 4 – a diesel-generator, an electriccompressor, a radiator, a compressed air

dryer, 5 – hot air drainage, 6 – VTs of M102,M104, M102.2, or M104.2 models.


developed tool engineering). Then al lmodels of the modular VTs of universal usewill be used for widening export. At thattime, the plants�producers will also haveorders for the modular VTs of particularuse.

Other uses

Fig. 10 shows a possibility to use VTs forcooling of:• agricultural products temporari lystored in boxes (when a specialized coolingequipment is absent but there is a pneumonet around);• dead�ends in mines and tunnels duringdrifting in hot regions;• working zones of repairmen, welders,painters , during f i tt ing�out of a ship ;during works in tank ship’s tanks (wheretank shell temperature can exceed 60C).

Conclusion

1. The Russian industry has long�termexperience of successful VT use in differentfields:• in air curtains at fixed working places

in metal lurgy, galvanic and tanningindustries, painting chambers;• in electronic units cooling systems incontrol systems;• during ic ing appl icat ion ontoconfect ionery products in drums andduring caramel division (split);• in portable transport refrigerators fora cabin;• in chambers for temperature�climatictesting of products;• in the furniture industry, during high�speed appl icat ion of a g lue str ip andlacquer�loading machines’ operation;• in cabins of a mountain combine; a self�powered object used under extremeconditions; a charging crane in metallurgy;an excavator;• in shipbuilding and dockyards forimprovement of working conditions in asmall room;• in rooms for short�term storage ofagricultural products, in boxes and others.

2. With minimal time and costs, the use ofVTs gives large�scale economical andecological results. Reducing atmosphericemissions of greenhouse gases from thestandard refrigerating equipment, it isnecessary to consider VT as a device withhigh development potential which is notdiscovered yet. For example:• multi�point vortex cooling of heat�intensive objects in well grounded casesmakes it unnecessary to build an expensive

Fig. 9. A regenerative-cascade schemeof the low-temperature chamber’s aircooling 10 for cold detail hardening

rarely used in the machine engineeringtechnology

1, 2, 3, 4, 7 – a system of compressedair preparation; 5, 6 – VT models M102,V201 (first and second cascades); 8, 9 –

counterflow recuperative heat-exchangers.

Fig. 10. Cold air ventilation of tunnelsand dead-ends in deep mines and also

temporary store houses, in case there isno standard refrigerating equipment:

1 – VTs of model M102, M104, M104A,M102.2, M104.2, and M104.5; 2 – a

mine’s (or store house’s) pneumo net; 3– hot air drainage.


central conditioning system at a plant;• if an object needs local cooling foroperation without maintenance underextremely high temperatures, vibrations,dustiness, gassiness, the use of VT has noalternatives because the standardrefrigerating equipment is of little availunder these conditions.

3. I began the comprehensive experimentalresearch of my f irst VTs (which werealready industrially produced and used; seepart 1, Project 1) guided by the first vortextechnology special ists of the country:Professors Vladimir SergeevitchMartynovsky and Valentin PetrovitchAlekseev [4 , 5] . They and AlexanderPetrovitch Merkulov [6 , 7] , vortextechnology special ists of the f i rstgeneration, created a scientific basis for us,researchers of the second generation.Thanks to this basis , both theory andpractice of VT developed successfully.Today growth and modernization of theproduction economic sector would helpaccelerated promotion of miniature VTs.Production of the modular VTs will widenwhen Russian economics wi l l be re�oriented from raw materials export toeffective commercialization of the newesttechnologies.

References

1. Ranque G.J. Experiences sur la dйtentegirataire avec productions simultanees d,unechappement d,air chaud et d,air froid // Journ.de Physique et la Radium, 1933, Vol.7, #4. P.112.2. Azarov A.I., Alekseev V.P., Bykov A.V. andothers. “Refrigerating systems”. Reference book.– M., 1982. � P.188 – 199.3 . Fulton C.D. Vortex tube . Patent USA#3208229, Cl.62�5, 1965, Sept.28.4. Azarov A.I. Chilled vortex tube with non�stationary hot flow // Refrigerating systems andtechnology. Kiev, 1973, #17. 70p.5. Alekseev V.P., Azaroff A.I. Development,investigation and application of non�adiabaticvortex tubes (B2.41) // 14th InternationalCongress of Refrigeration.�Moscow, 1978, Vol.II. P. 997�1004.6. Martynovsky V.S., Alekseev V.P.. Vortex effectof cooling and its use // Refrigerating systems.1953, #3.�P.63�66.

7. Azarov A.I., Birukov G.P., Kaluzhny V.A. On themethod of gas expansion machines choice forsystems of temperature control // Rocket and spacesystems. Series III. Issue 4 / M. 1986.8. Azarov A. Qualimetric method of comparison ofrefrigerating systems according to the totality oftheir technological and operational characteristics// International Conference: Resources saving infood industry. � St.Petersburg, 1998. P.143�144.9. Azarov A.I. Domestic vortex refrigerators fortransport vehicles // Refrigeration systems. 1986,#7.�P.28�30.10. Babakin B.S., Vygodin V.A. Domesticrefrigerators and freezing chambers. Referencebook. M. 2000.�P.455�456.11. Alekseev V.P., Azarov A.I., Drozdov A.F., KrotovP.E. New vortex equipment for labour protection // Vortex effect and its use in engineering. –Kuybyshev. 1984.�P.104�111.12. Azarov A.I. Vortex coolers for industrialelectronics // Scientific works collection. L. 1989.�P.135�141.13. Azarov A.I. Industrial use of a range of vortexcoolers. – Vortex effect and its use in engineering.Samara: 1993.�P.75 – 79.14. Azarov A.I. Decrease of energy cost per unit forchill generation in vortex tubes // Problems of fuel�energy resources economy at industrial enterprisesand power plants. Saint Petersburg, 2002.�P.112�117.15. Azarov A.I. Vortex air coolers of multiply use:research on the scale of their industrial use. //Machine engineering. Special issue: Cryogenics. M.2000.�P.93�99.16. Merkulov A.P. Vortex effect and its use inengineering. – M. Machine engineering. 1969. 183p.17. Khalatov A.A. Theory and practice of whirledflows. Kiev. 1989. 192p.18. Suslov A.D., Ivanov S.V., Murashkin A.V. andothers. Vortex devices. M. Machine engineering.1985. 256p.19. Azgaldov G.G., Raikhman E.P. On qualimetria.M. 1973.�172p.20. Azarov A.I. Constructional and technologicalimprovement of vortex air coolers // Machineengineering technologies, 2004. #3. P.56�60.21. Martynovsky V.S. Analysis of actualthermodynamic cycles. – M.: Energiya, 1972.�P.147�157.22. Alekseev V.P., Martynovsky V.S. Research onthe effect of gases and vapors vortex temperaturedivision // Technical physics magazine. 1956, v.26,issue 10.�P.2303�2315.23. Merkulov A.P. Vortex tube research //Technical physics magazine. 1956, v. 26, issue 3.�P.1271�1276.24. Merkulov A.P. Vortex effect and its technicaluse. – Samara: Optima. 1997. – 346p.


Do you want to get an artificial tornado?Fix a diaphragm in a tube, fix a jet next toit , at a tangent to the internal tube’ssurface , connect the jet to a factorypneumo net and… miracles will begin: oneend of the tube burns your hands whilehoar�frost forms on the surface of another.Are these miracles?

Cyclone dust separators have beenoperating at thousands of metal lurgy,cement, and woodworking enterprises fora long t ime: c lean air emitted to theatmosphere from technological zones. Aseveryone thought, there was a high�speedtornado in the cyclone, nothing else. ButFrench engineer�metallurgist, J. Ranque,did not believe it and investigated. Itturned out to be that , in a turbulenttornado, a spontaneous heat flow from theaxis to the periphery occurs : a f low’snucleus is always colder than the periphery.

The f i rst vortex tube patented by J .Ranque is the same cyclone but it wasreconstructed in order to obtain maximalcold in the axial part of the vortex flow and,accordingly, in the periphery one. Thetemperature di f ference between thehottest and the coldest layers in the vortextube can be considerable higher than 100C.It is amazing that these layers co�exist neareach other in the centrifugal force’s field– at a distance of some millimeters fromeach other!

Temperature division of a tornado (the“vortex ef fect”) i s the “cheapest”discovery of the XX century which did notrequire thousands of people and billions offunds . It i s cheap, with variousconstructive real izat ions , withinexhaustible industrial applications. Theforest realization is a vortex tube as anecologically clean refrigerating machine

without moving wearable parts which doesnot use greenhouse and ozone�destructivegases (freons) [1, 4].

Today there are hundreds of inventions inthe world concerning the vortex tubes andmore than a half of them were made inRussia (the USSR). Scienti f ic andtechnical trend is “expansive”. I can judgeby my practice as a researcher, developerof new kinds of production. I have 160inventions : tradit ional and newrefr igerat ing equipment which isecological ly c lean; transport machineengineering; technical acoust ics andtesting equipment; micro�chargers with aminimal number of moving parts or withoutany moving parts for operation in zerogravity and others. More than a half of theinventions and projects are related tomulti�purpose refrigerating equipment –inertialess and trouble�free in operation,cheap in production, non�maintained in usevortex tubes: air coolers for all fields ofmachine engineering, food industry andagriculture , transport and test ingequipment . This i s not only arefr igerat ing machine of the mult i�purpose use.

The vortex tube can be reconstructed andturned into an elementary vacuum device(up to 0.01 – 0.1 atm) for non�ferrousmetallurgy; a component separator for gasindustry and ammonia production; a dropseparator and a dryer for compressed airl ines ; a source of strong (up to 162decibels) acoustic irradiation for testingequipment and intensi f icat ion oftechnological processes ; a source of atornado nucleus’ glow and also a source ofX�ray emission, gravitation anomalies andmany other effects – for the pleasure ofphysicists carrying out fundamentalresearches.

ARTIFICIAL TORNADOA.I. Azarov

A laboratory of vortex equipment, Saint Petersburg, RussiaTel. (Fax): +7 (812) 579-2251e-mail: [email protected]


A tornado in the atmosphere, an artificialtornado in a tube is a multi�factor miraclewhich put many question for researchersfor many years. But we already use it. Letus mark out a “temperature” componentonly – Ranque’s effect: even the simplestvortex tube supplied by compressed airfrom a factory pneumo net (as anaddit ional consumer who requirespurchasing and instal l ing an a ircompressor) allows producing a cold airflow with a temperature from 20C to �120C and/or a hot one with a temperaturefrom 50C to 120C. Many factorytechnological problems can be solved bydifferent kinds of vortex tubes. It wasnecessary only to prove it by practice. Animpulse was needed in order to begin a self�organizing process of vortex equipmentexpansion [5, 8].

Sixty plants got free design drawings oforiginal air coolers�heaters – 12 models ofvortex tubes of different construction.More than 20 years ago, the f i rstthousands of vortex tubes for plants�users’needs were produced in Vyborg, Leningrad(“Leninets”, Leningrad engineering plantand many others), Zavolzhye, Vilnius,Minsk, Ulan�Ude, Novosibirsk and dozensof other cities. At the same time, from 6 to9 enterprises launched long�term serialproduction of multi�purpose “Azarov’smicro air conditioners”: in Kaluga andRostov�on�Don (two plants in each city),Kirishi, Saint Petersburg and others. Oneof the first famous uses was at Zavolzhskyplant called “Avtodvigatel”. My vortextubes have been fixed at all 17 micro�processor control cabinets of a hugeautomatic l ine “Renault�2” (210

Today producing companies can industrially developPRODUCTS OF THE NEWEST LEVEL OF THE VORTEX TECHNOLOGY

The first in the worldMODULAR MULTI�CHAMBER VORTEX TUBES

Modular Maximal Fields of use Overall VORTEX CHAMBERS (VC)vortex tubes chilling (see the dimensions,with 1, 2 or 5 productivity, kW addendixes) mm Dia� Amount Formmodules meter, of VTs«052» or Рс=0,41 Рс=0,69 mm«102/104» Mpascal Mpascal

а) Vortex tubes of “universal” use containing a vortex module «052» or «102»М052А 0.1 0.2 1�8, др. 92х56х48 5 2 CylinderМ052В 0.1 0.2 1�8, др. 115х56х42 5 2 CylinderМ052С 0.1 0.2 1�8, др. 105х56х42 5 2 CylinderМ052D 0.1 0.2 1�8, др. 125х56х42 5 2 CylinderM102 0.45 0.75 1�8, др. 220х60х60 10 2 Cone�Cylinder

b) Vortex tubes of the “specialized” use containing 1, 2 or 5 vortex modulesM052.2 0.2 0.4 5, 8 150х115х70 5 4 CylinderM102.2 0.9 1.5 2, 3, 7 505х150х140 10 4 Cone�CylinderM104 0.9 1.5 3, 5, 6 290х60х60 10 4 Cone�CylinderM104.2 1.8 3.0 2, 3, 7 530х150х140 10 8 Cone�CylinderM104.5 4.5 7.5 2, 3 370х70х170 10 20 Cone�Cylinder

Notes:

Allowed excessive pressure of compressed air at the VT’s inlet PC = (0.1�1.0) MPascal;recommended (working) pressure PC = (0.2�0.7) MPascal; “economical” pressure PC = (0.1�0.5)MPascal. A cold flow temperature out of VT is from 290K to 250�230 (220)K depending on theposition of the VT operation mode regulator and compressed air pressure.


equipment units connected in a people�lesstechnological chain) there . Andproduction of cylinder heads became reallypeople�less: despite summer heat in a shop,overheats of electronics, false commandsof electronics, spoilages, stoppages andline’s repairs stopped. Costs of the vortextubes were very smal l but annualproductivity of the line increased by 12.6%which is equal to its additional operationduring 1.5 months per year (without thementioned losses). By the end of 1990,there already were more than 200 plants�users of the vortex tubes (according to thedata of Ministry of electronic industry ofthe USSR): the devices became availablefor any plant. In the end of 1990, Leningradregional council and Council of LeningradPolytechnic Inst itute nominateddeveloper A.I. Azarov for awarding him bythe honorary title of an honoured inventorof the USSR. According to incompletedata, there are more than 800 plants�usersin 160 cities now: in Saint Petersburg 44plants were taking into account ; inMoscow – 48; in Volgograd – 16; both inRostov�on�Don and Nizhniy Novgorod –18; in Voronezh – 7; in Yekaterinburg,Cheliabinsk, and Samara – 5 plants in eachcity and so on. Among Russian users, 42%of the plants are of electronic industry,engineering tools industry, chemical andoil�gas mechanical engineering; 10 % areplants of polygraphy and plast icprocess ing; 10 % are enterprises ofconfectionary industry, dairy industry,bread�making plants, farms and others.First, plants of all machine engineeringindustry used the vortex tubes. Now newusers are food and similar productions: forexample , “Neva” company in SaintPetersburg, bread�making plants # 5 and# 11 in Nizhniy Novgorod: a biscuitsfactory in Volgograd and so on. This is acontinuation of the process started inaerospace industry [9�11].

The vortex tubes are irreplaceable whereit is impossible to install a big freon aircondit ioned which required specialmaintenance: in painting chambers andgalvanic units ; in hot shops ofmetallurgical and cement industry; in a

bread�making zone and many others .Appearance of new technologies withstrong point heat emission requires “point”non�maintained cool ing generators .The miniature vortex tubes f ind nomatch under extreme service conditions[12 – 14].

Fields of use (some examples)

1 – mechanical engineering technologies,engineering of tools, industrial electronics:creation of “cold zones” on the surface orin the volume of a tool and/or material;cool ing of control units of programmachines, automatic lines, robotized units,no�man productions;2 – hot and noxious productions : a ircurtains in working zones of paintingchambers, forges, galvanic and metallurgyproductions; deep mines: ventilation ofdead�ends;3 – foundry: cooling of sand in devices withquickly hardening mixtures: storage ofagricultural products: cooling of grain anddispersed products in temporarystorehouses;4 – furniture industry: blowing of cold airin a mil l ing zone during facing s labproduction and in a zone of lacquer loadingin lacquer�loading machines;5 � se l f �propel led equipment for hotclimate: cooling of working zones in cranecabins, in drillers’ vans etc.;6 – production of sheet materials: inflatingof polyethylene film by cold flow; coolingof sheet rubber ; g lass production:inertialess creation of “cold zones” forstuf f during sett ing of a continuoustechnological process;7 – transportation and storage of fruits andvegetables: motor fruit carriers and fruitstorehouses of small ships;8 – food productions; transport, miningengineering

References

1. Azarov A.I., Alekseev V.P., Bykov A.V.and others . “Refr igerat ing systems” .Reference book. – M., 1982. � P.188 – 199.2. Azarov A.I., Birukov G.P., Kaluzhny V.A.On the method of gas expansion machines


choice for systems of temperature control// Rocket and space systems. Series III.Issue 4 / M. 1986.3 . Alekseev V.P. , Azarof f A.I .Development , invest igat ion andapplication of non�adiabatic vortex tubes(B2.41) // 14th International Congress ofRefrigeration.�Moscow, 1978, Vol. II. P.997�1004.4 . Azarov A. Qual imetric method ofcomparison of re fr igerat ing systemsaccording to the total ity of theirtechnological and operationalcharacterist ics // InternationalConferense : Resources saving in foodindustry. � St.Petersburg, 1998. P.143�144.5 . Azarov A.I . Domestic vortexrefrigerators for transport vehicles //Refrigeration systems. 1986, #7.�P.28�30.6. Azarov A.I. Decrease of energy cost perunit for chill generation in vortex tubes //Problems of fuel�energy resourceseconomy at industrial enterprises andpower plants. Saint Petersburg, 2002.�P.112�117.7. Azarov A.I. Research on developmenttendencies of the industrial vortex tubes:designs, technology, energy improvement,use // Collection: Problems of fuel�energyresources economy at industr ia lenterprises and power plants. SPb, 2004.– P. 35�50.8. Azarov A.I. Use of vortex air coolers inmachine engineering // Machineengineering technologies, 2002. #2. P. 36�40.9 . Azarov A.I . Constructional andtechnological improvement of vortex aircoolers // Machine engineeringtechnologies, 2004. #3. P.56�60.10. Azarov A.I. Industrial use of air vortexcooler of multiple use // Chemical and oil�gas machine engineering, 1999. # 7. P. 29�31.11. Alekseev V.P., Azarov A.I., DrozdovA.F., Krotov P.E. New vortex equipmentfor labour protection // Vortex effect andits use in engineering. – Kuybyshev. 1984.�P.104�111.12. Azarov A.I. Direction of serial vortextubes improvement // Chemical and oil�gasmachine engineering, 2004. # 7. P. 24�27.13. Azarov A.I . Vortex air coolers ofmultiply use: research on the scale of theirindustrial use. // Machine engineering.

Special issue: Cryogenics. M. 2000.�P.93�99.14. Azarov A.I. Industrial vortex tubes:tendencies of constructional andtechnological development. Cryogenics.2005. C

Companies interested inproduction and use of vortex

tubes in production process forpoint cooling can contact

the author:

Academician A.I.Azarovtel.: 7-812-579-22-51

email: [email protected]

or to our laboratory:fax. 7-812-380-38-44

email: [email protected]

Eagle�ResearchEnergy Solution since 1984

A research Organizationthat develops &

DistributesPractical Energy�Saving

Methods and Devices

4 Energy Way, POBox 118Porthill, Idaho 83853 USA

fax 1�250�492�7480

Technical questions to:wiseman@eagle�

research.com


In 2004 our company ordered fromDegtiarev’s factory, which is placed inKovrov city, Russia, a new experimentalelectro generator. This contact wasrecommended by Yu. S.Potapov. The setupwas made of an air compressor, helicopterturbine, reductor and standard 3�phase60KW electro generator. The factory was notin force to produce the designed device,which was planned to be operable inautonomous fuel�less mode. We agreed withthe producer delivery of all parts to ourlaboratory, and for several months we triedto develop the system. Fig.1 is a photo of thetesting. The device was quite workable under3KW load. It was not autonomous mode ofoperation but we found technical methods toincrease power output by vortex processes.Then, due to some organizing and technicalproblems we sold this device to anothercompany.

first time. The goal of this publication is toassign the priorities for our company,Faraday Lab Ltd.

