new energy technologies issue 17

Magazine

CONTENTS

Commercialization of alternative energetics, Alexander V. Frolov, Russia 2Potapov’s molecular engine and water vortex heat generator 4New Products: Autonomous electrostation with molecular engine 9Magneto�hydrodynamic motor, S. Gerasimov, Russia 10Inertial drive, E. Linevitch, A. Ezov, Russia 12Plane Earth as electromotor�generator, V. Dudishev, Russia 17High efficient method to obtain hydrogen and oxygen from water, V. Ermakov, Russia 24Inertial generator, V. Gilchuk, Russia 25Chemo�electrical gravito�electrolysis by V. Studennikov’s way, A. Makarov, Russia 26Sun water pump, Yu. Novozilov, Russia 30Semiconductor electromagnetic energy transformator, A. Zerniy, Ukraina 32Prof. Alfred Evert’s research, Germany 34Prospects for Breakthrough Propulsion from physics, M.Millis, USA 40Phenomenon of direct transformation of magnet field energy, V. Dudishev, Russia 51Electrostatic generator, USA patent 4,897,592 59Vortex drive, Alexander V. Frolov, Russia 63Magratten’s magnet pulsed DC motor�generator 69Over unity propulsion of zero potential casing asymmetric capacitor system, Nassikas A.A. 73On the nature of electrical force interactions, Alexander V. Frolov, Russia 80New products: Water vortex heaters, prices and technical data 82Antigravity Secret, Tim Ventura, USA 84Information about CD “NET 2001�2004” 93

Information reported in New Energy Technologies magazine is not necessary endorsed by the publisher or staff.In many cases information received cannot be verified, though we try to report the news as accurately as possible.

Scientific news on advanced propulsion systems for aerospace industry and new energy technologies

Issue #3 (18) 2004

Publisher: Faraday Lab Ltd 4 issues in 2004

Editor�in�Chief Alexander V. Frolov, Scientific Advisor Kirill P. Butusov,Technical Editor Svetlana A. Schlenchak

Correspondence Address: 7 Lev Tolstoy Str., St�Petersburg 197376 Russia,Tel/fax: 7 (812) 380�3844, [email protected], http://www.faraday.ru

Cost of this issue: $46 (with CD of all the back issues as PDF files).Printed in Russia. Copyright © 2004 by Faraday Lab Ltd.

Circulation of this issue in English: 200 printed copies

New Energy Technologies

2 New Energy Technologies, Issue #3(18) 2004

Commercialization of alternative energetics

The stages of the civilization development arecharacterized by methods of the energyproduction. The steam machines were pushed outby internal combustion engines, and thedetermination “a kilowatt in an hour” being usedtoday much more often, than “horsepower”. Ourcivilization develops along the technocratic way,almost without of paying attention to existingnatural methods of the energy transformations.The burning of the oil or the other kind of fuel isnot a natural source of energy. Rather, it is theresult of a catastrophe, for example as in the caseof a forest fire. The Nature uses other physicalprinciples. Let us give you a few examples.

It is obvious that the heat radiation of Sun is thebasis of the energetics for many processes on ourplanet, including the formation of the organic fuel.That's why to study the question about physicalmechanics of a star energy has a fundamentalmeaning. In modern astrophysics more and morerecognition receives the energy conversion theoryand it is pressing out the thermonuclear theory ofthe star's energy source. Even N.A. Kozyrevconsidered the stars as machines transformingenergy of one kind (he called it the energy of thetime flow), to another kind of energy, for example,to heat EM photon radiation: " The absence of theenergy sources shows that in a star does not existits own stock of energy, but a star uses the energythat comes from other external sources. Stars inthe Universe exist everywhere, and they formdifferent structures. That is why the verypossibility of energy coming by one way or anotherway must have something in common with whatspace and time have. Space is passive � it is like anarena on which the events take place. Time can benot only a forth dimension, (in addition to three�dimensional space), but a natural phenomenon.The existence of active or physical properties oftime must lead joint reaction of time and of someother processes happening (going on) in theUniverse. When time acts upon a substance it cangive that some energy and serve as the source thatsupports the life of the stars". (Kozyrev N.A.,Selected works, 1991, Leningrad Universitypublishing).

Let us note that our company Faraday Lab hasconducted some experimental researches of theactive conditions of time in order circle therelevant tasks in the energetics, space technology,and searching for a new ways to manageradioactivity, but not for organizing of "timetraveling", even it is an interesting topic.

Unfortunately, a simple reproduction of theprocesses that are happening inside of the stars isnot possible in a laboratory conditions. That iswhy the Kozyrev's theory and experimentalinformation are being criticized and not acceptedby thermonuclear theory followers. Practicalsolution in the given area is concluded from theunderstanding of the very possibility oflongitudinal photons to transverse photonstransformation, which was noticed by Saint�Petersburg's astrophysician A. G. Shlenov. Besidesastrophysics, the related processes are well studiedin the plasma physics; however the classicalapproach is not focused at the fuel less energeticstasks. Rare practical researches in this area letsome authors to build fuel less energytransformators that work on the same principlesthat Nature uses in stars. This is serious step awayfrom catastrophic fuel burning energetics towardsthe natural fuel less energetics. The realization ofthe mentioned principles was proved by A.Chernetskii who made some experiments, offeredconclusions and the theoretical base for thevacuum energy transition mechanics of the virtualparticles energy to plasma electrons in anelectromagnetic wave with a longitudinalcomponent. (A.V. Chernetskii, To physical natureof bioenergetics phenomenons and their modeling,1989, Moscow, VZPI publishing).

Remarkably, the development of the given ideasinsists on the widening of our believes about spaceand time's structure, about vacuum physicsconditions, i.e. multidimensional perception ofNature, that need to be formed by the students atthe stage of completing the higher technicaleducation. Even though the modern physicsclassical authors were relating electron to the 4�dimensional class object, nevertheless the

3New Energy Technologies, Issue #3 (18) 2004

understanding that any matter is a process and itsparameters could be designed, and energetics maybe not only fuel�burning, were not shapedcompletely yet at the most engineers�constructorslevel of thinking.

A well known phenomenon of "tornado" forces usto think of a possibility of vortex processes to beused by energetics. Of course we are not talkinghere about "catching" and practically using atornado. The understanding of the vortexprocesses allows us to design a highly efficientwater heaters and extremely powerful andcompact autonomous energy generators. Today,it is not merely scientific speculations, but a realproduct offered for the market. Our companyFaraday Lab Ltd., for example, offers to interestedorganizations to buy autonomous electric stationswith a fuel less air vortex molecular engine of200KW, 600KW , 1 MW and more power thatcan be produced by our partner's factory. This is aqualitatively new product on the autonomoussources of electric power market, because theseelectro stations work without any fuel. Air, whichtakes part in the vortex process is quite good forbreezing after operation, that allow using of thistechnology in any closed spaces. You can read moreabout it in this issue in Y.S. Potapov's article (p.4)and in our advertisement on page 9.

In principle, there's no urgent problem with thenew energy technologies innovation, becauseRussia has enough oil for another 50 years.However, it is known, that about ten to twentyyears are necessary from the idea to its marketrealization. So, it is necessary to start thecommercialization of the new energy technologiesin Russia today, since it can be too late in future,because of other countries do not have such greateoil resources like Russian oil stores, and that's whythey give the alternative energetics much moreattention, than Russian politicians.

Let's note also, that a replacement of a one kind ofthe fuel for another (hydrogen) can not solve theenergy problem. Our civilization needs to switchto the autonomous energy sources, but it does notlead to a “revolution”. The fuel less electro stationsare not competitors to the oil companies, becausethese technologies open an absolutely newindependent segment of the market, including thespace program. More to it, this is the only way ofthe industrial development of Russian far regions

that have an unprofitable fuel energetics and forthat reason it is not developing. For the stateprogram realization in the given area of Russia'sstrategic interests is important to create a Ministryor a Department of fuel less energetics.

Some words about our perspectives (publicationof New Energy Technologies magazine). Duringthree years of our work we published differentexperimental news, including news aboutantigravitation, high efficient generators withpermanent magnets, about achievements of thehydrogen energetics, articles about directtransformation of environmental heat into electricpower, a description of the working devices, whichare using the capillary phenomenons, and alsodifferent mechanical devices, that let, as manyauthors say, to get the spinning point at the shaftwithout an external source of energy.

Sure, many articles were accepted by our readerscritically, but the magazine, of course, hasbenefited the society analyzing of the existingadvanced experimental works and theoreticalideas. The number of subscribers was growingsteadily, but now it is about ten times less than itis necessary for the magazine's economicalstability. We made a few attempts to increase salesin cooperation with the distributors of printedissues in 2003 and 2004. Unfortunately, as welearned, usual reader prefers "Cosmopolitan","Playboy" and magazines about autocars.

Today we have to make a decision about futureplans on our magazine to publish it in the nextyear or to close it. We hope that we can find somesponsors to continue work in 2005. The practiceshows that we need $60,000 �$80,000 for one year.Financing for 2005 period we must get beforeNovember of 2004.

Companies, funds, organizations and privatepersons, who want to give us some help, can callus 812�3803844 or e�mail [email protected]

Alexander V. Frolov

New Energy Technologies, Editor in chiefFaraday Lab Ltd, General Director


Fig.1The author has in its hands a molecular engine 5 kilowatt

powerful at 50000 rotations in a minute.

It was created in Russia a molecular engineworking without burning of any fuel, and withefficiency that twice exceeds the efficiency ofinternal combustion engines and efficiency ofSterling’s engine. The main ecological problemis solved. The engine does not have any fumes,it does not burn oxygen, and it does not haveany chemical oxidizing processes, associatedwith all known engines that work on liquid,gaseous or solid fuels. The tests on the newengine showed that it holds the programmedload without lowering the revolution. The newengine beats all known to the science enginesin its construction simplicity and in stability;it is superior also to all famous gas turbines. Theengine consists only of three main details: ofthe stator, the rotor and the vortex camera.Perhaps, the new engine does not have any

Potapov’s molecular engine and the vortexheat generator

work autonomously on water and air without fuel

Potapov Yu. S.Phone: 8�911�263�1428, e�mail [email protected]

analogies in the world practice. Even all of theproducers were surprised while tested the newengine on the test bench. It could not be startedwith the pressed air with the pressure of 1 atm.(Editors note: the authors use thedetermination “pressure” omitting the words“more than 1 atm”, i.e. “1 atm of pressure” forthem is 2 atm). With the pressure like that therotor was developing extra high revolutions andthe bearings were falling apart instantly. Thenthe bearings, holding 50,000 rpm, were installed.But the picture has repeated. An idea camethrough to lower the air pressure in 10 times. Itwas tried and again everybody was surprised.All people, attending the test, saw, that the newengine had raised the revolutions up to 21,000rpm under 0.01 atm of the air pressure.

Fig.2.This is an autonomous electric station of 50 kilowatt power,

with a molecular engine. The new station of 37 kilowatt powerwill be built in 2004 for Faraday Lab Ltd.

We got 50,000 rpm raising the air pressure upto 0.09 atm. The received engine’s revolutionsand a huge rotating moment through thereduction at the power selection axle provide astable work with a load. The beforehandcalculations showed that for the autonomouswork schedule of the new engine


Fig.3.This is an autonomous 50 KW electric station.

View from the turbine’s side.

will be needed about 30% of the created energy,in order to recuperate the energy about thesystem that is providing the air stream. But thepractice made its corrections once again. Whenthe engine was build in the real proportionswith the generator, then for the energyrecuperation were needed not 30 %, but only15%, which has significantly raised themolecular efficiency of engine.

Talking about the engines and about theefficiency of existing electric stations let’s pointthat efficiency of Sterling’s engine is up to 45%,nuclear electric stations – up to 34%, dieselelectric stations – up to 35%; efficiency of heatelectric centers is about 26%, wind powerstations – up to 30%, solar panels (batteries) –up to 12%. The efficiency of molecular engineis 85%, and prospectively it can work with aeficiency close to 100%.

Editor’s note: In this case, the expression“efficiency=85%” means that on anautonomous work mode, i.e. without any fuelincome or of an external source of energy, this

electric station gives away to the consumer85% of the produced energy and leaves foritself 15% for its compressor. From the otherpoint of view, since there is no fuel use in thisconstruction and no external source, then itseffectiveness is infinite great. Alexander V.Frolov.

Production of the heat on the base of theautonomous vortex heat generators.

The substitution of the old heat energyproducing sources on ecologically clean onesreplaceable sources of energy can bring essentialeconomic and ecological benefits. It wascalculated in Germany, that a efficiency increaseof 10% at the heat stations brings a saving of30% of fuel. In other words, we can considerablysave of the burning fuel and then direct it theother more important targets, only expenses isthe building cost of the autonomous heatgenerators.

A thermal electric station that is working onair and water, provides not only the economyof fuel, but also decides the eternal problem ofheating lines’ repairing and of their installationin city conditions. Decentralized heating andhot water supply will bring impressiveachievements to all population and to the state,and it’s obvious.

As the academic of The Russian Academy OfSciences, the international prize’s “The globalenergy” laureate Alexander Efimovich Sheidlinhas said wisely, there is no need to ”smash”anything and throw away to the history’s damp,because the old and the new energetics do notcontradict each other, but in opposite wayfavorably comply each other. By the way, A.E.Sheidlin has given us a positive remark aboutthe vortex thermal generators after theirdemonstration in the international science�technology center of space object’s useful loads.The development of works on vortex thermalgenerators that are working on water allows usto join successfully the molecular autonomousengine with the vortex thermal generators. Inthis case the heat energy’s production also willbe an autonomous process with a efficiency,which we let the future users to evaluate.

Because the vortex thermal generators of the


first generation work for more than 10 years andare build in many countries: in Russia, inUkraine, in Byelorussia, China, France,Germany, USA and in other countries, somedifferent statistical data is being accumulated.One of the global factors of the vortex thermalgenerators, by our opinion, is not even the peakefficiency but economy of fuel, that each year isharder to get, and its collection places go furtherand deeper.

Many questions concern the physics of theprocesses that happen in vortex heat generators(VHG). By our opinion is based on the 15 yearlong researches: it is known that in a VHG threeprocesses take place at the same time. In a VHGa vortex process appears which in 10�15 secondsfills the entire vortex pipe. The birth of thevortex process starts in the center of thecylindrical body of a VHG, at the point, whichis visible to the naked eye. This was noticed firstin the clear glass VHG in NIC RKK “Energia”named after S.P. Korolev.

All three known physical phenomenons as such:1. The friction during the fast spinning ofwater (including the levels’ of the waterfriction).2. Cavitation balls in water stream, which donot touch the walls of VHG.3. Water molecular synthesis. During fastspinning the water molecules connect inassociates. And during it the biggest portion ofthe heat energy extracts.

Fig.4Potapov’s thermalgenerator of the seventh generation

The scientists established that if you connect10% of all water molecules in associates, thenthe water boils immediately. From here the mainfactor of extra energy was determined. On a baseof hundreds of conducted experiments wasestablished, that the spinning movement, or thevortex movement, of liquid raises the watermolecules synthesis process in three timescompare to in a straight line movement.

Happened, that the water molecules synthesisphenomenon prevails on the rest of thephenomenons on heat extraction. It wasconfirmed later by works of professors F.M.Kanarev (Russia) and Misuno (Japan). In thelaboratory conditions they got the efficiencycoefficient number, which equals40.53;42.15;41/07. In other words, data on ratiobetween extracted energy and input energy ismore than 4000%. By our opinion, thesenumbers are far from the limit. Today good

perspectives on the future VHG use are open.

Fig.5

Heat generator


In the nearest time VHG already will beworking without an electric motor and with aefficiency equival to infinity.

However, as it usually happens, starts an alloverproduction of new vortex thermal generators bydilettantes in this area, and, accordingly, theeffectiveness of VHG does not bother them.They are interested in super wealth. That iswhy, only attributing to the author let on ascientific base successfully produce and use newVHG and molecular engines.

Today, works on steam getting on VHG go on,the thermal generators of the seventhgeneration are updated and their constructionis simplified. If in the first generation VHG onlyone vortex worked, then in the eighthgeneration more than 500 000 vortex processesin a minute are created. The water, when it flowsthrough a new VHG, heats up to 95 degrees Cin one step. Naturally, the new VHGs’effectiveness raised in a few times. Works onstudying and perfection of VHG take place inMoscow, Saint�Petersburg, Kovrov andIzhevsk. New directions in science appear, usingVHG in medicine and agriculture. The quantityof publications about vortex energetics hasraised dramatically.

Our monographies “The vortex energetics andthe cold nuclear synsesis from the movementtheorie’s point of view”, “The rotaition energy”,How does the thermal generator of Potapovwork”, “Energy from water and air foragriculture and industry”. Many patents ofRussia and other countries are received. Formedforms RST in 96 countries, but the basic is thepatent of RF #2045715 “The thermal generatorand the device of heating of liquids” with apriority from April, 26 1993 by author Y.S.Potapov. More than ten years were needed tobegin of the widespread use of VHG process.

Molecular engines for the vehicles andsurface cars.

It would be very good, if buying a car, the ownercould move around an eternal time without fuelstops. That’s why electro mobiles, cars on solarpanels, with wind engines, with magnet engineswith DVS and electric generators, withhydrogen engines, with steam engines and

many other exotic or empty projects started toappear. But, still, there is no efficient decisionof this problem in sight. All of the engines thatburn fuel and terminate oxygen make anunfixable harm to the environment and people.That’s why they have no future. A simplecalculation shows that during of the burning of10 liters of gas 3000 liters of air are used. Theair from the combustion is no good for breezing(even with a catalytic converter). For example,3 millions of cars drive every day in Moscow.Let’s take the time of their work to be equal to6 hours. Coming out:

Vgas=3 000 000x6x3000 = 54000000000 liters.

Such quantity of the poisoned air can lead to acatastrophe. More to this, the poisoned air doesnot have a harsh smell and it does not have anunpleasant taste. Except for this one, there aremore than 200 names of poisoning andcancerogenic substances, creating during gasburning and its connection with the air’s asotand oxygen. That is why, it is necessary to speedup the transportation’ transition to molecularengines.

The other very important problem intransportation is accidents and catastrophes. Inrelation with the quantity of cars, their speedand breaking the traffic rules in Russia morethan 30 thousand people died and in three anda half times more get serious injuries. It isimpossible to stop this by the traditional means.With a hard construction of cars heavyconsequences in a way of accidents andcatastrophes are not avoidable. That is why, by our

The car for four people: 1 – the body is soft, inflatable; 2 – theair receptor; 3 – the fan; 4 – the molecular engine; 5 – the airreceptor; 6 – the cabin is look through; 7 – inflatable seats; 8 –the march engine; 9 – the air pillow’s camera

Fig.6


opinion, cars should be soft like a ball – surfaceones, and the passengers should stay in air seats.

The second, cars should not be attached to theroad. They should fly steadily.

The third, It is important to exclude the humanfactor in the surface cars motion. The motion of asurface car from the point A to the point B mustbe accomplished in automatic regime around thecoordination net without a man’s involvement.

For the two established tasks decision (countingthat the molecular engine for the surface car wasalready created) it is necessary to use new highlystrong materials textiles, which would not breakduring an accident. These materials must be of twokinds: a) transparent – for the passengers’ cabinand b) not transparent for the car’s body. The spaceexperience of inflatable surfaces for the instrumentparts could be used. The air is pumped with a smallpressure in between of two walls and the car getsa smooth form in a few seconds. The boardcomputer system has a satellite navigation systemof orientation in space. It is enough for thepassengers to press the buttons and makenecessary coordinates of the landing point.

The surface car can land on water and earth alike.It can hang in the air in any pointed to it point,using four or more of molecular engines. For thesurface car roads are not needed, the eternalRussian problem of the bad roads goes away. Thesurface cars accomplish their motion on theheights of 20 to 200 meters in an automaticmode. They may park next to each other or likestacks.

The speed of their motion and directions ofmoving chooses the computer, therefore evenduring a collision passengers do not get injuredor die, because surface cars jump away from eachother; the same happens and during a crushlanding. There should be a thrice stock ofengines on board. The possibility of the engines’failure is practically absent. The vortexmolecular engines’ nominal drive isconsiderably higher than in a helicopter. Theirresource can be raised up 200000 hours ofconstant work. We offer to the interestedcompanies and investors to start producing thesurface cars with new engines in 2004. This is oneof the directions of our work.

Academic Yu.S. Potapov’s publications

1. 1.Potapov Y.S. Patent of RF N2045715 “Thethermal generator and the liquids heating device”.The priority from April, 26 1993.2. 2 Potapov Y.S. Patent PM N167“Thermogenerator si dispozitive pentry incalzirealicheidelor”. The priority from March, 1993.3. Potapov Y.S. and clermo jean. France patent“Thermal generator N9310527. The priority fromSeptember, 9 1993.4. Potapov Y.S. “Certificat de inregistrare” N8.PM.From January 1994.5. Potapov Y.S., Potapov S.Y. Patent PM N1213,BoPI N04/99, 26.02.1999.6. Potapov Y.S., Gen Gvan Cher. ApplicationPCT KR “The hydraulic quant motor” from18.08.1998.7. Potapov Y.S., Gen Gvan Cher. ApplicationPCT KR “The wind energy station” from18.08.1998.8. Potapov Y.S., Potapov S.I. Book “Energyfrom water and air for agriculture and industry”,87 pages, 1999.9. Potapov Y.S., Book “The vortex energeticsand the cold nuclear synthesis from the motiontheory’s positions”, K.�4.2000.10. Potapov Y.S. Phominskii L.P., Potapov S.Y.The energy of rotation.K.2001, 375 pages11. Potapov Y.S. and others Patent RF N2165054“The heat receiving method” The priority from16.06.2000.12. Potapov Y.S. and others Patent Ru N47535The priority from 18.05.2000.13. Potapov Y.S. and others The application PCTWO 01/96793A1“The heat receiving method”The priority from 01.11.200.14. Potapov Y.S. and others Patent RU N52985A“The liquids heating device”. The priority from17.01.2002.15. Potapov Y.S. The application RF N133221 “Amethod and device for the thermal energyproduction”The priority from 14.11.2003.16. Potapov Y.S. The application RF N133182“Method and device for the electrical andmechanical energy production”. The priority from14.11.200317. Potapov Y.S and others Patent RU N38030“Method of getting the reactive drive for thespaceships”. Priority from 18.05.2000.18. Potapov Y.S The new energetics. N1 (16)2004. “The vortex generator of Potapov”, pages15�16


New product

Autonomous electro station with molecularengine of 1000 KW power

Autonomous electro station with molecular engine (AESME) designed to produceelectrical power as 380 VAC 50Hz (or 60 Hz). Molecular engine of the AESME is operatingwith usual low pressure air without fuel burning. Output flow of the air (after it produceuseful work) can be applied for breath since its physical properties are the same. Startingof the AESME must be produced from external power source and then the station is workingin autonomous mode as generator of energy. Power output in the autonomous mode ofoperation is used for own needs (about 15%) and for useful load (about 85%). So, we cansay that efficiency of this autonomous generator is 85%. With full load the molecular engineis operating with constant rate (rotation per min).

Some technical dataSome technical dataSome technical dataSome technical dataSome technical data

Generator SG99M1�12Voltage 380�400Frequency 50�60Nominal power output KVA/KW 1276/1088Max rpm of molecular engine 10000Generator rpm 500Efficiency of generator 0.8Insulation class HGenerator standards ISO 8528�3 IEC 34 (EN 60034)Life time of AESME (hours) 70000Warranty period (months) 12

Size (mm)Length 4528Side 2980Height 2450

New method of energy generation is patented. License sales are possible.Orders can be directed to official representative of the factory – producer:

Faraday Lab Ltd., Lev Tolstoy Str. 7, St.-Petersburg, 197376, Russia.Tel/fax 7-812-3803844Email: [email protected]

Web site: http://www.faraday.ru

Demonstration of the technology is possible as 37 KW generator.


Construction and the principle of amagnetohydrodynamic engine(MHD�motor) are described. Theexperimental values of the torqueacting on the rotor of the MHD�motor are presented.

Magnetohydrodynamics is a branch of physicsthat studies behavior of liquid in the magneticfield. The most interesting application ofmagnetohydrodynamics is the so�called project“Yamato�1” [1]. The motion of ship “Yamato�1” is believed to be results of reactive motion.This is nothing else than the prejudice. It is notan aim of this article to criticize the authors ofsuch practical applications of magnetic

MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC MOTOR

S.A. Gerasimov

Faculty of Physics, Rostov State University,Rostov�on�Don, 344090, RussiaE�mail: [email protected]

hydrodynamics. After all, this kind oftransposition can be interpreted as a result ofthe reactive motion just so a propeller may beconsidered as a reactive propulsive device. Thisanalogy is not very rough. The aim of this articleis to describe a real magnetic hydrodynamicmachine which acts with the violating Newton’sthird law [2]. The work of this machine is basedon the so�called SAIL�effect that takes place ina case of motion of magnet in a conductingliquid [3]. This effect based on the movingparticles of conducting liquid under acting themagnetic field of a magnet push the magnet inthe same direction. Below is the description ofsuch machine.

Fig. 1.

Construction of the magnetohydrodynamic engine


A cylindrical carbon�steel magnet M (ofmagnetization 2.0•105 A/m, of outer radius 55mm and height 25 mm) can rotate around a non�conducting axle A mounted on the top of acentral electrode E. In a case of precisemeasurements, the axle must be replaced by thinthread Z. The magnet is furnished with tworectangle thin (about 1mm) vanes (of height 45mm and diametrical size 50 mm) made ofplastic.

The magnet is located axially symmetricallywith a vessel C (of height 50 mm and diameter150 mm) so that the vanes are partly or entirelysubmerged in a conducting liquid L. Thecylindrical surface C of the vessel and thecentral electrode E (of diameter 5mm) are madefrom cooper. The bottom of the vessel isinsulator, of course. In this experiment, theconducting fluid is 10% copper sulphatesolution (CuSO45H2O).

The height of the central electrode is equal toone of the vessel.

When the direct current of strength I flows inthe electric circuit, the magnet and the liquidin the vessel rotate together in the direction ofthe magnetic force F as shown in Fig. 1. Therotation of the conducting liquid in the vesselis caused by the Lorentz forces F exerted by themagnet on positive and negative ions driftingwith velocities v

+ and v

� , respectively, in the

magnetic field of inductance B. In fact, themagnetized body situated above the conductingliquid pushes the liquid out in the directionperpendicular the magnetization of the bodyand the density of the electric current. Havingacted on the vines this volume of the liquidcarries the magnet. This is the sail�effect inwhich each vine plays role of a sail.

Note, first of all, that this system differs fromthe thruster system “Yamato�1” principally.Namely, in this system the liquid and the magnetmove in one direction. In case of propulsionsystem “Yamato�1”, the water and the ship movein opposite directions.

The construction and its parameters areoriginal. Therefore experimental resultsconfirming reality of such a device are necessary.The set of the experimental data that tells us

about values of the torque acting on the mobilepart of the MHD�motor is shown in Fig. 2.These are the dependencies of the torque N onthe depth of immersion d at various values ofdirect current I. In any case, experimentalmagnitudes of the torque N are significant. It isinteresting to note existence of a diapason ofthe immersion depths where the torque does notpractically change. It would be a good thing totest this result in detail. There exists a lot ofpossibilities to improve the parameters of thisMHD�motor. One way to do this is to use amagnet with higher magnetization. The secondmethod is to optimize the geometry of thesystem. Theoretical calculation can be usefulhere. Another way is to change the profile ofthe vines. This will enable to increase the neteffective force which charged particles transferto the vines and, therefore, to the rotor of theMHD�motor.

References

1. Takezawa S. et al. Operation of theThruster SuperconductingElectromagnetohydrodynamic Propulsion Ship‘YAMATO�1’. // Bulletin of MESJ. 1995. V. 23.N 1. P. 46�55.2. Gerasimov S.A. Self�Interaction and VectorPotential in Magnetostatics. // PhysicaScripta. 1997. V. 56. P. 462�464.3. Gerasimov S.A., Volos A.V. On Motion ofMagnet in Conducting Fluid. // Problems ofApplied Physics. 2001. V. 7. P. 26�27.

Fig. 2. Experimental values of the torque N exerted on therotor of the MHD�motor at various depths of immersion d and

strengths of direct current I .


This is a close look at the action principles of asupportless inertial engine, which may be used asthe power support for many different machines,including the spaceships. This device contains agyroscope, an electric motor with an unbalancewith a possibility of the free line � limbicmovements, and a control system.

By now, the inventors created quite many differentthings and technologies that belong to thealternative energetics (to learn more about it werecommend you to look in the previous issues of“New Energy Technolgies” magazine: http://www.faraday.ru).

The inertion engine (or “inertor”) is related to thesame area of technical science, and it advances, inour opinion, by its total capabilities, all devices ofsimilar use invented before it. In a way it had beenunexpected for us to comprehend the fact thatinertor can be used in the same time not only as apower supply for different devices, but also as asource of energy of unlimited volume. Beforeexplaining its action principles, let us clear out theessence of the determination “power” inNewtonian theory.