It is known that Ranque vortex tube allowsto separate incoming air flow to hot and coldflows. Let’s assume that it is a process with afactor 0.5, i.e. half of the incoming mass isseparated to cold flow and another half ofmass is to get the hot flow.

The velocity of molecules depends on thetemperature and we can calculate i t ,formula F.1 (for example, for 300 K):

V = ((3x1.38x10�23x300x6.02x1023)/29x10�3)1/2

V=507 (m/s) F.1

Kinetic energy of working body (air of300K) can be calculated by formula F.2

EK1=(mV12)/2=(m 5072)/2=128524m F.2

We assumed that hot flow mass is 2 times lessthan incoming mass of air. Hence we can useformula F.3 to calculate kinetic energy of thehot air mass:

EK2 = (mV22) / 4 F.3

We set a problem to get kinetic energy of thehot mass of air to be more than kinetic energyof the incoming air mass, F.4

K=(EK2/EK1) > 1 F.4

The temperature dependence of energy islinear, and if the mass is decreased twice, thento keep formula F.4 in force, we must increasethe temperature more than twice, F.5.

(T2/T1) > 2 F.5

For example , cr it ical temperature for300K incoming air flow is 600K, i.e. total

Vortex Fuel Less Power EngineeringAlexander V. Frolov

Faraday Lab Ltd, St.Petersburg, Russia7-812-3803844

Fig. 1

This project was planned as joint researchwork with Yu.S.Potapov but ourcollaboration on this project failed. Now wehave our own theoretical basis for this workand this conception is presented here for the


kinetic energy of more than 600K the hot halfof the flow is more than the total kineticenergy of the incoming 300K flow. It is clearthat for other factors of separation thecritical temperature is another.

Fig . 2 i s diagram of kinet ic energy.Estimated effect for 1000K hot half of anair mass is an over�unity mode of operationwith efficiency 167%.

Conclusions: The method is publishedhere as physical background of apossibility of practical application of thevortex processes to get separation of airmolecules (or other gases) to hot andcold flows, and in this way, to get usefulwork in a load, for example in a turbine,with equivalent cooling of environmentalair. Premises of this method were madeby Maxwell, who mentioned a possibilityof sorting gas molecules to hot and coldmolecules. This sorting is possible also dueto laminarization of the air flow (you canf ind detal izat ion of this approach in

Volodko’s art ic les publ ished in ourmagazine).

Our company is interested to developresearch on the topic. We need businesscontacts with producers of microturbines.Also we are interested to establish contactswith producers of high RPM electrogenerators (9,000 rpm or more).

This technology is not a perpetuum mobileidea, and it is in full accordance with theconservation of energy law since we can seethat the turbine output power isequivalent of cold�productivity of thissystem. Practical appl icat ion of thetechnology is depend on designing of thevortex tubes for extremely high hottemperatures. There are no fundamentalprohibitions for this technology to developfuel�less power generators.

Alexander V. Frolov,Faraday Lab Ltd., St.�Petersburg, RussiaAll rights reserved.

Fig. 2. Critical temperature for 300K incoming air flow is 600 K.


Due to the use of traditional energy sources oforganic origin, mankind is threatened by ecologicaldisaster now. This is why the search of renewable,ecologically clean alternative energy sources isintensified now.

One of these sources is the Earth’s gravity field,which is used by mankind for production ofmechanical and electrical energy in hydropowerengineering for a lot time. Due to the energy of thegravity field, falling water rotates turbines athydroelectric power stations, wheels of waterlifters and water�mills.

Construction of hydroelectr icpower stations in their classicalform is a very long�term andexpensive action damaging theenvironment due to flooding ofhuge areas of dry land, which couldbe used for the production ofagricultural products or for otherkinds of economic act ivity.Besides, artificial seas influencelocal c l imatic condit ions andviolate ecological balance innature . This leads tounpredictable results.

Actually, there are no examples ofthe real use of gravity f ie ld ’senergy for pract ical need ofmankind today.

The best scientists tried to usegravity field as a source of endlessenergy for many centuries. Theycreated skilful devices, which weremostly called “perpetual motionmachines”. But they could notsolve the problems connectedwith the unidirectionality of thegravity field. Withing the limits ofc lass ical v iews on Newton’smechanics , “perpetual motionmachines” are impossible becausethey violate the law of energyconservation. After ParisAcademy of Sciences had decidedto stop considering designs of“perpetual motion machines” asthey contradict physical laws,engineers stopped working onthese problems. Due to this, thetasks of getting the inexhaustibleenergy of the gravity field weregiven to amateurs, who had nonecessary knowledge. As a result,useful solutions embodied in

Gravity-inertial engine (GIE)A. Chernogorov, Ukraine

(06452) 2-75-30


devices, which could use the unidirectionalenergy of Earth, were not suggested.

As time goes by, more problems appearedwhich could not be explained by classicalNewton’s mechanics. For example, we seedemonstrations of inertia forces’ actioneverywhere, but the classical mechanicscannot explain what their nature is. Withinthe limits of the classical mechanics, it isimpossible to design mechanisms anddevices, which could move in space due totheir internal forces. But such mechanismshave been designed and showed theirpractical working capacity. The foundersof the research and creation of the so called“inertia engines” are Soviet scientists. Acertain contribution to the creation of thetheory of “inertia engines” and obtainingpractical results was made by the authorof the given invention.

According to the statement of Doctor ofTechnical Sciences Lev Sapogin, present�day quantum (wave) mechanics changeeverything completely. Other correlationsand rules act here. Within the limits of theso called unitary quantum theory, the lawof energy conservation, which is a barrieron the path to designing of the “perpetualmotion machine”, does not work.

The greatest victory of the human mindover the energy problems could be a designof stationery or mobile devices with apower from a few kW to hundreds ofthousands kW, which wil l be able toconvert the energy of gravity field intohandy kinds of energy ( for instance ,mechanical, electrical or heat energy) usedby people for practical purposes.

As a result of the almost 50�years research,the author created an idea of such devices’design. In the end of the last century,theoretical prerequisites for creation oftwo�stroke and three�stroke power packsof gravity�inertial engines. Today a two�stroke power pack with a mass of 70 kg anda pilot unit for setting up and test of theengine have been built. In connection withabsence of practical financing, they havebeen built using anything available. The

building protracted for 6 years instead ofreal 6 months.

Tests of the two�stroke power pack carriedout in the end of 2000 – the beginning of2003 have showed its capacity for workand conf irmed the theoret icalprerequisites, which were its foundation.This opened prospects for the building ofsome types of GIEs as early as in this year.The invention is pioneer, unique and has noanalogues in the world.

The tests of the two�stroke power packgave real evidence of the fact that theEarth’s gravity field (as well as gravityfield of other planets) is really a powerfulenergy source. Its energy must be used forproduction of cheap electric energy by GIEas soon as possible.

The two (three)�stroke power pack is areactor located in a solid steel body of theaccording design without any radioactivecomponents. There are mechanisms ofcontrol of the reactor’s work, mechanismsof mechanical energy transfer on thereactor.

GIE includes the two or three�strokepower packs connected with highlyeffective energy recuperators.

The principle of GIE’s operation is unique.It is based on new solutions, which arenecessary to know in order to reproducethe device, so unauthorized persons cannotdo it now.

The gravity�inertial engines built on thebasis of the two or three�stroke powerpacks will be the most ecologically cleanengines , which wil l rotate e lectr icgenerators using no fuel. Their energysources will be huge, inexhaustible energyof the Earth’s gravity f ie ld . A s ingleelectric power station with a power of 5 –15 kW will be able to completely supple anapartment house in any place where a mancan live. There are almost no fundamentall imitations for building GIEs of morepower.


Diagravitic Effect

William S. AlekINTALEK, INC, 3506-43rd. Place,

Highland, IN 46322 USAphone/fax [email protected],http://www.intalek.com

Inspired by Tim Ventura’s of American Antivravityinformation about the NAZI Bell Experiment, I

decided to try a s impleexperiment . I managed tocapture by photo what I call a“Diagravitic Effect” (Fig. 1)

Shown on this photo are twoGravitrons glued together andplaced on a spring scale. TheseGravitrons are available at theMuseum of Science andIndustry (http ://w w w. r o b o t i c s o n l i n e . c o m /p u b l i c / a r t i c l e s /archivedetails.cfm?id=1521)

What I discovered is an effectsimilar to diamagnetism. Indiamagnetism, two spinning/counter�spinning magneticfields cancel each other suchthat the element has NO netmagnetic f ia ld . However,applying an external magneticfield to the spinning systemcauses the element to producea “counter�magnetic field”. Theelement Bismuth has thisproperty. I observed a similargravitational effect, which Icall “diagravitic” simply bys p i n n i n g / c o u n t e r � s p i n n i n g“non�magnetic” discs . Thedifference I observed, thoughtiny, i s shown on http ://www.intalek .com/Pictures/DiagraviticComparison.jpg.

The theory is that twos p i n n i n g / c o u n t e r � s p i n n i n gdiscs produce a temporal effect,which generates a counter�gravitic force against gravity.This ISN’T antigravitational,but a counteracting oropposing gravitational force.

Fig.1

News


Statorpermanent

magnet(ferrite)

Rotor drum

Rotorpermanent

magnet(cobalt)

Statorelectro-magnet

Air gap(0,1 mm)

Air gap(5 mm)

DistributorBattery

Kure Tekko Motor

Fig. 1

On Fig. 1 is a diagram of a pulse motorannounced by the Japanese engineeringfirm, Kure Tekko, in the June 1979 PopularScience. Its unique design requires only apulse of energy when the permanentmagnet rotor i s in proximity to theelectromagnet . The motor has beentested and had the potential to

substantially reduce the need for batteriesin e lectr ic cars . Let ’s note that thisprinciple was used in many high efficientelectro generators . The gradient ofpressure from stator to rotor is made dueto the changing gap between stator androtor. It i s the reason of addit ionalacceleration of the rotor.


I have read a recently published book byEvgeny Grogorievich Oparin [1] withgreat interest. In my opinion, the book isboth a full scientific work devoted to oneof the global problems of thermodynamicsand a work devoted to history of scientificdevelopment of this problem. Such ananalysis of historical development of a bigscientific field, which has a determinativeimportance for this field, for all sciencesand technology and also for philosophy, isnot so often in scientif ic and popularscientific literature.

The author did not use a standard methodof retell ing and analysis of prominentscientists’ biographies; instead, he couldexpress and show readers something moreimportant: a drama of ideas, which has beensecret ly carr ied out for more than1.5 hundred years in thermodynamics.Most people do not understand and arenot interested in this sc ienceconsidering i t boring and abstract .Not many people understand that acost of mistakes committed by theparticipants of this drama is very high forall mankind. Possibly, it is higher than acost of mistakes caused, for example ,Chernobyl disaster.

The author told and analyzed the mainhistorical stages of this drama. He couldalso logically express the main idea of hisbook: that nature does not prohibit heattransformation into work (and, therefore,into any other kind of energy) “by a strictlyequal rat io” , according to P.K.Oschepkov’s expression, i.e. completely.The prohibition is invented, protected andpropagandized by people. E.G. Oparinmanaged not to fall into fiction neverviolat ing logic and auster ity of thenarration.

It is necessary to mention that there areconsistent and strict logic in Oparin’s book.This is the first work on the law of energydegradation and the possibility of creationof the second kind’s perpetual motionmachine – a no�fuel mono�thermal engine.It consists not only of description of suchan engine ’s projects and thoughtsconcerning the reasons why the enginescannot be built using these projects (or, onthe contrary, why they can be built).

E.G. Oparin shows a logic of historicaldevelopment of scientific ideas, which,probably, led to the global mistake causinginnumerable harm to nature and also tomankind’s prosperity and health. Usingworks of J. Loshmidt, K.E. Tsiolkovsky,P.K. Oschepkov and others, he consistentlyand logically lead a reader to an idea thatit is possible and inevitable to overcomethis mistake. This is why Oparin’s bookexceeds the bounds of “a good and usefulexercise for students learningfundamentals of theoretical physics, as itis said in the book’s introduction by itseditor L.V. Jakovenko. Oparinconvincingly summed up the discussiontaking place for over 120 years and finallystated that the law of energy degradationis not an absolute law of nature but aparticular law, which is right only withinthe limits of its applicability. In his book,Oparin determined these limits and stated,for example, following Tsiolkovsky thatthis law is unacceptable for all effects,which depend on presence of gravity fields.

Why publ icat ion of Oparin ’s book isnecessary now? At present, a number ofef fects are a lready discovered,experimentally researched and described,which confirm a fundamental possibility tocreate the no�fuel mono�thermal engine in

The lessons of history of the secondlaw of thermodynamics

Yu.I. [email protected]


the form of devices operating using differentprinciples. For instance, it is discovered that,during discharge of condensers with somekinds of dielectrics, en electrical energyproduced on load considerably (up to 4times) exceeds energy necessary for thecondensers’ charge. Similarly to this, energyof a magnetic field in some magnetics exceedsenergy necessary for creation of this field bymany times [2]. During streamline motionof compressed air, a mechanical energy of aflowing stream is 2 – 4 times more thanenergy necessary for its compression [3].Excess of the mechanical (or electrical)energy in these cases can appear only fromthe environment (during this process, theenvironment is cooled), where it is not inthe form of the mechanical energy but in theform of a diffused heat energy. Hence, acondenser’s dielectric, a magnetic and aflowing stream of air compressed air are adirect transformer of the internal heat energyof the environment into the mechanical (orelectrical) energy. In order to carry out thistransformation, only one level of theenvironmental temperature, which isindependent on the transformer’s operation,is needed. In all three cases, obviously, a socalled “capture” of the diffusedenvironmental heat energy occurs.

The no�fuel mono�thermal engines can bedesigned, which operation is based on theseseffects. For example, a hypothetical electricpower installation for production of themechanical (or electrical) energy without useof any fuel, only due to cooling of atmosphericair by 50C during its flowing through theinstallation. Such a cooling, as it is known,always occurs during compressed air’s exit(under moderate compression degrees) inatmosphere. Calculations show that such aninstallation with overall size (according to acompressor and an expansion engine) 1,300x 750 x 750 mm allows producing an outputmechanical power of about 800 kW [3].

Other effects, which could underlie designingof the no�fuel mono�thermal engines, areknown. The scientific and technicalcommunity knows the results of thementioned researches rather good. Theproblem of limitation of the energy

degradation law has been frequentlydiscussed during various seminars,conferences and readings (includingparliament ones). Oparin’s book sums up allthis material and describes the whole primarystage of knowledge accumulation in the filedof operation principles of the no�fuel mono�thermal engines. One of Oparin’s book’sadvantages is a big reference list consistingof works devoted to the given problem. Itincludes 239 names. The problem wasinvestigated from many sides using literarysources.

I am grateful to E.G. Oparin for that he gavein his book a successful interpretation of thestreamline motion of compressed air througha nozzle as a process of ordering of airmolecules’ motion, which is carried out in anarrow canal by a purely mechanical method,with decrease of a number of possible freedomdegrees. This process of the molecules’motion ordering naturally leads to decreaseof flowing air’s entropy and, therefore, totransformation of a part of its internal heatenergy into the mechanical energy.

A chapter devoted to methodologicalfundamentals of thermodynamics i snaturally included in the book. In the book,the author considers thermodynamics as aphilosophical science (though, on thewhole, thermodynamics is more a naturaland exact sc ience than a l iberal anddescriptive one). The author logicallygrounds a possibility to completely changethe existing scientif ic views, which isnecessary for obtaining new researchresults, particularly, in thermodynamics.This complete change of views inthermodynamics i s descr ibed in thefol lowing chapter as making of a newparadigm. A comparison of the old and thenew paradigms is considered using anexample of formation of new views on theenergy degradation law. It is shown thatthis comparison is determined by theaccordance principle introduced by N.Bore, i.e. the new paradigm includes the oldone as an extreme case. An impossibility tologically change the old paradigm to the newone is noted because the new paradigm cannotbe derived using rules of logic from the


principles, ideas, and laws acknowledged bythe modern science (i.e. within the limits ofthe old paradigm).

In his book, E.G. Oparin successfully summedup scientific researches on the problem of avertical temperature gradient observed inthe Earth’s atmosphere and determined bythe Earth’s gravity field. J. Loshmidt, K.E.Tsiolkovsky, E.G. Oparin, V.I. Likhachev, V.F.Yakovlev and others tried to substantiate itsexistence and calculate it. As a result of theseresearches, a formula is created forcalculation of the gradient. This formulaincludes only world constants and noempirically determined coefficient.Nevertheless, a value of the gradientcalculated using the formula coincides withthe results of its long�term measurements.Such a coincidence cannot be accidental.Existence of the vertical temperaturegradient in the atmosphere and itsdependency on the Earth’s gravity field hasbeen proved. Thus, numerous researchesmake far�reaching and true conclusions aboutthe limited nature of the energy degradationlow, about the possibility to design theperpetual motion machine of the second kind(the no�fuel mono�thermal engine) and alsoabout a possibility of spontaneous flowing ofheat from a less heated body to a more heatedone in the presence of a gravity field.

I suppose that the last conclusion, though itis right, cannot be directly derived from thevertical temperature gradient’s existence inthe atmosphere. As it follows from a modelof this effect developed in Oparin’s book, theatmospheric heat flows down�up: fromwarmer areas to cooler ones. But in thecounter direction – to the Earth’s surface, i.e.from the cooler areas to the warmer ones, astream of the mechanical energy moves,which, possibly, determines all relocations ofair masses above the Earth’s surface. Hence,the law of energy degradation is not violatedhere, at least, formally (and only in itsformulation, which states an impossibility ofthe spontaneous flow of heat from a lessheated body to a more heated one).

The book’s disadvantage is, in my opinion, thecontents of the chapter devoted to a new

science – monothermia. If a need todistinguish a new scientific direction from thewhole scientific knowledge appears and thisdirection is important and separated fromother scientific fields enough to claim to be aseparate science (that must also be proven),first of all, it is necessary to determine itsobject, methods and limits. This must havebeen the contents of the mentioned chapter.Comparing to almost blameless clearness andlogic of the previous chapters, the chapterabout monothermia looks insipid, over�simplified and declarative.

First, it is not clear from the text whatmonethermia’s object is and whether itcoincides with the thermodynamics’ object.According to the name, monothermia can beunderstood as a science of the no�fuel mono�thermal engines. Unlike monothermia, suchan engine can be determined accuratelyenough as an engine, which operationrequires only one level of the environmentaltemperature, regardless of the engine’soperation. But such an understandingnarrows the object of the given science. Thisis why, in my opinion, the name of the newscience is unsuccessful. Its only advantage isits brevity. But, in this case, thermodynamicsmust be renamed a parathermia. A moresuccessful name may be taken from the nameof the book: “theoretical fundamentals of no�fuel energy”.

Monothermia’s methods are, possible, thesame as thermodynamics’ ones (a cyclemethod, a method of thermodynamicpotentials). If some other methods can beconsidered, they must have been mentionedin this chapter. As for the limits ofmonothermia’s applicability, they are notdescribed enough. A question necessarilyarises: is monothermia as a whole or some oftheses from its axiomatic basis (for example,an analogue of the law of energy degradation)an absolute law or is it a particular law, whichis true within some limits? By the way, it wasnecessary to formulate (and repeat from theprevious text if necessary) fundamentals ofthe new science – its axiomatic basis. It isalso not clear what is meant by an expression“a logical lock�in of monothermia”. It mustbe explained.


Every successful and necessary bookincluding Oparin’s book causes a counterstream of thoughts from its reader, a wish toexpress his/her position toward the discussedproblem. I considered it necessary, first, toexpress my opinion concerning the questionwhy a working no�fuel mono�thermal engineis not built; and second, what are lessons ofappearance and development history of thedegradation energy law.

It is possible to irrefragably prove thepossibility to create the no�fuel mono�thermal engines by the only method, which isto build a working prototype of such anengine. Why does not E.G. Oparin and hisassociates follow this obvious way? There alot of reasons but the main three reasons are,possibly, the following.

First of all, these people cannot create suchan engine because the idea of creation of theno�fuel mono�thermal engine appeared in thefield of experimental and theoretical physics,which is a specialty of almost all of them while,in order to create the no�fuel mono�thermalengine, other specialists are needed (forexample, material engineers of dielectrics andmagnetics or designers of compressors,turbines or aviation engines).

Besides, fundamental views on the no�fuelmono�thermal engine have been created andare being created by efforts of individualresearchers during their free time and at theirexpenses. In order to build a workingprototype, a scientific and production basisand the according financing are necessary.

Finally, there undoubtedly is the existingpublic opinion against the mentioned engine,which has been formed during a long (about150 years) period of time. This prejudice isfixed in minds of most Russian population andabroad including minds of scientists, whichdiscuss a fundamental possibility to build theno�fuel mono�thermal engine, in minds of thementioned specialists and in minds offunctionaries who determine possibilities touse the scientific and production basis and tofinance these works. This prejudice must betaken into account trying to create such anengine.

Fairly, authors of no�fuel engines are in a kindof vicious circle: they cannot get financingand moral support because hey cannotirrefragably prove that it is possibly to createsuch an engine while they are not able toobtain such proofs without financing andmoral support. They have the only positiveway out: to conduct a wide, urgent andconvincing work explaining their ideas.Under the existing circumstances, this is adifficult task and E.G. Oparin makes a veryimportant step in this direction. His work willnot be wasted if only his book will reach thenecessary specialists and functionaries andthey, for their turn, must read and understandit. It must be mentioned that the author couldmake his book interesting though, of course,a reader must have a minimal training.

So what are the lessons of appearance anddevelopment history of the energydegradation law, which is so thoroughdescribed in the book? First of all, thishistory teaches us be careful in use ofscientific ideas, even if they seem to beobvious and proved. It warns against makingabsolute any scientific laws because they allhave limits of their applicability, which canbe jus not discovered at present time. It showsimpermissibility of wrong though fine thesesand wrong analogies like, for example, thefollowing: “like the first law o fthermodynamics means an impossibility tocreate a perpetual motion machine of thef irst kind, the second one means animpossibility to create a perpetual motionmachine of the second kind”. As it can beseen, there really is some nice�lookingsymmetry.

This history teaches us that there must notbe stable laws in science, particularly, inphysics, which stop scientific thinking;that any scientific ideas are approximateand incomplete, able to change radicallyalong with development of this thinking.An extreme “obstinacy” concerning somegeneral ly recognized scienti f ic truthsmeans stagnation in science, an endlesscirculation and dawdling over insignificantdetails. Here sense of proportion is veryimportant because absence of referencepoints and corner stones is also disastrous.


This history warns us against division ofscience into true and false by some generalfeatures . True or fa lse character ofscientific results obtained by someone canbe judged str ict ly individual ly, a fterresearch meaning, results and method arethorough understood. A direction of theresearch, the authors’ terminology and aname of their organization must not be takeninto account. Certainly, such an approach ismore time�taking for a scientist who mustunderstand the given work. It is much simplerto throw the research results away accordingto their belonging to the direction, which wasgroundlessly announced unscientific. Butvery important things can be lost this way.

In conclusion, it is necessary to express asincere gratitude to “Editorial URSS”publishing house (Moscow), which carried

The invention of N.L. Egin working at Ryazan Military Automobile Institute, Russia was describedin the article of Viktor Petrenko published in “Energetika i Promyshlennost Rossii” newspaper.Special conducting carbonic materials with “very developed surfaces” are used as electrodes.Their effective area is much bigger than the visible one due to their microcellular structure. Sucha material has a special needle form. The given article is interesting because it allows findinganalogues with the works of the Russian scientist, Yablochkov, on the increase of electric lightingsystems’ efficiency. These researches led to invention of special “open electric capacitors”: metalplates with a surface covered by needles for the increase of air ionization, the patent of 1877.Installing such a charge collector in a power circuit of lighting lamps considerably increases loadcurrent output by many times without the use of an additional power supply due to the“atmospheric electricity” only, as Yablochkov wrote (the patent was described in “New EnergyTechnologies” #1, 2001). The factor of output increase reached 200%.

The present�day use of the given effect of the electrodes’ form also includes the technologies ofpropulsive force generation due to the electric field gradient (the patents by T.T. Brown of 1925�1965).

It is obvious that the nature of electric forces is much more interesting than we usually imagine it.The electric field gradient allows performing propulsive force and generating excessive poweroutput of energy transformers.

Effect of needle electrodesA.V. Frolov

Faraday Lab Ltd., St. Petersburg, RussiaEmail: [email protected], [email protected]

Phone 7-812-993-2501, 7-812-380-3844

out a r isky work of preparation andpublication of Oparin’s book containingideas and materia ls , which are ,unfortunately, far from final confirmationand acknowledgement of the of f ic ia lscience.

References

1. E.G. Oparin. Physics fundamentals ofno�fuel energy. Limitation of the law ofenergy degradation. “Editorial URSS”, M.2003. – 136 p.2. N.E. Zayev. A report on the systemsanalysis seminar. Moscow Aviat ionInstitute. 2000.3. Yu.I. Volodko. A streamline motion ofcompressed air to the atmosphere and a no�fuel mono�thermal engine . M. ,“Obschestvennaya polsa”, 1998. – 64 p.


The progress of Science goes on during every historical age, not onlywhen men meditate on the whole, but when they concentrate their

thoughts on such parts of the vast field of Science wherein developments. . . are needed at the given time.

James Clerk Maxwell (1831�1879)

by Leo Sapogin, Yuri Ryabov and Victor Boichenkotel.: +7-095-9169444, +7-095-9169244,

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Unitary Quantum Theoryand a new source of energy


1. Ecologically clean energy resources

Almost a half of mankind has been usingfirewood for heating and cooking up tonow. In the view of ecology, the use off i rewood considerably damages theenvironment. The only good thing is thatfirewood is a renewable source of heatenergy. Despite the fact that it takes a longtime to grow firewood, but there is a lot ofit, so the process of growth always exceedsthe process of firing. Unfortunately, todayforests are cut much faster than they grow.

Later people learnt to use water streamsin rivers, sun and wind as energy resources.They are renewable, power energy sources.

However, development of hydraul icdevices led mankind to creation of hugedams with high�power turbines andelectric generators. Accumulation of bigamounts of water began to influence theenvironment and create permanent hazardfor people living below dams, downstream.At the same time, efficiency of hydraulicelectric power plants is not very high.Besides, they are built far from regionswhich consume electr ic energy and,therefore, building of power transmissionlines is necessary. The l ines cause bigelectric energy losses.

Despite this, mankind began to understandthat water possesses great renewableenergy given by nature and generation ofthis energy does not inf luence theenvironment . Water resources on theEarth are sizeable and constantly filled up,particularly, from space.

Some scientists think that life on the Earthfirst appeared in rotating water. In the 30s,many scientists studied life birth duringwater rotation and were surprised to knowthat rotat ing water produces a greatamount of energy. That time, they couldnot explain these processes of energyproduction. Then the atomic bomb, atomicsubmarines and atomic power plantsappeared and, gradually, these processes wereforgotten. But water was used in atomicreactions, submarines sailed in water; andscientists continued to research water. Theydiscovered that more and more mysteriouseffects occurred in water or were connectedwith it. We are interested in the results ofresearches of water behavior during heatprocesses. Thus, according to our program,at the first stage, it was necessary to createa source of heat energy which couldproduce more heat energy than consumeelectric one. It was 1987. Works on the new

Mini heat and power plantsDoctor of Technical Sciences, Prof. Yu.S. Potapov

engineer I.G. Kalachev

Fig. 1. Potapov’s award of 2005. Heatgenerator YUSMAR.


energy supply program just began. An ideato use vortex processes appeared but therewere no theoretical bases. Besides, the useof Ranque�Hilsch vortex tubes duringworks with pure water did not give thewanted results. Only in the end of 1987, wecreated the first devices which showedsatisfactory results and had a coefficientof electric energy conversion into heatenergy not less than the coefficient oftubular electric heaters (0.95 � 0 .98).Taking that into account, after waterpassed through a heat generator, it still hadmotion energy, and hope to overcome theefficiency point of 100% appeared. It wasconfirmed in 1988.

In the USA, at the same t ime, misterGriggs created a hydraulic pump whichshowed that i ts e f f ic iency of e lectr icenergy convers ion into heat energyreached up to 117%. Taking into accountall heat losses, its efficiency reached 168%.Any chemical , nuclear or phasetransformations in water were notregistered during these tests . Al lparticipants of the tests admit that it is amystery. But there is no mystery. In Griggs’device, a disc rotates at a high speed. It hasholes through which water flows.

According to the motion theory, any rotatingbody produces energy. This happens in thisdevice. Disc rotation energy and internalwater energy released during rotation andcavitation are summed up. An observercannot see this because tools show only theresulting heat energy. It must be noted thatthe hydrosonic pump and “YUSMAR” heatgenerator showed not the best result (168%).The motion theory shows that, under suchconditions, the efficiency of electric energyconversion into heat energy could reach300%. Using special liquids, it is possible tospeed up the device, turn its electric motoroff and the device will produce heat energywithout consumption of electric one. Thus,our calculations can show efficiency closeto infinity. Or, as scientists say, it would bepossible to get f ree energy. We wil ldescribe a construction of such a quantumelectric power plant which uses water androtation energy as fuel.

Fast development of the new technology andequipment allows using profits which aregiven by double energy technologies. Newelectric power plants using two kinds of fuel,for example, black oil and natural gas appear.Produced heat and electrical energy isutilized in a few units which considerableincreases efficiency of such plants anddecreases total fuel consumption.

Heat power plants producing not only heatand electric energy but also hot water forsupply of cities are built.

Possibilities to utilize the internal�combustion engine’s heat appeared. InGermany, diesel heat and electric powerplants which increase their efficiency due toheat produced by an engine and a heatgenerator are being built. Such plantsproduce up to 35% of electric energy plus55% of heat energy. Heat is utilized usingheated exhaust, heated oil, cooling liquid anddifferent heated metal details and surfaces.Building of the diesel heat power planrequired many expensive heat exchangersand also placing its engine and heatgenerator in a special isolated container. Onlyin this case, it was managed to increase totalefficiency of the diesel plant. Naturally,consumers obtain less energy due totransportation losses. Consumers obtainabout 87% of such diesel plants’ energy.

If we compare a diesel heat power plant ofthe new kind with a standard one, itsefficiency will be higher by 8�12%. Accordingto diesel power plants producers’ opinion,each increase of their efficiency by 10% givesup to 30% of fuel economy. Of course, sucheconomy of combustible fuel helps decreaseharmful exhaust and, therefore, improves theecological situation in a region where the heatpower plants of the new kind work.

Gas�vapor turbines became improved andmore efficient. Their efficiency increased upto 58% due to multiplied heat utilization. Allthese achievements in the field of energyengineering require huge costs and expensivematerials. It is possible to say that theclassical methods of efficiency increase donot increase it much. Obviously, we reached


Fig. 2. An operational scheme of thequantum heat power plant using water as

fuel. Patent of Moldova # 649.

a limit of heat devices’ efficiency whichcannot be higher than 100%.

At the same time, new, not traditionalmethods of heat and electric energyproduction did not come to the energy marketin production quantities yet. But theyalready showed themselves as high�effectivedevices with efficiency which canconsiderably exceed 100%.

After the appearance of the high�effectivevortex heat generator “YUSMAR”, it is mucheasier to produce heat and electric energy.

2. Quantum heat power plant’s structure

Processes of inner substance energy (ormass) transformation into radiation energyduring bodies’ rotation acceleration and,then, into electric energy have quantumnature. Energy of new connections formingin a substance during its rotation isdischarged by portions – quanta. Their sizeis minimal (<1ev) during formation ofhydrogen connection and maximal (up todozens of Mev) during connection of singlenucleons into atomic nuclei. But, in all cases,these processes are quantum. This is why wecalled energy devices using these processesquantum devices.

In a vortex heat generator, rotating waterhas high kinetic energy which increases atthe outlet of a vortex tube due to waterheat expansion during its heating. It is notadvisable to utilize this kinetic energy onlyby flow slowdown and produce heat due toslowdown friction. We decided to direct aflow to a turbine and, using it, rotate theheat generator which would produceadditional electric energy. Thus, the ideaof the new quantum heat power plant wasborn.

According to the scheme quantum heatpower plant using water as fuel, we can see14 processes (Fig. 2). The compressionprocess is necessary to increase the speed ofwater flowing to a reaction turbine. Thereaction turbine’s rotation passes to anelectric generator which produces electricenergy. Then, water in an upper capacity is

accumulated. It accelerates passing a jet andgoes to the blades of the next turbine. Therotating turbine put in action the electricgenerator which additionally produceselectric energy. After that, water isaccumulated in the lower tank where it isaccumulated again. Then an electric pumptakes water into “YUSMAR” heat generatorand the cycle repeats in a closed energy circle.Efficiency of quantum heat power plants ofthis kind can reach considerable values. Upto 30% of supplementary electric energy isproduced without combustion of traditionalfuel. Supplementary electrical energy can beused by consumers or for additional heatingof water (liquid) used for heating and hot


Fig. 3. A scheme of the two-stage quantum heat power plant

water supply, with the help of “YUSMAR”heat generators.

The device consists of a heat generatorwith a body, liquid motion accelerator inthe form of a cyclone, a brake assembly, afloor part with an outlet hole connectedwith an outlet fitting and also an electricalpump. It has two closed capacities locatedat different heights. There is a hydraulicturbine in each capacity. In the uppercapacity, the outlet fitting of the generatoris inserted in such a way that its nozzle islocated at a tangent to the turbine’s circle.In the lower capacity, a hydraulic turbineis assembled at the outlet of a fitting whichconnects the capacities. An exit hole of the

connecting fitting has a cross�section areawhich is at least twice less than a cross�section area of the fitting. Each hydroturbineis kinematically connected with the electricgenerator fixed at an external wall of eachcapacity. Both capacities are supplementaryconnected by a drain passage with an internaldiameter which is more or the same as theinternal diameter of the generator’s body.

In Fig. 3, a scheme of such a device in twoprojections is shown. In fig. 3, a scheme ofa single�stage quantum heat power plantis shown.

The device shown in Fig. 3, consists of avortex heat generator 1 including a body 2, a


Fig. 4. A scheme of a single-stagequantum heat power plant.

1. “YUSMAR” heat generator; 2. Electricgenerator; 3. Electric ump; 4. Body;

5. Control desk.

liquid motion accelerator – a cyclone 3connected by an injection f itt ing 4, apassage, with a pump 6 put into action byan electromotor 7. In the upper part of theheat generator, a brake assembly 8 is setand a bottom with an exit hole (they arenot shown in Fig.) is connected with anoutlet fitting – a jet 9. The outlet fittingof the heat generator 1 is located in acapacity 10 in such a way that its end – thejet 9 is directed at a tangent to a hydraulicturbine 11. The turbine 11 is kinematicallyconnected with a current generator 12fixed at an outside wall of the capacity 10.The pump 6 and the electric motor 7 areinstal led in another capacity 13. Thecapacities 10 and 13 must be at differentheights. In the lower capacity 13, a secondhydraulic turbine 14 connected with anelectric generator 15 and also the pump 6and the electric motor 7 are installed. Thelower and upper capacities are connectedby a connection fitting 16 and a drainpassage 17. An area of the connectionfitting’s exit hole is at least twice less thana cross�section area of the fitting. In thecapacity 13 a partition 18 is fixed, a heatexchanger for hot water 19 and feed andreverse lines 20. The device can operate inthe automatic mode. For this purpose, ithas a temperature sensor with a feedbackunit which controls operation of theelectric generators and the pump and alsoa control desk.

3. Operation of the quantum heatpower plant

The plant operates in the following way.After the electric motor 7 is turned on bythe pump 6, working liquid is fed throughthe passage into the injection fitting 4,then to the cyclone 3 and to the heatgenerator ’s body 2 where the brakeassembly 8 is located in the upper part.Changing physical environmentalparameters , pressure and temperaturegrows in the heat generator’s body andliquid is fed under pressure to blades of theupper turbine 11 which begins to rotatethe generator 12 producing e lectr icenergy. Hot liquid is accumulated in theupper capacity 10 at some level which is

maintained by the drain passage 17. At thesame time, liquid is fed under pressure fromthe upper capacity 10 through theconnection fitting 16 and goes to blades ofthe lower turbine 14 at the free fall speed.The turbine 14 begins to rotate the currentgenerator 15. At this time, both electricgenerators 12 and 15 are connected to loadby the control desk 21. Hot water goes toheat radiators through the feed and reverselines 20 and cold water goes to the heatexchanger 19 which is located beyond thepartition 18. Cold water is heated andsupplied to consumers for their domesticneeds. In order to provide for effectiveoperation of the device, the connectionfitting 16 must have an exit hole with anarea which is two�three times less than across�section area of the f itting and adiameter of the drain passage must bebigger or the same as a diameter of the heatgenerator’s body.

At an exit of the vortex heat generator’sjet a working medium’s temperature isabout 70�100C and pressure is 8�10 atm. Dueto the influence of a water flow coming outof the heat generator, the turbine in the uppercapacity is put into operation. The turbinein the lower capacity is put intooperation by l iquid moving under the


Fig. 5. An operating smallest quantumheat power plant with a power of 3.5 kW

Fig. 6. An operating quantum heat powerplant with a power of 38 kW

Fig. 7. A quantum heat power plant witha power of 800 kW

influence of its own weight from the uppercapacity. Thus, the device produces heatenergy by the heat generator and, at thesame t ime, produces e lectr ic energy.Electric energy production requires nofuel, it is ecologically clean. This energycan be used for reduction of electric energyconsumption of a driving electric pump orfor other purposes, particularly:• for additional liquid heating;• for domestic electric energy supply;• for supply of current drives of differentequipment with three�phase or directcurrent.

According to the described QHPSstructure, a prototype was built (see Fig.2) with a pump having a power of 2.8 kWand a heat generator having a body with adiameter of 57 mm. 100 liters of water werein the device. The power of the uppergenerator was 1 kW and the power of thelower one was 0.7 kW. An initial liquidtemperature was about 15C and theworking temperature of the device wasabout 80�90C. Electr ic energyconsumption was 3 kW per hour for thepump’s drive and its return to the circuitwas 1.7 kW per hour. Thus, it was used 1.3kW per hour from the circuit for heatingof 100 liters of water to 90C. Efficiencywas > 100%.