In his time, one of the well�recognized thinkers of20th century physician Freeman has said: “…Thetrue meaning of the Newtonian theory isfollowing: it is supposed that power hasindependent qualities in addition to F = ma (thesecond law of Newton) law, but real independentqualities of power were not described fully yetnether by Newton, nor by somebody else…”(Feynman’s physics lectures, issue 1, pg. 209�210,“Mir”, 1965).

For example, we do not even think about physicalessence of a phenomenon, when we say: “If act witha force on a body, then it speeds up straightlyproportional to this force and reverselyproportional to body’s mass.”

The inertial motor

E.I. Linevich, A.F. EzshovRussia, 690091, Primorskii district, Vladivostok, Aleutskaya street, 14�a , room 303,

phone (4232)52�41�81, (4232)20�58�37. E�mail: [email protected]

In reality, the case of a force appearance is thebody’s acceleration, and the consequence � thereaction of its mass to the speed change in a wayof inertion, applied to another body (to the onethat transmits this acceleration). At the same time,with this force of inertion another active equal innumbers force appears, that is described by thesecond law of Newton. In other words, if there wasnot any mass’s counteraction in nature as of thereaction to its acceleration, then the acting forcewould be absent. Therefore, the inertion power (asa phenomenon) has an independent characteristicof the body mass and space, being the externalforce for any mechanical cooperation at the sametime.

The law of preservation of emanation of thematerial body’s system is the consequence of thesecond and the third laws of Newton, which is ageneralization of the experimental facts. Thebodies act in pairs, and the forces of theirinteractions (including the inertion forces) are inpairs equal, aimed in opposite directions andtherefore cannot be moved aside of the generalcenter of system’s mass. During the cyclicinteractions of the bodies (line�limbic or rotating),all actual forces change their ways also in pairsand in cycles, and that means they still can notchange the position of the center of system’smasses.

We can say now, that any author, which assertsthat he invented a supportless motor, in which thepulling force is created by centrifugal force, � ismistaken. If even a support�less effect in his gadgeteven does not exist, it is not only due to theabsence of the centrifugal force. It is principallyimpossible to create one way pull with its help.Nevertheless, body’s inertia can be used formoving in supportless space.

There is some kind of a body motion – free line�limbic process (for example, like physical limbo


has), that is possibly organized in a way, so thetangential acceleration in the given direction ofthe limbo will not change the direction during theall period of oscillation.

Process like that was accomplished in the inertor.

Gyroscope is used in inertor for transformation ofthe rotation body’s motion (the unbalance) tostraighten the line motion. We think it isimportant to remind the reader about the freegyroscope qualities:1. Gyroscope has an inertial field (and it is thesame with the field of its own gyroscope’srotation).2. If a moment MP is applied to the inertial field,then the gyroscope turns on 90 degrees its vectoron the way of its own rotating.3. Gyroscope resists the horizontally splintedturn of its inertial field with the force, which isproportional to MP moment’s value. (With it, thehigher the speed of inertial field’s turning, thehigher the counteracting moment).4. The acting MP and the counteractingmoment of MP gyroscope are equal in numbersand always opposite to each other.5. Influenced by constant horizontal momentMP, the gyroscope’s inertial field rotation(precesses) with the constant speed (around MPmoment’s vector, turned on 90 degrees). Thatmeans that the field together with the gyroscopeturns without an acceleration!

On picture 1 showed a scheme, explaining theprinciple of inertor’s action (the inertor showedon it in a vertical cut). On pictures 3 and 4 avariation of motor’s composition showed. Thegadget has a drive, which is an electric motor,containing the stator 3 and the empty rotor 6.Inside of the stator 3 the gyroscope 1 is positioned.M – its vector of the kinetic moment. Theunbalance 7 is attached to the rotor 6. The motoris connected with the spindle 19 to the transport16’s body with the possibility of a free rotationaround it. The stator 3 and the rotor 6 can freelyspin as relatively to each other as together on thecommon spindle 9. The sensor 20 is positioned onbody 12, and it designed to control the angleposition of the unbalance 7. Points a, b and c relatesto the trajectory of the unbalance 7 mass center’srotation around the axis Y. r – the radius of theunbalance 7 mass center’s rotation. In addition toit, the device of the reverse motor control and some

more additional elements, which are not showedon picture 1 were added to the drive’s composition.On a work schedule the inertor’s drive suppliesfree line � limbic movement of the unbalance 7around axis Y with the angle amplitude of ф.

Let’s look closer at this process. In the staticcondition the center of the unbalance 7’s masspositioned in the point a, and gyroscope 1 isrotated to the necessary value of the kineticmoment M= J*w, where J is the gyroscope’sinertial moment, w – its own circle frequency ofgyroscope’s rotation. The drive turns on, and theenergy goes to the electric motor. At this, the rotor6 and the unbalance 7 start to accelerate underthe influence of the starting moment MP. At thesame time, the starting moment MP according tothe third law of Newton is applied to the stator 3(in the opposite way considering the rotor 6direction), and to the gyroscope 1. The last onedoes not let the stator 3 to spin around the axis Yand only turns the whole drive on spindle 19around the axis Z. The acceleration of theunbalance 7 continues to the point c. Follow thesensor’s 20 command the motor switches inreverse and the MP moment of the dive changesits direction on the opposite. Under its influencethe rotor 6 and the unbalance 7 slow down theirrotation speed till the complete stop at the pointб, and then another cycle of their accelerationstarts, but in a reverse direction to the point c,during which all of the drive also changes directionof its turn around axis Z. In the point c at thesensor’s 20 command the switch of motor’s reverse

Fig.1


takes place again, and drive’s MP moment againchanges its direction. Under the influence of thestarting moment MP, the rotor 6 and theunbalance 7 start to slow down the rotation speed,till the complete stop in the point a. The firstoscillation period finishes and the next one that isidentical to the above mentioned one starts.

On Fig. 2 showed how from the angle ф and thetime T to change tangential speed V of theunbalance, projection a on tangential accelerationaxis and the value of drive force F of the inertor(the projection of tangential force of the inertiaFT’s unbalance on axis Z). Therefore, theunbalance oscillation period consists of the foursubcycles of equal continuity t, with what in everyodd subcycle (starting with the first onem thestarting one) is acceleration and in every evensubcycle is deceleration. During every subcycle,every oscillation period and the time of the drive’swork in general, the projection of the tangentialinertial force FT on axis Z does not change itsdirection (its direction always the same with thedirection on the axis Z). This means that the wholedrive together with the vehicle’s body will bemoving in space with acceleration in direction ofthe axis Z. Let us notice, that the existence ofinertial power forces itself talks in defense of thegravitational expansion of the universehypothesis. So long we can say that the work onthe moving of the inertor in space is done by spaceitself or even by the universal gravitation. Thismeans, for instance, that the time and the distanceof its flight in space are not dependent upon thesize of its board stock of energy. In inertor thereversing schedule may be conducted, inclusively

by changing the direction of the current throughthe included in the resonance frame of theelectronic generator’s electric motor’s winding.The coefficient of the practical use (CPU) of adevice like that is high. Imagine that our spaceshiphas an engine like this one. Lets take its CPU =0.7. Then during the whole flight the board sourceof energy must only compensate the losses ofpower equal 30%. Considering all that, to get toJupiter a board stock of energy that equals to theburning of 190kg of kerosene is needed!

Here is some more advises for those who want tobuild an inertor by themselves. When theasyncronized electric motor with a power of a fewkWt starts, then its rotor accelerates to thenominal rotation frequency (50kHz)approximately in 0.5 second. The inertor’sefficiency is higher when the radius of theunbalance oscillation is smaller and its mass isbigger, that is why for r = 1�3 mm the value of thetangentional acceleration will be about 2 metersper second in square, and the driving force – about20 N with an unbalance with a mass of 10 kg. It isnot possible to raise the rotor’s accelerationessentially in the asynchronous motor (and thatis its principle deficiency), it does not let to raisethe inertor’s drive dramatically. Much betterstarting qualities the permanent current enginehas. In each case it is necessary to lower the rotor’sown inertial moment in every way, to make itempty inside and at the same time with the biggestdiameter that is possible. In order for the motorto supply the free line�limbic process of movementof the unbalance unpredictably long and not tooverheat at the same time, the following conditionmust be fulfilled: when the starting (or thestopping moment is raising, its maximum valuemust not exceed the nominal (passport) electricmotor’s moment. The further way to raise the

Fig.2

Fig.3


inertor’s efficiency lays in direction of using of themolecular and even nuclear fluctuations of thesubstance. In the above mentioned numeric exampleif we keep the same mass dimensional parameters ofthe inertor and its power, and lower only the radiusof the unbalancing mass fluctuations, for example, toa value close to 10 m (we assure the reader that this isfar from the limit…), then the motor’s drive powerraises dramatically (in ten times!). There is afoundation to propose that inertor’s action principlesare in real an universal natural mechanism, in part intransformation of the space’s (vacuum) energy tobodies’ kinetic energy. From this point of view can beexplained from where an addition of energy in supersingle gaseous vortex and liquid heat generatorsappearing (look at [2], for example). As we see, theinertor is incomparably superior to the any engine ormotor in efficiency. It allows performing, for example,flights to any point of our planet in split minutes andwith the complete absence of discomfort in a way ofhigh gravitation and weightlessness. Any man wouldwant to have such a vehicle in his own use. We assumethat already throughout this century it will be usedas the main drive for all vehicles and energymachines.

References

1. Azukovskii V.A., Zigunenko S.N From where the eitherwind blows?// Znak voprosa.�1993.�N1�2.pages 64�832. RF patent N2045715/ Potapov U.S.//Inventions bellutin, 1995 – N28\3. Shipov G.I. “The physical vacuum theory – Moscow, NT�Center publishings,19934. The horisonts of sciences and technologies of the 21centuri. A collection of of works undes edition of the academicRAEN Akimov A.E. The works volume 1, Moscow, 20005. Chernyaev A.F. The inertion – cooperation motion.Moscow, 19926. Linevich E.I. The dynamic symmetry of the universe.“Nature and abnormal phenomenons”, N1�2, 1995, page 6.7. Linevich E.I. The gravitational engine. RF patentN2089487.8. Fominskii L.P. The cannon shot with a osechka at the“eternal engine” inventors//Elektrik.�2003 N3, pages 21�22, N4,pages 20�23.9. “let’s make our own UFOs!”//The technics and science,N6, 1989, page 4810. Linevich E.I. The phenomenon of antigravitation of thephysical bodies /YAFT/, Khabarovsck, PKP “Mart”, 1991, page20c11. Linevich E.I The geometrical explanation of the Hasaka�Takeuchi with rotating rotors. The report on the 2nd SISInternational conference “The union theory of the world and itspractical use “, 20�21 of september 1993, Petrozavodsk, Russia12. Hayasaka, Takeuchi S.//Phys.Rev.lett, 189, V.63, p.2201�270413. 13 Forward R.L. Journal of propulsion and Power, 1989,N1, p.28�37.14. Tukanov A.S. The vector drive engine//”New energetics”,N4, 2003, page 1315. Senkevich V.E. The inertial motor//”New Energetics”,N2,2003, page 4916. Linevich E.IAbout technical possibility of the time’srhythm management//Graviton N8, 2002, page 10�1117. Linevich E.I. Physics of the UFO�effects//Gravito N1,2003, page 10�11, N2, 2003, page 10�1118. Makuhin S.S The mechanics unknown qualities//GravitonN7, 2001, page 3, 9.19. Linevich E.I. The absolute zero� this is hot!//Graviton,N9, 2001, page 8�9.20. Linevich E.I. The globe in a role of the power drive of anelectrostation//Graviton, N2, 2004, page 10�1121. Anistratenko L.A. Gravitation and UFO: one simpleanswer to hundreds of not simple questions. “Yantarnui skaz”,2003.22. Kish kintsev V.A. Galilean Electrodynamics, 1993, V.4, N3,p.47�5023. Sirl�effect�generator//Raum & Zeit”/Germany/1989 #39�40, 4224. Linevich E.I. The device for cargo transportation A.c.USSR N644706, 16.09.1976/25. Linevich E.I. The wheight lifting device A.c. USSRN650977.24.01.197726. Karyakin N.I Bystrov K.N., Kireev P.S. The shortencyclopedia on physics. “Vyschaya shkola”, Moscow, 1964.27. Linevich E.I. “The antigravitation device, The 2nd AllUnions symposium materials “The renovation of the naturalsciense”//Moscow�Volgodonsk,1991/28. The polytechnical dictionary, edited by I.I. Artoblevskii,Moscow, “the Soviet Encyclopedy”, 1977.29. Linevich E.I., Ezhov A.F. The inertial motor�engine.Patent’s application: N2002134855, 23.12.2002, internationalapplication: PCT/RU 2003/000572, 22.12.2003.30. Our days physics. A collection of works, Moscow, “Znanie”,197231. Ginzburg V.L On relativity theory, A collection of articles,

Moscow, Nauka,1979

Fig.4

Fig.5


Device for energy transformationRussian Federation Patent claim of Nov. 25,1992

The Author: Vladimir I. Kovalenko

Similar USA Patent # 3857242 of 1974


In order to learn how to get pure electricalpower, firstly we need to understand how ourPlanet produce it. The answer to an enigma ofnatural geo�electricity is a key for the progressof new energy technologies. This article is resultof theoretical and experimental researches onelectrical and mechanical solar energyconversion by our Planet on physical modelsand ways for its practical application are given.

Why are our Planet and some of its mediarotating ? Only recently the scientists havefound the right answers to these eternalquestions. It is known for a long time that theEarth is a natural electric magnet in a form ofmagnetic dipole with magnetic poles which arealmost opposite to the terrestrial poles. TheEarth also possesses its proper electric chargeand electrical field. The circular currents weredetected for a long time ago in different mediaof the planet and in its subsoil and in the Oceanand atmosphere. However the conclusion ,paradoxical as it is, that our Planet is exactlynatural electric machine which makes ourPlanet rotating , was made only recently. As farback as 1984 for the first time in the world I putforward and this established scientificallyhypothesis about the reasons of the Planet’srotation. [1]. According to my theory the Earthis a natural inductive�capacitive electricmachine being simultaneously both motor andgenerator. This conclusion was made in myarticle [1]. The given theory establishes theelectromechanical mechanism of the Planet’srotation and the unified electromechanicalessence of all the phenomena of nature [1,2].Particularly it results in the following: manynatural disasters (earthquakes , volcanoeseruptions etc.) are the abnormal modes of the

The palnet Earth is a naturalelectrical motor-generator

V.D. DudyshevSamara, Russia

[email protected]

The Nature is our wise Teacher The Nature is our wise Teacher The Nature is our wise Teacher The Nature is our wise Teacher The Nature is our wise Teacher

given natural geo�electromechanical systemconnected with the changes of the solar activity[1]. However this phenomenological theory wasrather deficient on its initial stage. Later in myarticles [2,3] I demonstrated in more details thereasons and the mechanism of the geo�electricity arising and the ways to use itsrenewable energy in power engineering and infuelless astronautics. Also the effective methodto prevent many natural disasters by regulatingelectric charge of the Planet was proposed [3].Further exploration of geo�electromechanics bythe author and other scientists has beendemonstrated that several interconnectednatural electrical machines being naturalelectrical mоtor�generators functionsimultaneously on our Planet and in itscircumterrestrial space [3�7].

Types of natural electric machines of ourPlanet and their interconnections

They are listed below in decreasing order:

1. The circumterrestrial magneto�hydrodynamic generator (further� MHDgenerator) converting the energy of the solarplasma flow and the Earth magnetic field(EMF) into natural electricity.2. The curcumterrestrial MHD generatorwhich makes the ionized atmosphere rotating.3. The planetary electrostatic natural highvoltage motor�generator which operates basedon principle of the electro�dynamic inductionand interaction of the ionosphere electricpotential with the current�conducting spheresand circular currents of the Planet.4.The planetary unipolar electromagneticFaraday motor�generator.


5. The oceanic and undergroundmagnetohydrodynamic generators�engines whichcreate bias of moving charges and displace massesof natural water electrolyte in a form of oceancurrents and the melt current�conducting rocksinside of the Earth.The operation of all these electric machineslocated in different geospheres of the Earth is self�regulated and interrelated.The hierarchy of levels of this power system andthe interrelation of its different stages ofconversion of solar energy into planet rotationkinetic energy is briefly described below.

Where from, why and how does the naturalelectricity arise?

As it is known from electrical physics the originof the electromotive force is provided with suchphysical effects as electromagnetic andelectrodynamic induction, Hall effect and someothers [5, 8]. The solar wind is the main supplierof natural electricity of the Planet. Thecircumterrestrial natural MHD generator [3]initially converts it into electric and magnetic fieldof the Planet. In fact it converts the whole flow ofsolar plasma via Hall effect and EMF intopotential difference and natural circumterrestrialgeoelectricity by sorting and deflecting oppositecharges of the solar plasma in the limits of thePlanet magnetosphere. Also the ionosphericplasma contributes to this process. As a result theelectric charge and electric field of the Planet arise.

a) Unipolar electromagnetic motor –generatorof the Planet.

As far back as 1831 the phenomenon of theunipolar electromagnetic induction wasdiscovered by Faraday [8]. Besides he proposedthe first unipolar motor and generator separatelyat different times [8]. However Faraday did notexamine their combined operation much less incombination with electrostatic motor�generator.It is known that the operation of the unipolarelectric generator is based on the phenomenon ofunipolar electromagnetic induction. For itscreation it is required to have relativedisplacement of magnetic lines of force relativelyto its current �conducting media. Does suchmutual displacement exist on our beautifulPlanet? The information accumulated by naturalscience and other sciences prove that the axis of

geomagnetic dipole is fixed while the Planet isrotating around its axis during 24 hours.Hence the currents from unipolar induction mustbe induced. Let’s consider the physical nature ofthis process in more details. Because of the Planetorbital rotation the magnetic lines of forceintersect its surface and all its current�conductingmedia. As a result the unipolar electromagneticinduction create electromotive forces (emf) incurrent�conducting media of the Planet (in theionized upper atmosphere, seas, subsoil). That iswhy the unipolar induction emf is generated andcircular currents induced by this emf are flowingin these current�conductive media of the Planetincluding its melt core. They also intensify andsupport The Earth magnetic field i.e. the Earth infact represents original natural electrical self�excited unipolar Faraday generator. Note that theunipolar electeromagnetic Earth generatorinduces additional natural potential differencealong its meridians between magnetic poles andmagnetic equator of the Planet with total voltageabout 250 –400 kV. The operational mode of thisnatural planetary unipolar generator differ evenduring 24 hours, because the circumterrestrialmagnetic field of the Planet in illuminated zoneof the orbit and in shadow differ a little. As it isknown the Earth magnetosphere is collapsed bysolar plasma pressure in illuminated zone andextended by solar wind in shadow of the axesrotation orbit, i.e. it is rather non�uniform even inthe same latitude and while moving away fromPlanet it is being intensified and it influencesconsiderably on the operation of natural electricgenerators. Created by electromagnetic inductionthe currents are flowing all over the Planet andinvolves electromagnetic force and torque of thePlanet.

b) Magnetohydrodynamic motor�generator ofthe Planet

The interaction of the induced circularcircumterrestrial currents in the naturalelectrolith –waters of the World Ocean with thelines of force of the Earth geomagnetic field createLorentz force in them and as a result the effect ofmagnetohydrodynamic engine arises. Exactly thisnatural planetary MHD generator creates strongglobal currents�circulations of the naturalelectrolith in the Ocean, as well as globalcirculation of the upper ionized atmosphere andcertain processes in the Planet core. Formed by


this unipolar induction the total induced currentof all Planet media via its interaction with EGMFcreates electromechanical torque of the Planet andits separate current�conducting media whichcoincides with the direction of the Planet rotationand oceanic currents [1, 2, 3, 4].

c) Natural electrostatic motor�generator of thePlanet

The electrodynamic induction was discovered inRussia in 2000 [5]. The core of the phenomenonis that the emf arises in the conductor due tochange in electrical induction flow as a result ofmutual displacement of the conductor and thesource of the external electric field. Earlier Iproposed and patented this principle in motor�generators with rotating electric field for gettingelectrical power and mechanical torque [6, 7].The discovered phenomenon also takes place onthe Earth because there are both external electricfield in a form of ionosphere total charge andnatural conductors of the current�conductingplanet spheres. As a result of electrodynamicinduction the natural electricity is generated andtransformed to all current�conducting planetspheres and particularly the charging of the planetunderground capacitors [1]. Then it creates strongcircular current in ionosphere and other current�conducting atmospheres with the help ofelectrodynamic induction [5]. This current createstotal magnetic field of the Planet. With the helpof the electrodynamic induction the ionosphereelectrical charge and the energy of the Planet fieldsare transformed in a form of induced emf andelectric power of the capacitive currents inside theEarth. As a result the electrical charging of allsurface and underground natural electriccapacitors take place. [1].

The electrostatic planetary generator with thehelp of its electromotive forces (emf) calls forthinduced circular currents in all current�conducting planet spheres. The interaction ofthese circular currents with the planet electricfield calls forth its electromechanical torque of theelectrostatic planetary engine which partlyprovides propulsion mode of the planet. When thesolar activity changes also its voltage changes andhence the electromechanical torque of theelectrostatic engine changes. The modes of thiscombined natural electric machine are changeableones both in short�term 24�hours cycle and in

year�term and longer cycles. It happens becausethe parameters of the planet magnetic and electricfields also differ depending on the planet positionon its ellipse�shaped orbit relative to Sun and onthe planet activity. It becomes understandablecompletely because the flow of the solar plasmapassing through the planet magnetospherechanges depending on these parameters. Itinvolves different dynamic processes and changingof torque, voltage and power of this naturalunipolar motor�generator – the Earth. Theperiodic changes of the planet magnetic field, itsorbital rate during periods of solar activity anddifferent geologic epochs were already recordedby scientists for a long time ago [1].As part of the proposed theory of theelectromechanical energy conversion by planetthis dependance of the natural unipolar motor�generator rate on emf and torque values is logicand rather understandable.

In full conformity with the theory of unipolarelectrical engines it is possible to affirm withassurance that during the process of geomagneticfield inversion which has already begun thegeomagnetic field will be further weakening andit will result in deceleration of 24�hours rotationof the Planet and further direction reversing ofthe Planet rotation. Since the multiple inversionof the EMF has already been proved by geophisics,the Planet during its existance changed severaltimes the direction of the axis rotation because ofthe reversing of the Earth Magnetic field (EMF).

Summary

So, the axis rotation of the planet is provided withtwo electromechanical torques (theelectromagnetic and electrostatic one, and theiraction is tangent and interactive. Due to Lorentzforce and effect of MHD engine there is a totalityof interconnected phenomena of the atmosphereand oceanic waters etc. shifting and globalcycling).

Conclusion

So, the Earth –is a unique natural electric machinewhich makes the Planet rotating and provides allthe natural phenomena. As for the structure andoperational mode it represents the combinednatural electric inductive�capacitive motor�generator. The solar wind is its initial source of


energy and the dynamics of the solar activityinfluences considerably on its operation.

METHOD OF PHYSICAL SIMULATING OFG E O E L E C T R O M E C H A N I C A LPHENOMENA

In order to prove that the given theory ofgeoelectromechanics is true the experimentalinvestigation of these natural phenomena usingthe method of physical simulation with the helpof simple physical models was conducted withfurther comparison of the experimental results andaccumulated by natural sciences already knowngeophysical facts.

PHYSICAL MODELS, EXPERIMENTALPLANTS AND EXPERIMENTS

Several simple experimental plants simulating thecombined electrostatic and unipolarelectromagnetic motor�generator of the Earth ina simplified way have been developed, mountedand tested during operation. The informationabout their structure and experimental results isgiven below.

a) Simplest physical model of the unipolar Earthgenerator

The modernized plant of the simple unipolarelectromagnetic Faraday generator (Fig.1) wasassembled in order to prove in experimental waythat the effect of unipolar induction arises fromEMF provided that the Earth magnetic field isfixed in space relative to the rotating planet.

Fig. 1

It consists of the ring�shaped permanent magnetwith axial magnetization (magnet poles areindicated with colour), which simulates magnetic

dipole of the Earth; non�magnetic, for example,copper disk simulating current�conducting mediaof the Planet located above the ring�shapedmagnet and device for forced axial rotation of thismagnet�disc couple (not shown), the device forbrush�type current collection with electricalconnection of rotation axis and disc face. Themilliammeter has been inserted between twocurrent collection brushes into the gap ofconnecting conductor (not shown). Theexperiments have been carried out for examiningthe unipolar motor�generator of the Planet.Particularly for finding out what conditions arerequired for unipolar induction arising. The firstexperiment represented the axial rotation of onlymagnet on fixed disk. The unipolar induction hasnot arisen and there was no current in circuitbetween brushes. Experiment 2 consisted incombined syncronous axial rotation of the magnetand disk. Emf of unipolar induction has arisen andthe milliammeter has indicated the current ofcertain direction.

Experiment 3 consisted in rotation of the current–conducting disk relative to fixed magnet. Theresults of measurements are the same as inexperiment 2. Then all these 3 experiments havebeen repeated many times at different angles ofinclination of magnetic axes relative to axes of diskrotation. It was found out that when the positionof magnet was inverse one (its turning was 180degrees) the values of emf and current from discwere the same as in experiments 2 and 3 but thedirection was opposite one. The results ofexperiments while having different other anglesof rotation axis and magnetic one have shown thatwhile increasing this angle within range from 0 to90 degrees the values of emf in the current�conducting circuit were being decreased and whenthe shift angle was equal 90 degrees they wereequal 0.

The conclusions concerning experiments with thesimplest physical model of the Earth unipolargeomagnetic machine are the following ones(Fig.1):1.When the magnet rotation is axial one its linesof force are fixed in space.2.When increasing the shift angle of disk andmagnet rotation axes from 0 to 90 degrees the emfvalue of the unipolar induction is being decreased.When further turning from 90 to 180 degrees it isagain being increased but it has opposite sign.


3. From the experiments on the first model it ispossible to make conclusion that the inversion ofthe Planet geomagnetic field will result inchanging of emf polarity and direction of its axialrotation.

b) Universal physical model of the natural electricmotor�generator of the Planet

In order to study operational modes of this unusualnatural electric machine of the Planet its refinedphysical model has been developed andinvestigated. On Fig.2 the physical model of thecombined electrical inductive�capacitive machineof the Earth in a form of experimental plant isshown on Fig.2. The components’ designations ofthis physical model are given below. It consists ofthe unipolar magnetoelectrical machine and theelectrostatic machine combined with itstructurally. Further the description of structuresand operational modes of each of these machinesare given.

Physical model of the unipolar motor�generator of the Earth

The following components have been used in thismodel: the composite magnetized ferromagneticball 7, located over the dielecteric carrier ball 1with the magnetic axes being regulated byinclination angle relative to rotation axis 8 andseveral non�magnetic disks 6, located in parallelwith the ball equator 1.

Fig.2

The composite spherical magnet is made of

several ring�shaped magnets of differentdiameter and thickness (they are not indicatedon Fiig.2). They are connected with oppositepoles in magnetic ball with the help of severalcurrent�conducting non�magnetic disks 6 madeof materials with different electric conduction,inserted between these magnets, simulatingdifferent current conducting planet spheres. OnFig. 2 only one disk is shown for simplification.The physical model of the unipolar machine isadded with brush mechanism for currentcollection (10,12,13, 14) and devices formeasuring emf and electric power 17, 18. Itincludes also suspension 24, drive motor 9 withthe regulated low voltage source 11. The lateralsurfaces of ring�shaped magnets 7 are coveredwith copper rings 15. Also the separateconductor 16 with weight 5 in a form of lightbulb is located in parallel with the ball equator.It simulates the generating device for artificialgetting of electrical power with the help ofplanet rotation energy using unipolar method.For realizing the unipolar engine mode thevoltage from unit 11 id supplied via carbonbrush 10 to rotation axis 8 and separate disks 6via brush contacts 10, 14, switch 12 andcommutator 13. For operation in mode ofunipolar generator the switch 12 should be offand the ball 1 is rotated with the help of axis 8from drive motor 9 by supplying power fromvoltage regulator 11 connected via switch 19.When investigating mode of electrostaticmotor�generator switches 12, 19 are open.

Physical model of natural electrostsaticmotor�generator of the Planet

It comprises the following units andcomponents of the experimental plant (Fig.2):dielectric ball 1 with current�conductingsegments 2, 3, connected via electricalconductors 4 with light bulbs 5, located inparallel with ball 1 equator. The positive highvoltage potential (20 – 30 kV) is connected tosegment 5 via switch 21 from regulated highvoltage source 20 and the negative potential ofthis source is connected via switch 22 and brush10 to rotation axis 8 of ball 1. The externalcurrent�conducting arc segment 5 simulateszone of ionosphere electrical charge and spacebetween internal edge of segment 5 and ball –the Earth electric field and circumterrestrialelectrical capacitor, formed between segment 5


and ball segments 2, 3. The electrical parametersare registered by devices and oscillograph. Ingenerator mode the described electrostaticmachine is driven by ball 1 rotation throughrotation axis 8 from above mentioned drivemotor 9. In this mode the electrical potential issupplied only to segment 5. For realization ofelectrostatic propulsion mode the high voltagefrom source 20 is supplied both to segment 5and rotation axis 8 or to the ball itself via brush10. Change of direction of magnetic field isregistered by compass 26 and shaft 6 rpm – bytachometer 27.

COMBINED OPERATIONAL MODE OFEXPERIMENTAL PLANT

The physical model permits to realize combinedoperational modes of this combined electricalmachine. Particularly, simultaneous operationalmode of electrostatic motor�generator orcombination of generator mode of electrostaticmachine and propulsion mode of unipolarmachine etc.

PRINCIPAL RESULTS OFEXPERIMENTAL INVESTIFATION ONFULL PHYSICAL MODEL (FIG. 2)

All these separate and combined modes of thiscombined electrical machine have beeninvestigated on a given physical mode.

The experiments have shown the following:

1. Real existence and possibility to realizeeffects of unipolar and electrodynamicinduction in physical model of the Earth electricmachine as well as arising of electromotiveforces from given inductions and circularcurrents in discs and ball.2. This combined electric machine is able tooperate in engine and generator modes bothsimultaneously and separately.3. The magnetic field of rotating ball 1 ofgiven design can be created only from ballrotation by inducing emf and arising of circularcurrent along the ball equator from externalelectrical field of segment 8 ( in this experimentthe magnets were removed from ball 1).4. The direct dependence of combined enginesrpm on applied voltage values was revealed.5. The direct dependence of generator voltage

on angular velocity and intensity value ofexternal magnetic and electrical fields wasrevealed.6. The effect of electrodynamic induction emfand induced current arising in artificial currentcircuits with load (4,16) when rotating ball 1was revealed.

METHOD FOR DERIVING ANDCONVERTING THE EARTH ROTATIONENERGY AND ENERGY OF ITSELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD INTOUSEFUL ENERGY.

How is it possible to use effectively this planetenormous and renewable energy and naturalprocesses of natural electricity generation onthe planet for producing cheap electric power?While understanding more completely thegeomagnetic electromechanical effects on theplanet and planet generation of naturalelectricity and in connection with power andecology problems of our civilization thisscientific�practical task is being becomequestion of present interest.

Alternative circuit geomagnetic electricalpower engineering

Since the magnetic and electric fields of theplanet are fixed in space and the planet surfaceis rotating relative to geomagnetic andgeoelectric lines of force, the unipolar andelectrodynamic emf is being induced in allcurrent�conducting circuits of the planet whichintersect geomagnetic lines of power.It is rather understandable that in any artificialcurrent �conducting conductor and circuit theunipolar emf will be also induced. Its valuedepends on the conductor length, thegeomagnetic field parameters in place of itslocation and position of the conductor relativeto the geomagnetic lines of force. Theestimation has been shown that in conductor1km length oriented in the direction west�eastthe unipolar emf from EGMF will be equalseveral tens of volts independently on thelatitude. In such closed circuit consisting of twoconductors 100km length and minimal internalresistance located perpendicularly to thegeomagnetic lines of force with magneticshielding of the second parallel conductor thepower being generated will be tens of mVt. The


principle of functioning of such alternativepower engineering is already rather clear andconsists in inducing of unipolar induction fromEGMF in any artificial current�conductingcircuit which intersects geomagnetic lines offorce. For the first time the author has proposedto use this principle of getting electric powerfrom geounipolar induction with the help ofclosed ,partially magneto �insulated current�conductive circuit on the orbital fuel�less powerplant. [3]. However for our civilization it is moreimportant for the present the task of creationof the above� ground circuit geomagnetic powerengineering. Two conditions should be providedfor practical realization of such non�traditionalabove� ground circuit power engineering:

1.Right orientation of these generator circuitsin middle latitude: perpendicularly to thegeomagnetic lines of force and correspondingdevices.2. Magnetic shielding of the return conductorof this closed circuit in order to exclude theinducing of emf from EGMF in it.

If both conditions are provided it is rather realto get electric power by electromechanicalconversion of enormous kinetic energy of theplanet rotation with the help of electromagneticinduction.

For this purpose it is necessary to place thispartially shielded double current circuitperpendicularly to the geomagnetic lines offorce , i.e. the plane of this circuit should beoriented in the direction east�west because thegeomagnetic lines of force in middle latitudescome in fact approximately in parallel with thePlanet surface.

Versions of geomagnetic circuits and theirlocation on the planet

These artificial generator current� conductivecircuits can have different dimensions anddesigns. For example, they can be made in a formof hollow metalic pipes filled with water and inthis case due to electro�thermal heating of thesepipes by induced inductive currents it is possibleto get simultaneously thermal energy, hot waterand vapor. The electric power regulation iscarried out by changing resistance of loads,connected to these circuits or angle of circuit

turning. The electric power transmission linesand even trunk pipelines can be useful as devicesof circuit geomagnetic power engineeringespecially during period of their integration andexecution. The designing, planning andmanufacturing of such unusual and simplecircuit geomagnetic power plants will notinvolve great difficulties because all principalparameters of geomagnetic fields and planetitself are known for a long time and there is acertain experience accumulated for designing ofthe unipolar electrical machines.

Outlook and ultimate power of circuitgeomagnetic power engineering

Since the kinetic energy of the Planet rotationis more by many billion times than the totalelectric power generated by civilization, thetotal power of such circuit geomagnetic powerengineering could be enormous.

That is why in future such circuit geo�electricalpower engineering can cover basically allcurrent needs of civilization in power withoutany threat to decelerate considerably the axialrotation of the Planet. It is possible to intensifythe effect of natural generation of electric powerin artificial circuits by placing them inside zonesof planet magnetic anomaly.

General conclusions

1.The Earth is a natural electrical machine. Itrepresents combined as for its design andoperational modes natural electromechanicalinductive –capacitive motor�generator drivenfrom energy of the solar plasma.2. The powerful flow of solar plasma is theprimary source of the electric power. Initiallyit is being converted into electrical power bycircumterrestrial MHD – generator. Theelectrostatic generator of the planet makesadditional considerable contribution intonatural electricity. All these natural geo�electricgenerators have property to combine theirspatial designs and operational modes.3. Our planet is being rotated by naturalelectromechanical torque created by torques ofits unipolar geomagnetic machine andelectrostatic machine. The action of thesetorques is coordinated and tangent relative to


separate media and to the planet surface itself.4. The hierarchy and operational interactionsof the natural electrical motor�generators of theplanet were revealed.5. The simplified , adequate physical modelsof the natural electrical machine of the planetand functioning of the given geo�electromechanical system were created andinvestigated.6. Using simple physical models of theunipolar machines the effect of immobility ofthe geomagnetic lines of force and theirintersection of media of this natural unipolarplanet electrical machine was confirmedexperimentally.7. Using experiments on physical models theeffect of unipolar and electric�dynamicinduction on planet and generation with thehelp of their natural electricity in differentcurrent�conductive media, i.e. generatoroperational mode of the electrical machine ofthe Earth was confirmed experimentally.8. Using physical models the effect of electric�dynamic induction in different current�conductive mediums of the planet andoperational mode of exactly planetaryelectrostatic motor�generator wereexperimentally confirmed and investigated.9. Using physical models the effect ofplanetary magnetism formed from electric�dynamic induction in its external electrostaticfield with creation of circular geo�electriccurrent was experimentally revealed and

investigated.10. In the experiments the combined motor�generator mode of given inductive�capacitivemachine was realized.11. The methods for taking andelectromechanical conversion of rotationkinetic energy and planet electromagnetic fieldsin order to get pure and cheap electrical powerin above�ground power plants for satisfyingneeds of civilization were proposed.12. The means and simple devices for gettingelectric power from planet fields and its naturalelectricity were proposed for realization of thismethod.

References

1. V.D.Dudyshev “The Earth – electrical machine”, “Teknika�molodyozhi” №11/84.2. V.D.Dudyshev “Introduction to global ecology orElectromechanics of alive nature”, “Ecology and industry ofRussia”, №11/99.3. V.D.Dudyshev . New Fuelles Spage Pover Engineering,New Energy Technologies, November�Dec.2002.4. I.P.Kopilov. Space electromechanics, Moscow, MEI, 1998.5. D.A. Dyudkin and A.A.Komarov “Phenomenon of currentexcitation in the conductor moving inside electrostatic field”.Scientific discovery №149 –Scientific discoveries (Briefdescriptions, 2000) // International Academy of the authors ofscientific discoveries and inventions, Moscow, 2001.6. V.D.Dudyshev. Latent Potential Energy of Electrical field,New Energy Technologies, July 2003.7. V.D.Dudyshev. Method of electromechanical energyconversion, Patent RF № 2182398.8. BES, M., 1991, p.526, 600.9. Space physics –reference book, Moscow, 1986, p.636�640.

METHOD FOR PRODUCING HYDROGEN AND OXIGENFROM WATER

Viktor G. Ermakov, Patent date 27.04.1998Mozirskaya str. 5�70, Perm, Russia, 614037

The invention is intended for power engineering and can be used for getting cheap and economyenergy sources. In open�ended space the over� heated water vapor at temperature 500�550 degreesis produced. The over�heated vapor is passed through high�voltage electric field (6000V) andhydrogen and oxigen are produced. The method is simple, economy, fire safe, high capacity one.

Editorial comments: In this case there are no conductivity currents, so the inputpower is minimal, it is required only to create electric field which will provide the

very effective operation of this system .


Inertial device-generator

The author: Vladimir A. Gilchuk2�nd per. Babushkina, 10, Ivanovo, Russia, 153031

Russian Federation Patent claim #2003136471 of 16/12/2003

The aim of the invention: to build an electric station and device for other useful work.

On two steps 1, which have a possibility of a free spinning, installed a fly�wheel with anaxle. Around the fly�wheel 2 circle supports 3 are secured. On the fly�wheel 2 hammers 4are mounted. The wheel 5 is covered with rubber. The electric motor is connected to thefly�wheel 2 axel. During the rotation of the wheel 2 hammers 4 straighten in a radial lineand hit the wheel 5, which is covered with rubber. At this, the hammers’ weight is increasingin many times due to the inertial properties of the mass. That is why the power on thewheel 5 axel is many times more, than the power, spent on the fly�wheel’s rotation. Theelectric generator 7 in part supplies with its energy the electric motor 6 of the fly�wheel 2.The output energy of the electric generator 7 is used for the useful work.


Annotation: ideas on possibility of creating a thermalelectronic pump for the straight transformation of thelow potential heat and spreaded energy to the electricpower are being observed here.

Is a utilization of free energy of the environment,the absolute temperature of which is about 300K(0C=273K), possible? In thermodynamics, thereis no prohibition on “eternal engines”, working onthe environment’s account. For example, thermalEDS appears in transistors’ thermal pairs only atthe natural gradient of temperatures in theenvironment. In thermal pumps’ work cycles the“spreaded” low potential heat energy is used. Thephoto electronic emission happens at theelectromagnetic radiation of the visible and IR�specters expense. The photosinsesys process,happening even in the dark, is natural too. Finally,the electric hydrogen generator (EHG) ofStudennikov, transforming “free” energy of heatto the water (H2O) dialysis process on hydrogenH2, oxygen O2 and electric power, is known [1].The cycle of heat transformation to electricchemical energy forms is based on gravitationalseparation of heavy and light ions in the fastspinning dilution of electrolyte. For example, inthe water dilution of bromious acid HBrO3) theformatting ions’ H+/BrO3� mass proportion is 1/128 (not counting the solvation skins). At a highenough informational “overload” in the spinningreactor�centrifuge the heavy negative ions BrO3

�

will be throwing away (“drown”) to periphery, andlight protons H+ will be pushed out (“float up”)to the rotation’s axle. Furthermore, when reachingthe reactor’s walls (BrO

3�) or its central axis (H+),

the corresponding ions discharge, giving away tothe corresponding electrodes its load, which isgoing further to the external chain, and extracting

Chemo-electrical gravitational electrolysis byV. Studennikov

A possibility of a straight transformation of the heat energy to electricity

Makarov Andrei FadeevichThe senior science associate of the laboratory of safe explosive works at NC VostNII.

Phone: (384�2) – 64�25�85, [email protected]: (384�2) �64�05�45.

Russia, 650000002, Kemerovo, 2nd Tulskii per., 5�5.The article was prepared with the information support of engineer V.P. Lesov.

Saint�Petersburg, [email protected]

“electrolysis” gases – H2 and O2 at the central andperipheral electrodes by a scheme: H++H+= H2�2e�; and BrO3

�+BrO3�=Br2O3+(1/2)O2+2e�;

Br2O3+H2O=2HBrO3. The transferredenvironment heat compensates the electricchemical work of the water gravitolisys reactor�centrifuge. So, in the EHG cycle the water�solvent, and hydrogen, oxygen and electric powerare extracted. – only at the heat spreading account.Only a small part of the generated energy is spendon the reactor centrifuge’s rotation drive, mostlyon compensation of the friction forces in thebearings. The water’s presence in the electrictransfer leads to its electrochemical disintegration,which requires not less than 3200 kkal/kg of thesupplied heat, limits the working diapason ofnegative temperatures, it is necessary to dilute theelectrolyte, “electrolysis” gases’ separation andextortion from the reactor (2H

2+O

2). But let’s look

at the closed scheme of electric transfer innon�waterself ionized electrolytes. Let the ions’ dischargehappens with a transformation of the charge carriersinto original substances and a full cycle reconnectionin reactor’s volume. Theoretically, gravitolisys ispossible in the condensed, gaseous or plasma phases.However, the ionization in gaseous and plasmaphases, usually, is possible only at a high enoughtemperature (from approximately 10000K, which ismuch higher than of the heat equilibrium of theenvironment (about 300K). At the same timesome of the metal dilutions in liquid ammoniumare known, with almost cryogenic temperature ofthe ionization and freezing of metal�ammoniumeutectics (approximately 90�160K) – at theexpense of the metals and free electrons’ ionssolvation with the solvent�ammoniummolecules(some of the atoms stay in a dissociatedcondition) according the schemes [2]:


Na = Na+ + е� (К1 = 9,9 х 10�3);Na� = Na + е� (К2 = 9,7 х10�4);Na2 = 2Na (К3 = 1,9 х 10�4).

The diluted solutions of metals in ammonium haveusual blue coloring, and the concentratedsolutions have a copper�bronze one. The solvent�ammonium steam’s pressure is decreasesconsiderably, and the ammonium solution’thickness is on a level lower than of the waterelectrolytes. In ammonium also dissolve sourgrounded metals, Al, Eu, Yb, some intermetallides(Na

4Pb

9[2]) and others. In absence of oxygen and

light solvateited electrons can stay in the solutionsfor months. It is experimentally established that asolvataited “floating” electron with the rest massof me=9,1x10�31kg in metal�ammonium solutionscreates an empty space around itself with a radiusthat equals around 0, 33 nm (a volume V, around1, 5x10�28m3) [2]. Therefore, the microscopicdensity of “electronic gas” in solution wouldaccord to: pe�=me/Ve=9.1x10�31kg/1.5x10�

28m3=6x10�3kg/m3 (i.e. around 6 g/m3), which isabout in 12 times less than the liquid hydrogen’sdensity and in 5 times lighter than air. At the sametime the free electron e (but not the solvated one(NH3)

�) is an elemental particle with the wavelength of DeBroigle l = h/m

е�v, that is for T=300К

about l=6,63х10�34/(9,1х10�31х103)= 0,7х10�6м(700nm), but at the same time the clasiscalelectron radius is only r

o=e2/m

ec2 =2,8х10�15м.

The resulting cooperation of all quant�chemicalfactors leads in experiments, however, only tocomparably small decrease in ammonium+metalcompound’s density. It is seen from the Table 1that for the 9, 25% solution of lithium the densitydecreases only in 1, 4 times (from 0.682 g/cm3 –for ammonium to 0. 49 g/cm3� for the solution).

The metal dissociation incompleteness, electronscooperation into diamagnetic pairs, electronic andion clusters formation and others resist to the

super high “inflation” of solutions with low densityelectrons.

According to the most satisfying models, electronin solution is not located, but “spreaded” arounda big volume, which leads to the electron andorientation polarization of the surroundingmolecules. An electron is being caught by theresulting field, and the pushing away forcesbetween it and the solvent’s molecules electronsleads to the low density “electronic sphere” [4].Nevertheless, electrons, as physical objects with anon�zero resting mass, mute obey the commonmechanics laws, in detail, “float up” under of ananalog of Archimed’s force’s influence. Theuppermost effect of the self dividing of the chargesin the centrifugal “thermal electronic pump”(TEP) should be expected for the heavy metals:Rb, Cs, Eu, Yb, Pb, some charged complexes ofmetals and the others. By the work of TEP’s cellon a rotation circle with a radius R (picture 1)heavy positive ions of a metal Me+, “stuck” by thecentrifugal force to the end electrode, acceptelectrons from it and create neutral atoms, whichare ionized by the solvent again (Me�? Me++e�),and the light electrons – “float up to the oppositeend –electrode and are consumed by it.

The collected charges’ from electrodes outtakeconnects the electrical chain. The output powerfrom each cell of TEP can not succeed thepotential of ionization of metals in solution, i.e.approximately up to 2�3 V. A following connectionof many cells on a common axis of rotation will letto gather enough EDS, and the electricity’s

Table 1. Properties of Some Solutions’in liquid ammonium [3]

Li Na K LiBH4Dilution, g/100g NH3 at temperature (�33.3 C) 10.2 20, 1 32, 0 177 (room)The temperature of freezing, C �185 �110 �157 43The boiling temperature, C 70 � � �Density, g/cm3 00, 49 0,578 00,628 �Steam pressure at �33.3 C, mm /merc. 3 400 � �Dilution heat, kkal/mol �9, 7 +6, 9 +4, 5 �19, 2

Fig. 1


quantity will be determined by the cells andelectrodes’ heat exchange with the environment’sheat. In the case with the dilatable intermetalplumbumides of Na

4Ph

9 kind, a polarity of

generator electrodes’ change will happen at thediffusion of super dense polyatomic cubic [6] leadunions[Pb4�Pb8} to the peripheral anode and thelight ions Na+, NH4

+ clouds on the cathode. Theportions’ NH4

+/ [Pb9]4� masses correlationcompiles 1/103.

Side effects

It is known that sheloch metals push out thehydrogen from ammonium with some time or atthe canalization’s presence in an analogy withwater: Me=NH3=MeNH2+ 0.5H2(K=3x100�9[5]),to which a very small, but visible solvent’sautoprotolisys furthers. For the hardly dissolvingin ammonium lithium amides and for natriumLiNH2 and NaNH2 hydrogen’s extraction appearsto be an irreversible reaction. The ammonium’sdissolving speed’s raising with the electricallypositive dilatable metal’s growth, which is fromlithium – to cesium. However, if for the light metalsLi and Na this reaction is unturnable (thecrystallization of LiNH2 or NaNH2 and leaving thereaction zone), then in case of the well dissolvedamides K,Rb, Cs the corresponding reaction turnsout to be reversible, the reaction constant numbercompiles K=5x104 [4,5]. A pressure growth of thehighly dilatable in ammonium hydrogen will behelping to the reaction’s reversibility too. So, toprepare the working electrolyte for the “ammonium”TEN is congenially by dilution not clean metals, butwith an addition of their hybrids Me+H� and of thesame type.

The other side reactions under the low workingtemperatures may be the scheme of the freeammonium (NH

4)o formation and its disintegration

[5]. So, the hydride�ions H�, having comparably longeffective radius about 0.155 nm and approximatelyon three levels less density than the hydrated “naked”protons H+, become the competing negative charges’carriers in ammonium electrolyte in the same rowwith solvatated electrons e�. As we see , the electrictransfer’s closed cycle schemes are possible not onlyby solvated electrons and in an ammoniumenvironment, but also in halogen –hydrogen,nitrogen�acidic, liquid SO2, Cl2, Br2 and otherconnections, including complex, some eutectic saltmelts, or even cryogenic F

2, O

2, H

2. Perhaps, a schemes

of the thermal electronic pumps with a solid

electrolyte, on the base of Pb, Ni, Pt, dissolvinghydrogen with its ionization on elemental particles:electron e� and proton p+. At this the dislocatedelectron is “solvated” in the conduciveness zone, andthe moving “proton gas” H+ is able to tunnel throughthe metal�solvent’s fixated ion structure. Thetheoretical proportion of the charges’ e�/p+ carriersmasses in this case is 1/1836, which is on lever thanin the water solutions.

As we see, at a low enough absolute temperature,when the thermal (mixing) ammonium molecules’or metal�solvent structure atoms’ movement is smallenough, some separation of the different mass ionsmay happen even in the gravitational Earth’s field(1g) conditions, because the efficient density of the“electronic gas” at 5 or more levels lower than metalions’ density. In other words, at the fixated verticalpipe’s with a metal�electronic solution ends a non�zero difference of electrical potentials must beobserved. (!). According to metal’s accumulation atthe bottom end of the pipe, the discharging currentwill be decreasing, but a periodical pipe’s turning“upside down” reanimates the “thermal�galvanicelement” at 100%. The force of the floating up lowdensity electrons in a solution in the externalgravitational field is the “electronic pump’s” drivingforce EDS, and “the friction forces” – the thermal(Brown’s) particles’ motion, the solution’s thicknessand the electrical resistance. The last mentionedfactors will be seeking for zero at the superconductingion systems. For the comparison: in an EVG reactorwith a diameter 0.3 m with circle rotation speed of 52m/sec the difference of the potentials on electrodesis about 0.03 V at the used ions H+/BrO

3 masses’

equilibrium of around 1/128 [1]. In ammoniumsolutions an electron’s and metal ion’s masses’equilibrium reaches: for kalium – 7.16x104; forrubidium – 1.57x105; for cesium – 2.44x105, which ison three levels higher than the ion’s H+/BrO

3 masses

equilibrium in the EVG electrolyte. An approximatecalculation of the closed electric transfer cycle inammonium solutions of rubidium and cesium givesan evaluation of the expected potentials’ differenceat the ends of every cell of 0.1 m high at about 0.8 Vduring the rotation around the circle with a radius of0.5 m with speed about 200 m/sec. A follow�upconnection of many spherical cells�reactors on onespindle will give away the necessary EDS, and inaddition to that, the gathering electrical power islimited by the heat exchange’s efficiency of (selfcooling) cells and electrodes’ surfaces with theenvironment’s heat. It is sensible to incorporate thecells�reactors in the engine�propeller empty blades


and with an electric motor on a spindle. Let us notethat in the given example the rotation frequency onthe spindle will make about 60 revolutions per second(3600 min�1), which stays on the “medium rotating”DVS level and on a level lower than the existingturbines and propeller engines’ rotation speed. Withthe use of the solutions of heavier elements fromMendeleev’s chart (lantanoids, actinoids), thecollected tension at the cell’s ends will be raising,approximately, in proportion to the raise in atomicweight of the dissociated in liquid ammonium metal:Me=Me+=e�. Let us note again, that the work of thesolvated electron’s extraction from metals (orhydrogen) to the solvent has an analogy with thework of an electron’s extraction from metals underfutons’ action. However, in difference from the photoeffect, “the ripping out” of electrons in a solutionhappens at the thermal, not electromagnetic, energy’sexpenses. Perhaps, an effective combined photo�thermal “electric pumps” are possible too.

The perspectives

Apparently, all burning cycles of organic fuels can bereplaced by the “free” energy from the environment,superlatively incorporated in the natural equilibriumof the biosphere and in the planet’s heat balance;including for the requirements of small, autonomous,domestic and personal energetics. The resource of anautonomous ship’s sailing, cars’ driving andatmospheric flying machines will not be limited bythe fuel refilling, and the technical progress in generalwill be absolutely ecologically clean. The thermal�electronic pumps (TEP) of cryogenic cycle are goingto find a use beyond the atmosphere’s limits for spacesettlements, on the utilization of the spreaded thermalenergy of economic activity of Homo cosmetics andextra sun radiation. The constructive simplicity ofTEP’s and their ability to be combined with anelectric motor and an accumulating battery assumea compact size, many years of resource and aminimum of the exploitation expenses for the thermalpower devices. The theoretical limit of thegravitationally stabilized (rotating) accumulators ofthe dissociated hydrogen’s energy according theschemes H

2�> H+H and H

2�>2e�+2p+ corresponds

to the energy saturation up to 51700 and 362200kkal/kg, that is 10�100 times more than energeticlevel of the usual fuels and chemical explosives (fuel+ oxidizer). From the beginning of the technicalprogress the development of the human race weregoing in direction of the accumulated natural energysources (fuels) use. However, the universal physicalfuel is the energy of the environment with a

temperature higher than 0 K, which is practicallyanyone of the physical objects. It is enough only tocreate the necessary conditions for the heattransformation into energy equivalents, inaccordance with the universal law of interrelativetransformation of the energy forms. And, at thefuelless energetics frame, not the petroleum�airmixture, steam, uranium or the falling water’s energywill be the fuel, but the thermal energy. Apparently,some other “free” forces and external potential fields,for example, the static magnetic field, could be usedfor the separation of the polar ions in the electricpumps’ cycles. Besides that, the use in a role of a“working body” of not only a substance, but also ofthe vacuum theoretically is possible. According to themodern ideas about the physical vacuum as of aconglomeration of every possible virtual particle andfield [7], the necessary conditions for the birth of“vacuum” electron�positron pairs: e�+e+ may also becreated. Natural process like that are known, forexample, in Kulon’s field of atomic nucleases under“free” futons from the environment The necessarygradient of electrostatic and mechanical fields near afast spinning charged surfaces can considerably“lighten” the overcoming of a potential barrier ofphysical birth for the particle�antiparticle pairs, withtheir following separation. For example, metal’ssurface (the accumulator’s covers) can be looked atas if it is an endlessly immense “molecule” made ofatoms (nucleases) in the crystalloid structure’s knots.Separated by the electrostatic field of the spinning“vacuum» pump, the positrons further can annihilatewith the electrons of any “free” substance and emitthe energy, which is theoretically compensating thewaste of energy on the pair’s birth from vacuum(E=2mec

2), and their antiparticles, when moving tothe anodes, present the “free” electric power. Thereare many wonderful perspectives.

References

1. Studennikov V.V., Kudimov G,I. “The hydrogen energetics:

the stage of practical decisions”, in “MIS�RT”, 1999, issue N 18�2

2. Karapetyants M.V., Drakin S.I. The common and inorganic

chemistry. – Moscow, Himia, page 396

3. S. Sarner. “The rocket fuels chemistry. Moscow, Mir, 1969.

4. F. cotton, J. Wilkinson. The inorganic chemistry foundations.

Moscow, Mir, 1979, pages 261�262.

5. Kreshkov A.P. Analytical chemistry of non�water solutions.

Moscow, Mhimia, 1982, pages 82�83.

6. The unorganikum, by edition of L. Koldith. Moscow, Mir,

1984, volume 1, page 363.

7. Naumov A.I. Physics of the atomic nucleus and elemental

particles. Moscow, Prosveschenie,1984.


This is a description of a sun water pump, forthe drive of which, a power element made ofnitinol with the shape memory, is used. Such anelement changes its shape when it is heated up,and when it cools down. It is heated up by thesun rays, and it cools down with water or afterbeing shadowed by a curtain. The powerelement’s shape change is used for the pump’sdrive or any other device.

Millions of Russian citizens like to work in theirgardens. And that means that together with theother gardening stuff the watering of the gardenplants needs to be done too. The water for thatmay be pumped with an electric pump from thegarden well.

But unfortunately, the electric power is gettingmore expensive. That’s why the question aboutsearching for the new ways of energy savingstands very sharply, both for the big enterprisesand for an individual alike.

The sun water pump

Yuri N. NovozhilovBratislavskaya street, 25, apartment 6, Ryazan, 3900000008, Russia

Phone: 7�0912� 72�1276

A pump for the water lifting from a well at thesun’s energy expenses is mostly wanted. Itwould be very good if such a pump, attached toa well, in a dump, cloudy weather does not workand keeps its motor’s resource, because thegarden watering is not needed in conditions likethat. It is not bad, when in a hot, sunny weatherthe pump starts working by itself, collecting thewater for the evening watering. And it shouldwork independently, always when the sunshines, without any man’s intrusion.

The hotter the sun’s heat, the more water isneeded for irrigation; and the pump must workmore energetically the whole time, in order tosupply more water.

Such a fascinating pump is attainable to make.The main knot of a pump like that is the powerelement, which is made of metallic alloy withthe shape memory.

The first time in history alloys like that wereproduced about 60 years ago. However, at thattime they were made on the basis of gold; andthey did not find any practical use then, becauseof their high prices. Later the shape memoryalloys were produced on more accessible metals’basis. Some of those metals are known at thepresent time. One of the most accessible is thealloy of nickel and titanium mixedapproximately in equal proportions. An alloylike that is called nitinol.