The main advantage of the device is thereduction of traditional fuel consumption,reduction of transportation costs for fuelsupply of customers and the improvementof ecological situation in residential areas.It is most useful to use the device whichallows creating an autonomous system ofhot water, heat and electrical energy supplyof s ingle shops, cottages and farms indistricts where it is impossible to lay a gasor heat pipeline.

Another advantage of the quantum heatpower plants i s their smal l s ize incomparison with traditional heat powerplants producing the same amount of heatfor heating. The size of a quantum heatpower plant grows only as cube root to itspower. This can be seen comparing thedevices which are shown in Fig. 5 – 7.


Fig. 7. Design of the vortex air power plant (VAPP) which operates without wind andproduces electrical and heat energy

4. Wind power plants for heat andelectrical energy production

The main drawback of the existing windpower plants is that they cannot operatewithout the necessary wind speed and requireaccumulating devices in the cases of stoppagein windless weather and reserve diesel powerplants.

This problem can be solved by a new methodand a device. The speed of an approach flowwill always be sufficient for a wind powerplant and will not depend only on theenvironmental wind speed. This wind powerplant is used for electrical and heat energyproduction.

For example, the rotary radius of air intakeis 2 meters. In this case, the route made bythe air intake per a rotor’s revolution will be:S=2•π•R=2•3.14•2=12.56 meters.

Hence, during rotor rotation at a speed of 60rev/m, the approach flow speed will be 12.56m/s which is enough for the effectiveoperation of a vortex turbine of a molecular

engine. Tests of the vortex turbine showedthat pressure at its inlet and power shaft speedis: at 0.01 atm – 964 rev/min and at 0.09 atm –16,700 rev/m. The test results for wind thepower plant confirmed these indications withload. Vortex air power plants can successfullywork in windless weather. (Fig. 8).

An aim of the new invention is to increasewind power plant’s efficiency and obtain awind power plant which is completelyindependent of the environment. The notedaim is achieved by atmospheric air at atemperature from 80C to �60C is being usedas an actuating body. With the help of the airintake rotating with the necessary speed, itis fed under low pressure tangentially to themolecular engine. Rotational moment of thepower shaft is taken through the reducer tothe electric and heat generators. There canbe more than two air intakes. Air does notchange its physical and chemical state and canbe used for breathing after operationaccording to the suggested method.

The new method is ecologically clean.Noisiness of such a device is lower than


Fig. 9. A flowchart of the new VAPP.AT - air tank; AI – air intake;

EE – electric engine; R – reducer;VT – vortex turbine – molecular engine;EG – electric generator; VHG – vortex

heat generator; CD – control desk

standards and can be reduced by noiseinsulation.

According to the method, heat and electricenergy are produced by rotating low�powered electric engine EE through thereducer R, a cross�beam with the air intakeAI, Fig. 9. Through AI, through airways airgoes to an air reservoir AR where pressurefrom 0.01 to 0.09 atm is created. Thencompressed air goes to blades of the vortexturbine VT through the lines.

Through the reducer R, the vortex turbineVT rotates the electric generator ofalternating (direct) current EG which isconnected to the vortex heat generatorVHG of the first (Patent of the RussianFederation, # 2045715) or seventhgeneration through a coupler.

Load of the vortex heat generator and theelectric generator is controlled by the controldesk CD with a microprocessor. Dependingon the generators’ load, the speed of thepower shaft is controlled. In case there is nogenerators’ load, EG and VHG operate in theidle mode.

The new method of energy production canbe carried out in a special device (Fig. 8) witha pivot pin placed vertically. The deviceconsists of heat and electric generators 12, 1,reducers 2, 9, a vortex turbine 3, an electricengine 4, a cone 5, airflows 6, air intakes 7, 8,a basis 10 and a protection jacket 11.

The device for energy production by thenew method operates in the following way.The electrical engine 4 supplied by anexternal electrical energy source. Throughthe reducer 2 it passes rotation to theairflows 6 and the air intakes 7, 8. Throughthe air intakes 7, 8, an approach air flowgoes to the vortex turbine 3 which, in itsturn, rotates rotors of the heat generator 12and the electric generator 1 through thereducer 9. In order to protect the device fromatmospheric precipitates and tornado, thejacket 11 and the cone 5 are fixed.

During fast rotation (about 3,600 rev/m),l iquid in the vortex heat generator is

heated up to 95C. Heating to 250C ispossible with heating efficiency more than100%. Rotary speed of the e lectr icgenerator’s rotor must coincide to rotaryspeed of the vortex heat generator (about3,600 rev/min).

Use of the suggested energy productionmethod allows producing excessive heatand electrical energy. According to the newmethod, a synergistic effect works whenthe result ing ef fect i s more than anycomponents. This method does not violatethe second thermodynamics’ law as no fuelis combusted and no ideal gas operates,there is no Carnot cycle.

References

1. The “New Energy Technologies”magazine. # 3, 2004. P. 4.2 . The “New Energy Technologies”magazine. # 4, 2004. P. 2�3.3. Yu.S. Potapov. New energy and coldfusion. M. 2005. 250 p.4. Yu.S. Potapov, S.Yu. Potapov. Energyfrom water and air. K. 1999. 87 p.5. Yu.S. Potapov Patent of Moldova # 647.Heat power plant. 1999.


INTRODUCTION

In modern electrical engineering and pulseengineering, the following rules of powerdetermination in the electrical circuits ofcontinuous and pulse energy consumptionhave been established [2�4]:

1� during continuous consumption ofelectric energy its power is determinedby the dependence:

P = UС x IС , (1)

where UC is average voltage magnitude, IC

is average current magnitude.

2 � during pulse consumption of electricenergy its power is determined by otherdependence

P = , (2)

Here UIC is average amplitude voltagemagnitude (Fig . 1) ; I IC i s averageamplitude current magnitude (Fig. 1); ispulse duty ratio.

It i s known that an e lectromagneticvoltmeter and an ammeter average theregular pulses of voltage and currentsat is factori ly. Average magnitudes ofvoltage UC and current IC being indicatedby these instruments appear to be equal tothe readings of an oscilloscope if they arecalculated according to the formulas:

UС = , (3)

IС = , (4)

It appears from this that power should bedetermined according to the formula [1]

(5)

But the calculation according to thisformula results in the violation of the lawof conservation of energy. In some caseswhile heating, for example, of alkali liquormore thermal energy is re leased thanelectr ic energy, which is calculatedaccording to the formula, is consumed (5).In order to do away with thiscontradiction, they decided to take dutyratio into account once (2) . Theyexplained it by the fact that voltage andcurrent are changed simultaneously andsynchronously (Fig. 1). A situation tookplace when the formula (2) was consideredto be correct, and the formula (5) wasconsidered to be erroneous . Thecontradictions in the instrument readingswere ignored. For example, if a voltagepulse amplitude is equal to UIC =1000 V, acurrent pulse amplitude is IIC =50 A and apulse duty ratio magnitude is S =100, theformulas (3) and (4) give the followingresults: UC =10 V and IC =0.5 A. Thesemagnitudes are indicated by the moving�coil instruments. If we take formula (2) asa basic one, we’ll get

UС = = = 100 V (6)

IС = = =5 А (7)

THE LAW OF ELECTRIC CIRCUITPh. M. Kanarev

E-mail: [email protected]://Kanarev.innoplaza.net

UIС x IIС

S

UIС

S

IIС

S

P = UС x IС =UIС x IIС

S2

UIС

IIС

1000

50

10

100S

S


Fig.1. Sample of an oscillogram of voltage and current generatedby the magnetic inductor

The moving coil instruments indicatenothing of the sort. Besides, it appears fromthe formula (2) that in case of a singledivision by pulse ratio only one magnitudeout of two values is changed. For example,when voltage is changed, it becomes equal toU

C=1000/100=10 V. Current magnitude

IIC

= IC = 50 A remains unchanged, and it

should be registered by the instruments. Butnone of them indicates such value.

In order to eliminate these contradictions, itwas necessary to carry out an experiment, inwhich a source, which had no galvaniccoupling with the whole circuit, wouldgenerate such voltage pulses.

Experimental part

The cell of the water electric generator ofheat was used in order to carry out thisexperiment. The magnetic inductor1302.3728 (GOST 3940�84) with thechanged coil was used as a voltage pulsesource (Fig. 1).

Voltage pulses were rectified and corrected.The magnetic inductor was rotated with thehelp of on�phase electric motor energizedfrom mains (Fig. 2). A domestic electricpower meter was used in order to determinepower consumed by the electric motor. Thereadings of the electric power meter 5 weredoubled by the readings of the voltmeter V

1

and the ammeter A1 arranged before the cell

1 as well as the readings of the oscilloscope 6(Tektronix TDS 2014, Fig. 2). Energy of theheated solution was determined in a standardway.

The electric motor shaft 2 (Fig. 2) isconnected with the magnetic inductor shaft3 with the help of coupling 4. Total powerconsumption is registered by electric powermeter 5. Power consumed by the cell isregistered with the help of voltmeter,ammeter and oscilloscope 6.

Certainly, the magnetic inductor does notgenerate such voltage pulses, which providesignificant energy effect. The magnetic


Table 1. Indices of the direct experiment

Experiment P1, W ∆P, W P2, W P3, W η=P1/∆P No.

1 2 4 5 6 7 1 9,40 3,10 4,32 3,80 3,10 2 9,80 3,53 4,45 � 2,77 3 10,20 3,10 4,40 4,30 3,34 4 11,30 4,80 5,10 4,80 2,35 5 13,28 4,00 5,00 5,30 3,32

inductor was adjusted in such a way that itgenerated voltage pulses, which averageamplitude was equal to U

C 46 V instead of

900…1000 V. Average amplitude of currentpulse was equal to I

C 1.5 A instead of 80…100

A. Pulse duration was τ 3,9 ms instead of100 mks. Pulse duty ratio was S 4.7 insteadof 80…100. Besides, the pulse form differedfrom the necessary one. Nevertheless, energyeffect was registered.

The experimental method is simple. Solutionconsumption by the cell is determined. Theelectric motor, which makes the magneticinductor rotate, is connected to the mains; itregisters power consumed by the electricmotor – magnetic inductor – cell system aswell as the readings of the test instrumentsbeing arranged before the cell. Then thecell, which plays the role of a load, is de�energized. Energy consumption isregistered during idle run of the electricmotor� magnetic inductor system. Adifference between these readings is equalto energy being consumed by the cell .Simultaneously, solution consumption anda change of its temperature are registered.In order to facilitate the analysis, consumedenergy has been converted into power.

The experimental results are given in Table1. Here ∆P is power consumed by the cellfrom the mains. It is equal to the differencebetween the readings of the electric powermeter when the load (the cell) is energizedand de�energized. P

1 is heat power of the

heated solution. P2 is power being indicated

by the voltmeter and the ammeter arrangedbefore the cell. P

3 is power being indicated

by the oscilloscope and determined manually.η=P

1/∆P is an index of efficiency of the

solution heating process.

As it is clear, average power of P2 = (4.3

…5.1) W being determined in accordancewith the average values of current andvoltage is close to power value of ∆P =(3.1….4.8) W on the electric motor shaftwhen the cell is energized (without takingpower for idle run into consideration) andpower of P

3 = (3.8….5.3)W being obtained

while osci l logram process ing. I f wemultiply power value P

2 being indicated by

the voltmeter and the ammeter by dutyratio S=4.7, it will correspond to a singleregistrat ion of duty rat io , which isdescribed in a l l textbooks on powerengineering and pulse engineering. In thiscase, the readings of the voltmeter, theammeter and the oscilloscope will exceedthe readings of the electric power meter∆P 4.7 fold. It does not correspond toreality. It appears from this that whenaverage power is determined according toan oscillogram, the amplitude values ofvoltage and current should be divided byduty ratio not once as it is mentioned inthe textbooks, but twice as it is shown inthe formula (5). Only such power value willcorrespond to reality.

Now let us see what results can be obtainedif electron pulse generator 2 (Fig. 3) is usedinstead of motor 2 and magneto 3 (Fig. 2).The readings of voltmeter V

1 and ammeter

A1 as well as the readings of oscilloscope 6

are not changed if the pulse parameters arethe same. Meter 5 will indicate a different


220 5 V2

A2

2V1

A1

1 6

Fig. 2. Electric diagram of the system:1- cell: 2- electric motor; 3 – generator (magnetic inductor); 4 – coupling connectingthe motor shaft with the generator shaft; 5 – electric power meter; 6 – oscilloscope

value, and we cannot predict it. An averagevalue of current indicated by ammeter A1

is nearly 0.4 A. Ammeter A2 will indicate avalue of nearly 0.6 A. Naturally, voltmeterV2 will indicate mains voltage of 220V.Power ∆P2, which is registered by ammeterA 2 and voltmeter V2 i s as fo l lows:∆P2=V2

xA2=220x0.6=132W . Meter 5 willindicate the same value.

Thus, if the electron pulse generator is usedinstead of the motor and the magneto, powerconsumed by the cell from mains is changedby ∆P2/∆P=132/4.0=33 fold. It appears fromit that power of 132 W is fictitious power,which is not consumed by the cell. The cellconsumes 4.0W; it is proved by themeasurement results given in Table 1.That’s why we have every reason to call thedifference of powers ∆PF=∆P2�∆P=132�4=128W a fictitious power.

It appears from the analysis that averagepower in each section of the electriccircuit is equal to a product of averagevoltage, which is applied across thissection, by average value of current. Itis the law of electric circuits.

For example, average voltage of 10 V isapplied in the section of the electric circuitbefore the cell (Fig. 3); average value ofcurrent existing in this section is equal to0.4 A. If we consider it, we’ll see that thevalue of power in this section of the electriccircuit will be 10 x 0.4= 4 W. Let us make a

vertical section on the diagram (Fig. 3)before meter 5. Average value of voltagein this section is equal to mains voltage of220 V. If the average value of the currentin this part of mains is equal to 0.6 A,average power in this sect ion of theelectric circuit will be 220 x 0.6= 132 W. Itis the law of electric circuits, which hasbeen checked with the help of manyexperiments being carried out by us.

We do not know if there is an enunciation ofthis law in modern electrical engineering, butwithout this law it is impossible to make acorrect analysis of power engineering ofmixed systems where energy is transferredand consumed continuously and by pulses.

Thus, in order to determine average powerconsumed by the cell, it is necessary tomultiply average values of voltage andcurrent indicated by voltmeter V1 andammeter A1 or to take a product of averageamplitude values of pulses of voltage andcurrent indicated by the oscilloscope andto divide them by duty ration do not toonce (as it is mentioned in the textbooks),but twice. Only in this case the results willcorrespond to average power actuallyconsumed by the cell.

CONCLUSION

The law of electric circuits: average powerin each section of an electric circuit is equalto the product of average voltage, which is


WELCOME FINANCINGPh. M. Kanarev

E-mail: [email protected]://Kanarev.innoplaza.net

appl ied across this section, by theaverage value of current.

The law of electric circuits sent the law ofconservation of energy in i ts modernenunciation to the science history section.

References

1. Ph.M. Kanarev. The Foundations ofPhyschemistry of Microworld. The 6thedition. Krasnodar, 2005. 500 pages (In

Russian).2 . L .A. Bessonov. The TheoreticalFoundations of Electrical Engineering.Textbook. “Vyshaya shkola”. M. 1973. 750pages.3. Yu.A. Brammer, I.N. Pashchuk. PulseDevices and Digital Ones . Textbook.“Vyshaya shkola”. M. 2002.4. Yu.I. Efremov. The Foundations of PulseEngineering. Manual for institutions ofhigher learning. M: . “Vyshaya shkola”.1979. 528 pages.

On the Internet, at http://Kanarev.innoplaza.net, in the Articles60 and 61, there is a book called “Historyof scientific search and its results” byProfessor F.M. Kanarev. With theauthor’s permission we publ ish aparagraph of this book. You will find theau�thor’s opinion concerning methods ofcooperation with investors and adescription of other typical problems ofRussian inventors.

Publication of the results on the Internetwas rather useful. A head of one of foreigncompanies personal ly came to us andexpressed a desire to f inance ourresearches. A Russian�Foreign companywas created. We were obliged to build aworking laboratory model of a heatingradiator which would produce heat energy10 t imes more than consume electr icenergy. All necessary documents have beendrawn up and discussed, and a companybegan working on February 1, 2005. InFebruary, I drew up a patent applicationand noted that a power source of theheating radiator with a heat power of 1 kWis a motor impulse generator there. I gavea dupl icate of the appl icat ion to theinvestor.

At that moment, we only had a workinglow�ef f ic ient but highef fect ive unit .According to the data of the sensorsinstalled in front of it, it produced heatenergy 30 t imes more than consumedelectric energy. The electronic impulsegenerator reduced this efficiency to 80�90%. I already knew that high energyefficiency of the unit is realized only dueto a source of electrical impulses which hadno galvanic connection with the whole powergrid. However, there were no people whounderstood me; neither among electricalengineers, nor among my laboratorycolleagues. It was necessary to conduct anexperiment which would confirm or disprovemy point of view. Such an experiment hadbeen conducted using a diode and a 100�wattlamp. But my critics refused to acknowledgeits results as they contradicted what waswritten in text�books on electrotechnologyand impulse technology. It was necessary toconduct such an experiment with the unit.

A director of our company did not trust meas well and asked to build an electronicimpulse generator. Leaders and specialistsof the investor company shared thisopinion. Moreover, they guaranteed thatthey would quickly build the electronic


impulse generator and it would give thenecessary indicat ions . Actual ly, theyquickly brought such a generator but myprognosis turned out to be true. Sensorslocated in front of the unit showed itsconsiderable efficiency while an activeenergy meter showed complete absence ofany efficiency.

In May, we already had a working heatingradiator with an irradiation surface of 1.6square me�ters. Three its units consumed15 Wt of power and a pump pumping asolution took the same amount. A powerof 30 Wt was enough to heat the solutionin the radiator to 90C with a surfacetemperature of 75�80C. Due to the factthat the sanitary code does not recommendhaving a temperature of more than 65C ona radiator’s surface (organics are burnt andair is dry under higher temperature), wecould think that we solved the problem ofthe creation of a heating device with suchhigh efficiency. But the electronic impulsegenerator reduced all this efficiency. OnlyI understood the reason, told the othersabout it but they did not agree with mebecause my explanation contradicted whatwas written in textbooks.

Of course, fulfilling a requirement of theleaders to build the electronic impulsegenerator, I understood disutility of theseefforts and actively searched for a variantof a mechanical impulse generator. Bysummer, more than 5 different electronicimpulse generators and the same quantityof mechanical ones were tested. The firstgenerators gave impulses with thenecessary parameters but took all effi�ciency. The second generators were low�effective and the solution did not react totheir impulses even in one unit.

We contacted Impulse EquipmentInstitute, Moscow. They agreed to build animpulse mechanical generator but warnedthat all indications would differ from theones Prof. Kanarev expected, they wouldbe the same as in textbooks. I was in despair.It was the middle of July. According to thecontract, we built a heating radiator withthe necessary efficiency. It was about 70%

of the planned efficiency. By that time, theinvestors transferred about 50% of theagreed sum. They visited our laboratorytwice a month, controlled the workingprocess and took photographs of thedevice. In April, they asked for a unit totest it at their laboratory. By that time, wetrusted them so much that we gave themthe unit. They came in two weeks andcomplained that they couldn’t make theunit work and get any effect. They gave theunit back to us and expressed theirdistrust. We suggested testing it in ourlaboratory with their participation.