These alloys’ specialty is in their ability tojumpily transform their shape during a heatingup to the determined temperature. During thecooling, an element made of nitinol alloy getsback to its original shape. This happens, becauseof the alloy’s atomic structure restoration. Theforces, appearing for the duration of this, are


considerably powerful; they can reach up to 7tons on one square centimeter. That means thatan element made of such an alloy can do aspecific work.

The temperature diapason, in which thisattributes are observed, is quite great,approximately from �200 to �300 degrees C.

For example, if a heated piece of a wire made ofnitinol will be given a shape of a stretched spiralspring, and then it will be cooled down andexposed to the mechanical deformation (it isbeing squeezed), then the spring keeps its newshape at that temperature. But right after thesqueezed nitinol spring’s heating to thetransition temperature, it gets back to itsoriginal shape, meaning it is unwinding,becomes a few times longer. During the cooling

of this spring it squeezes back again, growingshorter, its shape becomes again the same as inthe cold state of condition, which is right afterthe deformation.

The element of nitinol with an ability toreconstruct its original shape like that at thedetermined temperature is the power elementof the pump, the foundation of its construction.To the well 1 the pumping unit 2, containingthe valves on water entrance and exit,correspondingly 3 and 4, and also the piston 5of the pumping unit, which is connected to thebottom part of the power element 7, made ofnitinol, is immersed. The piston divides theinside space of the pumping unit 2 in two parts– over the piston and under the piston. Thepower element 7 has the shape of an ellipse madeof nitinol stripe. The top part of the element 7is attached to the stand.

For the water supply from the well from thepumping unit 2 the pipe 8, connected to thevalve’s 4 at water‘s exit, box is intended. On the

Fig.11 – the well; 2 – the pumping unit; 3 – the valve on water entrance;4 – the valve on water exit; 5 – the pump’s piston; 6 – the pole; 7 –the power element made of nitinol; 8 – the pipe; 9 – the holes in thepipe for the water sprinkling of the power element; 10 – the gutterfor the water flow; 11 – the barrel

Fig.2


top part of the pipe, a row of holes 9 is made,intended for the sprinkling with cold water fromthe well of the power element 7, made of nitinol.

For the water gathering the gutter 10, fromwhich the water is poured into the standingnext to it barrel 11, is intended.

Operation

When the weather is cool or in the morning,when the sun with its rays did not heat the airand the power element 7 made of nitinol yet, ithas the shape of an ellipse, which’s bigger axisis horizontal (see picture 1).

In this case the piston 5, positioned in thepumping unit 2 and connected to the powerelement 7 and the pole 6, will stay at the topposition. The empty spaces of the pumping unitare filled with water.

When the sun or warm summer air will heat upthe elliptical power element 7 to the shapetransforming temperature, it changes the shapequick, but its bigger axis becomes vertical (seepicture 2).

As the consequence of that, the pole 6 and thepiston5, connected to it, move down in thepumping unit, at the same time to the emptyspace above the piston and the water from thewell flows through especially intended hole inthe unit’s wall. But water can not get from theempty space under the piston to the top emptyspace, so the valve 3 is shut. That’s why coldwell water from the empty space under thepiston during its downward motion through theopened valve 4 flows to the pipe 8, raises upthrough it and through the holes 9 sprinkles atthe power element 7, cooling it down, and thenthe water is poured into the barrel 11.When itcools down to the shape changing temperature,the power element made of nitinol takes itsoriginal shape – ellipse, which’s bigger axis ishorizontal, like on picture 1. In this case the pole6 and the connected to it piston 5 raise upward.

Thus the valve 4 closes and prevents water leaksfrom the pipe 8, and the valve 3 on the pistonopens and supplies the water transfer from theempty space above the piston to the empty spaceunder the piston.

Thus, the entire system came to the originalstate of condition again. The sun or theenvironmental warm air heat the power elementagain up to the temperature of its shape change,at the same time the pump sends the nextportion of water, which again is cooling thepower element down, which, changing its ownshape, raises the piston up.

Such work of the solar pump is happeningwithout any people participation and withoutof the electric energy wasting, but only due tothe energy of sun rays or heat of the air. Andthere is more water needed for the watering,when the sun heats warmer and air is warmer,then, in that case, the solar pump with thenitinol power element works more efficiently,because its work cycles become more frequent.In this construction the power element ofnitinol has a look of an ellipse.

However, this element may possibly be ofanother shape too, for example, in a form of aspiral spring made of a nitinol wire of thecorresponding diameter. In accordance with thetemperature change this spring will modify itslength and, consequently, move the deviceconnected to it to action.

The power element of nitinol, whatever shapesit takes, does not need a supplement of any otherenergy in addition to the sun’s heat, that’s why,it is ecologically clean. It can be used not onlyfor the pump’s drive, but also for the othermachinery and generators.

The construction of a device with the powerelement of nitinol may be so that the powerelement, being heated up by the sun rays, iscooling by periodical shadowing with a curtain.And the power element of nitinol moves thecurtain by itself for the duration of thetransformation of its shape.

A pump like this one or another onewith a power element made of nitinolcan find the use in many regions,precisely, where is no electric powersupply, and the delivery of anotherkinds of energy resources is difficult,for example on the veils in the desert.


The semiconductor transformator ofenvironment heat to electric current energy

Anatoly N. ZernijUkraine Email: [email protected]

The modern energetic’s problem is in theproduction of the electric energy, which is, beingthe source of material goods of the man, whohappened to find himself in a mortal withstandingto his environment (which is the nature); and as aresult of this, an ecological disaster is inescapable.The search and the discovery of alternative,ecologically clean means of the electric energycollection is the actual task of Humanity. One ofthe energy sources is the natural environmentitself: the air of the atmosphere, the waters of theseas and oceans, which contain a huge quantity ofthe heat energy received from the sun. The methodof transformation heat energy of the environmentto the constant electrical current, which is basedon contact phenomenon between a metal andsemiconductors of different type of conduciveness(see Fig.1).

Fig.1The principle scheme of the alternator. Where: P – thesemiconductor’s crystal (silicon of the n�type), p�n – the crossingwith a contact electric field Ek, M1 – the metal contact with a p�area (aluminum), M1 – the metal contact with n�area (aluminum),d� the depth of p�n crossing’s flight (not more than 10 mkm), Rh –the external load resistance.

The alternator’s work principle is following. Forexample, the work on electron’s exit from thesemiconductor of n�type makes 4.25 eV, of the p�type – 5.25 eV and of the aluminum – 4.25 eV.That’s why the contact M2 with thesemiconductor of n�type is omic and does notaffect the alternator’s work, and the contact M1

with a semiconductor of the p�type is injectingone. Under the action of thermal movementpowers and as a result of exit work’s difference,electrons from the metal contact M1 will beinjected to the p�area of the semiconductor. Onepart of the electrons recombinates with the p�areacrystal holes, and the second part of the electronswill be overthrown by the electric field p�n of theEk crossing to the n�area of the crystal. At thatthe semiconductor’s crystal‘s n�area and thecontact M2 will be charged negatively, and contactM1, because of the electron’s leave from it,positively, which will lead in the end to theappearance of difference of the electric potentialsbetween M1 and M2 contacts.

The electrons’ stream from M1 and M2 will betaking place, till the raising electrical field betweenthe contacts creates an opposite stream ofelectrons from the n�area to the p�area of thecrystal, because of the potential barrier of the p�ncrossing decrease. When these currents of theelectrons become leveled, an electrical andthermodynamic equilibrium will be established inthe isolated crystal. Thus between the contactsM1 and M2 will be established a potentialsdifference, which will be equal the half ofcontact difference of potentials p�n crossing (inthis case – 0.55V), which means a presencebetween them of Electro Motive Force. If weconnect the contacts M1 and M2 with anexternal metallic conductor with a resistanceRh, then the electrical and thermo dynamicalequilibrium of the semi conductive crystal willbe broken and in the load chain the electriccurrent IRh will flow. At this, the p�n crossingwill be cooling down, because the energy ofelectrons, coming from the p�area to the n�areaof the semiconductor will be raised at the inner(thermal) energy of the crystal’s structure of thesemiconductor. For the support in the chain ofa load of constant by its values current, to thecrystal it is necessary to supply the heat fromthe environment.


In early August we got in touch with Prof. A.Evert and asked him some questions about thecourse of his experiments. Interesting dataabout high�performance turbines, vortexmachines like Clem� motor and mechanicaldevices, creating turning moment on the shaftdue to constant mass imbalance was presentedon his web�site. Prof. Evert expressed a desireto introduce his notion of ether used in hisexperiments to our readers. We hope that thisreview will rouse interest of our readers.

Gravity� Centrifugal Motor

Fig. 1 shows a constantly rotating motor, thathas 12 radial masses.

Every mass is situated between the inner andthe outer radial spring. The centre of gravity inthe system is offset, so that the rotor istheoretically accelerated. This concept may be

Alternative Energy Projects in GermanyReviewed by A. V. Frolov

Source documents are published on web site http://www.evert.de

useful in construction of constantly revolvingand self�accelerated machine, a perpetualmotion machine literally. These machines willnot consume any energy. Still the source ofexcess energy is well�known: easy access togravitational energy combined with centrifugalforces. One should notice that the energy

Prof. Alfred EvertWilhelm�Kopf�Strasse 40

D 71672 [email protected]

evert@t�online.de

Fig.1

conservation law applied to impetus is notviolated here. Energy turns into yield only dueto rational build�up: there occurs intermediatestorage of excess energy when it’s not neededto rotate, and it’s applied later, when it can havebeneficial action to increase the turningmoment of the system. One should mark, thatthe 3rd type of energy – forces of molecularadhesion � is also applied here. It is the flexiblematerial of springs that performs yield,returning to its normal state. Of course, forcesof molecular adhesion do not serve as a sourceof energy, but they act as an instrument toorganize the necessary process of motion. Thisstructure was suggested by Prof. Evert inAugust, 2001.


Oscillation Motor

Fig. 2 presents a rotor with radial elements witha pendulum at the end of each.

In the lower phase of the pendulum potentialenergy of its weight transforms into kineticenergy of its motion which can be used toincrease the turning moment of the rotor. Pleasepay your attention that Prof. Evert marks thenecessity of spring elements.

The scheme has a direct relationship to the socalled Bessler principle: masses can be directedalong the radius of various lengths, that createsdissymmetric trajectory and resultant force.

In the upper position the spring will becompressed by the weight of the plummet, thenit’s released and the radius increases. Fig. 5 givesa good idea how the mass centre of the systemis offset.

Fig.2

This effect can be achieved due to springs,mechanical joints or various elastic elements.Non�productive (from the turning moment’spoint of view) forces should be transformed intomaterial deformation of various elements, that’swhy the relaxation of these elements will leadto the increase of the turning moment of thesystem.

Fig. 3 shows a rotor with radial elements invarious positions.

The wheel will be turning at steady speed, Prof.Evert claims. Fig. 4 presents one more scheme,the basic elements of which are: rotor, springsand masses.

Fig.3

Prof. Evert makes a request to our readers,asking to collaborate with people who cancreate working models or help with computersimulation of these processes.

Fig.4


Fig.5

Pendulum Wheel

Fig. 6 shows a wooden model of an asymmetricpendulum designed by Prof. Evert.

In some phases of its work the process coincideswith theory perfectly, but the device doesn’tfunction properly and can’t be in constantmotion. Fig. 7 presents a structure of 3pendulums set on one rotor. Theoretically thesystem is self� accelerating, but only up to a

definite speed. Prof. Evert considers thisattempt to be a prospective and interestingenough. To obtain a positive result one shoulddesign a model with better quality.

Fig.6.1

Fig.6.2

Fig.7


Bessler’s Wheel

Fig. 8 is photo of the wooden model, tested byProf. Evert in his laboratory. The model isconstructed of the most primitive materials. Thetheoretically expected effects are really visible.But the problem of this model is the fact, thatthe spring is not compressed at once, and thisdelay influences the work of the system.

Fig.8.1

Fig.8.2

Sun Wheel

Fig. 9 shows the operational principle of anotherdevice suggested by Prof. Evert.

The variations of this principle are Fig. 10.

The minimal possible number of workingelements is three, as it’s shown in Fig. 11.

Turbines

Fig. 12 illustrated the scheme of the turbinesuggested by Prof. Evert.

The inlet of water is performed in the centre ofthe system, axially. Pay your attention to theoriginal form of the stator.

Fig.10

Fig.11


As Prof. Evert says, Viktor Shauberger appliedspecial engineering principles in his turbines.Fig. 13 and 14 from Shauberger’s patent givean idea of the effect, that lets to achieve axialtractive force in turbines of the kind.

It is produced due to special trajectory of watermotion, moving radially and simultaneously, asit’s shown in Fig. 14 and they’re rotating, as its’shown in Fig. 15.

Fig.12

As illustrated in Fig. 16, one can see Prof.Evert’s proposal to construct turbines, where

vortexes are produced with minimal energyconsumed, but they provide immense kineticenergy of water molecules.

Fig.11

Fig.13

Fig.14

Fig.15

Of fundamental importance is resonance inturbines and the shape of the turbine nozzle. Fig.17 shows examples of turbines with dirigibleresonance projects.


The basic construction of these turbines issketched in Fig. 18 and 19.

Fig.16

Fig.17.1

Fig.17.2

The experimental and theoretical researchcarried out by Prof. Evert deserves greatattention and respect. We hope that thisreview will be helpful to developers ofautonomous energy sources, including vortexpropulsion drive.

Fig.17.3

Fig.18

Fig.19


Abstract

"Space drives," "Warp drives," and"Wormholes:" these concepts may sound likescience fiction, but they are being written aboutin reputable journals. To assess the implicationsof these emerging prospects for futurespaceflight, NASA supported the BreakthroughPropulsion Physics Project from 1996 through2002. This Project has three grand challenges:(1) Discover propulsion that eliminates theneed for propellant; (2) Discover methods toachieve hyper�fast travel; and (3) Discoverbreakthrough methods to power spacecraft.Because these challenges are presumably farfrom fruition, and perhaps even impossible, aspecial emphasis is placed on selectingincremental and affordable research thataddresses the critical issues behind thesechallenges. Of 16 incremental research taskscompleted by the Project and from othersponsors, about a third were found not to beviable, a quarter have clear opportunities forsequels, and the rest remain unresolved.

1. Introduction

New theories and phenomena have emerged inrecent scientific literature that havereawakened consideration that propulsionbreakthroughs may become achievable � thekind of breakthroughs that could make humanvoyages to other star systems possible. Thisincludes literature about warp drives,wormholes, quantum tunneling, vacuumfluctuation energy, and the coupling of gravityand electromagnetism. This emerging science,combined with the realization that rockets arefundamentally inadequate for interstellarexploration, led NASA to establish the"Breakthrough Propulsion Physics (BPP)"Project in 1996 [1].

Prospects for Breakthrough Propulsion fromPhysics

Marc G. MillisNASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland Ohio 44145 USA

This paper summarizes the methods andfindings of this Project as well as findings fromother parallel efforts. The methods are describedto reflect the special management challengesand corresponding mitigation strategies fordealing with such visionary topics in aconstructive manner. Projections of futureresearch are also offered.

2. Methods

As the name implies, the BPP Project isspecifically looking for propulsionbreakthroughs from physics. It is not lookingfor further technological refinements of existingmethods. Such refinements are explored inother NASA projects. Instead, this Project looksbeyond the known methods, searching forfurther advances from emerging science fromwhich genuinely new technology can develop �technology to surpass the limits of existingmethods.

2.1. Technical Challenges

The first step toward solving a problem is todefine the problem. The following three GrandChallenges represent the critical discoveriesneeded to revolutionize spaceflight and enableinterstellar missions:

Challenge 1 � MASS: Discover new propulsionmethods that eliminate or dramatically reducethe need for propellant. This implies discoveringfundamentally new ways to create motion,presumably by interacting with the propertiesof space, or possibly by manipulatinggravitational or inertial forces.Challenge 2 � SPEED: Discover how todramatically reduce transit times. This implies


discovering a means to move a vehicle near thelight�speed limit through space, or bymanipulating spacetime to circumvent thelight�speed limit.

Challenge 3 � ENERGY: Discoverfundamentally new modes of onboard energyproduction to power these propulsion devices.This third goal is included since the first twobreakthroughs might require breakthroughs inenergy generation, and since the physicsunderlying the propulsion goals is closely linkedto energy physics.

2.2. Special Challenges and Mitigations

The combination of high�payoff prospects plusthe speculative nature of the edge of knowledgeevokes special management challenges. Toproduce credible progress under theseconditions, the BPP Project employs thefollowing operating strategies:• Reliability: Success is defined as acquiringreliable knowledge, rather than as achieving abreakthrough. This emphasis steerspublications toward credible progress and awayfrom sensationalistic claims.• Immediacy: Research is focused on theimmediate unknowns, make�or�break issues, orcurious effects.• Iterated: Overall progress is achieved byrepeating a cycle of short�term, incrementaltasks.• Diversified: Multiple, divergent researchtopics are explored simultaneously.• Measured: Progress is tracked using acombination of the scientific method and theapplicability of the research to the Project'sgoals.• Impartial: Reviewers judge credibility andrelevance, but are not asked to predict thefeasibility of research approaches.• Empirical: Preference is given toexperiments and empirical observations overpurely analytical studies.• Published: Results are published, regardlessof outcome. Null results are also valuableprogress.

Given the kind of fundamental investigationssought by this Project, it is difficult to reliablydetermine technical feasibility during aproposal review. Such an assessment would

constitute a full research task itself. Typically,when confronted with the kind of unfamiliarideas related to this endeavor, many reviewerswill reflexively assume that the new idea willnot work. To prevent premature dismissal,proposal reviewers are asked to judge if the workis leading to a result that other researchers willconsider as a reliable conclusion on which tobase future investigations. This includes seekingtasks that can demonstrate that certain researchapproaches are not feasible. This posture ofjudging credibility, rather than pre�judgingcorrectness, is one of the ways that the BPPProject is open to visionary concepts while stillsustaining credibility.

3. Findings

In addition to the 8 tasks supported through theBPP Project, at least 8 additional tasks weresupported by others, and several relatedresearch efforts continue. Of the 16 specifictasks reported and summarized here, 6 werefound not to be viable, 6 remain unresolved orhave debatable findings, and 4 have clearopportunities for sequels. It should be stressed,however, that even interim positive results donot imply that a breakthrough is inevitable.Often the opportunity for sequels is more areflection of the embryonic state of the research.Reciprocally, a dead�end conclusion on a giventask does not imply that the broader relatedtopics are equally defunct. Both the null andpositive results should only be interpretedwithin the context of the immediate researchtask, and not generalized beyond. This isconsistent with the operating strategy to focuson the immediate stage of the research, and thestrategy to put a higher priority on thereliability of the information rather than onproducing broad�sweeping claims.

It should also be stressed that these tasksummaries do not reflect a comprehensive listof research options. It is expected that newconcepts will continue to emerge in such anembryonic field.

3.1. BPP Sponsored Research

The NASA BPP Project sponsored 5 tasksthrough competitive selection, 2 in�house tasks,and 1 minor grant. From this work, 13 peer�


reviewed journal articles resulted [1�13].Summaries of each of the 8 tasks are offeredbelow.

3.1.1. Define Space Drive Strategy.

"Space drive" is a general term to encompass theambition of the first BPP Challenge: propulsionwithout propellant. To identify the unresolvedissues and research paths toward creating aspace drive, this in�house task conceived andassessed 7 hypothetical space drives. The twolargest issues facing this ambition are to firstfind a way for a vehicle to induce external, netforces on itself, and secondly, to satisfyconservation of momentum in the process.Several avenues for research remain, including:(1) investigate space from the perspective ofnew sources of reaction mass, (2) revisit Mach'sPrinciple to consider coupling to surroundingmass via inertial frames, and (3) investigate thecoupling between gravity, inertia, andcontrollable electromagnetic phenomena [2].These are very broad and open areas where avariety of research sequels could emerge.

3.1.2. Test Schlicher Thruster.

In�house experiments were performed to testclaims that a specially terminated coax, asreported by Rex Schlicher [14], could createmore thrust than attributable to photonradiation pressure. Tests observed no suchthrust [15].

3.1.3. Assess Deep Dirac Energy.

Theories based on the work of Dirac assert thatadditional energy levels and energy transitionsmight be possible in atomic structures [16]. Atheoretical assessment, supported via a grant toRobert Deck (Univ. Toledo, Grant NAG 3�2421), found that several of the predictedenergy transitions are not possible. Otherunexplored possibilities remain. This topic isnot fully resolved. Findings have beensubmitted for journal publication.

3.1.4. Cavendish Test of SuperconductorClaims.

As a lower�cost alternative to a full replicationof the Podkletnov "gravity shielding" claim

[17], Cavendish balance experiments wereperformed using superconducting materials andradio frequency (RF) radiation according torelated theories. It was found that the RFradiation coupled too strongly to supportinginstrumentation and prevented any discernableresults [18]. No sequels to this approach areexpected.

Other groups sponsored full replications of thePodkletnov configuration, and their findingsare presented in section 3.2.3.

3.1.5. Test Woodward Transient Inertia.

xperiments and theories published by JamesWoodward claim that transient changes toinertia can be induced by electromagneticmeans [19, 20], and a patent exists on how thiscan be used for propulsion [21]. Independentverification experiments, using techniques lessprone to spurious effects, were sponsored.Unfortunately, when subsequent publicationsby Woodward indicated that the effect wasmuch smaller than originally reported [22], theindependent test program had to be changed.The revised experiments were unable to resolveany discernable effect with the availableresources [23]. Woodward continues withexperiments and publications [24], and hasbegun addressing the theoretical issuesidentified during this independent assessment.This transient inertia approach is consideredunresolved.

3.1.6. Test EM Torsion Theory.

Theories using a torsion analogy to the couplingbetween electro�magnetism and spacetime [25]indicate the possibility of asymmetricinteractions that might be of use, at least inprinciple, for propulsion [26]. Experiments weresponsored to test a related prediction of thetheory, but the results were null. Furtheranalysis indicates that the experiments misseda critical characteristic to correctly resolve theissue [27]. This approach is consideredunresolved.

3.1.7. Explore Superluminal Tunneling.

A pre�requisite to faster�than�light travel is toprove faster�than�light information transfer.


The phenomenon of quantum tunneling, wheresignals appear to pass through barriers atsuperluminal speed, is often cited as suchempirical evidence. Experimental andtheoretical work was sponsored to explore thespecial case where energy is added to the barrier(tunnel). Even in this case it was found that theinformation transfer rate is still only apparentlysuperluminal, with no causality violations.Although the leading edge of the signal does makeit through the barrier faster, the entire signal isstill light�speed limited [3�5]. Although otherquantum phenomena still suggest faster�than�light connections (e.g. quantum entanglement),the venue of quantum tunneling does not appearto be a viable approach for exploring faster�than�light propulsion.

3.1.8. Explore Vacuum Energy.

Quantum vacuum energy, also called zero pointenergy (ZPE), is a relatively new and not fullyunderstood phenomenon. In simple terms, theuncertainty principle from quantum mechanicsindicates that it is not possible to achieve anabsolute zero energy state. This includes theelectromagnetic energy state of the spacevacuum [28]. It has been shown analytically,and later experimentally, that this vacuumenergy can squeeze parallel plates together [29].This "Casimir effect" is only appreciable at verysmall dimensions (microns). Nonetheless, it isevidence that space contains something thatmight be useful. The possibility of extracting thisenergy has also been studied. In principle, andwithout violating thermodynamic laws, it ispossible to convert minor amounts of quantumvacuum energy [30, 31].

The BPP Project sponsored experimental andtheoretical work to further explore the tangibilityof this phenomenon. New analytical andexperimental tools were developed to explore thisphenomenon using MicroElectroMechanical(MEM) rectangular Casimir cavities [6�12]. Itwas even shown that, in principal, it is possible tocreate net propulsive forces by interacting withthis energy, even thought the forces areimpractically small at this stage [13]. Regardlessof these immediate impracticalities, however, thequantum vacuum does offer an experimentalvenue through which to further study the verystructure of space itself. Continued research on

this phenomenon and through these techniquesis expected.

3.2. Research Sponsored by Others

While the NASA BPP Project scouted formultiple, divergent research approaches usingcompetitive solicitations, several otherorganizations focused on individual tasks. Severalexamples of such work are presented next.

3.2.1. Slepian�Drive.

Funded through a Congressional earmark, theWest Virginia Institute for Scientific Research(ISR) is conducting experimental andtheoretical assessments of the propulsiveimplications of electromagnetic momentum indielectric media. The equations that describeelectromagnetic momentum in vacuum are wellestablished (photon radiation pressure), butthere is still scientific debate concerningmomentum within dielectric media, specificallythe "Abraham�Minkowski controversy."

More than one concept exists for how this mightapply to propulsion and several terms are usedto refer to this topic, such as "Slepian�Drive,""Heaviside Force," "Electromagnetic Stress�Tensor Propulsion," and the "Feynman DiskParadox." To date, ISR has submitted a tutorialpaper on the phenomenon to a journal, and hasproduced a conference paper on interimexperimental findings [32]. An independentassessment by the Air Force Academyconcluded that no net propulsive forces areexpected with this approach [33].

Separate from the ISR work, independentresearch published by Dr. Hector Brito detailsa propulsive device along with experimentaldata [34]. The signal levels are not sufficientlyabove the noise as to be conclusive proof of apropulsive effect.

While not specifically related to propulsion, arecent journal article assessed the Abraham�Minkowski controversy from a quantumphysics perspective, suggesting it might beuseful for micro�fluidics or other applications[35].

In all of these approaches, the anticipated forces


are relatively small, and critical issues remainunresolved. In particular, the conversion ofoscillatory forces to net forces (Slepian�Drive)remains questionable, and the issue ofgenerating external forces from differentinternal momenta remains questionable. Evenif not proven suitable for propulsion, theseapproaches provide empirical tools for furtherexploring the Abraham�Minkowskicontroversy of electromagnetic momentum.This topic is considered unresolved.

3.2.2. Cosmological Consequences ofVacuum Energy.

Theoretical work, sponsored by NASAHeadquarters from 1996 to 1999 [ContractNASW�5050], examined the role played byquantum vacuum energy on astrophysicalobservations. Of the 5 journal articles thatresulted [36�40], the last two pertain most tobreakthrough propulsion. These made thecontroversial assertion that inertia might be anelectromagnetic drag force that occurs duringaccelerated motion through vacuum energy.This led to speculation that it might becomepossible to alter inertial properties throughsome electromagnetic means [41]. Work towardthis perspective continues, but through privatesponsorship, described in section 3.3.4.

3.2.3. Tests of Podkletnov Claim.

In 1992, a controversial claim of a "gravityshielding" effect was published by E.Podkletnov based on work done at Finland'sTampere Institute [17]. Regrettably, the articlewas not fully forthcoming with all of theexperimental methods and jumped to theconclusion that a gravity shield effect wasresponsible for the anomalous weightreductions observed over spinningsuperconductors. Although others dismissedthis effect on the grounds that it violatesconservation of energy [42], this dismissal itselfdid not take into account that the claimed effectconsumes energy.

From 1995 to 2002, NASA Marshall SpaceFlight Center (MSFC) attempted a fullexperimental replication of the Podkletnovconfiguration [43], but was not able to completethe test hardware with the available resources.

A privately funded replication of thePodkletnov configuration was completed byHathaway, Cleveland and Bao, and the resultspublished in 2003 [44]. This work "found noevidence of a gravity�like force to the limits ofthe apparatus sensitivity," where the sensitivitywas "50 times better than that available toPodkletnov." Therefore, this rotating, RF�pumped superconductor approach is considerednon�viable.

3.2.4. Podkletnov Force�Beam Claims.

Through undisclosed sponsorship, Podkletnovproduced a new claim � that of creating a force�beam using high�voltage discharges nearsuperconductors. His results, posted on anInternet physics archive [45], claim to impartbetween 4x10�4 to 23x10�4 Joules of mechanicalenergy to a distant 18.5�gram pendulum.

Like his prior "gravity shielding" claims, theseexperiments would be difficult and costly toduplicate, and remain unsubstantiated byreliable independent sources.

3.2.5. Gravity Modification Study.

The European Space Agency (ESA) sponsoreda study on the prospects of gravity control forpropulsion [46]. The following research avenueswere identified:

• Search for violations of the EquivalencePrinciple through ongoing in�spaceexperiments.• Resolve the anomalous trajectories ofPioneer 10/11, Galileo, and Ulysses [47], via a"Sputnik�5" probe.• Experimentally explore gravitomagneticfields in quantum materials [48].

Opportunities for continued research clearlyexist on any of these options.