Of course, they disassembled the unit inorder to know dimensions necessary tobuild a copy. I asked my assistants to checka secret gap. Of course, it was broken. Iregulated it, we put the unit to a stand anda thermometer began to show fasttemperature growth. The investor ’srepresentative and their specialist lookedat each other in perplexity, began phoningto their laboratory and telling that the unitoperated and gave the necessary effect. Ofcourse, they were glad and asked for abetter unit . We gave i t , making anirreparable mistake.

I constantly asked my assistants to find amore powerful magneto generator fortesting of my hypothesis. Finally, theybrought a magneto generator from atractor S�130. It was noncontact and morepowerful than the previous ones . Wequickly rewound a coil, connected a shaftof the magneto with a shaft of the electricmotor, plugged it into power grid and, toour surprise, temperature in the unit beganto rise. I understood that I finally reacheda direct experiment for test ing of myhypothesis.

I had been accused that I was using thewrong method to determine powerconsumed by the unit. Now an opportunityto check whether these accusations weretrue appeared. The electric motor puttingthe magneto’s shaft into action is pluggedinto the power grid with an active energymeter. Voltage impulses generated by themagneto are fed to the unit. Thus, there is


the same power at the electric motor andmagneto’s shafts. We turn on the electricmotor, it puts into action the magnetoshaft , the magneto generates voltageimpulses and passes them into the unit. Weregister consumption of the solutionpassing through the unit, its temperaturechange and also indications of the activeenergy meter, voltmeter, amperemeter andoscilloscope installed in front of the unit.We compare these results with theindications showed during turning�off ofthe unit and obtain the result that Ipredicted and contradicting textbooks. Werepeat the experiment about 50 times. Theresult is the same – energy efficiency ofthe unit is more than 1.

I wrote an article “The law of an electriccircuit” and thought that not onlyphysicists and chemists but also electricand electronic engineers would hate me forthe unusual results of my scienti f icresearch. I sent the article to the Internetand to those who argued with meconcerning this question. A month passedbut I received no answers. I phoned toImpulse Equipment Institute and askedwhen they would answer my suggestion todevelop a mechanical impulse generatorwith the parameters calculated by me. Theyanswered that they would solve thisquestion. As a result, all my following e�mai ls sent to this inst itute wereautomatically forwarded back to me. Theclosed institute closed even more.

In the beginning of August, the investorwith their specialists came. They told thatthey did not understand the experiment.We showed it to them. They still did notunderstand. They ask why the electronicgenerator did not real ize the unit ’ sefficiency and why it was necessary to buildthe mechanical one. I explained it severaltimes to an investor’s electronic engineer.They agreed and promised to bring a me�chanical impulse generator whichcoincides with the calculations in a week.Our director reminded the investor thatthe money ended. The investor promisedto transfer the rest.

In two weeks, I received a letter from theinvestor. He accused me and expressedcomplete distrust. I replied explainingthat , according to the working plans ,building the heating radiator with the nec�essary efficiency is 70% of all works. Andyou had transferred only 50% of the agreedsum. I already showed you that I found thepower source which realized our heatingdevice’s efficiency. The calculations showedthat it was necessary to build a magnetowith a power of 15 W. The same energy wasrequired for the pumping of the solution.The rest were losses. We admitted thatthey would be 4 times more than the payingload. In this case , the electric motor,magneto and pump are fixed at the sameshaft. Together they will consume 30 W foryield and about 120 W would be losses. Itwas 150 W in all. You had already seen twosimilar radiators in the laboratory. One ofthem consumed 750 W and anotherconsumed 30 W while they had the sametemperature (about 80C) on theirsurfaces. Building of the noted impulsegenerator would lead to a commercialproduct with an energy ef f ic iency of750x100/150=500%. Was it a bad result forthe first prototype? Our financial yearended in February. It was August at thatt ime, and we had t ime to bring a l lindications to a standard. Further, wewould update the impulse generator and wehad all reasons to reduce energy consumedby it to 100 W and lower. We woulddevelop more powerful heat and impulsegenerators later. We had big experience andwould develop faster.

My justificatory letter was in vain. In hisanswer, the investor wished me success incooperation with another company. So,Russian gullibility became fatal: how couldwe give the investor the most secret partof our research in the very beginning of ourcooperation? I don’t know, possibly, I madea mistake and the investor just did notintend to work in this direction. However,he got almost everything in order to finishit and enter the marketwith an ef fect ive heating deviceindependently.


By that time, we had a good group ofspecial ists who solved al l quest ionsconnected with this research. I did notget my salary beginning from July. It was apity to leave a perfect electronic engineerIgor Vladimirovitch Sklany, and I paid himhis salary myself for two months hopingthat the f inancing problem would besolved.

Two months passed since the day when adirector of “AKOIL�Energiya” companypromised to come and see our experimentalresults and begin financing the updating ofthe heat and hydrogen generators .September ended but no one came. Idismissed everyone and closed thelaboratory.

I translated this paragraph into English andsent it to the investor. The next day, Ireceived a letter from him expressing anactive desire to continue the works.

The next day, I received from Juha Hartkkaa report on readers’ visiting of my homepage which already contained more than 30MB of information. This is the report:

Dear Prof. Kanarev,

September 2005 visitors hits on your mostpopular pages:

1496 hi ts on your main page ht tp ://Kanarev.innoplaza.net;1920 hits on Kanarev/electrolysis/;1243 hits onKanarev.coldfusion.innoplaza.net.

So there is steady increase in interest in yourpages. Only the most vis i ted pages areshown on my statist ics . There are morevis i tors on your other pages that mystatistics do not indicate because statisticsshow only the 30 most visited pages.

In the beginning of October, we receivedsuch an e�mail:

Dear Mr. F.M. Kanarev,

Our specialist will come to you in 3�4 days.

You don’t have to negotiate with foreigncompanies because today only our companycan not only finance your projects but alsoprovide for security at ANY level to you,your technologies and your family. Wefinance almost all advanced technologies inthe field of energy and other directions.

Yours faithfully,Director General of “AKOIL�Energiya”.

The editor’s note: We also cooperatedwith “AKOIL�Energiya” and we hopedthat a heat generator from AKOIL willjustify our expectations. Now we testedits ef f ic iency and you can read ourconclusions in article (page 72�73).

If you are interested in antigravity ormagnetics, check out this huge 25 MB fileabout the invention and experiments ofProfessor John Searl.

In the 1940’s, based on a series of dreams,he invented a circular magnetic rollerengine which was capable of producingelectricity as well as exhibiting anti gravityeffects without any external fuel source. Heultimately built one or more anti gravityflying saucers and operated them by remotecontrol. Through a series of events includingsabotage and theft, all prototypes of theaircraft and the engines were destroyed orlost . He and partners are working onrebuilding. I got the link for the file fromSterling Allan’s FE_Update bulletin dated04/29/05. This is available at

h t t p : / / g r o u p s . y a h o o . c o m / g r o u p /fe_update/.http://www.searleffect.com/ � Searl websiteh t t p : / / w w w. s e a r l e f f e c t . c o m / f r e e /SEGREV/SEGREV.pdf � 25 MB pdf file.

NEWS

Searl’s antigravity aircraft

Ron [email protected]


Have you ever felt the attraction and repulsionbetween two magnets and wondered about theenergy flowing between them? After thinkingabout this concept for awhile, I developed atheory, and later a working model, of a motorthat equally uses the natural attraction andrepulsion of magnets to generate energy. Thisunique motor is portable, lightweight, and veryefficient.

The basic concept behind the motor is quiteeasy to understand. In its simplest form, twomagnets of opposing polarity are attached to arotatable bar. By holding a third magnet at anypoint between the two magnets, the inherentattraction and repulsion properties produce aneffect. Slightly oscillating the third magnetcentrally between the two magnets causes arotation of the two magnets 180° about thepivot point of their axis.

This concept can then be applied to createdifferent devices having magnets of varyingshapes and sizes with the same basicarrangement.

Note: The stronger the magnets the greater theoutput / torque. Neodymium and Samariumcobalt magnets with a coercive force exceeding15 kOe are rarely affected by repelling forces.

Links:

• http://www.magnetapplications.com/USA/designguide2.htm• h t t p : / / w w w. s u r a m a g n e t s . s e /support_guidedesign_3stability.php

Permanent Magnet MotorStephen Kundel

http://dogondesign.com/index.html


Thomas E. Bearden, USAhttp://www.cheniere.org

To enable an electrical power source to power a loadwith overunity efficiency, a two�circuit, two�cycleenergy shuttle methodology is utilized. In the firstcycle, a capacitor/collector is charged from the

Overunity Electrical Power Efficiency UsingEnergy Shuttling Between Two Circuits

Thomas E. Bearden

source without entropy andwithout source depletion, by useof a stair�step ramp�upapplication of the source voltageutilizing several hundred smallrectangular steps. In cycle two,the charged capacitor i sdisconnected from the source andshuttled to a separate load circuit,and discharges through the loadto power it. Nearly free power isthus obtained in the load, withoutappreciable deplet ion of theprimary source except to powerthe switching and miscellaneouslosses . The two�cycle energyshuttle process i s i terated,providing a heat�pump�l ikeoperation and permiss ibleoverunity operational efficiency.

Amer ican sc ient is t ThomasBearden published in 1993 theart ic le “The secret of f reeenergy”. In th is ar t ic le heconsidered the general principle offree energy devices. Below wepublish the scheme from his articleand foreword to his Denver reportof 1994. This simple principle isnot common but it must be takeninto account in many researchprojects if some pulsed excitationof a working body is used in thisproject. In this case the extractionof energy is organized during thepause between the pulses ofexc i tat ion. Readers of ourmagazine can find analogies withProf. Kanarev’s publ icat ions

(Pulsing electrolysis), N. Zaev’sresearch (pulsing magnetizationand charging-discharging of non-linear capacitor), and also in theatomic hydrogen recombinationexperiments. Our research in thisarea al lows us to assume thatpulsed excitation of gas leads toextra energy output in therecombinat ion phase. Werecommend to our readers tostudy the Bearden’s articles indepth. I very much respectThomas Bearden because ourcorrespondence with him startedin 1990 and was very important formy alternative energy education.

Alexander V. Frolov, Faraday Lab Ltd.

Thomas Bearden’s principle


VacuumEnergyFlow

Battery(primarysource)

Collector(secondary

source)

Load

Timedswitching(ganged)

Fig. 1. Extracting and utilizing free electrical energy from the vacuum, via the internal waveenergy flow exchange hidden inside the potential gradient across the source’s terminals.

Notes from editor: after the quotationfrom Bearden’s art icle we canconsider some analogies. Beardenwrote about the discrete charge ofa capacitor. It ’s one of methods tocreate gradual polarization of chargesin capacitors without conductivitycurrents and without losses of aprimary energy source.

Professor Kanarev published in thisissue experimental data onthe high efficiency of his electrolytic cells.By analogy with Bearden’s principle,we can assume that pulsed mode ofoperation al low to activate the cel l ,

and in second cycle to take powerin useful load.

N. E. Zaev also published manyarticles in our magazine (NET #2, 4,5, 8) and he described two�stagescycles: for the first stage of the cyclethe working body, for example aferromagnetic or non�l inearcapacitor, was activated withsome losses from a primary sourceof energy. For the second stage ofthe cycle, due to the special physicalproperties of the working body, i tis possible to get extra power outputin the useful load. The dif ferencebetween output and input energyis compensated from environmentalheat energy.

In our research on atomic hydrogendissociation�recombination cycles(NET #22) also was used a two�stage (pulsed) activation of workingbody (gas).

Alexander V. Frolov, Faraday Lab Ltd.

The excess energy is extracted directlyfrom the vacuum via the Stoney/Whittaker/Ziolkowski bidirectional EMwave flow exchange between the vacuumand the bipolar separation of charges in thesource. The source is utilized primarily asa receiving antenna for this vacuum�to�source free EM wave energy exchange,which constitutes the potential gradientbetween the source’s terminals.


Fig. 1

Fig. 2. Korshelt’s aether emission device

There are experimental data to confirm thatthe rate of existence of matter depends ondensity of aether. It is clear since any particleof matter is a vortex process in the aether. So,the rate of time (time velocity) is physically arate of existence of matter in space i.e. in theaether and it is dependant of real parameters ofthe vortex. The rate of time (time speed) andthe note of “time” can be removed fromconsideration in physics since it is a secondarynotion. The primary notion is “the rate ofprocess” and in this case it is the parameters ofthe vortex process, which create the particle ofmatter.

Let’s consider examples of the simplest devices,which can create changes of the density ofaether. The devices have no external powersupplies. Their work is based on the fact ofrelative motion of our planet inside of theUniverse aether.

Fig. 1 is a set of pipes, which creates standingwaves in aether. Fig. 2 is spiral emitter of aetherwaves that is medical equipment of the 19�th

century. These figures we found fromV.Grebennikov’s book “My World”. Fig.3 is aphoto of his cone emitter of the aether waves

Influence of Aether Density on theRate of Existence of Matter

Alexander V. FrolovFaraday Lab Ltd

[email protected], [email protected], 7-812-380-3844

Fig. 3


Fig. 6

Fig. 4

Fig. 5. Bogdanov’s rejuvenation device

(outside view). The device material is paper andalso three permanent magnets are installed inthis device. The magnets are necessary sincethey are producing the excitation of the aetherflows (any magnetic field can be considered asclosed circle of aether flow).

At last, Fig.4 is well known pyramidal element(also it is figure from Grebennikov’s book). Wecan see here two special points above thepyramid and inside of the pyramid. From theaether flow theory we can see why these pointscan create influence on the physical propertiesof matter.

The pyramid elements create an area of changedaether density inside of the pyramid and inother points we can find area of artificial aetherflow.

One more example of similar technology is adiscovery by Mr. Bogdanov (Arguments andFacts, #10, 2002). The author of the inventionwas interested to find real rejuvenationtechnology and he saw in his dream the schemeof a device. It must be a 30 m diameter sphere,which consists of many cone elements and in8m diameter inner room the effects can bedetected. Fig, 5 is a simple scheme of thisdevice. We can see that the idea is similar toFig.3 and Fig.4 but in this case the focusingprinciple is applied.

The idea was tested by Bogdanov on the baseof a small model (50 cm diameter), which wasmade of paper. Testing in a Moscow researchinstitute confirmed that inside of this devicecan be detected the effect of concentration ofcrystals. For example, manganese solutioncrystals form a spherical body. We can conclude

that Bogdanov’s device is De Broigle’s wavesresonator of the aether waves and the effect isvery powerful due to focusing method.

Let’s note that passive reflectors and focusingof the aether flows are very primitive methods,which can be compared with a seal ship againstmodern ships. Well known electromagneticmethods can be re�considered from the aetherpoint of view to find real ways of creation ofthe aether gradient. Some attempts of suchresearches were made by Dr. Vadim A.Chernobrov, Moscow. Fig. 6 is scheme of device,which can create controlled changes of densityof the aether.

In a joint research project with Dr. Chernobrovwe built and tested a device, which is shownhere, Fig. 7.

Elements of this device are inventions by Dr.Chernobrov, Fig.8. It is 3�turn coil of current.We discussed this technology in detail in NewEnergy Technologies magazine, issue #3(12),2003, page 4.


the process

twospheres

objectsfor testing

detectors

localspace-time

Fig. 7. Testing of experimental device in Faraday Lab

Fig. 8 Fig. 9

Besides electromagnetic methods it is possibleto use any irreversible processes, which areunidirectional changes of entropy. It wasdemonstrated in N.A.Kozyrev’s research. Theidea of the experiment is shown here as aproposal for a joint research project with apossible customer, Fig.9.

The process here can be any phase transition ofmatter, for example, from liquid to gas orcrystallization processes. In this experiment weare planning to get proof of the principle andconfirm that controlled changes of aetherdensity are possible and also that it is a way tochange physical properties of matter. In thisexperiment we cannot say that our detectorsare wrong due to electromagnetic effects sincehere we have no electromagnetic fields.

We are looking for customers to develop thistechnology. Applied aspects of controlledchanges of aether density are more importantthan fantasy about “time travel”. We areopening a door to a new World of controlledmatter properties. It is not only a material withnew physical properties. Living matter placedin an area of controlled aether density can getthe possibility for forced evolution,optimization of cell division processes, enforcedimmunities and new qualities of organisms.

A. V. Frolov, Faraday Lab Ltd,St. Peterrsburg, Russiatel./fax: +7�812�380�3844All rights reserved.


Fig. 1. Water Vortex Heat Generator VTG-4 under testing in Faraday Lab.

Testing of vortex Heat GeneratorAlexander V. Frolov, Faraday Lab Ltd, St. Petersburg, Russia

tel./fax: 7-812-380-3844

Our company ordered from AKOIL a newWater Vortex Heat Generator VTG�4. Wehave received the device in October, 2005.This device is made of cast iron and due tothis novelty the level of noise is very small.Besides, the producer can provide thedevice with a soundproof case.

Technical parameters of the device ,according to documentation, are thefollowing: heat�productivity is 11360 Wand electrical consumed power (3 phaseelectromotor) is 11200 W. We tested thedevice in our laboratory. Consumedelectrical power was detected by digital 3phase watthourmeter. Heat calculationswere made by certified equipment VKT�7.Fig 1 is photo of this experiment.

We were disappointed to see a very smallheat productivity. In the next experimentwe used the s implest scheme of

measurement. The volume of water was 12liters. Temperature on start was 12 degreesC. During the 7 min experiment, VTG�4produced work to increase thetemperature up to 72 degrees C. Consumedelectr ical power was 12360 W. Ourcalculations allow us to conclude that heat�productivity of this device is about 6500 W.So, efficiency of this heater is about 50%.

After the experiments, we contacted withthe producer (AKOIL�Energia, Russia,Igevsk, ul. Kirova 172, tel 7�3412�420748,http://www.akoil.ru [email protected]) andreceived some instructions to change themeasurement methods. They explainedthat metal hardware of the device (about120 kg) also was heated by the vortexprocess . Also they said that we mustincrease the volume of water up to 200liters. For this case the heat losses will benot so significant. In any case, the designer


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us to make a conclusion: this equipment isnot ready for innovation as over�unitydevices . It ’ s c lear that pr inciples ofoperation in this case are placed inthe frame of c lass ical physics . Otherinventors informed us about 300% resultsand the volume of water is not a criticalparameter.

The producer (AKOIL) also said thatVTG�4 can be used as a water treatmentsystem. It’s important that any aggressiveliquids (including radioactive liquids) canbe processed in this vortex process. We areinterested to find a customer for suchresearch to confirm this claim.

Also we can recommend to inventors theway of modernization and to develop astandard water pump. The high efficientwater vortex heater can be made on thebasis of a centrifugal water pump afterupgrade of its impeller.

We hope that our col laboration withAKOIL will be continued and future watervortex heaters produced by AKOIL will bemore efficient.

Fig. 2. A.G.Kochurov,General Director of AKOIL company

of VTG�4 said that the efficiency must beabout 100%.

Sure we are in agreement with thisinstruction, but results of our testing allow


Honda’s More Powerful Fuel CellConcept with Home Hydrogen

RefuelingGreen Car Congress Technologieshttp://www.greencarcongress.com

Fig.2 The V-Flow system. Vertical gas flow, vertebral layout, volume-efficient

Honda’s new FCX fuel cell concept vehicle,unveiled at the Tokyo Motor Show, is astylish sedan featuring a redesigned fuelcell system that delivers more power andincreased range in less space than thecurrent FCX 2005 model on the road, anda low�floor design that maximizes cabinspace.