3.2.6. Anomalous Heat Effect.

Although not covered within the confines ofbreakthrough propulsion research, thecontroversial topic of "cold fusion" is oftenencountered when addressing the edge ofenergy conversion physics. It is in the spirit ofcompleteness that the findings of a decade of


research by the Naval Research Labs (NRL) arementioned here. In their 119�page report [49],various experiments with conflicting results aredescribed. The Forward to this compilationstates: "It is time that this phenomenon beinvestigated so that we can reap whateverbenefits accrue from additional scientificunderstanding." This report serves as a broadoverview of the variety of techniques and issuesencountered. This remains a controversial topic.

3.2.7. Biefeld�Brown and Variants.

In 1928 a device was patented for creatingthrust using high�voltage capacitors [50]. Sincethen, a wide variety of variants of this "Biefeld�Brown" effect, such as "Lifters" and"Asymmetrical Capacitors" have claimed thatsuch devices operate on an "electrostaticantigravity" or "electrogravitic" effect. One ofthe most recent variants was patented byNASA�MSFC [51]. To date, all rigorousexperimental tests indicate that the observedthrust is attributable to ion wind [52�54].

Vacuum tests currently underway, sponsoredthrough an additional Congressional earmarkto the West Virginia Institute for ScientificResearch, also indicate that this effect is notindicative of new propulsion physics. Thesetests are now assessing the more conventionalperformance of such devices [55].These "Biefeld�Brown," "Lifter" and"Asymmetrical Capacitor Thrusters" are notviable candidates for breakthrough physicspropulsion.

3.3. Ongoing Activities

In addition to the discrete research taskspreviously described, there are a few continuingareas of research.

3.3.1. Metric Engineering.

As a consequence of Einstein's GeneralRelativity, the notion of warping space tocircumvent the light�speed limit is a growingtopic in scientific literature [56�65]. In basicterms, if one cannot break the light�speed limitthrough space, then alter space. Two prominentapproaches are the warp drive and thewormhole. The warp drive concept involves

moving a bubble of spacetime, which carries avehicle inside [61]. A wormhole, on the otherhand, is a shortcut through spacetime createdby extreme spacetime warping [57, 59].Enormous technical hurdles face theseconcepts. In particular, they require enormousquantities of "negative energy" (equivalentmass of planets or suns), and evoke time�travelparadoxes ("closed�time�like curves").

In 1994, NASA sponsored a small workshop toassess these prospects [66]. The results fed intothe BPP Project and led to an article definingthe visual signature of a wormhole as a guidefor astronomical searchers for black�hole relatedphenomena [67]. Recently, the term "metricengineering" [65] has emerged at aerospaceconferences to represent such space�warpingpropulsion concepts. The origin of this term isunknown.

Given the magnitude of energy requirements tocreate perceptible effects, it is unlikely thatexperimental work will be forthcoming in thenear future. Even though these theoreticalconcepts are extremely unlikely to beengineered, they are at least useful as teachingtools to more thoroughly explore the intricaciesof Einstein's General Relativity. It is likely thattheoretical work will continue to emerge on thistopic.

3.3.2. High Frequency Gravitational Waves.

Fundamentally, gravitational waves areperturbations in spacetime caused by violentaccelerations of large masses, such as collisionsof black holes. Ongoing research focuses on lowfrequency gravitational waves (<1000�Hz)using large interferometers, such as the LaserInterferometer Gravitational WaveObservatory (LIGO) detector whose arms are4�km (2.5�mi) in length [68].

In contrast, alternative approaches have beensuggested to detect High FrequencyGravitational Waves (HFGW). A variety ofexperimental approaches (introduced at a 2003workshop) were summarized in a recentconference paper [69]. These detection conceptstypically involved desktop size devices, withimplications for communication, imaging, andfundamental physics research. Some of the key


issues governing the viability of such devicesinclude the energy transfer mechanisms and thelow efficiencies predicted. This is an embryonicarea where a wide variety of research remainsto be addressed.

3.3.3. Project Greenglow, British AerospaceSys

Similar to the NASA BPP Project, BritishAerospace Systems, Inc. sponsored a modestproject to look at a variety of breakthroughpropulsion appraoches. Headed by Dr. RonEvans, incremental research tasks weresupported that included assessments ofPodkletnov's gravity shield claims (nullfindings) [70], experimental and theoreticalworks on microwave thrusters [71], and varioustheoretical works on gravitation [72�76],vacuum forces [77], and "what�if" assessments[78]. It is not known if, or at what level, thisproject will continue.

3.3.4. Private Quantum Vacuum Research.

Since 1990, the small Advanced StudiesInstitute, in Austin Texas, has been supportedthrough private funds to test claims of newenergy devices and related physics [31, 41, 79�82]. Their most relevant publications for BPPdeal with the connection between the quantumvacuum and the definitions of inertia andgravity [41, 79, 81]. Like the NASA�HQsponsored task previously mentioned, thesemake the controversial assertion that inertia ismerely an electromagnetic drag force againstthe quantum vacuum fluctuations [81] andclosely related, that gravity is a consequence ofthe quantum vacuum fluctuations [79].Beginning in 2000, the small CaliforniaInstitute for Physics and Astrophysics (CIPA)has also been privately supported to conductresearch on quantum vacuum physics. Theirwork also explores the controversial assertionthat inertia is an electromagnetic drag force, inaddition to exploring other issues [83�88].

4. Future Prospects

The search for new, breakthrough propulsionmethods from physics is an embryonic fieldencompassing many differing approaches andchallenges. In addition to the research already

described, there are many more approachespublished in the literature and presented ataerospace conferences.

At this stage it is still too early to predict which,if any, of the approaches might lead to asuccessful breakthrough. Objectively, thedesired breakthroughs might be impossible toachieve. Reciprocally, history has shown thatbreakthroughs tend to take the pessimists bysurprise.

A key challenge, in addition to the dauntingphysics, is dealing with such visionary topicsin a credible, impartial, and productive manner.When considering future prospects, thismanagement challenge must be taken intoaccount to ensure genuine, reliable progress.The methods used by the NASA BreakthroughPropulsion Physics Project are offered as abenchmark.

4.1. Research Support

Much of the past research has been conductedin the form of individual discretionary efforts,scattered across various government, academic,and private organizations. This practice ofisolated efforts is likely to continue, but thereis no way to gauge the level of effort or thefidelity of this research. The more rigorous andopen progress will continue to appear in thepeer�reviewed journals, however.

Regarding the NASA BPP Project, future fundingis uncertain. NASA is now assessing how torespond to the President's priorities on Moon andMars exploration. It is not clear if there is a placefor propulsion physics research within thesepriorities. Previously, the President's AerospaceCommission recommended supporting suchvisionary work. Quoting from the Commission'sreport [89]: "In the longer�term, breakthroughenergy sources that go beyond our currentunderstanding of physical laws... must be crediblyinvestigated in order for us to practically pursuehuman exploration of the solar system and beyond.These energy sources should be the topic of afocused, basic research effort." If NASAsponsorship resumes, it might appear under therevised title: "Fundamental PropulsionPhysics." Regarding the privately sponsored projects,


such as the British Aerospace Systems' ProjectGreenglow and the institutes that examinequantum vacuum physics, future funding detailsare unknown. Recently, an Aviation Week andSpace Technology article states: "At least onelarge aerospace company is embarking on ZPE[quantum vacuum] research in response to aDefense Dept. request." [90] Given the privateand protected nature of such sponsorship, it isnot known to what extent these results will bedisseminated.

4.2. Research Options

The few research approaches that have beensummarized here mostly started from the pointof view of seeking propulsion breakthroughs,and went on to confront the immediate issuesand unknowns that these goals evoked. Manyof these approaches await resolution and manysequels to these approaches remain unexplored.

In addition to this propulsion�initiatedperspective, an alternative approach is toexamine the various disciplines of physics, andthen ask how their emerging insights, andanomalies, might be relevant to propulsion. Inthe first step of the scientific method, where oneclearly formulates the problem to guide thesearch for knowledge, the propulsion challengeis different than the broader scientific objectiveto fully understand nature. This change in focuspresents a different perspective, and thereinprovides an opportunity to possibly discoverwhat the more general approach mightoverlook.

Both of these perspectives, studying the physicsrequired for propulsion, and considering thepropulsive implications of emerging physics,provide many options for future research.

5. Concluding Remarks

A wide variety of small research tasksexplored the physics issues associated withseeking breakthrough propulsion. Althoughmany approaches were found to be dead�ends,more remain unresolved and furtherpossibilities remain unexplored. At this stage,the work is embryonic and faces challengestypical of any new, emerging area. The use of trademarks or names of

manufacturers is for accurate reporting anddoes not constitute an official endorsement,either expressed or implied, of such productsor manufacturers by the National Aeronauticsand Space Administration.

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Global and ever increasing energetic andecological crises of the Earth prompt scientistsand engineers to scan for new alternative,pollution�free sources of energy, among thembased on constant magnets and electrets [1�4].The well�known magnetic engines (ME) bySerl, Minato and Floyd are unfortunately notperfect, but they marked the beginning of MEhistory and development [1]. The article listsoriginal designs of new, totally non�current ME.In spite of the fact, that magnetic nature hasnot been totally solved yet, constant magnetsare really bringing us to revolution in energeticand mechanics. Huge headway in the sphere ofconstant magnets permits us to anticipate in thenot too distant future the creation of magneticmotor generators and other useful devices basedon their principles, with capacity up to 100� 200kW.

Non�contact Magnetic Rotational Bearing ofRotation

Bearings are the most widespread andimportant element of many devices, rangingfrom a motorcar to a spaceship and rocket.However, the mechanical bearings havepractically exhausted their potentialities. Theywear out rapidly, need regular maintenance andare short�lived. Moreover, mechanical bearingshave a limitation on speed of rotation andreliability that limits the area of their usage.There are electromagnetic non�contactrotational bearings. Still they are rathercomplicated and expensive devices. Headwayin updating the properties of constant magnetsallows creating a high�capacity, simple in designand totally non�contact magnetic bearing. Fig.1 illustrates its structure. Force repulsion of

Direct Conversion of Magnetic Field ofConstant Magnets Energy and Its Application

In Power Engineering and Mechanics

Valery D. Dudishev, Russia, SamaraThe Samara Technical University

[email protected]

cylindrical magnets 2, 3 compensates the loadson shaft 6 on radial axis. Force repulsion of endmagnets 4, 5 from stator and rotor magnets 2, 3compensates axial loads of the bearing. As aresult we have a self�balancing, totally no�current magnetic dynamic system of non�contact shaft suspension 6. Such a progressiveand prospective application of constant magnetsallows creating a cheap non�contact bearing,simple in design, with no outage and withunlimited economic life.

To simplify the draft, Fig. 1 doesn’t show somesmall parts of the magnetic bearing.

Fig.1. Totally magnetic rotational bearing.

1. Non�magnetic case of the magnetic bearing2. Constant magnet of the stator as an axially oriented quillcylinder3. Constant magnet of the rotor4. Left back�up annular disk magnet5. Right back�up annular disk magnet6. Magnetic bearing shaft7. Working air clearances

The main distinctive feature of this simple andelegant engineering solution is the uniquecombination of magnets along the twocoordinate axes to automatically compensateaxial ad radial load on the shaft of the bearing.If high�tech is applied to create a precise modelof such a non�contact suspension, observing theminimal clearances of a split millimeter widthbetween the magnets and if modern magnets


like “samarium� cobalt” are used, such magnetscan really be used in dynamic conditions of shaftloads in motor transport up to 200 kW ofmechanical capacity.

Magnetic Reducers

Modern multi�stage reducers are appliedeverywhere, in many fields of technique,ranging from motor transport to kitchen units.Meanwhile they are rather complicated andexpensive mechanical devices. Up�to�dateconstant magnets and their force interactionenable us to create a totally new energy savingtype of non�contact new generation reducer. Letus consider them.

The fundamental property and condition offorce interaction of one/ many magnetizedbodies (e.g., constant magnets) is their tendencyto be drawn by antipoles and their tendency tomutual immobility of their poles in space.Reduction of speed of two magnets withdifferent poles, controlling and controlled, is aconsequence of this effect. To prove this fact oneshould assembly a simple magnetomechanicplant, shown in Fig.2.

Fig. 2. Magnetic reduction of speed effect

When the elementary magnetic bar 1 is rotated,the angular velocity of compound magnet 2, 3rotation is twice as smaller as magnet 1 rotationspeed, as only in this case the magnetic fields ofthese unbound magnets are mutually immobile inspace. Yet this device is a simplest magneticreducer of speed.

Dudyshev’s Magnetic Disk Reducer

Fig. 3 illustrates a more effective magnetic diskreducer designed for a non�contact transmissionof considerable turning moment from drive shaftto driven shaft:

Fig. 3 Dudyshev’s magnetic disk reducer

A – installation of magnets on disksB – structure of magnet reducer1. driving disk2. driven disk3. constant magnets of the driving disk (north magnetic poleN is above)4. constant magnets of the driven disk (south magnetic poleS is above)5. drive shaft of the magnetic reducer6. driven shaft of the magnetic reducer7. drive shaft bearing8. driven shaft bearing9. left supporting pole10. right supporting pole11. drive actuating mechanism12. driven actuating mechanism13. base

It consists of 2 parallel disks 1 and 2, fabricatedfrom any non�magnetic material, workingpotent constant magnets 3 and 4, installed onthese disks with their antipoles towards eachother. The speed reduction ratio of the drive andthe driven shafts 5 and 6 of the non�contactreducer is set in the ratio of the number ofmagnets on the disks. Due to minimal workingclearances between the working magnets, thisdevice can be applied in non�contact power gearboxes in motor transport of new generation onin other devices.

Besides, the performance index of such amagnetic reducer practically equals 1. Even nowit’s possible to create compact non�contactmagnetic reducers, capacity ranging fromhundreds of W to 60 kW, as the force ofattractive interaction of up�to�date magnetsmade of alloys like “samarium� cobalt” within asplit millimeter reaches thousands of newtons.With further developed magnetic materials andconstant magnets a magnetic reducer cantransfer up to 100� 150 kW of mechanical power.


This power range of reducers is characteristicof mechanical reducers in motor transport. Oncan adjust speed in this reducer by various ways,for example, changing the number of constantmagnets on the disks by electromagnetic andcentrifugal governors, or by shielding a part ofmagnets and other ways to change magneticattraction of the reducer disks.

Due to the fact that there are no friction partsin the magnetic reducer (MR), there ispractically no mechanical friction loss, and, asa result, there’s no runout of working parts andits economical life will be many times longerthan that of the up�to�date mechanicalreducers� they need practically no maintenance,there is no oil, no noise and vibrations. Thedesign and projection of such a mechanicalreducer is reduced to the choice of the overalldimensions of disks and reducer itself, and thechoice of the type and number of disks toprovide transmission of turning moment fromthe drive shaft to the driven, with the minimalpossible clearance.

Depending on the objective to reduce speedaccording to a definite law of capacity, momentand speed regulation, one should choose amethod of magnet number regulation (increaseor decrease) on one of the MR disks. It is alsopossible to combine the functions of a magneticbearing and a reducer in one structure. In thiscase a combined magnetic reducer�bearing isinstalled with independent shafts, and rotationspeed of the output shaft is reduced by analogy,for instance, with a magnetic disk reducer.

Totally Magnetic Engines

Perpetual motion and totally magnetic engines(ME) of this kind, which transfer magnetic fieldenergy of constant magnets into their mutualrotation and travel over one cycle, that is intokinetic energy of their mutual motion has beena dream of humanity for a long time. It’s quiteclear, that such ME will lead to the energeticrevolution in the mankind. Projects anddevelopments of such ME structures has beencarried in the world in the course of somecenturies. However, a totally magnetic motorhasn’t been constructed, as far as I know.Magnetoelectric motors designed by Minato, aJapanese inventor, are unfortunately rather

complicated and still call for numerous devicesto compensate thrusts; tracking loops for rotormagnets and energy expenses [2]. Is it possibleto design simple, totally magnetic engines? –Yes, it is! Some new methods to transfermagnetic energy of constant magnets intomechanical energy of constant motion and someprojects of simple, totally non�current ME, thatwere partially tested on simple physical modelsare given below.

Magnetic�Gravitational Engines

To begin with, one should examine methods ofpurely magnetic motors design and simplestmagnetic�gravitational engines (MGE) –magnetic pendulums and rotation MGE design.

a) Magnetic pendulum

Fig. 4 gives a simplest pendular magnetic�gravitational engine with two magnets – fixedconstant magnet 6 and mobile magnet 1,installed with its like pole on repulsion, minimalclearance in a hollow non�magnetic tube 3 withopposing spring 2 and rest 5.

Under the action of like poles repulsion, themobile magnet 1 starts to perform oscillationin vertical plane. The left�hand side of the draftshows elements of this simple “magneticpendulum” magnetomechanic system in theupper point of the pendulum 3 rise due tomagnetic fields energy of magnets 1 and 6repulsion forces. At first the left�hand side riseswith a hollow tube 2 and, repelling from magnet6, simultaneously cocks the spring inside (theextreme position of magnet 1�1 and constrictedspring 2�1 after the pendulum return to thelower point up to base 5.

Further, affected by gravity, the tube stoops, andwhen the spring straightens, the force of magnet

Fig. 4.


repulsion increases and the process cycles. Thus,the magnetic� gravitational device performsoscillatory and back�and�forth motion of themagnet 1 as to the magnet 6 combined, that isit converses magnetic energy into mechanicalone.

b) Magnetic� Gravitational Engine WhereBall Magnets Are Rotated On the Rod

A more perfect structure of a magnetic�gravitational engine of rotation (MGE) isshown in Fig. 5.

Fig. 5.

It is made up of a non�magnetic cylinder�rim 1,installed on the horizontal axis on a vertical base6. On the outside of this axis and inside the rim 1there is a cylindrical magnet 2, radiallymagnetized, where the aclinic line axis runs alongthe vertical line of the base 5. There is an arcconstant magnet 3 inside the rim, the inner radiusof which equals the outer radius of the magnet 2,on the moving radial axis 4, on the end of whichthere is a metal ball 5.

To increase the energetic efficiency of the motor,one shall install a spring energy storage device,set on axis 4 between the rim 1 and magnet 3. Fig.5 doesn’t show the spring. The number of spring�magnet rods can be more than one. In this casethey are installed on rim 1 symmetrically. Thestructure like that will increase the motor’scapacity, while the dimensions will stay constant.To start this MGE on should perform starting

rotation of rim 1 by the starting device. The motorwill go on working autonomously. The rotor 1rotation is conditioned by the fact, that theturning moment of the disk rotor 1 from the totalforce of gravity and force of magnetic repulsion ofmagnets on the left acceleration area of rim 1 ismore than retarding torque with load 5 lift. As theradii of load 5 rotation are different due to themagnetic repulsion force of magnets 1 and 3 onthe left half�turn of rim 1 (rod 4 moves forward).

On the return semicycle� halfturn of rim 1 magnets2, 3 are attracted, that is why the radius and theturning moment of load 5 decrease on this interval.One can regulate the capacity and the speed ofthe rotor�rim 1 by turning the central cylindricalmagnet 2 about its axis or by other ways, e.g.varying the working clearances between themagnets, by the rod 4 length. If magnets 2, 3 andthe load ball 5 are selected correctly, the devicewill operate steadily. It can be developed inaccordance with various capacities. The greaterthe field density of the constant magnets is andthe greater their mass is� the greater is themechanical capacity of this engine. Its area ofapplication is rather wide: ranging from souvenirsto power non�fuel gears in many kinds of motortransport. If you install such a magnetic�gravitational engine on a flat floating platform andprovide this rotor with blades, it will gather speedwithout any visible reason.

Mechanical capacity on the shaft of the bladecylinder MGE and the platform speed are yieldedonly by magnetic and gravitational energy of thisunique motor, to be more exact – by attractionand repulsion pulse of the rotor magnets as to thestator magnets. Moreover, such a non�fuel MGEcan simultaneously produce AC energy, ifinductive windings are installed on the rim. It isnatural that the total mechanical capacity andtotal energy produced by the motor�generator donot exceed capacity and energy of magnets�gravity forces interaction. They are in directdependence of the MGE dimensions, magnets 2,3 and load�ball 5 mass and properties.

c) Magnetic� Gravitational Engine“Magnetic Whirligig” Where Focal PlaneDisk Is Rotated By the Screen�Segments andthe Magnets Are Shifted In Vertical Plane

As it turned out, a whirligig� a well�known toy


can be transformed into a magnetic perpetualmotion machine. This ME is shown in Fig. 6.To improve the gravity application in the MGE,we worked out a “magnetic whirligig” device,where constant magnets perform back�and�forth motion (Fig. 6).

Fig. 6. A perpetual motion machine with rotating shutter

This MGE is made up of a horizontal disk 8,sectioned with magnetic screens 7 and aspring mechanism 9 installed on the verticalaxis 11 and connected with a lever 10 to amobile constant magnet 2, with load 6 set ina vertical non�magnetic tube 1; constantmagnets 2, 4 are installed inside the tube withlike poles 3, 5 set oppositely to repulse theupper mobile magnet 2 from the fixed lowermagnet 4.

The principle of this MGE operation is in thefollowing: magnet 2 moves upward under theaction of magnetic repulsion forces of magnet4 if there is no shutter 7 between them.

And vice versa – during the next MEsemicycle magnet 2 moves down under theaction of gravity, if magnets 2, 4 are shieldedwith a shutter – screen 7� when a segmentdisk 8 is rotated. The disk moves like awhirligig, as the spring inside the cylindricalring 9 compresses and decompresses cyclicallywhen the lever 10 connected with a mobile

magnet 2 and a recoil spring inside the rim 9performs back�and forth motion.

The rotation velocity of the disk depends onthe MGE design factor, on the constantmagnets mass and properties. One can installan electric generator 12 on axis 11. Theadvantage of these MGEs is valid usage ofmagnetic forces of repulsion in constantmagnets.

Polar Magnetic Orbital Engines

Let us consider another method to directlyconvert magnetic energy alone of constantmagnets (CM) into mechanical energy oftheir interrotation with heterogeneity oftheir magnetic fields on magnetic poles andaclinic lines of there CM. The most typicaldesigns of such polar MEs are depicted in Fig.7� 9. Experimentally, due to magnetic fieldheterogeneity of the central stator magnetand the rotor magnet, due to the rotor magnetmoment of inertia and perpetual attraction�repulsion forces interchange on various partsof the constant rotor magnet trajectory, allthese polar ME devices proved to be quiteefficient.

a) ME With a Mobile Rotor Magnet In theAxis Plane

When the CM of the rotor 2 and the rim 3 areinitially set between aclinic line and theconstant stator 1 magnet, when its poles areinitially oriented on interattraction to theopposite magnetic pole of the central fixedstator magnet and after the initial impulse ofthe rotor magnet 2 towards the closestmagnetic pole of the central magnet 1, themobile rotor� magnet 2 starts to acceleratespontaneous axial and orbital rotation aroundthe central fixed constant magnet 1 in theupper dead point.

It mechanically passes the area above themagnetic pole of the central CM and, with itslines of force, repulses from the like pole ofthe stator 1 magnet. Having passes the aclinicline, CM 1 takes a 180° turn. Experimentally,the mobile magnet 2 can sometimes performmechanically four or more axial turns on theaxis of the base 4 during its full orbital turn.


Fig. 7. Magnetic orbital engine with interrelated axial andorbital rotation of inverted rotor magnet

1. Central fixed constant magnet2. Mobile constant magnet of axial and orbital rotation3. Rim� ring of magnet 2 rotation round the magnet 14. Axial rotation platform of magnet 2МЭ – aclinic lineМСЛ – magnetic lines of force of magnet 1Blue color – north pole of magnetsRed color � south pole of magnetsV1 – orbital velocity of magnet 2 rotation round the magnet 1

V2 – axial velocity of magnet 2

However, we noticed an inevitable effect:having passed the fixed magnet 1 aclinic line,the magnet automatically swivels in space onthe plane axis to be attracted to the closest poleof the central CM with its antipole along thetrajectory of its orbital rotation with rim 3.

As a matter of fact, this is a simplified physicalmodel of a natural magnetic motor in the solarsystem (interrelated spontaneous axial andorbital rotation of constant magnet as to thecentral constant magnet).

b) Orbital Magnetic Engine With a CentralCompound Magnet (Quasimonopole) and anOrbital Mobile Magnet

This is the first device of a totally non�contactME with a compound magnet, quasimonopoleof the inverted stator. That is why the rotormagnet 2 is rigidly oriented on rim 3 as a tangentto it.

Fig. 8. Magnetic engine with a compound magnet� quasipolein the centre

1. Compound magnetic quasipole (2 fixed constantmagnets1�1 and 1�2 are installed oppositely)2. Mobile constant magnets3. Rotor with rigidly fixed magnets 24. Magnetic shields5. Magnetic lines of force of magnet 1МE – aclinic line

VI – linear velocity of magnet 2 rotation around magnet 1

Having analyzed the interaction of magneticforces of the mobile magnet of the rotor 2 withthe total magnetic pole of the statorquasimonopole 1 in such ME, we came to theconclusion that there is a permanentaccelerating force of the magnet 2 on every partof its orbit. Actually, the rotor magnet willaccelerate from the point 2�1 of the aclinic lineto the point of the magnetic pole of thequasimonopole 1. In the point of the rotormagnetic bar symmetrical installation, as Fig.8 shows, above the pole of the centralquasimonopole, obliquely and symmetrically tothe polar axis of the quasimonopole, the forceof their magnetic attraction will equal to zero,as both parts of the magnet 2 are set at one andthe same distance to this pole of thequasimonopole.

It means, that the force interaction of the rotormagnet poles is also equal, but is opposite insign. If the rotor magnet is mobile on the axis,it will turn with its antipole to the pole of the


quasimonopole 1, but it is rigidly fixed on the rim, and it will passthis pole of the magnet 1 mechanically (with the rim 3). But assoon as the rotor passes the polar point of the quasimonopole, theforce of magnetic repulsion will act up to the point where it willcross the aclinic line of the quasimonopole 1. Then, as soon as themagnet 2 crosses the aclinic line (AL), the force of magneticattraction will exert on the rotor magnet pole and the antipole ofthe magnetic monopole, due to the heterogeneous magnetic fieldof the monopole and closeness of magnetic lines of force in the areaof its second magnetic field. That is, it will move to the antipole, tothe area of the lines closeness.

Thus, this ME alternates the magnetic forces of attraction andrepulsion. The attraction force of magnets 1,2 exerts from the point2�1 up to the moment, where the rotor magnet 2 approaches theantipole of the quasimonopole.

This is the force of magnetic attraction to the area of magnetic linescloseness to the antipole of the quasimonopole. Moreover, the forceis nonlinear and increases as soon as the magnet approaches the

pole of the quasimonopolealong the rim trajectory andexerts in the area from theaclinic line to the pole of thequasimonopole. The force ofrepulsion exerts as soon asthe rotor magnet crosses themagnetic pole of thequasimonopole.

This force of like polesrepulsion exerts in the areafrom the pole up to aclinicline in the second part of themagnet 2 trajectory roundthe quasimonopole 1� incomparison with the initialpoint 2�1, and it is alsononlinear and reaches itsmaximum right after themagnetic pole of the magnet1�1, then it decreases andequals zero on the aclinicline.

c) Orbital magnetic enginewith quick and cheap effectmagnetic reversal of thefixed stator CM with arectangular loop ofhysteresis (effect ofmagnetic trigger orBarkgausen effect), Fig. 9.

If feedback is introduced,the device can operate intotally automatic regime ofmotor�generator in a self�locked inductive magneticsystem.

It is possible to addgenerator inductivewindings on the statormagnets in the MEaccording to the drafts (Fig.6� 8).

Thus, all the magneto�mechanical devices canoperate simultaneously inmobile and generatingregimes.

Fig. 9

1. Permanent magnet2. Permanent magnet3. Non�magnetic rotor4. Solenoid�stator5. Central permanent magnet6. Commutator7. Bearing mount assembly8. Radii9. Axis of rotation10. Stand11. Magnetic lines of force of the central magnet 512. Magnetic lines of force of the constant magnets 1, 2


On Physical Essence of Magnetic EnergyConversion In Magnetic Engines

In these MEs direct conversion of constantmagnets’ magnetic energy into mechanicalenergy of rotation does not violate the energyconservation law in the open energy system – akind of an energy pump of physical vacuum.This is a result of ordered and unidirectionalinteraction of ether energy with ferromagnets.Due to the ordered structure of ferromagnetsand their interaction through the forceinfluence of rotor and stator ME fields includingthe mutual arrangement of the constantmagnets, there arise conditions for intake�locking and conversion of ether energy throughthe magnets interaction into the MEmechanical yield.Really, every electron and proton of anysubstance interact with physical vacuum andthey have sink and source of ether [4].

In common materials the electron and protonspins are directed chaotically. Whenmagnetized, they become parallel in magneticdomains. Magnetic properties of materialincrease if the protons and electrons of thesubstance dominate in one position.