Enabling the low�floor design is Honda’s new“3V” system: vertical gas flow, vertebrallayout, and volume�efficient packaging.

Note the cutaway of the rear wheel showingthe in�wheel motor. Click to enlarge.

In the 3V schema, oxygen and hydrogen flowfrom the top to the bottom of the fuel cellstack (vertical gas flow) and the fuel cells arearranged vertically in the center tunnel(vertebral layout) for new, high�efficiencyfuel cell packaging (volume efficiency).

Compact enough to fit neatly into thecenter tunnel but robust enough to deliver

Fig.1


Fig.3 The 25-kW in-wheel motor

Fig.4 HES System

100kW of power, the V Flow fuel cell stack offersboth space efficiency and high energy output. The keyto fuel cell performance is water management. Withvertical gas flow, an innovative process in whichoxygen and hydrogen flow downward through thestack, Honda’s new fuel cell stack takes full advantageof gravity to efficiently discharge water formedduring electricity generation. By contrast, the FCstack in the FCX 2005 offers a maximum of 86 kW.(Earlier post.)

This improves systemperformance in sub�zerotemperatures, achieving a newlevel of system reliability. Theproblem of cold�weatherstartup had been a key obstacleto the commercialization of fuelcell vehicles. In 2003, Hondasolved the problem with theintroduction of the Honda FCStack, the world’s first fuel cellthat can be used at temperaturesas low as –20° C. The V Flowfuel cel l stack, on the otherhand, now delivers ultra�low�temperature start�upperformance on par with that ofa gasoline engine.

The FCX�V Concept drive trainfeatures three energy�efficientmotors: one in the front and twoin the rear. The ef f ic ientdelivery of this power throughall four wheels and the low�center�of�gravity plat formcombine to del iver torqueyperformance and agile handling.


The space�efficient layout also contributesto the interior efficiency of the low�floordesign, eliminating the need to use floorspace for motors . Coaxial motor andgearbox. The 80�kW front�drive motoroutput shaft is coaxial with the gearbox fora more compact package and a shorterfront�end. Rear in�wheel motors. Each ofthe rear wheels contains a thin, eccentric25�kW motor.

To increase the driving range, Hondaengineers chose not to increase storagetank pressure , but to use a newly�developed hydrogen absorption materialthat doubles the capacity of the tank to 5kg of hydrogen at 350 atmospheres. Withthe new material, the tanks supply enoughhydrogen to extend the cruising range to560 kilometers (350 miles)—exceeding the

DOE’s range target for 2010. Again, bycontrast, the current FCX 2005 modeloffers a range of 190 miles.

Honda also unveiled its current model ofthe Home Energy Station (HES), a homecogeneration and fueling system that usesnatural gas to supply electricity and heatin addition to hydrogen fuel for vehicles.The system is equipped with fuel cells thatgenerate electricity (5 kW) for the home,and is configured to recover the heatproduced during power generation fordomestic water heating. The HES canproduce 3 Nm3/hr of hydrogen. In additionto reducing carbon dioxide emissions by some40%, according to Honda’s calculations, theHES system is expected to lower by 50% thetotal running cost of household electricity,gas and vehicle fuel.

New

Energy

TechnologiesDear subscribers,

You can order CD with all back issues of 2001–2005.The price is $29.00. Airmail delivery included.

You can order the CD here:http://www.faraday.ru/net.htmContact information:

New Energy Technologies magazine,Lev Tolstoy Str. 7, St.Petersburg, 197376, Russia.

tel/fax: 7-812-380-3844, e-mail: [email protected]


The editor’s note: We publ ish acondensed version of the materials fromthe new book of Prof. E.I. Andreyevcalled “Fundamentals of natural energy”[10]. In the end of the article, you willfind descriptions of the three Andreyev’spatents, # RU 2229619, 2229620, and2179649.

The autothermia ef fect is combustionwithout consumption of organic or nuclearfuel. Historically, it was used and carriedout for the first time in a carburetor engineof VAZ�2106 car on the 25th July 2001 inSaint Petersburg. Long before thismoment, racing car engines were set toproduce maximal power with the help ofthe methods pol ished by practice :providing for full lean air�fuel mixture;ignition angle and spark power control;adding of combustion catalysts . Somemachines (cars, motorcycles) suddenlyshowed an increased power whichconsiderably exceeded the engine power.This gave speed advantage and also rarerfueling though there was a lot of fuel andits consumption was not a problem. Suchfacts are known at least for about 20 �30years.

During the following historical stage, somepeople began to use the racing practice ofengine setting to standard passenger cars.For example, a mechanical engineer A.V.Chistov has set about 200 cars to theincreased power and fuel economy modeduring 20 years [8]. A fuel economy wasfrom 30% to 70%. Absence of the theoryand impossibility to explain the effect byideas of the traditional physics during along time prevented from getting a stableoperation mode of the mentioned engines.The fuel economy mode quickly stoppedand people had no thoughts about theautothermia mode (without fuelconsumption).

During some years of communication withphysicists, a lot of information about newphysical theories has been processed. Thesetheories (about one hundred), some ofwhich are published as separate works, canbe divided into two parts: improvementand mathematization on the basis of thecurrent physics. And only one physicaltheory, a hyper�frequency physics of D.H.Baziev [5] published in 1994, considerablydiffered from the others though it wasbased on the same known experimentalfacts . The main di f ference was thatexistence of a new elementary particlewhich is much smaller than an electron wastheoret ical ly determined. The authorcalled the particle electrino by analogywith an electron.

Later the e lectr ino existence wasexperimentally proved [7]. The hyper�frequency physics allowed developing,understanding and showing the physicalmechanism of combustion. Its maincomponents were, as before, fuel and anoxidiz ing agent . But their roles and

AutothermiaNatural energy

Prof. E.I. Andreyev,Saint Petersburg, Russia

+7-812-238-1688

Prof. E.I.Andreev


interaction were discovered at the level ofe lementary part ic les – e lectron andelectrino. Nevertheless, no thoughts aboutfuel�less autothermal combustion wereexpressed. Only by 2000, the fuel�lesscombustion theory was developed [1].According to this theory, a ir couldcombust autonomously, without fuel ,which was confirmed by the practice ofsetting and operation in the fuel economymode of racing and passenger cars ’internal�combustion engines. This modewas tested over a long period of time. Thesefacts allowed believing in 100% realizationof the autothermal fuel�less air combustionin carburetor motor engines. Due to this,they were used for experimental anddevelopment activities directed at theexclusion of fuel from the combustionprocess. Finally, this aim was reached.

The theory helped to correctly implementthe autothermal air combustion processand obtain stable engine’s operation duringany load conditions.

Evolution of new views in physics andenergy. From the theory understanding

to plenty of energy

Two kinds of energy – the accumulated [1]and free [2] ones are considered as aninexhaustible source of ecologically cleanenergy renewable in natural conditions,created by Nature.

One of the main methods of energygeneration is combustion of organic fuel.

Let us consider br ief ly the historicalaspect of the combustion theory. Thetheory of phlogiston (an imponderablesubstance which caused combustion andparticipated in it) was the first. In 1669, aGerman chemist Becher, in his work called“Underground Physics” , expressed athought that there is a combustiblecomponent in bodies’ compositions. In1703, a German chemist Stahl re�publishedBecher’s work and called the component“phlogiston”. However, it was impossibleto isolate phlogiston in its pure form,experiments did not coincide with the

theory and it became dislodged. In 1756,Lomonosov def ined combustion as areaction of a combustible and air andLavois ier def ined it as a react ion ofsubstances and oxygen (a chemicaloxidation reaction) in 1773. Since thattime, nothing practically changed. Todaycombustion is considered as all exothermalchemical reactions including oxidation ofa combustible.

No physical mechanism of combustion hasbeen developed despite numerous works ontheory and practice of combustion.Calori f ic e f f ic iency of fuel i s st i l lconsidered as a given from above propertywith characteristics which are determinedexperimentally.

Let us consider one of paradoxes of thetraditional combustion theory. It is knownthat oxygen explodes in the presence oflubricating oil ’s (or any hydrocarbon)traces . I f we fol low the theory of anexplosion as fast fuel combustion inoxygen, it is clear that the heat of oil traces’reaction never coincides with the energyof oxygen explosion. This is the paradox: asmall amount of fuel (a microgram in TNTequivalent) and huge energy of oxygencombustion, as if oxygen explodes by itself.

If we ignore the small amount of the oil’straces, we can see that there is only oxygenin the initial, pre�explosion medium. Anoxygen molecule consists of two atomsconnected with an electron. At the sametime, there are always some oxygen atoms(ions) (plasma) in pure oxygen due topermanently happening phase transfer“molecule � atoms”. And there are somefree electrons in hydrocarbons containingmany connection electrons. Presence ofeven a single electron and oxygen atomswith an opposite s ign of excess iveelectrical charge inevitably leads to theirinteraction and a following explosion. Aphysical mechanism of this process wasdeveloped by D.H. Baziev [5]. When a freeelectron with the highest e lectro�dynamical oscil lation potential entersplasma, it instantaneously becomes thefirst acting component in the system of


oxygen atoms�ions (plasma). An electronglobule – a sphere made of oxygen atoms �forms around it. An energy generationmechanism’s basis is electro�dynamicalinteraction of free electrons with substanceatoms, during which a negatively chargedelectron layer�by�layer takes particles,which are much smaller than the electron,called electrino from an atom. Electrinoswith a high start speed (~1016 m/s) give theirkinetic energy remotely (electro�dynamically) and by contact (during clashes)to surrounding atoms and particles and turninto photons (energy�less electrino)themselves and go from the reaction zone intospace at the speed of light (~108 m/s). Thisenergy liberation process is called a phasetransfer of the highest kind (PTHK). As wecan see from such a brief description of PTHKmechanism, two conditions are necessary forits behavior: the first one is presence ofplasma as state of an ionized substancedivided at least into atoms and the secondcondition is presence of free electrons.

During each interaction with an electron,an atom irretr ievably irradiates anelectrino which becomes a plasma hyper�frequency oscillator for a moment, duringwhich it transfers its connection energy inan oxygen atom to surrounding oscillators.

Due to the fact that there is nothing exceptoxygen and nitrogen in the air combustedin an internal�combustion engine ,reduction of organic fuel consumptionoccurs due to nitrogen involvement intocombustion which is indicated byreduction of nitrogen contents in exhaust.In order to do this , it is necessary todecompose a nitrogen molecule at least toatoms or smal ler f ragments by someinitiating influence. This can be made byan e lectr ic discharge , magnetic f low,explosion or other methods which consumemuch less energy than it is produced duringPTHK. Such a nitrogen operation andcombustion mode goes with oxidation upto H

2O, not to CO

2, which is more

effective, according to energy and ecology.

PTHK processes with production ofexcessive power (which is bigger than the

consumed one) were a lso obtained incavitation heat generators using water.

Now let us talk about free energy. It iscalled by different names but nobody canformulate what it is. It is called aetherenergy, basic universal energy but if you ask,‘What is it?’, they answer, ‘Something’, i.e.they do not mean any physical meaning. Thesurrounding physical vacuum or aether orquintessence is electrino gas, i.e. a mediumcontaining invisible elementary particles –electrino discovered by D.H. Baziev in 1982.Their properties are considered in the works[5, 6, and 7] and electrino’s existence wasproved experimentally by the RussianAcademy of Sciences in 2001 [7].

Since energy, as many people consider, is amotion measure , in order to use theenvironmental energy as free energy, it isnecessary to make electrino move (indifferent energy devices).

In the work [2], a complete classificationof energy devices’ types including standardand non�tradit ional ones usingaccumulated and free energy is given.Physical mechanisms and their operationalprinciples are descr ibed in detai ls ; adescript ion of real devices using freeenergy is given. It is shown that energyexchange in nature and the energy devicesconsists in transfer of electrino flows asenergy flows between interacting objectsor between objects and the environment.

Free energy diffused in the environmentcan be transformed in mechanical, electricor any other kind of energy by vibration�resonance, electromagnetic and energydevices of other kinds. An example of theenergy devices using free energy can beknown engines of Searle, Floyd, Kushelev(the “continuously operating lamp”, 2002)and other authors.

The developed physical mechanisms ofenergy production processes a l lowbuilding industr ia l , s tably operat ing,ecologically clean energy devices which donot consume fuel hazardous to people �organic and nuclear.


Difference of standard andfuel�less combustion

Standard combustion:

1. During standard combustion of , forexample, carbon 12C, hydrocarbon chainsof fuel decompose to single elements insuch a way that each carbon atom has aconnection electron which becomes free

C+e+C+e+… (1)

2. Air oxygen molecules, which consist oftwo atoms and a connection electron each,decompose to a positively charged atom(ion) and a negatively charged ionconsisting of a positively charged oxygenatom and a connection electron connectedwith it

O2=(OeO)��>O++(Oe)�=O++O� (2)

3. A free electron obtained in combustionplasma from fuel (1) becomes an electron– energy generator, according to thephysical mechanism of PTHK: it electro�dynamically interacts with ions O+, layer�to�layer, taking small elementary particlesfrom them which creates a small defect ofoxygen atom’s mass (about 10�6 %). Such asmall mass defect allows keeping oxygen’schemical properties . After the energygeneration process (PTHK), products ofthe reaction combine into the most stablecompound

(CO2) C + O

2 = CO

2 or, taking into account

electronsC+e+O+O++e=OeCeO=CO

2(3)

4. As we can see , during standardcombustion, an atomic reaction of oxygendecomposition takes place. Due to theconnection energy of i ts e lementaryparticles, heat energy is produced. Fuel isa donor of e lectrons . The oxidationreaction (3) is a consequence ofcombustion.

Nitrogen does not participate in standardcombustion. It is a dead weight in the aircomposition.

Unusual – “fuel�less” combustion:

5. If an oxygen molecule is decomposedproducing a free connection electron

O��>O+ +e+O+ (4),

this free electron will become an electron– energy generator just like the electronobtained from fuel (1).

6. In this case, fuel is not necessary andcombustion becomes fuel�less though withthe same oxygen mass deficit ∆m as duringstandard combustion

O2 ��>O

2 � ∆m (5)

7. In pure oxygen, the energy productionreaction, according to (4), happens with anexplosion (fast combustion). In order tobegin it, as we know, hydrocarbons’ tracesare only needed (lubricating oil, petrol,diesel fuel and others).

In air, nitrogen prevents the explosion.Nitrogen molecules with a negativeexcessive charge surround each oxygenmolecule with a positive excessive chargeand form sets from oxygen protected bynitrogen from electrons’ influence.

8. I.e., in order to provide for fuel�lesscombustion, it is necessary not only todecompose oxygen, according to (4), butto preliminary decompose the oxygen setswith the nitrogen screen. Thus, nitrogen isnot only the dead weight but a lso astructurally organized medium preventingaccess to oxygen and its explosion.

9. If the initiating influence is sufficient fordecomposition of nitrogen with moleculetwice stronger than oxygen ones becauseit has not one but two connectionelectrons, nitrogen is decomposed not onlyto atoms but also to fragments whichpresent other chemical elements

N2 ��>C,O,H. (6)

10. These elements, especially oxygen andhydrogen, part ic ipate in the energy


production reaction (PTHK) with theelectrons – energy generators.

11 . Nitrogen part ic ipation in PTHKincreases the energy production reaction’sefficiency due to additional connectionenergy of elementary particles in atoms ofthe mentioned substances . Such acombustion reaction is called a nitrogenreaction.

12. Products of the nitrogen reaction aremostly water vapor (water) H

2O, partially,

oxygen O2, carbon C and, to a lesser degree,

CO2, CO, NOX and other substances.

Realization of new ideas in energyengineering

Fuel�less autothermal mode of airspontaneous combustion in an internal�

combustion engine.

Autothermia is an effect of spontaneouscombustion of, particularly, air when theair combustion process, for example, in aninternal�combustion engine , happensautonomously, independently – withoutconsumption of organic or other kinds offuel.

The theory [1, 2] has been developed forseven years and tested practically using,first of all, carburetor car motors for threeyears. First, the fuel�less engine operationmode was obtained on the 25th of July2001. It took more than a year to obtainthe fuel�less air spontaneous combustionmode in engine’s cylinders of VAZ�2106 carduring its motion with load and a speed of120 km/hour on the 25th of August 2002.Fuel consumption was determined quicklyusing a standard regular track computerand a sensor of fuel consumption set in thecar. Fuel consumption indications of thesensor and the computer were periodicallycontrolled by the volumetric method,measurements of a fuel level in a fuel tank,using a bottle installed on a measuring jarinstead of the tank close to a carburetorf loat chamber. Control measurementsshowed that accuracy of the fuelconsumption sensor coincided with thevolumetric measurements. Particularly,

when the sensor and computer showed zerofuel consumption, a fuel level in themeasuring jar (with a diameter of 1 cm anda length of 1 m) was stable too staying onthe same mark.

According to the main car motion modes:� with a speed of 60…70 km/hour and aspeed of the engine of 2000…2500 rev/min;� with a speed of more than 70 km/hourand a speed of the engine of more than 3500rev/min;� and also idling with a speed of theengine of 200…1500 rev/minthere was no fuel consumption at all; it was zero.

During start and warm�up of the engineand also during transient modes andthrottling, short�term fuel combustiontook place. According to the total run, itwas 1.0…1.5 l per 100 km.

The fuel� less combustion mode wasprovided by air procession and carburetorsett ing to lean mixture without anychanges of the engine’s construction.

The fuel� less a ir combustion mode(autothermia) requires no constructionalchanges of an internal�combustion enginewhile the energy production processPTHK is the same as during standardcombustion using fuel as an electron donor.During autothermal combustion, a irelectrons are used, this is why fuel is notnecessary. In order to provide for theautothermia mode, it is necessary only toset some auxiliary systems and equipmentelements.

Air moisture load is an important factor.In summer, at a temperature, for example,+25C and a relative humidity of 50%, airmoisture load is 10 g/kg (tem grams ofwater in the form of vapor per a kilogramof air), i.e. it is 1%, according to mass. Atthe same temperature and relat ivehumidity of 100%, air moisture load (ofsaturated air) increases to 20 g/kg, i.e. to2%. In summer, air is dry. Its moisture loaddecreases by 1…2 orders, i.e. to one tenthand one hundredth of a percent. In moistair, not only molecules of nitrogen and air


oxygen giving electrons decompose toatoms but a lso moisture . A watermonocrystal i s a chain of moleculesconnected by connection electrons: duringits decomposition, 3,760 electrons arereleased at once (an electron per eachmolecule) . During water moleculesdecomposition, another two electrons arereleased per each molecule. So, it is threeelectrons per molecule or, which is thesame, an electron per 6 atomic mass units.During petrol decomposit ion, i t i sapproximately an electron per 4 atomicmass units. As we can see, fuel and waterare a lmost the same, according toef f ic iency of their use as fuel forcombustion. Air is behind them because,during its decomposition, approximately16 amu per an electron which became freeenergy generator are released. However,both air and water, unlike fuel, contain asufficient number of oxygen atoms and,therefore, they can combust spontaneouslybecause their plasma contains everythingwhich is necessary for PTHK: both oxygenatoms and electrons.