This effect helps to create an ordered etherstream through the constant magnets and theether vortex round the ME. As the ME rotor ismobile, the ether pressure involves it intorotation in the line of the ether vortex. Maximalpressure of the ether stream on the rotor isachieved when the bodies are totallymagnetized, e.g. if the protons and electrons arearranged in one direction. As a result, thereappear vigorous input and output ether streams.It involves pressure energy of the gaseous ether,like tornado is supported by the pressure of theEarth atmosphere. This energy of the etherpressure on the magnetic bodies rotates the MErotor magnet in relation to the fixed statormagnet if they are installed properly and itprovides the closed loop of the suggestedmagnetic engines� generators.

The ME structures are depicted onlyforeshortened and simplified. The essence of itsperformance is identical to the ME in Fig. 8. Toincrease the constant magnets interaction force

along the magnetic lines of force it is necessaryto install additional magnetic conductors,special forms of magnets and minimal clearancesbetween them.

Summary

1. Totally magnetic bearing, magnetic diskreducer and totally magnetic engines of variouskinds have been suggested and considered forthe first time.2. For the first time there have been suggestedmethods to convert magnetic and gravitationalenergy by a single structure of magneticmagnets, working over one cycle, and variousstructures of magnetic� gravitational engines ofdifferent types (oscillatory, rotational).3. The structures of magnetic engines, non�contact magnetic reducers and bearings offerthe challenge to non�fuel and efficient magneticpower engineering and mechanics.4. The suggested polar magnetic engines canbe applied in automatics to design a“permanent” orbital magnetic satellite of theEarth – a native magnet – and of other planets,possessing magnetic fields [2].5. The suggested magnetic power engineeringand mechanics is an efficient way to improvethe world power engineering and solve theproblems of global ecology. It will enable us tocreate new clean energy� saving technologies inpower engineering, industry, transport and willpermit us in prospect to eliminate theecologically harmful thermoelectric powerstations like APP and heat power plants.

References:

1. Commercialization of the Searl’s effect inpower engineering and in the area of newpropulsion systems, review, New EnergyTechnologies, No 2, 2004.2. V. D. Dudyshev, New Fuelless Space PowerEngineering, New Energy Technologies, Dec.2002.3. V.D. Dudyshev, Latent Potential Energy ofElectrical Field, New Energy Technologies, July2003.4. V.D. Dudyshev, Method of Internal EnergyExtraction From Substances, New Energy

Technologies, No 3, 2004.


Abstract

Externally charged electrodes of anelectrostatic generator induce charges ofopposite polarity on segments of a pair ofconfronting stators by means of electric fieldswithin which a pair of rotors are confinedduring rotation to vary the charge bindingfield linkages between confronting rotors andstators by a shielding action of the rotors in aplane perpendicular to the field flux. A highelectric potential difference induced betweenthe stators resulting from such rotation of therotors, is transformed by an output circuitinto a reduced DC voltage applied to a loadwith a correspondingly increase currentconducted therethrough.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. An energy conversion system including a pairof electrodes maintained electrostaticallycharged at substantially equal potentials ofopposite polarity, stator means mounted inoperatively spaced relation to said electrodes forinducement therein of charges of oppositepolarity through electric fields established bysaid equal potentials, power driven rotor meanscontinuously disposed within said electric fieldsfor receiving charged induced by said electricfields, means electrically connecting said rotormeans to the stator means for equalizing of said

High Efficient Electrostatic energy field power generating system

Hyde William W. (1685 Whitney, Idaho Falls, ID 83402, USA)Appl. No.: 211704 Filed: June 27, 1988

Editorial: We are publishing here description of Wiliam Hyde’s invention that is very useful for anyEditorial: We are publishing here description of Wiliam Hyde’s invention that is very useful for anyEditorial: We are publishing here description of Wiliam Hyde’s invention that is very useful for anyEditorial: We are publishing here description of Wiliam Hyde’s invention that is very useful for anyEditorial: We are publishing here description of Wiliam Hyde’s invention that is very useful for anyinvetor who is designing high efficient electrostatic generators. By opinion of experts W. Hyde reach ainvetor who is designing high efficient electrostatic generators. By opinion of experts W. Hyde reach ainvetor who is designing high efficient electrostatic generators. By opinion of experts W. Hyde reach ainvetor who is designing high efficient electrostatic generators. By opinion of experts W. Hyde reach ainvetor who is designing high efficient electrostatic generators. By opinion of experts W. Hyde reach avery good results: only 10% of the output power was necessary to provide work of motor and 90% ofvery good results: only 10% of the output power was necessary to provide work of motor and 90% ofvery good results: only 10% of the output power was necessary to provide work of motor and 90% ofvery good results: only 10% of the output power was necessary to provide work of motor and 90% ofvery good results: only 10% of the output power was necessary to provide work of motor and 90% ofoutput power can be used for the load of this generator. The lawyer Ronald D. Cohn wrote in his letteroutput power can be used for the load of this generator. The lawyer Ronald D. Cohn wrote in his letteroutput power can be used for the load of this generator. The lawyer Ronald D. Cohn wrote in his letteroutput power can be used for the load of this generator. The lawyer Ronald D. Cohn wrote in his letteroutput power can be used for the load of this generator. The lawyer Ronald D. Cohn wrote in his letterof Nov.18 1991 about non-exclusive license deal. The price was mentioned as 5.5 mil USD plus 2 USDof Nov.18 1991 about non-exclusive license deal. The price was mentioned as 5.5 mil USD plus 2 USDof Nov.18 1991 about non-exclusive license deal. The price was mentioned as 5.5 mil USD plus 2 USDof Nov.18 1991 about non-exclusive license deal. The price was mentioned as 5.5 mil USD plus 2 USDof Nov.18 1991 about non-exclusive license deal. The price was mentioned as 5.5 mil USD plus 2 USDfor each device (visit KeelyNet for more info about this invention).for each device (visit KeelyNet for more info about this invention).for each device (visit KeelyNet for more info about this invention).for each device (visit KeelyNet for more info about this invention).for each device (visit KeelyNet for more info about this invention).

induced charges therebetween, field linkagecontrol means for movably shielding the statormeans from the electric fields during rotationof the rotor means and output circuit meansoperatively connected to the stator means forextracting therefrom an operating voltage inresponse to movement of said shielding of thestator means.

2. The system as defined in claim 1 wherein saidstator means includes a pair of axially spacedstator discs respectively linked electrostaticallyto the electrodes by said eletric fields, the rotormeans including a pair of rotor discsrespectively disposed axially between theelectrodes and the stator discs.

3. The system as defined in claim 2 wherein saidfield linkage control means comprises angularlyspaced segments on the rotor discs havingcharged faces shielding portions of the statordiscs from the electrodes.

4. The system as defined in claim 3 wherein eachof the stator discs includes angularly spacedsurface portions confronting the angularlyspaced rotor segments and dielectric meansbetween said surface portions for confining theinduced charges thereto, the surface portions ofthe stator discs and the charged faces of therotor segments being unequal in area.

5. An energy conversion system including a pairof electrodes electrostatically charged tosubstantially equal potentials of opposite


polarity, stator means mounted in operativelyspaced relation to said electrodes forinducement therein of charges of oppositepolarity through electric fields established bysaid equal potentials, said stator meansincluding a pair of axially spaced stator discsrespectively linked to the electrodes by saidelectric fields, power driven rotor meanscontinuously disposed within said electric fieldsfor receiving induced charges thereon, meanselectrically connecting said rotor means to thestator means for transfer of said induced chargestherebetween, said rotor means including a pairof rotor discs respectively disposed axiallybetween the electrodes and the stator discs andfield linkage control means for variablyshielding the stator means from the electricfields during rotation of the rotor means, saidfield linkage control means comprisingangularly spaced segments on the rotor discshaving charged faces shielding portions of thestator discs from the electrodes, each of thestator discs including angularly spaced surfaceportions confronting the angularly spaced rotorsegments and dielectric means between saidsurface portions for confining the inducedcharges thereto, the surface portions of thestator disc having areas twice that of the areasof the charged faces of the rotor segments andoutput circuit means operatively connected tothe stator means for establishing an operatingvoltage in response to said variation in theshielding of the stator means by the rotor means.

6. The system as defined in claim 5 including apower shaft assembly on which the rotors aremounted for simultaneous rotation, saidelectrical connecting means being formed byelectrically conductive sections of said shaftassembly.

7. The system as defined in claim 6 wherein thecharged faces of the rotor segments on one ofthe rotors is formed by dielectric materialwithin which the induced charges of negativepolarity are confined in stable ion form.

8. The system as defined in claim 7 wherein saidoutput circuit means includes a pair of dcvoltage terminals, a capacitive network, andcurrent blocking diode means coupling thenetwork to the terminals and to each of thesurface portions of the stator discs for

multiplying current conducted between thestator discs while reducing potentialstherebetween to a value equal to the operatingvoltage across the dc voltage terminals.

9. The system as defined in claim 2 wherein eachof the stator discs includes angularly spacedsurface portions confronting the rotor anddielectric means between said surface portionsfor confining the induced charges thereto.

10. The system as defined in claim 9 whereinsaid output circuit means includes a pair of dcvoltage terminals, a capacitive network, andcurrent blocking diode means coupling thenetwork to the terminals and to each of thesurface portions of the stator discs formultiplying current conducted between thestator discs while reducing potentialstherebetween to the operating voltage acrossthe terminals.

11. The system as defined in claim 1 including apower shaft assembly on which the rotors aremounted for simultaneous rotation, saidelectrical connecting means being formed byelectrically conductive sections of said shaftassembly.

12. The system as defined in claim 3 whereinthe charged faces of the rotor segments on oneof the rotors is formed by dielectric materialwithin which the induced charges of negativepolarity are confined in stable ion form.

13. The system as defined in claim 1 whereinsaid stator means and said rotor meansrespectively have faces confronting each of theelectrodes, and dielectric surface means coatingthose of the confronting faces on which thecharges of negative polarity are induced andmaintained in a stable ion form for preventingeddy currents and charge leakage.

14. The system as defined in claim 1 whereinthe stator means and the rotor means have facescontinuously exposed to said electric fields onwhich the charges of negative polarity areinduced, and stabilizer means for preventingleakage of the induced charges through saidfaces.

15. The system as defined in claim 14 wherein


said stabilizer means comprises dielectricmaterial on said faces maintaining the negativecharges therein in stable ion form.

16. In an energy conversion system having anelectrode of one polarity maintained at anelectrostatic potential, a stator and a rotordisposed within an electric field establishedbetween the electrode and the stator by saidpotential on the electrode, means mounting therotor for rotation continuously within theelectric field and means electricallyinterconnecting the rotor and the stator forequalizing electrostatic charges establishedthereon opposite in polarity to said one polarity,the rotor having charged surface means partiallyshielding the stator from the electric field forproducing an electric potential on the stator inresponse to rotation of the rotor causingmovement of the charges established by theunshielded electric field.

17. The system as defined in claim 16 whereinthe stator includes means for confiningelectrostatic charges established to surfaces ofgreater total area than that of the chargedsurface means of the rotor.

18. The system as defined in claim 1 whereinsaid stator means is mounted in fixed parallelspaced relation to the electrodes and said rotormeans is rotatable about a rotational axisperpendicular to said electrodes.

19. In an electrostatic generator having a pairof axially spaced electrodes with electric fieldstherebetween establishing correspondingcapacitances, a power driven rotor and meansfor electrically interconnecting the rotor withone of the electrodes of said pair during rotationof the rotor, the improvement residing in meansfixedly mounting both of the electrodes of saidpair, said electric fields being established andmaintained by means respectively applyingcharge producing potentials of substantiallyequal and opposite polarity to the other of theelectrodes of said pair for cancellation of forcesexerted by said electric fields on the rotor,means mounted by the rotor for partialshielding of said one of the electrodes from saidelectric fields and means responsive to rotationof the rotor for extracting an output voltagegenerated on said one of the electrodes by

movement of said partial shielding thereofduring maintenance of the correspondingcapacitances established by the electric fields.

Description

This invention relates to the generation ofelectrical power by conversion of energy froman electrostatic field.

The conversion of energy from a static electricfield into useful electrical energy by means ofan electrostatic generator is already well knownin the art as exemplified by the disclosures inU.S. Pat. Nos. 2,522,106, 3,013,201, 4,127,804,4,151,409 and 4,595,852. Generally, the energyconversion process associated with such priorart electrostatic generators involves the inputof mechanical energy to separate charges so thata considerable portion of the output is derivedfrom the conversion of mechanical energy.

It is therefore an important object of the presentinvention to provide an electrostatic generatorin which electrical power is derived from theenergy of static electric fields with a minimizedinput of mechanical power.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the present invention, staticelectric fields are established betweenelectrodes externally maintained at chargelevels of opposite polarity and a pair of internalstator discs having segmental surfaces that aredielectrically spaced to confine thereon chargesinduced by the electric fields. A pair of rotordiscs are rotated within continuous electricfields in planes perpendicular to the field fluxto locationally vary the charge linkageestablished by the electric fields between theelectrodes and stator discs. Such changes incharge linkage are effected by rotation ofelectrically conductive segments of the rotorangularly spaced from each other to partiallyshield the stator discs from the electric fields.The segments of each rotor disc have chargedfaces confronting the electrodes in its field toshield the stator disc over a total face area thatis one�half the total area of the confrontingsegment surfaces on the stator disc to which theinduced charges are confined. Charges on therotors and stators are equalized by electrical


interconnections established through the rotorshafts. The stator discs are electricallyinterconnected with an electrical load throughan output circuit transforming a high potentialbetween the stator discs into a reduced dcvoltage to conduct a correspondingly multipliedcurrent through the load.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGFIGURES

These and other objects and features of thepresent invention will become apparent fromthe following description taken in conjunctionwith the preferred embodiments thereof withreference to the accompanying drawings inwhich like parts or elements are denoted by likereference numerals throughout the severalviews of the drawings and wherein:

Fig.1

FIG. 1 is a simplified electrical circuit diagramcorresponding to the energy conversion systemof the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a side section view of an electrostaticgenerator embodying the system of FIG. 1 inaccordance with one embodiment of theinvention.

Fig.3

Fig.2

Fig.4

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OFPREFERRED EMBODIMENT

Referring now to the drawings in detail, FIG. 1diagrammatically depicts the energy conversionsystem of the present invention generallyreferred to by reference numeral 10. Asdiagrammed in FIG. 1, the system includes apair of electrostatic fields 12 and 14 establishedby electrostatic charges of opposite polarityapplied to electrode plates 16 and 18 from someexternal energy source. Thus, the electrostaticfield 12 is established between electrode 16 anda stator disc 20 while the electrostatic field 14is established between electrode 18 and a stator


disc 22. In accordance with the presentinvention, electrostatic charge linkagesestablished by the flux of the fields between theelectrodes and stators are periodically varied bydisplacement within continuous energy fields12 and 14 in response to rotation of rotors 24and 26 aligned with planes perpendicular totheir common rotational axis and the field fluxas will be hereinafter described. The rotors aremechanically interconnected with an electricmotor 28, as diagrammatically illustrated inFIG. 1, for rotation about the commonrotational axis. Electrical energy may beextracted from the electric fields 12 and 14during rotation of the rotors 24 and 26 by motor28 through an output circuit generally referredto by reference numeral 30. The output circuit30 as shown, in FIG. 1 in a simplified fashion,includes two pair of current conducting diodes32A, 32B and 34A, 34B. The diodes of each pairare oppositely poled and each pair is connectedin parallel to one of the stators 20 and 22. Thediodes of each pair are also electricallyconnected across an electrical load representedby resistors 36A and 36B with capacitornetworks 38A and 38B interconnected betweeneach pair of diodes by means of which thevoltage potential between the stators 20 and 22is reduced in favor of an increased currentthrough the electrical load.

Referring now to FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 in particular,a physical embodiment of the energy conversionsystem diagrammed in FIG. 1 is shown. Theelectrodes 16 and 18 are in the form of circularplates or discs made of an electricallyconductive metal having external surfaces 40and 42 adapted to be charged from the externalsource as aforementioned. The internal surface44 of electrode 18 is thereby adapted tomaintain a positive charge opposite in polarityto the negative charge of the electrode 16 whichis maintained in a stable ion form within adielectric surface portion 46 of the electrode 16.The energy conversion system may be enclosedwithin an outer housing 48 to which theelectrodes 16 and 18 are secured.

With continued reference to FIG. 2, the stators20 and 22 mounted by housing 48 in axiallyfixed spaced relation to the electrodes 16 and18 are provided with bearings 50 and 52establishing the aforementioned common

rotational rotor axis journaling a powered shaftassembly having electrically conductive shaftsections 54 and 56 to which the rotors 24 and26 are respectively connected. In theembodiment illustrated in FIG. 2, the drivemotor 28 is mechanically interconnected withthe shaft sections 54 and 56 through anelectrically nonconductive shaft section 58 ofthe power shaft assembly for simultaneousrotation of both rotors 24 and 26 at the samespeed and in the same direction about thecommon rotational axis perpendicular toparallel spaced planes with which the electrodeand stator discs are aligned. The electricallyconductive shaft sections 54 and 56 arerespectively keyed or secured in any suitablefashion to hub portions 60 and 62 of the rotorsand are provided with flange portions 64 and66 forming electrical wipers in contact withconfronting surfaces of the stators 20 and 22,which are inductively charged by the staticelectric fields 12 and 14 to equal levels ofopposite polarity.

As more clearly seen in FIGS. 2 and 3, the rotor24 has a plurality of angularly spaced, fieldlinkage controlling segments 68 projectingradially outwardly from the hub portion 60.Each rotor segment 68 is made of an electricallyconductive metal having a face 70 on one axialside confronting the adjacent electrode 16. Thefaces 70 confronting the electrode 16 arecharged positively by the electric field 12extending between the dielectric surfaceportion 46 of electrode 16 and the stator disc20. While the electric field 12 projects throughthe spaces 72 between the rotor segments 68,the rotor segments 68 themselves shieldportions of the stator disc 20 from the electricfield.

The rotor 26 is similarly formed with rotorsegments 74 angularly spaced from each otherby spaces 76 through which the electric field14 extends between the positively chargedsurface 44 of electrode 18 and the stator 22. Therotor segments 74 of rotor 26 as shown in FIG.2, are provided with dielectric surface portions78 confronting the internally charged surface44 of electrode 18. While the rotor segments 74are negatively charged by the electric field 14within the surface portions 78, they also shieldportions of the stator disc 22 from the electric


field as in the case of the rotor segments 68hereinbefore described. The internal dielectricsurface portion 46 of electrode 16 and dielectricsurface portions 78 of rotor 26 act as a stabilizerto prevent eddy currents and leakage ofnegative charge. Further, in view of theelectrical connections established between therotors and the stator discs, the charge on eachstator is equalized with that of the charge onits associated rotor.

As shown in FIGS. 2 and 4, the stator disc 20includes a plurality of segments 82 to whichcharges are confined, closely spaced from eachother by dielectric spacers 80. The segments 82are electrically interconnected with the rotorsegments 68 through rotor shaft section 54.Similarly, the segments 84 of the stator 22 areelectrically interconnected with the rotorsegments 74 through rotor shaft section 56. Thestator segments 82 and 84 are therefore alsomade of electrically conductive metal. Each ofthe segments 82 of stator 20 is electricallyinterconnected through the output circuit 30with each of the segments 84 of the stator.

The foregoing circuit arrangement of capacitivenetwork 38A is the same as that of network 38Bby means of which aligned pairs of the statorsegments 82 and 84 have the electricalpotentials therebetween transformed into alower voltage across the load terminals 92 and94 to conduct a higher load current.

It will be apparent from the foregoingdescription that the electrostatic energy fields12 and 14 of opposite polarity are establishedmaintained between the externally chargedelectrodes 16 and 18 and the internally chargedstators 20 and 22 under static conditions.During rotation, the rotors 24 and 26continuously disposed within such energy fields12 and 14, exert forces in directionsperpendicular to the field flux representing theenergy linkages between electrodes and statorsto cause interruptions and reestablishment ofenergy linkages with portions of different statorsegments. Such energy linkage locationalchanges and the charge binding and unbindingactions between electrodes and stators createsan electrical potential and current to flowbetween stators through the output circuit 30.Thus, the output circuit when loaded extracts

energy from the electric fields 12 and 14 as aresult of the field linkage charge bindinbg andunbinding actions induced by rotation of therotors. The stator segments 82 and 84 shieldedfrom the electric fields by the moving rotorsegments 68 and 74, have electric potentials ofpolarity opposite to those of the externalelectrodes 16 and 18 because of the field linkagecharge unbinding action. Previously shieldedstator segments being exposed to the electricfields by the moving rotor segments, have thesame electric potential polarity as those of theexternal electrodes because of field linkagebinding action.

Since the forces exerted on the respectiverotors by the electric fields 12 and 14 ofopposite polarity act on the common rotorshaft assembly perpendicular to said fields,such forces cancel each other. The energyinput to the system may therefore besubstantially limited to mechanical bearinglosses and windage during conversion ofelectrostatic field energy to electrical energyas well as electrical resistance losses andother electrical losses encountered in theoutput circuit 30.

Based upon the foregoing operationalcharacteristics, rotation of the rotors inaccordance with the present invention does notperform any substantial work against theexternal electric fields 12 and 14 since there isno net change in capacitance thereby enablingthe system to convert energy with a reducedinput of mechanical energy and high efficiency,as evidenced by minimal loss of charge on theelectrodes.

It was therefore found that workingembodiments of the present invention requireless than ten percent of the electrical outputenergy for the mechanical input.

Further, according to one prototype model ofthe invention, a relatively high output voltageof 300,000 volts was obtained across the stators.By reason of such high voltage, an output circuit30 having a voltage reducing and currentmultiplying attribute as hereinbefore describedwas selected so as to render the system suitablefor many practical applications.


In August2004 we have got negative answer fromThe Russina Patent Office on our patent cliam#2002128658/06(030307) filled 25/10/2002. Thisinvention describes a new propulsion non�reactivemethod and device. The idea is to transformrotational momentum into transverse kinetic forcemomentum. The negative answer from the patentexperts was explained as impossibility to violatethe third Newton law. They said that in ourinvention there is no reaction force. We tried toexplaine that in our method and device there is thereaction force but we have rotational moemntumas reactive effect. But we failed to get patent. Nowwe are publishing this description and we hopethat some of ouor readres can eb interested todevelop joitn work with us on innovation andcommercialization of this ideas.

Application of this invention is a new transportand military topic, for example, new carrierinstead of the rockets.

The Field of the Invention

The invention is referred to means and devices toconvert rotary motion of rotating medium alonga special trajectory inside the device, into forwardmotion of the whole device and can be used tocreate propulsion systems and new means oftransport.

Description of the Prior Art

As science and technique developed, theysuggested different means and devices of exertinga driving force, which differ fundamentally fromjet engines by the fact that they do not require jetrejection of mass beyond the device case to exertdriving force. In 1926 G. Shifershtein acquired apatent No 10467 for transport, using oscillatoryload. In 1934 M. Kolmakov in the inventor’s

Vortex Propulsion DriveHistory of the invention

Alexander V. Frolov

Faraday Lab Ltd, St.�Petersburg, Russia7�812�380�3844 http://www.faraday.ru Email: [email protected]

certificate No 45781 has described a carrier thatneeds no binding with the road, as it moves due toinertia. In 1961 S. Kuptsov and K. Karpuhinacquired the inventor’s certificate No 151574 fora self�propelled system with eccentrics, whichcreate centrifugal forces. The theoretical basis ofthese means, which is necessary to develop thesetechnologies, continues nowadays and needsanalysis of physical meaning of inertia, needs thedevelopment of inertial mass notion as a result ofinteraction with physical vacuum, which, inmodern theories, is considered to be a peculiarmedium. The example of the theory is a means anda device, described in the USA patent No 5280864[1]. The devisers consider a method of short�period alteration of the objects mass, which occurswhen the vibration process is combined with thecharge� discharge of electric condenser, asdevelopment of the relativistic theory of gravity.

Some other engineering solutions describe waysof traction production due to the conversion ofmass rotation into unilateral impulse or constanttraction force. In most cases the devisers exerttraction force in mechanical devices due toasymmetrical centrifugal (centripetal) force. Inthis case the non�compensated force is usuallyaimed radially in the plane of rotation to thegradient of the centrifugal force. This gradient isprovided by constant or controlled alteration ofthe radius of rotation of solid/ liquid substance.For example, the summary of the invention(inventor’s certificate No 589150) describes a wayof the unbalanced centrifugal force exertion bymeans of the rotation radius alteration of the mass,rotating along the inner surface of the case.

The USA patent No 4631971 [2] describes a devicewith two diametrically set masses, each of themtravels along a non�symmetrical trajectory, with


the altering distance to the rotation axis; as aresult, there appears asymmetry of the centrifugalforce in the plane of rotation. The USA patent No5427330 [3] considers a similar device, where theradial attachment of the rotating massautomatically extends or shortens on the differentareas of the trajectory that generates non�symmetric centrifugal force and provides thesystem motion as a whole. The USA patent No5782134 [4] describes a tractive generator inwhich one�way traction in the plane of rotation isgenerated due to the controlled imbalance of thecentrifugal force that makes it possible to exert adriving force in arbitrary direction, also in theplane of mass rotation.

The periodical tractive force, axially oriented, isexerted in the device [5], where the radius ofrotation of the two symmetrical massive solidmediums changes periodically.

Solid rotating masses used as eccentrics limit theresources of the suggested systems because of thebreaking point of the structure. There are otherengineering solutions, using liquid as a workingmedium. [6]. The complexity of the system, thatrequires an intense magnetic field and a source ofthe electric field for magnetohydrodynamic effectlimits the area of the patent application [6].

A similar method is described in the USA patentNo 3979961 [7]. This method involves rotatingliquid, which, in the certain place of its trajectory,hits a reflecting device and transfers its impulseto the case of the structure. As a result of animbalanced centrifugal force, a constant tractiveforce exerts in the system. The effectiveness of thismethod is limited by a small amount of liquid,involved in the impulse transfer to the structurecase during the interaction with a reflector.

In [8] Spartak Polyakov and Oleg Polyakovdescribed a method and a device to exert axialtractive force with the altered radius of agyroscope rotation, and they also published theirexperimental data. In accordance with thismethod, the working mass (the gyroscope) is setin rotary motion, and then the radius of rotation,being the controlled parameter of the workingmass, is altered. When the radius of the workingmass rotation is lowered, there appears apropulsive burn, directed along the axis ofrotation. It is clear, that the alteration of the

working mass radius can be only periodical;therefore, the exerted tractive force has an impulsenature. When the working mass returns to originalposition, characterized by the maximal radius ofrotation, the tractive impulse is nil.

There is a device, which converts rotary motioninto forward motion in one direction; it isdescribed in the Russian Federation certificate fora utility model No 20946 [9], which the closest incharacter to the applied invention.

The device consists of a case and a tool, connectedwith it to impart rotary motion to the workingmass. The device is a converter of rotary motioninto forward motion in one direction. Theconverter has a basic element of rotation thatpresents a tube in the form of a cone� shapedspring, a coaxial longitudinal axis of the device, apump and liquid mercury in the tube and in thepump. The outlet pipe of the pump is connectedto the tube on the side of the conical spring base,and the outlet pipe – at the top of the spring cone.The pump is connected to a drive engine with anautonomous source of energy. The case of thedevice is fitted with mounting elements to connectit to the mobile object; in that case the converterof rotary motion is fitted with a pump, and thebasic rotating element presents a tube in the formof a cone� shaped spring, which is coaxial to theaxis of the device. The cone� shaped spring can beone�thread and screw. The pump is coaxial to theaxis of the device.

When the device is turned on, the drive, connectedto the pump and the basic rotary element, switcheson. The tube in the form of a cone�shaped springstarts to rotate, dragging the mercury. At the sametime, the pump returns the mercury along the axisof the device from the base of the cone� shapedspring to the top of it.

By this means, the mercury constantly travelsalong the tube in the form of a cone� shaped spring.Due to the fact, that in the initial period of rotationthere is speed differential of the mercury and thetube itself, there appears propulsive burn, axiallyoriented.

Still, such kind of interaction between the liquidand the tube provides a short term propulsive burn(ranging from several seconds to a minute), whicheliminates in the moment, when the speed of the


liquid equals the speed of the tube rotation. Theexperiments with this device have been described byone of the devisers, V. A. Menshikov in the article[10].

Thus, this device provides conversion of the liquidrotary motion into the forward motion of thestructure, that is the impulse of the useful one�waytractive force, which operates only during a smallperiod of time, that is why this device cannot beeffectively applied in the structures that demandcontinuous running, e.g. in carriers.

The objective of the applied invention is to generateconstant tractive force with efficient conversion ofkinetic energy of the rotating mass into the forwardmotion of the system as a whole. As the effectivenessof such systems is in direct relation to the speed ofthe working mass rotation, then liquid, gaseous,granular or plasmous rotating mass will allowincreasing specific properties of the device incomparison with the devices using solid gyratingmasses.