According to the carried out analysis, wecan understand which measurements mustbe taken in order to easily start an engineusing lean mixture not only in summer butalso in winter cold season:

1 . It i s better to improve magnetic�catalytic air and fuel procession beforefeeding them into engine cylinders. In thiscase , other measures could be notnecessary which will simplify the startingsystem.2. To increase fuel feeding during thestarting period.3. To moisten air adding 1…2% of moisture.4. Carry out preliminary heating of air,moisture, fuel and the engine.5. To improve the initiating influence in theengine cylinders (condensers�reservoirs,plasma ignition plugs and others).6 . To bring an e lectron bunch to thecylinder from the outside, for example, byan electron gun.

All these measures , o f course , cancomplicate the engine starting system; this

is why they must be used in a reasonablecombination with each other.

The best way to prepare an engine tothe autothermal mode

Today the best way is to form a sufficiently“thick” layer (~ 20 mcm) of the catalyst onthe cylinder walls. It coincides with a runof 4,000…5,000 with an optimizer. It isnecessary to intentional ly decreasecompression, for example, to 7 kgs/cm2,with an initial gap increase by 20 mcm.Later this gap will close and compressionwil l be automatical ly restored to12 kgs/cm2. Under these conditions, theengines can operate without fuel, withoutan optimizer and improved plugs, during allmodes, revolutions, and loads.

Description of the inventions

A method of fuel�air mixture preparationand a device for its realization. Patent RU2229619.

The invention is re lated to energyengineering, heat power plants and enginesincluding internal�combustion ones. Thesuggested method of fuel�a ir mixturepreparation can be carried out in thedescribed below device. The device forfuel�air mixture preparation includingpermanent magnets which form magneticfield lines perpendicular to air flow is madein the form of a f lat cyl inder with anonthrough central hole . A grooveconnected to the central hole by canals ismade along the external side surface of thecylinder. Ring permanent magnets areinstalled on the external side of the grooveopposite to each other in such a way that agap is formed between them which allowsair passing between the magnets into theinternal space of the groove and, further,through the canals , into the centralnonthrough hole. The internal space of thegroove is filled with the catalyst and apipel ine is connected to the centralnonthrough hole for mixture of theprocessed air with fuel and feeding of thefuel�air mixture to an engine or heat powerplant.


Fig. 1. The method of the fuel-air mixture preparation and a device for its realization

In Fig.1, the device for air�fuel mixturepreparation using the suggested method isshown.

The device for air�fuel mixture preparationis made in the form of a flat cylinder 1 witha nonthrough central hole 2. A groove 3,which is connected to the central hole bycanals 4, is made along the external sidesurface of the cylinder 1. Ring permanentmagnets 5 are installed on the external sideof the groove opposite to each other. A gap6 is formed between them. It allows airpassing between the magnets 5 into theinternal space of the groove 3 and, further,through the canals 4, into the centralnonthrough hole 2. The internal space ofthe groove 3 is filled with the catalyst 7. Apipeline 8 is connected to the centralnonthrough hole 2 . Fuel is fed to thepipeline, for example, through an injector10, for formation of the fuel�air mixture.The pipeline 8 connects the device for fuel�air mixture preparation with an engine ora heat power plant (they are not shown in

Fig.). The magnetic field lines are shownas arrows 9.

The invention’s formula. The method of thefuel�air mixture preparation consisting inpreliminary, pre�combustion processing ofcomponents of the fuel�air mixture by amagnetic field. Only air is preliminarilyprocessed by a combined influence of themagnetic field and catalyst. Induction ofthe magnetic field is formed and, with itand in the presence of the catalyst, not onlyair oxygen molecules but also nitrogenmolecules dissociate to ions. Then theprocessed air is mixed with fuel in a ratioproviding for obtaining extremely lean air�fuel mixture. The formed mixture is fed intoan engine or heat power plant forcombustion. The device for fuel�a irmixture preparation including permanentmagnets which form magnetic field linesperpendicular to air flow. It is made in theform of a flat cylinder with a nonthroughcentral hole. A groove connected to thecentral hole by canals is made along the


Fig. 2

external side surface of the cylinder. Ringpermanent magnets are installed on theexternal side of the groove opposite toeach other in such a way that a gap isformed between them which allows airpassing between the magnets into theinternal space of the groove and, further,through the canals , into the centralnonthrough hole. The internal space of thegroove is filled with the catalyst and apipel ine is connected to the centralnonthrough hole for mixture of theprocessed air with fuel and feeding of thefuel�air mixture to an engine or heat powerplant.

Another invention: A device for processing ofair�fuel mixture’s air. Patent RU 2229620.

The invention is re lated to energyengineering, heat power plants and enginesincluding internal�combustion ones. Theobtained technical result is increase of heatpower plants and engines’ efficiency anddecrease of injurous addit iveconcentration in the used gases.

The processed air is fed into a cylinder 1by a branch 2. Inside the cylinder 1, air isevenly spread over the whole cylinder’svolume through gaps 5. After that, airmoves to a part of an exit branch 3 insertedinto the cylinder 1 . Air goes betweenpermanent magnets 4 and a catalyst layer6. When the magnetic field influences airin the presence of the catalyst, moleculesof oxygen and also nitrogen dissociate. Thedissociated air goes through holes 7 andgoes into the exit branch 3 for thefol lowing formation of the a ir�gas�mixture.

Another patent: A method of increase ofworking medium energy for yield production.Patent # 2179649 from 25.07.2000. F 02 G1/02, F 02 M 27/04.

The invent ion’s formula . A method ofincrease of working medium energy foryield production consisting in workingmedium ingest ion, compress ion,transmiss ion of an e lectr ical excit ingimpulse through it, its expansion with yield

production. Ingestion of a working mediumconsisting of a gas part – air – and a liquidone – water – is carried out during threestages. At the first stage, an initial airportion is fed but, at the second stage, thegiven air port ion is expanded to lowpressure. At the third stage, an additionalair portion is fed along with water. Wateris preliminary saturated with catalyst andprocessed by a cavitation device withformation of cavitation bubbles. Then theworking medium is compressed which leadsto destruction of the cavitation bubblesand heating of the working medium. Afterthat , during the expansion stage , anelectrical exciting impulse runs throughthe working medium providing for theworking medium energy increase due to itsionization and evaporation of the liquidpart. After the expansion, the workingmedium is released into the atmosphere.

Conclusion

So, the theory of natural energy – energyof the XXI century is completed to a first


approximation. Mankind suffers from theenergy deficit and ecological problemsconnected with i t while there i s anabundance of energy accumulated inmatter and in the environment. On the basisof the new hyper�frequency physics andapplication works on fuel�less energy, it wasmanaged to realize the autothermal aircombustion mode without consumption oforganic or any other kinds of fuelpractically, during a considerably shortterm, using car engines.

Traditional science, most of all physics,does not assume even a possibility to createa “perpetual motion machine” while we useit for a long time. It is a standard engine,without any constructional changes andeven without change of the energyproduction process – the phase transfer ofthe highest kind (PTHK). Its physicalmechanism was not known up to now. It isimpossible to explain everything in a briefconclusion, it is necessary to read andunderstand all three books of my trilogy.But it is necessary to remind and stresssome moments. First of all, it is not thatwe could make an engine work in the fuel�less mode but that exclusion of fuel fromthe combustion process as a needlesscomponent improves ecological situation,keeps a l l good factors of standardcombustion including the absence ofradiation and adding new good things:absence of CO

2 and CO, clean exhaust,

solution of the fuel problem…

Use of natural energy stored, particularly,in oxygen, as during standard combustion,is very efficient, due to only a one hundredmillionth part of its mass which is filled upin natural conditions, as it was before. So,in this sense, ecology is undisturbed.

Development of natural energy excludingthe use of organic and nuclear fuel, whichis ecologically hazardous for mankind, willallow providing people by light, heat, andelectr ic ity in abundance everywhere ,including cold northern regions, withminimal costs and damage to nature.

References

1. E.I. Andreiev and others. Natural energy. – SPb:Nestor, 2002.2. E.I. Andreiev and others. Natural energy�2. – SPb:Nevskaya zhemchuzhina, 2002.3. E.I. Andreiev. Calculation of heat and mass exchangein contact machines. – L.: Energoatomizdat, 1985.4. E.I. Andreiev. A mechanism of gas heat massexchange with liquid. – L.: Energoatomizdat, 1990.5. D.H. Baziev. Fundamentals of the united physicstheory. – M.: Pedagogika, 1994.6. D.H. Baziev. Earth’s electricity. – M.Kommercheskiye tekhnologii, 1997.7. D.H. Baziev. Charge and mass of photon. – M.:Pedagogika, 2001.8. A.V. Chistov. A method of energy generation.Positive decision on issue of a patent for an invention,according to the patent application # 94010375 from24.03.94.9. “Paradox” magazine, # 9, 2002.10. E.I. Andreiev. Fundamentals of natural energy. –SPb: Nevskaya zhemchuzhina, 2004.

Dear subscribers, thank you for interestto “New Energy Technologies” magazine.

Please note that publications in 2006are not planned.

All best respects,Editors


Our magazine has been published since July2001 to the end of 2005. These 23 issueswere financed by a foreign investor Dr.Christopher Bremner who considered itmost important to develop contacts withinventors and scientists working in thealternative energy field. Such a publishingactivity is unprofitable due to a smallaudience of creative people who would beinterested in the magazine. Only a fewhundred people in the world conduct thegiven researches , this i s why it i sconsidered by us an unreal task to increasesubscription and get a profit.

Further publication of the magazine isinexpedient not only due to f inancialreasons. Infomedia is changing; it becomesmore favorable for development ofalternative energy discussions . Theseprocesses are determined by dramaticchanges in the energy carriers market. Itis possible to say that today a change tothe alternative energy became an obviousneed for all who are somehow connectedwith it. Certainly, we are all connected withenergy by its development prospectsmainly concern my responsible Stateemployees and businessmen thinking aboutbusiness development under conditions offuel prices’ growth. They are ready toconsider new projects on the alternativefuel�less energy seriously.

Thus, the situation has changed; this is whyit is inexpedient to spend time and moneyfor publication of the specialized magazine.Today Internet, television and almost allprinting give attention to this subject.Theorists and inventors who were laughedat and criticized earlier can publish theirarticles not only in our magazine but also

in professional ones. On the other hand,almost all researches should not publishtheir results in details because competitionand plagiarism in the field of the giventechnologies become more and morespread.

Further, we would l ike to thank oursubscribers on behalf of the editor stuff,though financial resources obtained fromthe subscription didn’t exceed 10% of thepublishing costs.

Due to the fact that this issue will be thefinal one and publication of the “Newenergy Technologies” magazine ends, weprepared a short review for readers whowould like to find an article on the subject,which they are interested in , in ourcollection (on a CD).

Alternative energy

Experiments on the single�wire energytransfer is presented in the articles ofProfessor D.S. Strebkov (#1, 8, 9, 21). Thequasi�superconducting technologies forelectric energy transfer are described (#1).The test ing results for s ingle�wireelectr ical systems of power transferadduced (#8, 9) . In Inst itute ofAgricultural Electrification, devices witha power of 20 kW were built. Electricpower transfer by this method (due to biascurrents) occurs without heating of wire,i.e. without losses (#21). This subject isa lso considered in the art ic le of S .S .Makukhin (#13). The author explainsphysical meaning of Nikola Tesla ’sexperiment on electric energy transfer bya single open and ungrounded wire by theexample of different experiments.

The last issue of the “New EnergyTechnologies” magazine

Review by S. Shlenchak, A. Frolov.Faraday Lab Ltd, http://www.faraday.ru

7-812-3803844


N.V. Kosinov (#13, 19) described theexperiments and devices for the single�wire energy transfer using the “diodeAvramenko plug” and a standard bridgecircuit.

the magazine, this author suggested amethod of an asymmetric body levitationbased on gas screening produced by thesame body. In the 22nd issue , S .A.Gerasimov suggested a design of the flyingplatform (an endless belt with rotatingunbalanced masses).

The theory and experiments on excessiveenergy generation in the form of high�frequency radiation and heat energy arepresented in the art ic les of V.I .Korobeynikov (# 17, 21) . A s impleexperimental device can be based onconstruction of the magnetron used astandard microwave oven. The authorscalculations show that minimal costs forelectric field formation in the magnetronallow generating efficiency much morethan 100% during the special operationmode.

The generators using environmental heatare presented in the art ic les of Y.N.Novozhilov (#14�15, 17, 18, 19) . Theauthor describes his invention: a fuel�lessengine, which uses different heating of itselements caused by different temperatureof environments contacting with theengine or irradiation of different intensity(# 14, 15) . Operation of thethermomagnetic engine with permanentmagnets and ferromagnetic elements madeof up�to�date materials with the accordingvalue of Curie point is also described(#17). In another Novozhilov’s article, adescription of the solar pump is given. Apower element with the form memory isused for the pump’s drive. Such an elementchanges i ts form during heating andcooling. It is heated by sunbeams andcooled by water or curtain darkening(#18). Another interesting article of thisauthor considers Kelvin dropper as a high�effective device which allows generatingan electric charge up to 15,000 V. Thisdevice operates due to water dropspolarization with the subsequent chargingin the device’s elements (# 19).

The experiment on creation of thecapillary engine (the patented method) is

Fig. 1. General view of the Kosinov’s devicefor demonstration fo wireless power

transmission

The theory and experiments ontransformation of environmental energyinto electr ic energy during charge�discharge cycles of nonlinear condensersand during magnetization�neutralizationof ferrites are presented in the articles ofN.E. Zayev (Moscow) (#2, 4, 5, 8). Thearticles describes physical principles ofenvironmental heat energy transformationinto electric energy and show that the mosteffective transformers can be the devicesusing nonlinear magnetic materials duringthe “magnetization�neutralization” cycle.Besides , some posit ive results wereobtained during study of the “charge�discharge” cycles of nonlinear condensers.

The theory and different experiments onalternative energy are presented in thearticles of S.A. Gerasimov (#11, 12, 14�15,18, 20, 22). The author gives a scheme ofthe non�driving motion mechanism(inertia device) (# 11) and measures arotary moment of self�operation, whichinfluences the moving part of the non�reference engine (# 12). In another article,a scheme of the experimental device ispresented (# 14�15). IN the 20th issue of


presented in the article of I.I. Elshansky(# 14, 15). The ideas and experiments oncreation of the real working “perpetualmotion machine” are described in thearticle. The idea was based on capillarystructures of plants.

The theory and experiments on torsionfields are presented in the articles of A.E.Akimov (# 1, 16). The author gives historyand prospects of development of torsionfields’ research, properties of torsion fieldsand operation principles of tors iongenerators are described.

The aether dynamics theory is presentedin the article of V.A. Ayutskovsky (# 1, 12).Suggest ing that aether i s a standardviscous compress ible gas obeying thestandard gas dynamics’ laws, the authordefined its parameters and structures ofthe main stable e lementary part ic les(proton, neutron, electron, photon, atomicnuclei, atoms and some molecules).

The experiments on the use of centrifugalforces for fuel�less energy generators arepresented in the articles of V.I. Bogomolov(#13, 14�15, 16). The author considers thephysical principle of excessive mechanicalenergy generation (# 13). The consideredgenerator’s rotor can accelerate due to theconstructional peculiarities without anexternal energy source. In another article,the improved design of Maxwell ’ spendulum is given (# 14�15) and nature ofthe process of free energy production inthe precession generator is explained. Thegiven generator uses free energy duringformation of centrifugal forces’ kineticmoment in the centrifugal inertia forces’potential field (#16).

In the articles of V.D. Dudyshev (# 9, 10,13 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20) , a whole range ofalternative energy subjects is considered:for example, the experiments on the use ofe lectrostat ic forces or magnets . Theauthor substantiates importance andprospect of f ire�heating technologies ’further improvement, in particular, usingthe method of the new electr ic� f i retechnology of any matters and gases’ pure

combustion with the use of electrical fieldsas a combustion catalyst. He considers thetechnology’s use in heat engineering, heattransport engines, devices of fire recyclingof wastes etc. The author shows how toincrease combustion processes control(temperature, heat conductivity gradient,gas pressure) (# 10). In the 13th issue, theauthor suggested the new low�costtechnology of kinetic and electric energyproduction from the e lectr ical f ie ld ’spotential energy and shows his owninventions as examples.

Fig. 2. Dudyshev’s perpetual mobile usingthe potential energy of electrical field

In the 17th issue, V.D. Dudyshev carriesout a research on a physical effect of theimpulse self�adjusted collective charge�mass transfer in a unipolarly chargedunder�conducting nonpolar liquid in theexternal impulse electric field. During theexperimental process, he discovered theabnormally high efficiency and energy ofthe charge�mass transfer process. In thearticle, the schemes and descriptions of thedevices are given (# 17). In the 18th issue,the author studies the effect of directconversion of the permanent magnets’magnetic field energy and its use in energyengineering and mechanics. In the 19thissue, original constructions of the newcurrent�less magnetic engines are given


and some new kinds of the magnetic energytransformers with permanent magnets arealso suggested. The other articles of thisauthor are devoted to the analysis of theuse of the electro�hydraulic Yutkin’s effectand cavitation for production of heat,mechanical and electrical energy. The newfuel�less electro�hydro�dynamic turbines,engines , pumps, heat generators andelectric generators with minimal energyconsumption which work using externalenergy of liquids, air and environmentalenergy, such as noncontact cavitation heatgenerators, an electric hydro cavitationheat generator, a two�stage EHD�heatgenerator, cavitation�gravity generatorsand others. The author also suggests thenoncontact regulating transformer whichallows saving energy, carrying out smoothstart of electric load, reducing inrushcurrents, providing for thermal protectionand maximal current protection of electricequipment. Besides, Dudyshev suggests anoriginal method of e lectr ic energyproduction from the atmospheric naturalelectricity – the fuel�less rope electricstation. In the 20th issue, he suggests thenew methods of extraction and use of theinternal matter energy. A number of theauthor ’s e lectrophysical experimentaldiscoveries and inventions are described inthe article.

The gravity�centrifugal motors and otherdevices are presented in the articles of A.Evert (# 18, 21). In the review publishedin the issue # 18, interesting data on hisgravity�centri fugal motor, osci l latorymotor, wheel�pendulum, Bessler’s wheel,solar wheel, high�effective turbines arepresented. Professor Evert imparts hisunderstanding of aether, which is used byhim in his experiments. The given reviewcan be useful for developers of autonomousenergy sources including vortex movers. Inthe 21st issue, Prof. Evert explains origin ofirradiation, electrons, charges, electron flowsetc. with the help of his understanding ofaether and gives simple descriptions of someaether motion collection aspects. In hisarticle, he describes such devices as theantenna for energy accumulation, magneticpump, aether current generator and others.

The energy source based on mechanicalsystems with the unbalanced wheel isdescr ibed in the review of “Environ”company (# 20). Their technology consistsin a wheel connected with a generatorproducing e lectr ic energy withoutexternal fuel spendings. Further to thewheel , the company created a high�performance generator which can beattached to the wheel for electric energyproduction.

Fig. 3. Environ’s wheel connected to agenerator produces electricity without the

need for any external fuel

Development of Tesla’s works on fuel�less cars designing is presented in thearticle of Klaus Jebens, Germany (# 16).The article tells about of the research ofthe German society GFE’s. Klaus Jebensis its President and Director�General .They pay attention to the innovationenergy technologies, space energy; theyalso give their opinion about the future ofenergy engineering.

The pneumo�hydro turbines which can beused as high�performance generators ofelectric energy are presented in the articleof V.F. Markelov, Saint Petersburg, Russia(# 16). Schemes and calculations of thepatented devices (the pneumo�hydroengine and pneumo�hydraulic turbinewhich extract energy) are given in thearticle.


The theory of vacuum as an energy sourceis presented in the articles of L.G. Sapogin(#6, 9, and 21) and A.V. Rykov (# 2, 3, 4, 5,12) . A review of the book “Unitaryquantum theory and new energy sources”is given. This book was written by Russianprofessors of physics and mathematicsfor mathematicians , physicians andengineers . General theoret icalfundamentals of the unitary quantumtheory, the approximate equationof a single particle with an oscillatingcharge , use of the osci l lat ing chargeequation for interpretat ion of therichest experimental data, which cannot bekept within the frame of the standardquantum�mechanical sc ience , and thepossible theory and the general approachto the chemical catalysis problem areconsidered in the book (# 21). In the 12thissue, Rykov gives the model of physicalvacuum and methods of influence on thevacuum.

Magnetic generators

Motors with permanent magnets arepresented in the articles of V. Vallone, adirector of Integrity Research Institute,USA (#10). The article is devoted to themotors which are used for trying toproduce ef f ic iency>1 by a change ofcommunication chart ’s conf iguration,electronic switches’ circuits, and magneticconfigurations. Some constructions whichcan be considered as standard and alsosome constructions which seem availableare presented. The engines with switchablemagnetic resistance, the toroidal motor,the linear motors, Hartman’s patent, theunipolar motor are considered in thearticle.

In the articles of A.V. Frolov (#5, 9, 14�15), constructions of the devices forenergy transformation are given and alsotheoretical bases of operation of thedevices working with the efficiency morethan 100% are done. It is shown that, inany case , energy cannot appear fromnothing but is a result of some energykind’s transformation or structural spacechanges (aether polarization).

The experiment with the magneticgenerator of Searl ’s construction i spresented in the articles of S.M. Godin andV.V. Roschin (Moscow) (#1, 2, 20). Thearticles are devoted to the experiments oncreation of the electric energy generatorusing rotating permanent magnets . Inthese works , i t i s shown that rotor ’srotation can be self�powered in the givensystem. Besides, it was demonstrated thata considerable power level with a payingload of 7 kW had been reached and it wasnoted that the system lost up to 30% of itsweight.

The theory and experiments onlongitudinal magnetic interactions arepresented in the article of G.V. Nikolayev(# 2).

The development works and experimentswith magnetic motors are presented in thearticles of Eric Vogels, Denmark (# 11, 20).The author tells about Minato’s wheelwhich rotates only due to the permanentmagnets’ force and also about his ideas andexperiments on bui lding of the sameengines . (#11) . The author considerscreation history, designs and operation ofBauman’s magnetic engine and givesrecommendations on independent engineassembling. (# 20).

The use of magnets in the devices ofenergy transformation and patents arepresented in the article of Y.N. Novozhilov(# 17). The author considers the methodof effective energy transformation. Themethod of transformation of compressedair’s potential energy produced duringelectrolytic water decomposition intoelectric energy is given.

A patent for the magnetic motorproducing continuous rotary moment ispresented in the article of A.E. Rumin (#19). Working on his invention, the authoraimed at s impli fying of the knownconstructions and improvement of userfr iendl iness , power and ef f ic iency ofmagnetic action. A distinguishing featureof the device is that magnetic field vectorof the stator ’s and rotor ’s permanent


magnets at an angle of 25 – 45 degreesdepending on the rotor ’s diameter inrelation to the magnets’ work surface. Theauthor gives drafts of motor parts in thearticle.

The magnetic hydro�dynamic engine andexperimental suggestions are presented inthe article of S.A. Gerasimov (# 18). In thearticle, the construction and operationalprinciple of the magnetic hydro�dynamicdevice (MHD engine) are described andexperimental values of rotary momentinfluencing the MHD engine’s rotor aregiven.

Molecular reactions

The theory and experiments on high�effective molecular reactions arepresented in the articles of A.V. Frolov(#14�15, 17 , 21 , and 22) . In theexperiments 2003 on hydrogenrecombination, excess ive heat(up to 250%) was obtained for the firstt ime. The theory is created andcalculations for different operation modesare shown. The theory is based on theinvention of Academician Alexandrovmade in 1962.

Ltd.”, he organized the experimentalprogram on atomic hydrogen recombinationresearch. Today Moller carries out hisexperimental researchin a laboratory of Jean�Louis Naudin, France.

Continuation of the atomic hydrogenrecombination research is presented inthe 22nd issue of our magazine. In 2005,Jean�Louis Naudin (France) reproducedthe experiments of A.V. Frolov ondissociat ion and recombination ofhydrogen molecules in the device exportedfrom Russia. The efficiency test showedthe result up to 2,000%.

The theoretical principles of molecularreactions are presented in the 17th issueof our magazine in the article of WilliamLyne who is the author of the idea to usehydrogen recombination for excessiveheat production. He suggested aconstruction based on hydrogen weldingdevice. His book called “Occult EtherPhysics”, 1997, was used by N. Moller as abasis of his own project.

Propulsion force and antigravity

Aether engines are presented in the articleof P.V. Scherbak and S.A. Mikhalev (# 12),a group of inert ia less processesinvestigation. The article is devoted to theexperiments on demonstrat ion of the“mass defect”. During the experiments, apresence of interaction of the incoming andoutcoming energy flows for matter supplywith the environment that was displayedas the “mass defect”.

Vortex mercury engines are presented inthe articles of O.S. Plolyakov (# 1, 7). Themethod of driving force production isconsidered, a description of the device andthe experimental results of Polyakov andhis followers is given.

In the articles of A.V. Frolov (#2, 4, 8, 11,16, and 18) , a number of subjects i spresented: the experiments on propulsionforce production due to aether pressuregradient in electrically charged bodies(according the theory of T.T. Brown). This

Fig. 4. The experimental device forhydrogen recombination research

The atomic hydrogen recombinationresearch is presented in the article of N.Moller (# 3). Nicholas Moller used the ideaof William Lyne about possibility of thehigh�effective atomic hydrogen systems.In 2003, in cooperation with “Faraday Lab


subject was cal led the “asymmetricalcapacitors” or “Frolov’s capacitors”. Theexperiments with the vortex engine builtaccording to the improved Polyakov’sdesign are described. The theory andexperiments on thermal gravity are given.

The engines based on resonances arepresented in the articles of G.P. Ivanov (#17, 20) . Possible methods of aetherpropuls ion and models of the aetherresonators are considered in these articles.

The theory and experiments with Lifterasymmetrical condensers are presented inthe articles of Tim Ventura (# 6, 7, 20). Thearticle in the 20th issue is devoted to theelectric gravity and antigravity researchhistory and the development works onLifter technologies from the originating ofthis idea to creation of the prototypes andprojects.

The theory and experiments withasymmetrical capacitors according toFrolov’s design are presented in the articleof Zoltan Losonc, Hungary (# 16).

accompany this phenomenon is suggested.This example helps develop the idea of thereasons of gravity attraction. New ideasconcerning nonamplitude fields (gravityfields), the nonamplitude quant (graviton),and frequency diapasons are a lsosuggested. The author tel ls about hisdiscovery: the gravity dynamic paradox (anunusual physical phenomenon). Theparadox’s meaning is in the existence of asituation which is not forbidden by physicallaws and allows each man (even a child) tohold and carry things with a weight of morethan 100kg with the help of a simple device.The phenomenon demonstrates thepossibility to remove weight characteristicsof any material object (# 7).

The theory and suggestions onexperiments on production of longitudinalwaves and antigravity are presented in thearticles of K.P. Butusov (# 2, 5). Theauthor suggests a perfect physical�mathematical system which is symmetrizedMaxwell’s equations. In practice, it gives apossibility to create longitudinal waves invacuum (energy density’s longitudinalwaves in aether). The author gives researchhistory of longitudinal waves in vacuum,defines conditions of longitudinal waves’irradiation and the physical meaning oflongitudinal waves (# 5).

Electric magnetism and gravity, gravitywaves production, and experiments areresented in the article of D.Y. Tsepenuk (#12). A series of preliminary experiments ontesting of the possibility to generate thegravity field during deceleration of chargedmassive particles in matter is carried out.

The theory of gravity interactions (themathematical approach) is presented inthe article of Christopher Bremner andDavid Noever (# 6, p. 2).

Thermal levitat ion, the use of a irmolecules’ kinetic energy for productionof the unidirectional propulsion force ispresented in the article of M.P. Beshok (#13). The author shows that, on the whole,air molecules’ motion is chaotic but motionof a molecule during the time between

The theory of rhythm dynamics andexperiments on propulsion forceproduction during interference of wavesfrom different sources are presented in thearticles of Y.N. Ivanov (# 2, 7). In thearticle in the 2nd issue, the example of ahypothetical black hole and effects which

Fig. 5. Frolov’s capacitor createspropulsing force


clashes can be considered as ordered andpredictable. The average distance passedby the molecule during this time is dozensnanometers . The recently appearednanotechnologies allow carrying out theauthor’s constructive solutions for the useof air molecules’ energy and unidirectionalpropulsion force generation. In the article,the author defined the better plate’s profilewhich allows generating propulsion forceand energy from the air. The use the giventechnologies i s poss ible not only incosmonautics but a lso in energyengineering because it is a possibility tocreate the continuous rotary moment atthe generator’s shaft.

The theory and experiments withFrolov’s asymmetrical capacitors,development of the electro gravitytheory (conversion of electromagneticenergy into gravity one) is presented inthe article of Professor A.A.Nassikas (#18). The construction for propulsion forceproduction is described. The constructionis the asymmetrical capacitors made of aset of metal arts located asymmetricallyinside a solid isolating shell which, for itsturn, is located inside a metal body withzero potential . When the givenconstruction operates in the mode withoutcorona charge , propuls ion force i sproduced. According to energyengineering, this is a high�performanceprocess with an efficiency of more than100%.

The experimental suggestion on inertiaengines and unbalanced rotors arepresented in the article of E.I. Linevitch(# 18) . In the art ic le , an operationprinciple of the inertia engine made for apower drive of different devices. The devicecontains a gyroscope, an unbalancedelectrical drive able to conduct curvilinear�oscillatory motions, and a control system.The author states that this engine is high�effective and will allow flying to any placeon the Earth in some minutes, without suchinconveniences as overload and zero gravity.

In the article of V.A. Chernobrov, Moscow(# 13), the review of the gravity plane

(the machines with gravity control)developments is given. The projects oncreation of gravity engines , magneticgravity planes, electric gravity planes, andgravity screens are described.

Our readers expressed special attention tothe publ icat ions devoted to theantigravity effect of Grebennikov –Zolotarev which had been discoveredstudying de Brogl ie stat ionary wavescreated by cavitary structures (# 16, 22).We hope that even discuss ion of thisarguable data wil l be helpful for thedevelopment of experimental aetherdynamics.

Vortex processes

In the 20th issue, vortex heat generators,heat steam generators, vortex steamgenerators of “Akoil” company arepresented. Descriptions and key features ofthe generators are given.

Water vortex generators and autonomouselectric power stations are presented by anauthor�developer Yu.S. Potapov (# 16, 17, 18,19, 20, 21). In his articles, descriptions ofPotapov’s vortex heat generator andmolecular engine, plans of technologicalimprovement, heat generator’s designs andphotographs of the produced models.

Fig. 6. Grebennikov’s antigravity planform(photo from “My world” book)


The theory and experiments in the field ofvortex processes are presented in the articlesof E.D. Sorokodum (# 5, 12). The problemsof vortex heat generators’ creation areconsidered, common properties of energytransformers are described and, on the basisof them, some problems occurring duringcreation of renewable energy sources areanalyzed.

The experiments with the air (molecular)vortex electric power station madeaccording the improved Potapov’s design andalso tests of the water vortex heaters arepresented in A.V. Frolov’s articles (#18, 19,20, 21).

The idea of air flow’s impulse mode whichallows producing excessive energy ispresented in the articles of B.M. Kondrashev(# 16, 19). The methods of low�potentialenergy transformation for production ofexcessive power in the form of high�potentialheat and “cold” are considered. In thesemethods, the scientifically grounded andexperimentally tested technical solutionsrealized in ejector jets of gas turbines are used.It is shown in the articles that the impulsemode of an air�blast provides for the use ofenvironmental energy which allows gettinghigh efficiency of the jets which can operatein the fuel�less mode.

The theory and experiments with high�effective water vortex processes arepresented in the articles of S.A. Lisnyak (# 4,7). The author considers the vortex energypossibilities, gives drafts of vortex

generators, explains energy excess at theoutlet during a medium’s flow rotating in thevortex tube (# 4) and shows the possibilitiesof the vortex electrical devices (# 7).

The big review of vortex technologies ispublished in the 23rd issue, the article of A.I.Azarov.

Cold fusion and transmutations

The high�effective (plasma) waterelectrolysis which allows generatingexcessive energy during the impulse mode,its theory and experiments are presented inthe articles of F.M. Kanarev (# 1, 10, 11, 12,14�15, 16, 17, 19). The author convincinglyshows that, during water plasma electrolysis,transmutation of alkali elements’ atomicnuclei and cathode material’s atomic nucleitakes place. The experiment described whichshows that low�ampere water electrolysisallows producing cheap hydrogen fromwater. (# 11). The author finds out the reasonof excessive energy generation duringcovalent bonds’ formation in the processesof synthesis of oxygen, hydrogen and watermolecules; besides, the source of this energyis described. (# 12). The results ofexperiments on electro dynamic destructionof water molecules’ chemical bonds byelectric impulses of different frequencies arepresented. The experimental aim was toverify the statement that electro dynamicalinfluence on water molecules allowsconsiderably reducing energy costs fordestruction of their chemical bonds and thefollowing synthesis of these moleculesconsiderably increases excessive energyproduction in the form of heat (# 14, 15).Analysis of the measuring of electrical energyconsumed by the water electric heatgenerator is carried out; drafts of the waterelectric heat generator’s cells with theirdescription are given (# 16). As the authorstates, electrical energy is transformed by acell of the water electric heat generator intoheat energy with an energy efficiency indexof more than 50%. (# 17).

The theory and experiments on formationof the magnetic quasi�monopole andinvestigation of its influence on matter

Fig. 7. Vortex heat generator


parameters are presented in the articles ofI.M. Shahparonov (# 2, 6).

The experiments on remote influence offields created by rotating objects onradioactive isotopes’ stability are presentedin I.A. Melnik’s article (Tomsk, Russia) (# 7).The given experiments prove the possibilityto develop new technologies of radioactivitycancellation and radioactive wastesprocession.

Other experiments on the influence onradioactive isotopes’ stabi l i ty arepresented in the article of A.V. Frlov (#10) . The theory and the generator ’sconstruction are based on Prof. Butusov’sworks about nature of longitudinal wavesand de Broglie waves.

The theory and experiments of E.I.Andreev on air auto�thermia are presentedin the 16th issue, the review by A.V. Frolov.Pecul iar it ies of the a ir auto�thermiaprocess – fuel�less air combustion, duringwhich heat energy at the outlet is the resultof change of the air molecules’ propertiesare considered in the article. Air moleculesreact in the presence of catalysts.

The idea of proton decay and waterdecomposition for energy production dueto proton decay is presented in the articleof N.V. Kosinov (# 19). A new method ofenergy generation is suggested. It exceedsthe efficiency of controlled nuclear fusionby dozens times. The method is based onthe new physical effect: induced protondecay. The induced proton decay makeswater an inexhaustible and the mosteffective energy carrier and allows solvingthe energy problem. Water becomes themost ef fective kind of fuel which cansubstitute oil, coal, natural gas, uranium.Many substances which were notconsidered energy carriers can be the mosteffective energy carriers.

The fourth dimension, teleportation

The experiments on control of timecharacteristics using electromagneticquasi�monopole are presented in the articles

of V.A. Chernobrov (#1, 3, 12, and 13).Interesting experimental results concerninginfluence on physical processes’ speed, i.e.time speed, are given. The experimentaldevices created the magnetic quasi�monopoleinside a limited volume not continuously butfor a short time, by the pulse method. As aresult, it was determined, for example, thatprocesses of time acceleration anddeceleration differ according to their natureand consequences. Thus, decelerationhappened far more smoothly and steady while,during acceleration, abrupt changes ofindexes occurred and this process’ passingwas unstable and depended on many externalfactors.

Fig. 8. Experiments with Chernobrov’stime machine

In the article of A.V. Frolov (# 3, 4, 6,12, 18, 20), this subject is presented asthe theory and experiments onchange of matter existence’s speed(time speed) due to aether density’s change.Practical use of the timespeed control theory includingmilitary aspects. Physical principlesof a “Time machine” are shown (# 3, 6),i .e. of the device which the describedeffects have been studied in. This inventionrelates to methods and devices forcontrol of various physical processes’speed including the very process ofmatter existence in space�time. According tothe invention, the result is reached byincrease or decrease of space energy density(physical vacuum or aether), # 12. In the 20thissue, the author shows that discrete nature


of energy levels, particularly quantized atomstates, according to Plank, is a particular caseof four�dimensional resonance conditions.Other examples of manifestation of thecommon law concerning space�t imeformation of elementary particles and alsosuch l iving matter objects as DNA�molecule are shown. The four�dimensionalresonance theory and calculation examplesare given. A concept of the space driveproducing propulsion force is presented.

The theory and experiments on aetherproperties research are presented in thearticles of A.M. Mishin (Saint Petersburg)(# 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, and 12). The authorconducted the experimental research ofaether (# 1) with the help of the so called“physical system of the artificial bio�pole”.Mishin’s experimental research leads to anastrophysical discovery: a center of theUniverse is found.

structures (“topological harmonics”) causedby the matter world’s dynamics.(# 12).

The theory and experiments on the useof scalar waves for time speed control arepresented in the article of Glen Roberts (#19). In his article, the author describessome interest ing constructions whichallow influencing physical processes’ speedand space�time curvative.

The theory of mutual transformation ofelectromagnetic and gravity energy ispresented in the article of A.A. Nassikas,Greece (# 18).

The teleportation theory and acomprehensive concept of engines arepresented in the article of Donald Reed (#17). The theory of basic matter fields’structure is considered in the article .Existence of vacuum energy structurewith a basic essence which is notdichotomic and scalable is suggested.

The theory of active time properties, thedevelopment of N.A. Kozyrev’s works ispresented in the art ic les of L .S .Shikhobalov (# 3, 5). N.A. Kozyrev’s ideasabout active time properties which are thesource of star energy and development oftheses ideas is considered.

The theory of nature of time and electronis presented in the articles of Lev Price (#5, 9 , 17 , and 19) . The art ic le cal led“Introduction to gravity” is a review ofdifferent publications about this subject.Aether speed, neutrino, fourth dimension,sub�atomic matter structure, experimentsof Einstein , Podolsky, and Rosen areconsidered in the article (# 5). The articlecontinues in the 9th issue. The consideredtheory of electron’s nature is a part of themodern developing theory of dynamicalaether. (# 17). The author defines a notionof “time speed”, different kinds of time,factors influencing time speed (# 19).

Certainly, not all authors and publicationswere listed in this review. You can order thecomplete version of our magazine on a CD.

The author ’s experiments on thelongitudinal thermo magnetic effect (# 5)al lowed f inding out aether ’s basicpropert ies . Long�term researches andexperiments show that matter existence inour world is a form of the initial universalmatter’s motion (aether vortexes). On thebasis of different experiments, a review ofmatter, space and time aspects accordingto the concept of aether field and problemsof parallel worlds are presented. (# 9). Theauthor described the new physical realityin the form of quasi�real aether�dynamical

Fig. 9. Alexander M. Mishin

new energy technologies issue 22

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