Object of the Invention

The basis of the invention is the task to create amethod that would provide constant normalizeddifference of speeds of the working mass and a deviceto impart motion to the working mass along the settrajectory and that would provide constant tractiveforce. The other object of the invention is a device,where the one�way conversion of the rotarymotion of the working mass into the forwardmotion of the structure would be performed dueto the interaction of the working mass with a rotorand due to the interaction of the working masswith the structure case, moreover it should beconstant and highly efficient, so that it couldprovide the basis for the new generation carriers.

Summary of the Invention

The posed problem is solved by the fact, that inthe method of rotation force exertion by means ofthe rotary motion conversion into the forward one,to set the working mass in rotary motion, inaccordance with the invention there is permanentaffection of the rotating working mass to alter theradius of its rotation. This happened due to thefact, that there is constant relative speed of motionbetween the working mass and the structureelements.

The other posed problem is solved by the fact, thatin the device to exert driving force by thealteration of the working mass rotary motion intothe forward motion of the whole structure, that iscomposed of a case, a coaxial device inside toimpart motion to the working mass along a specialtrajectory, a drive and a source of energy. Inaccordance with the invention, the device toimpart motion along a set trajectory to theworking mass is executed in the form a conicalrotor, on the tapered surface of which there is ahelical spiral, and of a conical case, the walls ofwhich are close to the rotor; the device is providedwith an additional outer case to enclose the innerconical one, and there are through holes near thebase and near the top of the conical case to jointhe inner space of the conical case to the innerspace of the outer case; the inner conical case isrigidly attached inside the fixed outer case, andthe conical rotor is installed in the outer case toenable its axial rotation.

Due to the fact, that a device to impart motionto the working mass along the helical spiral withreducing radius of rotation is executed properly,the rotating conical rotor moves the workingmass along the set trajectory relative to thefixed conical case. It provides constant relativespeed, which is a mandatory requirement of theimpulse impartation to the case of the device;that is why the conversion of rotary motion ofthe working mass into forward motion of thewhole system in one direction continuesconstantly.

Moreover, a force of reaction, targeted along theaxis of rotation on the conical rotor from themoving working mass, as the reducing radius ofthe inertial mass rotation radius increases its linearspeed, which exceeds the speed of the workingelements of the rotor. Thus, the conversion ofrotary motion into forward motion of the wholedevice results from the interaction of themoving working mass with the conical rotor.That is why the installation of the suggested powerdevices on a carrier should be performed in pairswith the opposite direction of the rotor rotation,but in the same direction of the driving force thatwill make it possible to compensate the momentof rotation imparted to the outer case of the device.

The optimal slope angle of the spiral, conditionedby its pitch, depends on the speed of the working


mass rotation in the involved section of the cone;that is why the varied pitch of the spiral mayexpediently be used to define the workingelements location.

Multifilar helix makes it possible to increase thequantity of the working mass, moving along thedefined trajectory in the clearance between theconical rotor and the conical case, which can thusincrease the output.

Brief Description of Drawings

The invention is illustrated by drawings, whereFig. 1 shows a device constructed in accordancewith the invention.

Fig.1

Fig. 2 shows another way of the inventionconstruction, with a helical curve with opposite�directed spirals on the inner surface of the conicalcase to increase the effectiveness of the curvilinearmotion of the working mass into the axial tractionforce.

Fig.2

Fig. 3 is a variant of the rotor with non�linearalteration of the cone radius and altering pitch thatincreases from the base of the cone to its top.

Detailed Description

As Fig. 1 shows, the device consists of an outercase 1 with an inner conical case 2 that has aconical rotor 3 inside with inlet and outlet holes 4and 5 for the liquid circulation. Drive 6 providesthe rotor 3 rotation, consuming energy fromsource 7. Bearings 8 and 9 are guarded againstliquid with sealing glands 10 and 11. Liquid 12fills the whole chamber of the outer case, includingthe space between the inner conical case and therotor. The outer case lid 13 has mounting holes14.

The device works in the following way. Whendrive 6 is turned on, rotor 3 is set in rotary motion.The helical spiral form of the rotor sets the liquidin motion. Centrifugal force presses it against theinner surface of the case, with probable spiralworking elements.

In this case due to the relative differential speed,the working mass and the case start to interactand it changes the trajectory of the upper layer ofthe working mass and transfers the equivalent

Fig.3


impulse to the case of the device. If the rotor andthe case are conical, the working mass is set inmotion and forcedly shifted towards the top of thecone. Still consideration must be given to the fact,that the mass starts its rotation in the base of thecone with a certain linear speed, which isdetermined by the rotor radius in this section.Inertial properties of the working mass aremanifested in the fact that due to the conservationof momentum with reduced radius of rotation thelinear speed of its movement exceeds the linearspeed on this radius of the rotor rotation. Thereappears differential speed of the working mass andthe rotor, and the speed of the rotor surface is lowerthan the speed of the working mass.

Thus, the reason of the constant force, exerted onthe rotor along the axis of its rotation, are inertialproperties of the working mass, which forcedlytravels along the spiral trajectory with reducingradius of rotation. In natural conditions the gasor liquid rotation leads to a vortex in a form of anon�linear expanding spiral, and together with thealtered radius of the vortex particles rotation, thespiral pitch alters as well. The optimal form of therotor is a form close to a natural vortex, Fig. 3.Such structure of the rotor demands acorresponding form of the conical case.

During the experiments we designed a device, thecase and the basic detail of which were made ofaluminum. The rotor diameter at the base is about80 mm, and in the area of the liquid outlet – about20 mm. To produce a vortex we used a standardelectrical engine with a 12V accumulator. Thepower consumption was about 50W. The speed ofrotation ranged from 30 to 300 rpm due to the

changed supply voltage. Water and other liquidsubstances, density of which exceeds that of waterwere used as working liquid. The produced forcewas measured with electronic scales to within 0.1g. The received results let us draw a positiveconclusion about the performance of this methodand of its practical application.

References

1. The USA patent No 5280864 of January 25, 1994, JamesF. Woodward, Method for transiently altering the mass of objectsto facilitate their transport or change their stationary apparentweights.2. The USA patent No 4631971 of December 30, 1986,Bradson R. Thornson, Apparatus for developing a propulsionforce.3. The USA patent No 5427330 of June 17, 1995, EzraShimshi, Sphereroll.4. The USA patent No 5782134 of July 21, 1998, Kames D.Booden, Electromagnetically activated thrust generator.5. The USA patent No 5557988 of September 24, 1996, JohnC. Claxton, Centripetally impelled vehicle.6. The USA patents Propulsion system No 5111087 of May5, 1992, No 5334060 of August 2, 1994, No 5410198 of April 25,1995, Kemal Butka7. The USA patent No 3979961 of September 14, 1976,Nicholas Joseph Schnur, Method and apparatus for propellingan object by an unbalanced centrifugal force with continuousmotion.8. S. M. Polyakov, O.M. Polyakov, Introduction to theexperimental gravitonics, pp. 58�59, Moscow, Prometey, 1991.9. The RF certificates on utility models, No 34 10.12.2001, p.396, A device to convert rotary motion into forward motion inone direction, V.A. Menshikov, A.F.kimov, A.A. Kachekan, V.A.Svetlichny.10. V.A. Menshikov, Experimental research of gravitationalpropulsion systems construction, the “Polyet” magazine, No 10,

2001, pp. 38� 39, Moscow .

Fig.5

Weight changes testingFig.4Details of the vortex drive


Date: Wed, 11 Aug 2004

Dear Mr. Alexander V. Frolov, Attached are some recent pictures ofPM/PEM2,MG Permanent magnet / pulseddc electromagnet motor�generator. We get excellent results from the motorand alternator separately. The bearingswere not designed for lateral loading. Wethink that this can be easily corrected byredesigning the unit to be balanced laterallyas well as axially. There will be a full Engineering Reportsoon.

Respectfully, Mr. Gary Magratten

Permanent magnet / pulsed DCelectromagnet motor-generator

Gary Magratten

[email protected]

Editor: I have to note that idea of the devicedesribed here is very similar to well knownRobert Adams’ Motor. But in any case thearticle is very useful for experimentersbuilding this kind of high efficient devices.Alexander V. Frolov

Permanent Magnet / PulsedPermanent Magnet / PulsedPermanent Magnet / PulsedPermanent Magnet / PulsedPermanent Magnet / PulsedElectromagnet Motor –Electromagnet Motor –Electromagnet Motor –Electromagnet Motor –Electromagnet Motor –

GeneratorGeneratorGeneratorGeneratorGenerator

Build a 2” round by 2” long electromagnet. Startwith a 3” by 3/16” carriage bolt. Place a 2” o.d.?3/8” i.d. steel washer on the bolt. Cut a plasticwasher from a recycled plastic lid. Use the steelwasher as a template. Place the plastic washeron the bolt. Cut a piece of mild steel 3/8” i.d.

pipe 2” long. Place the pipe on the bolt. Placean other plastic washer on the bolt and then addan other 2” steel washer with ?” i.d.. Secure theassembly with a nut. Cost [$2.00] Wrap thesteel pipe with one layer of electrical tape. Wind# 20 P.E. magnet wire on the steel pipe�boltassembly. Insulate each layer with electricaltape and bring the wire straight back to startanother later. Try to get 1,000 turns of magnetwire on the bolt. You will need about 340 I. ft.of magnet wire that you can get from any motorrepair shop. cost [$6.00] Keep the magnet wireleads about 6” long. Connect two #16 strandedcopper insulated wire leads on to the magnetwire leads. This is a simple electromagnet.Purchase a 1�1/8” o.d. by 3/8” i.d. 3/8” thickceramic magnet from a hardware store. cost[$1.00] Place the ceramic magnet on theelectromagnets carriage bolt and washer. Noticethe attractive magnetic force. Place one wire ofthe electromagnet securely on the positive postof a 12 volt automotive lead acid battery.


Now – briefly – scratch the negative terminalof the battery with other lead of theelectromagnet. Notice what happens. If theelectromagnet and permanent magnet are likepoles, they will repell with a good deal of force.This is due to the transient current developedby the initial turning on of the switch. Acapacitor will increase the transient effect. If thepoles are opposite, the electromagnet attractsthe permanent magnet.

This is a low voltage, safe demonstration of howbriefly pulsing an electromagnet can performuseful work. This is the basic principle of apermanent magnet / pulsed electromagnetmotor�generator. The rotor consist ofpermanent magnets. The stator consist ofelectromagnets. During the attractive phase ofthe two magnets coming into alignment, themagnetic flux of the permanent magnet attractsthe soft steel core of the electromagnet. Nopower is consumed.

During the repulsive phase, after the magnetshave passed center, a short duration pulse ofhigh current is delivered to the electromagnetat the optimum time. The like pole of thepermanent magnet provides half the magneticflux for the repulsion phase. The only power

consumed to perform work is for a brief [milli�sec.] pulse, each time the magnets are slightlypassed alignment. Most of the work [torque tothe shaft] is done by the permanent magnets. Aconventional electric motor consumes powerconstantly. Theory is fine and necessary, buttheory must be confirmed by experimentation.I am an engineer and a firm believer in scientificmethod. If a theory is proposed, then anexperiment that follows the design, build, testand report procedure confirms whether thetheory works or does not. This experiment issafe to perform. Please do not try to dischargea high voltage capacitor or other high voltageapparatus through the electromagnet unlessyou a trained electrician or electrical engineer.Obviously the greater the voltage, the more thecurrent. The strength of the electromagnet isdependent upon the number of turns and theamperage traveling through the coil.

Rare�earth permanent magnets are 4 times morepowerful than ceramic magnets. If you use astronger magnet please be careful – it is not forkids. Work safely and have fun!


Transient Currents and TransientTransient Currents and TransientTransient Currents and TransientTransient Currents and TransientTransient Currents and TransientVoltages Power PulseVoltages Power PulseVoltages Power PulseVoltages Power PulseVoltages Power Pulse

In the design of a permanent magnet / pulseddc electromagnet motor�generator, the creationof a high power pulse at the optimum time, whenthe permanent magnet and electromagnet areslightly past alignment, is the goal. The use ofpower is confined to a brief, few millisecondsthus conserving power and increasing efficiency.In order to create a high power pulse at theoptimum time, it is helpful to analyze transientcurrents and transient voltages.

A transient current effect is associated withsudden changes in voltage when an emf is firstapplied. A transient current is developed whena switch is turned on. In this condition, the

power is off in the circuit and then the switch isclosed. At this point in time, power, beingcurrent and voltage being to flow in the circuit,but at different rates. When the switch is firstclosed there is an immediate surge in currentwhich decreases exponentially over time to asteady state current. The voltage, on the otherhand starts at zero and increases exponentiallyto a steady state condition.

The transient current effect is significant intwo conditions, when a capacitor is employedin a basic RC circuit and when a high�voltagespark gap, exposed to open air creates anavalanche of free electrons.

Let us examine a series circuit with a capacitorand resistor. In a simple RC circuit theexponential change in current and voltage occurduring a period of five time constants. As theswitch is closed, one half of the current storedon the negative plate of the capacitor surges intothe conducting circuit during the first timeconstant. The initial value of the current isdetermined by the voltage of the capacitor andthe resistance in the circuit. The amount oftransient current is directly proportional to thevoltage and inversely proportional to theresistance. The less the resistance, the greaterthe initial current. This high current pulse ortransient current can be of a much higher valuethan the normal allowable current rating for thewire size. This is because the duty cycle, timeon / time off, allows the wire to cool in betweenpulses. This is important because the strengthof the inductive pulse is determined by theamperage and the number of turns on the electromagnet.

Simple stated, the charge on the capacitorprovides a powerful pulse of current to theelectromagnet when the switch is first closed.This high current pulse forms a very strongmagnetic flux in the turns of the electromagnet.The transient current provides an inductivekick to forcefully repell the permanent magnetand electromagnet. An other condition wherea transient current is developed is by the meansof avalanche due to the ionization of airmolecules in a high�voltage spark gap exposedto open air. It is sufficient to say that with aspark gap exposed to open air of 4 mm at 5,000vdc the process of avalanche produces some5,000 free electrons that are absorbed by thehigh voltage anode into the circuit for everyinitial electron that leaves the cathode.

Editorial note: Experiments to increase current inelectrical circuit by means of air ionization weredemonstrated also in 1996, New Ideas in NaturalSciences conference, St.Petersburg, Russia. Thismethod was patented by Russian scientistP.Yablotchkov, 1877. Efficiency was about200%.


A detailed explanation of the avalanche processcan be found in the work of L.Loeb and J.Meek’sThe Mechanism of The Electric Spark’. Transientvoltage can be employed to create avalanche. Atransient voltage is developed when a switch isturned off. In this condition, the power is on thecircuit and the switch is opened. Automotive typeignition coils are an excellent example of transientvoltage spike. The conventional Kettering sparkignition system uses a coil which performs the dualfunction of energy storage and voltage steptransformer. It is typically about 100:1 turns ratio.DC power is applied to the primary producing acurrent of about 5 amps through the 8 mH coil,storing 100 mJoule of energy. When the currentis interrupted by the points opening [switch isturned off], the voltage rises to 300 – 400 volts,(L di/dt) which is stepped up to 30 – 40 kV (opencircuit) in the secondary. This delivers the voltagespike necessary to ionize the air in the spark gapand cause avalanche. The dramatic increase incurrent developed in avalanche combined with thelarge voltage spike can produce a very powerful,short�duration pulse of power. This can beemployed to produce high magnetic flux in thecoil of the electromagnet for the repulsion of thepermanent magnet and electromagnet at theoptimum time for the optimum duration. Insummary, there are two means by which an intensepower pulse can be developed to provide highinductive kick that repells the electromagnet andpermanent magnet of a permanent magnet, pulseddc electromagnet motor�generator. Theinstantaneous discharge of a large capacitor andthe combination of avalanche with the voltagespike of an ignition type transformer. It is mysincere hope that this information will clarify thetechnology necessary to create a power pulse forthose involved in the R&D of permanent magnet/ pulsed electromagnet motor�generator systems.

Permanent Magnet,Permanent Magnet,Permanent Magnet,Permanent Magnet,Permanent Magnet,Electromagnet PhaseElectromagnet PhaseElectromagnet PhaseElectromagnet PhaseElectromagnet PhaseDiagram DescriptionDiagram DescriptionDiagram DescriptionDiagram DescriptionDiagram Description

Transition – The permanent magnet of therotor is between electromagnets. Themomentum of the rotor, [fly wheel], carries thepermanent magnet to the electromagnet.

Attraction – The permanent magnet is closeenough to the electromagnet. No power issupplied to the electromagnet. The torque issupplied by the magnetic flux of the permanentmagnet.

Neutral – Brief alignment of the permanentmagnet and electromagnet center.

Repulsion – When the permanent magnetcenter is slightly past the electromagnet center,a pulse of power fires through the electromagnetcausing the poles of the permanent magnet andelectromagnet to repell each other.

Back EMF – The permanent magnet is wellpast the electromagnet. The initial pulse ofpower creates a magnetic field. Upon the endof the power pulse, the electromagnetic fieldcollapses creating a useful voltage which maybe employed to recharge a secondary battery.

Transition – The cycle is then repeated witheach alignment of the permanent magnets andelectromagnets.

Power is consumed only during thePower is consumed only during thePower is consumed only during thePower is consumed only during thePower is consumed only during therepulsion phase. Here a shortrepulsion phase. Here a shortrepulsion phase. Here a shortrepulsion phase. Here a shortrepulsion phase. Here a short

duration, high current, high voltageduration, high current, high voltageduration, high current, high voltageduration, high current, high voltageduration, high current, high voltagepulse at the optimum time providespulse at the optimum time providespulse at the optimum time providespulse at the optimum time providespulse at the optimum time provides

torque to the rotor. torque to the rotor. torque to the rotor. torque to the rotor. torque to the rotor. An equalAn equalAn equalAn equalAn equalamount of torque is provided by theamount of torque is provided by theamount of torque is provided by theamount of torque is provided by theamount of torque is provided by the

attraction phase where theattraction phase where theattraction phase where theattraction phase where theattraction phase where themagnetic flux of the permanentmagnetic flux of the permanentmagnetic flux of the permanentmagnetic flux of the permanentmagnetic flux of the permanent

magnets do the work. This greatlymagnets do the work. This greatlymagnets do the work. This greatlymagnets do the work. This greatlymagnets do the work. This greatlyincreases the efficiency of theincreases the efficiency of theincreases the efficiency of theincreases the efficiency of theincreases the efficiency of the

motor.motor.motor.motor.motor.


Purpose of this paper is to describe a system fordeveloping a thrust by means of asymmetriccapacitors which are createdwhen a set of metallic elements are placed in anon�symmetric way inside a solid stronginsulation dielectric means that in turnis placed inside metallic casing of zero potential.This thrust, when the system works withouthaving corona effects, leads to overunity energy production; this can be explainedwithin a physics theory, which is based on theclaim for minimum contradictions.

Introduction

It is already known from existing patents thatthe asymmetric capacitors develop a non�regular (abnormal) thrust as a result of highvoltage imposed between the positive andnegative plates. Indicatively the patents [1�7]are mentioned. It is also mentioned A. Frolov’sasymmetric capacitor system which is describedin [8,9]; in these papers a reference has beenmade to the experimentalconfirmation for the thrust developmentpossibility in asymmetric capacitors havinghorizontal and vertical metallic plates. Recentlythe “lifter” device has been reported whosethrust is of the order of 2.5N [9,10]. In the abovepatents and papers there is not used anelectrostatic arrangement with a solidstrong insulating dielectric means, surroundedby a metallic casing of zero potential. A basicadvantage of the system proposed is the factthat the mechanism described herein isexternally electrically neutral.

This fact constitutes an advantage concerningon the one hand the use and on the other handthe thrust force multiplication capability by

OVER UNITY PROPULSIONOF A ZERO POTENTIAL CASING ASYMMETRIC CAPACITOR SYSTEM

Prof. Nassikas A.A.Technological Education Institute of Larissa10, Ethnikis Antistaseos Str., 41335 Larissa

E�mail: [email protected]

placing similar devices in contact. Anotheradvantage is that thestrong solid insulator dielectric contributes tothe performance of the system proposed due toits insulating capability, independently of itsspecific inductive capacity (dielectricconstant). The use of a strong insulationmaterial as dielectric means in combinationwith the geometry of the interposed metallicelements, as well as the connection way of theinsulation dielectric means with the metallicelements and with the metallic casing providethe capability of a light construction and a veryhigh thrust; e.g. system whose main weight isthe one that would have a plastic plate of 5 mmthickness, can provide a thrust of 40 kp/m2. Tenparallel such systems of total thickness 50 mmcan provide a thrustforce of 400 kp/m2. When the system is workingwithout having corona effects this means thatthe energy offered to the system is practicallyzero. Thus, when, according to calculations, thesystem is moving we have energy production ofan over�unity effect. This effect can not beexplained within aclassical physics; it could be explained with aphysics theory, which is based on the claim forminimum contradictions [11,12]. According tothis theory space�time is matter itself and it hasboth massgravitational (g) and charge�electromagnetic (em) components. The chargespace�time is regarded as an imaginarygravitational space�time which coexists withthe real one the two of them beinginterconnected. This point of view permits usto explain the thrust and the energy, of thesystem mentioned, since there is somethingmaterial i.e. the gravitational space�time, whichoffers the momentum and the energy required.In a moving electrostatic system, where there

The author wishes to thank Prof. A. Maglaras for his classical methodology calculations according to the“Quick Field” programme and according to author’s desing.


is not charge motionwith respect to the existing electric field, theenergy produced could be due to thegravitational space time energy absorbedthrough a gravitational matter space time fieldcreated due to the existing electric field; thethrust could be due to gravitational space timeabsorbed momentum change; such amoving system is the system under study.

2. Proposed Asymmetric Capacitors System

2.1 General

Inside a dielectric means 1 (Fig. 1) are placedmetallic conductors 3 which are electricallycharged in relation to the metallic casing 2,which is electrically neutral.

Fig.1Zero potential casing asymmetric capacitor system . General

arrangement

This is achieved by means of high voltageimposed between the conductors 3 and themetallic casing 2. We assume that theelectrostatic field equation is everywhere inforce, which concerning isotropic materialswith constant specific inductive capacity(dielectric constant) is as follows:

(1)

where E r is the field intensity, φ –thepotential, ρ − the density of spatial charge.

The force F according to equation (1) for anarea enclosed by a surface S is[13]:

(2)

where D is the electric displacement and n

the orthogonal unitary vector on the surface Sdirected outside the area enclosed by thesurface S . Consequently the resultant forcetot F on the whole system, according toequation (2) will be:

(3)

where ds is an elementary surface unit and dqthe surface charge corresponding to thesurface dS.

The force Ftot

is equal to zero because the fieldintensity E on the outer surface of the casing 2is equal to zero. In reality a charge dq on ametallic surface creates by induction a charge qd on the dielectric 1 surface so that:

(4)

where εr is the relative dielectric constant ofthe dielectric means 1 [14,15].

Due to the equation (4), the total resulting forceF, exerted on the charges dq and (�dq’) , becauseof the existing electric field of intensity Ecorresponding to a surface element on thesurfaces 2

in or 3

out, will be:

(5)

A coefficient 1/2 is needed because of dq and(dq’), distribution[16]; Eq.(5) shows that at thesystem surfaces always an acting force exists.Because of Eq.(5) we have:

(6)

wherein FM

is the total resultant force exertedon the conductors 2, 3, being derived if weassume thatequation (2) is in force. Then tot F,according to equation (3) should be equal tozero. When however the total resultant forceF

M exerted on the metallic elements 2,3 is not

equal to zero, then, according toequation (6), F

totwill not be equal to zero as


well. The aspect that, according to equation (3),F

tot is zero, is compatible with the fact that the

work of Ftot

must be equal to zero when theexternally offered energy is equal to zero(constant voltage and absence of leakages).However, the equation (3) does not take intoconsideration the exact forces which are exertedon the sum of the charges dq and (dq’), Eq.(6)takes into account the forces and theparticularities of the boundary conditionsbetween the surfaces 2

in, 3

out and the dielectric

means 1. At the same time Eq.(6) calculates Ftot

on the basis of the simulation being derived ifwe assume that the equations (1,2) are in force,i.e. on the basis of the classic solution of the fieldof fig.1 (boundary conditions of constantvoltage on theelements 3, zero voltage on the casing 2 anddielectric constant of element 1).

Thus the question is raised of whether theclassical approach, where F

tot is zero, or Eq.(6)

where Ftot

can be non zero, is valid. From Eq.(1)derives that we have charges in the wholeextend of the dielectric 1 if the potential secondderivative is not zero; this usually is valid inasymmetrical capacitorsand it can be verified by the aid of finiteelements calculation in various systems andmore specifically in the system proposed as itwill be later described. According to theclassical point of view [Eq.(2)] the charges indielectric 1 are virtual and they are used onlyfor the purposes of the electrostatic fieldsolution. Obviously this point of view isarbitrary; therefore Eq.(6) is more consistentsince it takes into account the existing realcharges.

2.2 Specific Arrangement [16]

The specific arrangement proposed is depictedin Fig.2. The elements 3 (3.1 and 3.2) are formedby metal deposition (e.g. by means of the “e�beam evaporation technique”) on the stronginsulation solid dielectrics 1a and 1b, excludingthe surfaces 8, wherein the elements 1a and 1bare formed by castingplastic material, e.g. polyethylene. The surfaces8 may be covered by a mask and using atechnique like lithography, in the case of metaldeposition they can be cleaned and remainuncovered. On the contrary, all the rest surfaces

of the sections 1.a and 1.b are covered by ametallic substance e.g. chrome or nickel. Thesections 1.a and 1.b are joined along the surfaces8 by an insulation adhesiveforming plates of dimensions e.g. 5 mm x 300mm x 300 mm. In the case of metal depositionon dielectric, the developed cohesion is highenough to exclude the creation of gaps, whichcould be the cause of voltage breakdown;voltage breakdown is also avoided due to thecurvature of the lower parts of element 3. Themetal elements 3 and 2 are connected to thehigh voltage ends 11 and 12 through theconductors 9 and 10, where the conductor 9 iselectrically isolated in such a way that electricalleakage to be avoided. In this way a thrust iscreated mainly due to the electric interactionof the element 3.1, the element 2.1 and theinterposed dielectric 1a.

We use the method of finite elements for thearrangement of figure 2 with the followingboundary conditions[16]. The voltage on theelements 3 is 20.000 V The voltage of the casing2 is equal to zero. The relative dielectricconstant of the dielectric means 1 is .r=1, Theteeth height of the elements 3 is 2 mm Theminimum distance between the elements 3 and2.1 is 1 mm The minimum distance between the

Fig.2

Zero potential casing asymmetric capacitor systemSpecific arrangement


elements 3 and 2.2 is 1.5 mm The distancebetween two consecutive corresponding pointsof the teeth of elements 3 is 2 mmThe curvature radius of the lower parts of theelements 3 is 0.5 mm.

On this basis we find a resultant upwardthrust F

tot = 4.17 g/cm2. The reduction surface

of Ftot

is the projection surface of the elements3 on the inner surface of the element 2.1. Thisforce is calculated�simulated according to thefinite elements method, on the basis ofEqs.(1,6). Using the same method for variousdielectric means 1 we notice that the force F

M

exerted on the metallic elements 2 and 3increase with the dielectric constant, nothappening the same concerning the thrust F

tot

because according to the equation (6) thisforce is inversely proportional to thedielectric constant. Thus, it is:

(5)

In the case in which εr=2,3 the dielectricmeans 1 may be polyethylene (PE). Themaximum developed intensity is 230 kV/cmand lies under the limit at which the Coronaphenomena for the PE start. In this contextwe observe that in order to have a high forceF

tot it is of substantial meaning the dielectric

means 1 to be a strong insulator,independently of its dielectric constant.Indeed, it is then possible for the sameminimum distance between the elements 3and 2.1 to appear higher allowable imposedvoltage and consequently capability forhigher thrust.

More specifically we can have the followingdata:Mechanism as the one depicted in Fig. 2� Material of 1a and 1b, polyethylene� Metal deposition, chrome or nickel� Fig. 2 plate dimensions, 5mm X 300mm X330mm� Thickness (1a +1b), 4.5mm� Weight 4kp/m2

� Propulsion 40kp/m2

� Propulsion of a system consisting of 10systems in touch as described above 400kp/m2

� Rest elements as described in finite elementsmethod calculation

A simple and obviously working asymmetricalcapacitor is the Frolov’s one[8,9]. In Figure 3a Frolov capacitor is depicted. According tothis figure the forces exerted on the centralmetallic plate are eliminated, while remainingthe forces achieving an upward thrust. Thiscapacitor is an open�type one i.e. it existswithin an electrical field, which is extended tothe infinity.

Fig. 3. Frolov’s asymmetrical capacitor

Editorial Notes: This scheme, which allows to getnon�zero resulting force, was published in 1994,New Energy News, USA. However, I did notconsidered application of this idea as open aircapacitor only. So, I see no novely in the Nassiaksidea, which is additional proposal to use the sameeffect in closed case. Some later I developed moreeffective design of the asymmetrical caps.Alexander V. Frolov

The proposed asymmetrical capacitor systemis investigated both for theoretical and forpractical reasons. This system is restricted byan electrically neutral casing, which impliesthat the electrical field created is alsorestricted within this casing. Thus, if thesystem works, it does mean that it is notdue to an electrostatic phenomenon; thesystem is rather gravielectrical as it will belater explained. The feature of metaldeposition on wave formed strong insulationsolid dielectric as indicated in Fig.2provide, for reasons mentioned above, a highthrust and a safe operation; this implies theexistence of great measurable magnitudeswhich can assure an over�unity operation.


Because of the fact that the elements 2.1 and2.2 of Fig.2 are metallic and electricallyneutral, there is the possibility ofmultiplication of the resultant thrust force bymeans of two or more systems proposed byconsecutively placing the next one on theformer one, as depicted in fig.4 where thepurpose is the energy production.

More specifically we can have the followingdata:Mechanism as the one depicted in Fig. 4� Mechanisms – plates 13 as in Fig. 2� Material of 1a and 1b, polyethylene� Metal deposition, chrome or nickel� Radius of disc 16, 100mm� Fig. 2 plate dimensions, 5mm X 50mm X300mm� Rest elements as described in finite elementsmethod calculation� Number of plates 13 within the ring definedby the elements 14 and 15, n = 125� Torque . = 900kpcm� Power . for 4000rpm . = 50HP

Fig.4. Zero potential casing asymmetric capacitor systemEnergy production arrangement

Editorial notes: T.T.Brown’s patent of 1927 alsodescribes application of so called “gravitators” �it is asymmentrical capacitors to create propulsionforce when they are placed on some rotor. It willcreate rotational momentum and this principle canbe used to generate electrical power from thegenerator. T.T.Brown wrote that efficiency of thisgenerator can be 1,000,000 to 1, considering thatthe leakage current can be very small. AlexanderV. Frolov.

3.Explanation Basis

When the system is working without havingcorona effects this means that the energy

offered to the system is practically zero. Thus,when, according to calculations, the system ismoving we have energy production of anover�unity effect. This effect can not beexplained within classical physics; itwould rather be explained with a physicstheory which is based on the claim forminimum contradictions [11,12].

Our basic communication system, whichconsists of the Aristotle logic, the Leibnizsufficient reason principle and the claim thatthere is anterior�posterior in ourcommunication, is contradictory [11,12].Thus, any consequences of this system canderive with the aid of a claim for minimumcontradictions. On this basis a physics theoryis least contradictory when it is described inanteriorposterior and in extension in space�time terms. This leads to a matter space�timeaether in which things exist and from whichthings are made. Lorentz’s transformationsderive on condition that a perfect (non�contradictory) physics theory can be stated;in this case, space�time is regarded ascontinuum. However, a physics theory iscontradictory since it is expressed throughthe basic communication system. This leads,on the basis of the claim for minimumcontradictions, to a stochastic matterspacetime.

The Claim for Minimum Contradictions,though being completely general, can lead byitself to the statement of minimumcontradictions physics theory [11,12].As it was mentioned according to this theoryspace�time is stochastic and it can be regardedas matter �aether. However, matter can beeither mass or charge. Thus, there exist bothmass�gravitational (g) and charge�electromagnetic (em) spacetime. The (em)spacetime behaves as a (g) spacetime , sinceboth are spacetime and obey the same principlesbut it is not. Thus, any time interval in the (em)spacetime is incomprehensible with respect toa coexisting (g) spacetime and it can beregarded as animaginary number which is incomprehensibletoo. A basic conclusion of this theory is that"The energy of any oscillating infinitesimalspacetime is equivalent to its internal time'';


where as internal time is defined a time of aphenomenon of comparison. According to thisconclusion the energy of aninfinitesimal (em) spacetime can be regardedas imaginary since it is equivalent to an (em)time interval. Therefore, in general, theelectromagnetic energy can be regarded asimaginary. A gravitational spacetime energy g Ecan be converted into an electromagneticspacetime energy em E by means of photons andvice versa this being compatible with the firstthermodynamic axiom. In extension (em) massand momentum are imaginary as well. Becauseof the fact that the interactionsbetween the (g) and the (em) space�time takeplace though photons we may assume that themomentum conservation principle is valid [17].

On this basis a space�time�matter field ingeneral, locally behaves as a particle�space�time field; if we put 1 = = h c the followingequations are valid[11,12,17,18].

(equations 7�11)

where α is the fine structure constant, Ψg и Ψem

are the gravitational and the electromagneticspacetime wave functions, which are identicalwith equivalent particle functions Ψ, and а (r,t) is a point of a hypothetical measuringfield(HMF)[11,12,18] . Eqs.(7) describeSchroedinger relativistic equations; Eq.(8)describes the energy conservation principle;Eq.(9) describes the momentum conservationprinciple. Eqs.(10,11) describe thegravitational acceleration of the (g) and the(em) space�time; theprobability densityPg(r,t) is function of Ψg,Ψg,*, and their time partial derivatives.Geometry of (g) and (em) space�time can bedefined by means of Ψg, Ψ∗g, Ψem, Ψ∗em and their

time partial derivatives[18].

Eqs(7�9) describe any kind of energy andmomentum interactions between the (g) andthe (em) space in the whole extend of asystem including its surrounding space. Wedon’t know if this equation system can besolved since it rather refers to a fractalspace[11,12].

However we can get useful information forgravielectrical problems.In a circle motion of a particle e.g. electron anoutside momentum is always required so thatits momentum is always continuouslychanging; this could take place throughgravitational energy absorption which wouldimply a momentum interaction; sinceelectron’s energy remains constant theenergy absorbed should be radiated. This iscompatible with Kozyrev radiation[19]. It isalso compatible with electron’s radiation as ithas been described by C. Whitney[20].

Eqs(10,11) show that the gravitationalacceleration of the (g) space�time isinterconnected with the gravitationalacceleration of the (em) space�time since theyare functions of Ψg, Ψ∗g, Ψem, Ψ∗em and theirtime partial derivatives which, because ofEqs(7�9), are interconnected. Thus we canstate that an electrical field creates agravitational one and vice versa.

Photon emission because of energy level swiftof an electron in the hydrogen atom could bedue to gravitational energy absorption andnot due to potential difference in proton’sfield; thus, the energy produced in variouschemical interactions could originate fromsomething material (matter space�timeabsorption) and not from a pure mathematicalnotion as the notion of potential does[21].

On this basis we can explain the thrust andthe energy, of the system proposed, since thereis something material i.e. the gravitationalspace�time which offers the momentum andthe energy required. In a moving chargewithin an electrical field, the energy producedis due to the gravitational space time energyabsorbed; the force exerted is due togravitational space time absorbed momentum


change. In a moving charge within anelectrical field, the energy produced is due togravitational space time energy absorbed; theforce exerted is due to gravitational spacetime absorbed momentum change. In amoving electrostatic system, where there isnot charge motion with respect to the existingfield, the energy produced could be due to thegravitational space time energy absorbed; thethrust could be due to gravitational spacetime absorbed momentum change; radiationmight take place for energy balance; agravitational field can be created because ofthe existing electric field; thus it can providethe energy and the momentum required.

R E F E R E N C E S

1. T.T.Brown, A method of and an apparatus ormachine for producing force or motion. GBPatent N°300311, 1928.2. T.T.Brown, Elektrokinetic Apparatus. USPatent N°2949550, 1960.3. A.H.Bahnson JR, Electrical thrust producingdevice. US Patent N°2958790, 1960.4. T.T.Brown, Elektrokinetic Transducer. USPatent N°3018394, 1962.5. T.T.Brown, Elektrokinetic Apparatus. USPatent N°3187206, 1965.6. A.H.Bahnson JR, Electrical thrust producingdevice. US Patent N°3227901, 1966.7. NASA (US)� Campbell J. (US), Apparatusfor generating thrust using a two dimensional,asymmetrical capacitor module.US2002012221, 2002.8. A.V. Frolov “Frolov’s AsymmetricalCapacitors”. New Energy Technologies,Faraday Laboratories Ltd. St PetersburgRussia, Issue #5 (8), 2002.9. A.V. Frolov, The Application of PotentialEnergy for Creation of Power, New EnergyNews, USA, 1994.10. http://jnaudin.free.fr/lifters/11. A.A.Nassikas, “The Relativity Theory andthe Quantum Mechanics under the Claim forMinimum Contradictions”, Hadronic Journal,Hadronic Press, Inc, Vol. 5, No. 6, pp. 667�696(2002).12. A.A.Nassikas, “Minimum ContradictionsPhysics as a New Paradigm”. NPA Conference,CT USA. Proceedings in Press, Journal of NewEnergy, 2003.

13. Quick Field, User’s Guide. Tera AnalysisLtd, 2002.14. J. D. Kraus, Electromagnetics. McGrawHill, 1984.15. Halliday, Resnich, Physics. John Wiley &Sons, Inc, 1976.16. A.A.Nassikas, Developing a thrust force bymeans of an electrostatic device equipped witha strong insulation dielectric and a casing of zeropotential. Patent Application 20040100246/11�06�2004, Industrial Property Organization,OBI Greece, 2004.17. A.A.Nassikas, “On MinimumContradictions Physics”. AAAS�NPAConference. Denver Colorado USA, 2004.18. A.A.Nassikas, The Hypothesis of theQuantum Space Time � Aether. GalileanElectrodynamics, Special Issues 2, 2000.19. A.N. Dadaev, Astrophysics and CasualMechanics. GED Vol. 11, Special Issues, 2000.20. C.K.Whitney. Do Atoms Really Have“States”?. PIRT�VIII 2002. London.21.A.A.Nassikas ,“The Cold Fusion As a SpaceTime Energy Pumping Process”. Proceedingsof the 8th International Conference on Cold

Fusion. Nuovo Cimento, 2000.

On this basis we can explainOn this basis we can explainOn this basis we can explainOn this basis we can explainOn this basis we can explainthe thrust and the energy, ofthe thrust and the energy, ofthe thrust and the energy, ofthe thrust and the energy, ofthe thrust and the energy, ofthe system proposed, sincethe system proposed, sincethe system proposed, sincethe system proposed, sincethe system proposed, sincethere is something materialthere is something materialthere is something materialthere is something materialthere is something materiali.e. the gravitational space-i.e. the gravitational space-i.e. the gravitational space-i.e. the gravitational space-i.e. the gravitational space-time which offers thetime which offers thetime which offers thetime which offers thetime which offers themomentum and the energymomentum and the energymomentum and the energymomentum and the energymomentum and the energyrequired. In a moving chargerequired. In a moving chargerequired. In a moving chargerequired. In a moving chargerequired. In a moving chargewithin an electrical field, thewithin an electrical field, thewithin an electrical field, thewithin an electrical field, thewithin an electrical field, theenergy produced is due to theenergy produced is due to theenergy produced is due to theenergy produced is due to theenergy produced is due to thegravitational space timegravitational space timegravitational space timegravitational space timegravitational space timeenergy absorbed...energy absorbed...energy absorbed...energy absorbed...energy absorbed...


The modern experiments on the use ofasymmetrical electric accumulators in a rolemotors shows the perceptiveness of the givenapproach, but calls for corresponding theorydevelopment. In 1998, I offered a few sentenceson nature of electric power interactions [1]. Takingthe vector sum of tension of an electric field of twointeracting bodies, Fig.1, we can make aconclusion that the reason of action of theattractive or driving away forces is the gradientelectric field, created as a result of a superpositionof usual fields of every body.

Fig.1

The summary intensity of the electric fieldbetween the bodies is more or less than intensityon the other sides. It is an obvious fact, but it waspaid a little attention. It is important to take intoaccount that the interaction is not happeningbetween the bodies, but between each body andits surrounding space, in which a gradientalelectric field is created. Coming from here,assuming that the electric forces are one of theetherodynamics phenomenon, we come to aconclusion that this type drive must work asanalogy to aerodynamical systems, but not by away of creation of a reactive stream or wing airpressure gradient, but by means of creating of aether pressure gradient. Different ether pressurein different parts of a device gives a non�zeroresulting electric force, which have mechanicalnatural force.

The nature of electric power interactions

Alexander V. FrolovFaraday Lab Ltd

http://www.faraday.ru 7�812�3803844

Let’s look at the given assumption more detailed.There are models of the physical vacuum, wherethe structure of vacuum is described as the pairedvirtual particles. The electric field may beexplained, as a structured vacuum, in which,comparing to the usual vacuum, some polarizationof the virtual particles occurs. When thepolarization is strong, a pair of particles is bornfrom vacuum (this is an experimental fact). In anycase, even a weak electrical field changes the staticbalance of virtual particles as the result theirpolarization. Due to this polarization it becomespossible to transfer the impulse from a virtualparticle to a real particle. For an observer thiseffect is displays as an electrical force interaction,i.e. attraction or repulsion of charged particles.From here is the conclusion: the basis of electricforce interactions lays is mechanical phenomenonof an impulse transfer during collision of virtualand real particles. This phenomenon is ether�dynamics effect.

In article [1] an assumption was made, which canbe practically proved if design and exploitation ofpowerful drive of this kind will be organized: Itwas assumed that the losing of some part of kineticmomentum from the virtual particles will changethe space�time properties, that is curvaturechange, or other words, to a slowing oraccelerating of any processes (speed of time) inspace.

From here appears an understanding of physicalprinciples of the electric drive work, known fromT.T. Brown’s times, that is from 1927. The specialshape of the plates or a special properties of thedielectric, which is placed between the plates, letus get a non�zero resulting force, which is acting,on a system of electrically charged bodies in aresult of the ether pressure gradient creating.It is important to note that in work [1]theoretically assumed a possibility of creatingof a propulsion force in a single charged body.


For that it is necessary to create a gradient ofelectric field surrounding the given chargedbody. Technically it is achieved due to thespecial kind of dielectric with which the chargedsurface is covered. In the work [1] an exampleof calculation for the force, which is created bya charged surface of 100 square meters surface.For 10 kV potential the force is about 80 tons.

In some publications notions of “the asymmetriccapacitors” or “Frolov’s capacitor” werementioned. In 1994 in USA it was published byme some thoughts on application of electricfields in a specific configuration to producesome useful work without any wastes of powerfrom the primary source of power [2]. On Fig. 2there is a picture from that article, illustratingone of the cases of creating of a non�zerosummary force of an electrical interaction. It isnot even an capacitor, but a system of a fewcharged bodies.

Fig.2

Later some other schemes were created, forexample, the T�shaped dielectric let to create aco�directed forces for two opposite polaritycharged bodies. (See Fig.3)

Fig.3

The same idea with a cylindrical dielectric havegot the name “Frolov’s hat”, (Fig. 4)

Fig.4

Let us mark shortly that in some systems usingcrossed magnetic and electric fields also apropuslion force can be created, that istheoretically based as the pondemotoric effect(the vector of Umov�Pointing). This is onemore ether pressure gradient effect. Howeverin such sort systems it is necessary to createsome rotation of fields and they also have someother disadvantages. That is why pure electricaldrive appear to be more interesting for thedesigners of the new aerospace propulsionsystems.

The most perspective direction of researches inthe given area is the search for the technologicaldecisions on the electric field gradient creationby means of dielectric specific properties but notby means of a special shape or the platesdisposition. A single charged body, coveredwith such dielectric (the frame of the device canbe a body like that) will be the drive of the newgeneration vehicles. At the same time theenergy losses on the leakage currents, which arein reality will have a place, can be minimized.This will allow to build a transport of any cargoload capability and it will not demand ofonboard powerful sources of energy. Thus, thecost of the cargo delivery to the space orbit canbe decreased dramatically and the spaceexploration will become real commercialprojects.

References

1. Frolov A.V., The active motion. The congress’s“The Fundamental Problems of Natural Sciences”works, volume 1, pages 195�201, RAN publishing,Saint�Petersburg, 19992 Alexander Frolov, The application of potentialenergy for creation of power, New Energy News,volume 2, N 1, May 1994, USA.


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The Secret of Antigravitation

Tim Ventura

Dear Mr. Frolov,

I haven't been cc'ing you on my latest work as I shouldhave �� I've been feeling a bit guilty about it, and thoughtI should write to ask you how the magazine is comingalong, and if there are any papers that I can submit to you.I will attach my editorial piece "Secrets of Antigravity" �� it is perhaps not the quality that I normally write, butmore an opinion piece than my other work. Also, I havecc'd you on some interesting interviews I did with RussianPhysicist Evgeny Podkletnov. Last week Dr. EugenePodkletnov stunned the experimental AG communitywith the revelation that his Superconductng Force�BeamGenerator was producing an output in excess of hundredsof pounds of pure gravitational force. We've just finisheda follow�up interview with Podkletnov to learn moreabout the results that he's been getting, and we're amazedto say that the more we learn, the more impressive hisexperiments become: Podkletnov claims that thegravitational beam is generated by a 3 to 5 megavolt droponto a 4�inch diameter superconductor, which is enclosedin a wrapped�solenoid to create a magnetic field aroundthe apparatus. Pulses are powerful enough to punchthrough brick, concrete, and deform light�metals "likehitting it with a sledgehammer". The beam doesn'tdisappear rapidly with distance �� in fact, its beenmeasured at distances of up to 5 kilometers, and seems topenetrate all materials without a decrease in force. Theseare only a few of the details that he provides as we coverlistener questions in this follow�up interview.

Original Interview (High�Quality) WinMedia Audio [1mb]http://www.intalek.com/AV/Eugene�Podkletnov.wma

Additional information is online at:h t t p : / / w w w . a m e r i c a n a n t i g r a v i t y . c o m /gravitywaves.shtml

You can reach Podkletnov directly via email at:[email protected]

Sincerely;

Tim Venturahttp://[email protected]

Community of Mind

A lot of what I do on a day to day basis consistsof talking to experts in the field of gravityresearch – not only am I interested in learningmore about the formal work that they’ve done,but I also like to hear about their thoughts andopinions as to “what makes gravity tick” – ie:the gut feelings that they have about whatworks and doesn’t in the realm of antigravityresearch.

I’ve talked to a very diverse group of peopleworking on many aspects of this technology –from Tom Bearden on the electronics andengineering side of things to Bob Lazar withrelation to his supposed work on UFO systemsfor the government in the late 80’s. I’ve talkedto a diverse mixture of ‘formal scientists’,inventors, and other people with input on thesubject and expertise to give them valuableinput. What I’ve learned doesn’t come from anyone single source, but is instead a compositefrom a group of different people workingtowards a singular goal – they compose a“community of mind” that lends its expertiseto moving the goal of antigravity researchforward.

The Limits of Science

In the interest of fairness, I should state theAntigravity research really falls outside ofconventional science. A lot of new people to AGresearch (including the ‘general interest’segment of the public) have the impression that

http://[email protected]

Phone: 425�820�5675 Mobile: 425�260�4175


we’re opposed to conventional scientificestablishment or government research efforts,but this isn’t true – the research that’s beingdone in the open�source community is reallyoutside of the scope of ‘big�science’ andgovernment�sponsored efforts, which is why itlimits our ability to work with them on theseprojects.

There are two main theories that would seemto be the path for ‘big science’ in the formalcommunity to tie in with Antigravity research– Quantum Theory and Relativity Theory. AsI’ve stated in the past, the problem is thatneither of these really provides the type ofcoverage that we need to move forward with atheory that promotes Antigravity as anextension of conventional science.

One of the main problems here is simplyobservational – thus far, devices that haveproduced an observable Antigravity effect havebeen few and far between, which makes itdifficult for the conventional scientificcommunity to really engage itself in learningabout Antigravity and tying that knowledgeback into conventional theory in terms ofmeasurable theoretical models.

Quantum Theory

I saw a lecture on the internet by Dr. RichardFeynman last week in which he describesgravity as really falling outside of the confinesof Quantum Theory due to the fact that its somuch weaker than the other forces that it isn’tmeasurable on Quantum levels (ie: in singleparticle interactions). This limitation of thescience has limited the ability of quantum�theory researchers to really include gravityresearch into their model of science, althoughsome newer theorists are making great stridesin this area.

One of the big proponents of an extension ofquantum mechanics that would include a modelfor gravity (allowing gravity shielding) is Dr.Ning Li, formerly of the University ofHuntsville. Her team, formerly part of theUniversity but now working as an independentresearch group in a startup�company has beenworking with a method of creating what shecalls “AC�Gravity” that is related to the rotating

superconductor experiments conducted byEugene Podkletnov at Tampere, Finland in1992.

Podkletnov noticed that smoke from a senior�researcher’s pipe traveled in a column uptowards the ceiling when his rotatingsuperconductor apparatus was operated undercertain conditions, and after careful workconfirming this effect he attempted to publisha document suggesting that a “gravitational�shielding” effect was happening. Despite protestby the scientific community, Dr. Ning Listepped forward nearly a year later to claim thatshe’d published a paper that had predicted hisresults nearly 2 years before he’s obtained them.

Ning Li is now working in a secret�environmenton her own experiments involving rotatingsuperconductors, and from my research I’velearned that she’s getting results – in fact, in acarefully�written communique that I receivedfrom her in early 2003 she claimed that her teamwas able to produce over 11 kilowatts of “AC�Gravity” effect. This is the last that I’ve heardfrom her on the subject, and I suspect that herstartup�company’s financiers have restrainedher from wanton publishing of her day�to�dayresearch results.

Relativity Theory

Two particles traveling parallel to each otherwill not have an interaction between theirmagnetic fields, despite a conventional field�interaction between these particles if they aren’ttraveling on parallel paths. This was a sectionof a textbook on “relativity theory applied tomagnetism” in a physics text that I own thathelped me to realize that Relativity theoryoffers more leverage into gravity research thanI’d originally thought. What it means is thatmagnetism, which is generally considered to bea fundamental force, is really nothing more thanthe interaction of the electrical fields of movingparticles. Depending on how the particles aremoving, this magnetic force may not even exist.

Decades after his death, the genius of Einstein’stheory of Relativity continues to providedirection into gravity and Antigravity research.In another recently published article, the authormentions that the gravitational field of the sun


is slightly larger due to the heat (kinetic energy)of its constituent atoms. This is a consequenceof Relativity theory, in this case related to therelative mass of a traveling particle and how itis related to the gravitational field that it createsaround itself (more mass = larger displacementof the time�space continuum).

Biefeld�Brown Notes

I’d known about the Biefeld�Brown effect forabout ten years before I became involved withbuilding Lifters. This prior knowledge camefrom a 4 year period of researching levitationand antigravity technologies with Hovertech’sBill Butler, who was interested in Biefeld�Brown because of its potential to manipulateions.

In short, the Biefeld�Brown effect uses theconcept of ‘asymmetrical capacitance’ to createthrust, but its always been a difficult idea to sellbecause of a widespread opinion in the scientificcommunity that it is nothing more than ion�wind. The Biefeld�Brown effect has defiedcategorization for the most part because it is sodifficult to isolate from the associated ion�windpresent in BB�Effect devices. In other words,these devices all use high�voltages, whichinherently lead to the creation of ion�wind.While vacuum�chamber tests might serve tofinally close the case on the BB�Effect, thechambers require a pressure of 10 E –7 torr toperform an adequate test – this pressure isexceedingly difficult to obtain withoutexpensive lab equipment and a large�scalelaboratory vacuum�chamber to test in.

Bill Butler had postulated that the Biefeld�Brown effect could be enhanced from the earlycharged�disk designs that Brown himself hadused by containing the ions with a magneticcontainment field. Although Brown’s reportedoutput didn’t meet our needs for propulsion, anenhancement to increase the efficiency could beused fill a magnetic�plenum with chargedparticles, which should have theoreticallycreated an air cushion below the devicescontainment field.

In reality, our experimentation didn’t providethe results that we’d hoped it would, although

it did open some new doors for research thatwe’d previously neglected. Consequently, I’dwritten of Lifter technology as not being highlyuseful due to the same reasons that NASA tendsto belittle it – not enough power or efficiencyfor useful propulsion.

Years went by, and I eventually became involvedwith Lifters in 2002 – these are small devicesthat utilize the Biefeld�Brown effect to actuallylift off a surface and fly using only high�voltageelectrical current. My first test flight was aninteresting experience – because of myinexperience building Lifters and some olderdesign requirements it barely stayed aloft,although the effect was spectacular enough toboth keep me interested in the technology aswell as attract the interest of the media andgeneral public.

Lifters are Linear

Since the inception of the AmericanAntigravity website in March 2002, I’ve hadthe opportunity to build and test nearly 200Lifters, and found that the qualities of thesedevices that initially made them easy toexperiment with also greatly limit thepotential efficiencies of these devices forlarge�scale commercial applications.

In other words, Lifter technology is highlyengineerable, which is positive in the sensethat it makes designing and building thesedevices much less difficult than many otherproposed Antigravity technologies. Althoughmost of the calculations that I use are closerto estimates than precise working values, theresult is that I generally have a good feel forwhen a Lifter will work or not – which is greatwhen you take into consideration thedemands of filming these devices to generatepublicity for Antigravity research.

Unfortunately, the dark side of Liftertechnology is that despite dramatic increasesin efficiency, these devices generally speakingdo not produce large amounts of thrust. Theadvances that have occurred since Brown’sday are mostly incremental advances relatedto construction and precision – no majormaterials advances or giant leaps intechnology have presented themselves.


Therefore, while increasing the size and powerof a Lifter increases its overall thrust, thelimitation on efficiency is still roughlycomparable to that of a traditional helicopter.Efficiencies on that scale would be great for acompany like Boeing or Lockheed to engineer,but aren’t quite as useful for small, independentinventors who require much higher output�thrust ratios to create new prototypes.

High�Efficiency Antigravity Systems

At the same time that testing is repeatablyproducing grams (and sometimes pounds) ofthrust from Lifter technology, there is anotherbranch of research into Antigravity technologythat seems to be producing much higherefficiencies from lower energy input.

Most members of the online Antigravitycommunity on the Internet are familiar with theclaims of inventors like Searl, Hamel, and morerecently inventors like Marcus Hollingshead.These individuals are merely a few of the manywho have stepped forward over the course ofthe 20th century to discuss experimental resultsthat they claim far exceed those attainable withLifter technology. In fact, the results thatthey’ve claimed are great enough the majoritythat it strains believability to listen to themdescribe these experiments, which alsopredictably never seem to work when a camerais rolling.

I conducted a correlation�study in early 2003to analyze the claims of inventors like Searl inthe hopes of learning more about what specifictechniques or materials they might be using toproduce thrust measurable in tons, rather thanin grams.

The study, which was not as in�depth as I’dhoped it would be, showed a few commonfeatures. Firstly, these high�output experimentsare much less repeatable and/or predictablethan technologies like the Lifters are. Whileinventors like Searl claim to be able to buildprototypes with highly consistent performance,there are a substantial number of inventors onthe net attempting to either replicate orenhance designs like the Searl device who claimto have had no results at all. The reason for

many of these prototype failures is lack ofconstruction expertise, poor materials, badtolerances, and generally low�gradeconstruction, but it would appear that severalwell�constructed prototypes have also failed.

Overall, there seems to be far more failure thansuccess in this category of device, but this couldalso be due to the generally more preciserequirements involved with building theadvanced devices in comparison to thecomparatively simple Biefeld�Browntechnology. The Searl Effect generator, whichSearl claims to have built and tested in the1960’s, actually requires at least several hundredthousand of today’s dollars, and requiresspecialized fabrication due to the requirementsof a complex magnetization process for itscomponents.

Warping Time and Space

Unlike the very linear output of the Liftertechnology, devices like the SEG or devicesbuilt by Hamel, Marcus, and others seem toproduce an effect that is not directly related totheir input energy. In other words, the effectalmost seems to be an over�unity process, exceptthat instead of generating electrical energythese devices produce a gravitational energy.

While producing twice the thrust in a Lifterrequires approximately twice the input energy,the Marcus device uses only a few hundredwatts of energy and is claimed by Marcus tocreate tons of propulsive force. Similarly, theSEG is reported to require only a spin on thecentral armature to spin the device up to speed,after which the device is supposed to not onlymaintain its speed with no input energy but alsoproduce an Antigravity effect measurable intons.

These results can also be extended to bothPodkletnov and Ning Li’s research, in that theseresearchers claim to have created a ‘column’ ofAntigravity/AC�Gravity that changes theproperties of all objects in its path. Thus, theamount of force actually exerted by thesedevices can very rapidly surpass the inputenergy.

Without having to resort to explanations


involving ‘over�unity’ processes, which arenearly akin to magic with relation to modernscience, the most likely explanation for theincredible output of the SEG and relateddevices is that they’re actually somehowmodifying the properties of time and space tocreate the operative propulsive force.

Dimensions & Bubbles

The geometry of time and space is just a tinybit different on the Earth’s surface than it is innearby space. The only real difference that wecan obviously feel is that on Earth weexperience gravity, whereas in space the samegravitational field will be much less. This isbecause as gravity’s pull tapers off with thesquare of the distance, the curvature of space�time tends to flatten out.

Picture time�space as being a flat sheet ofrubber, and the Earth as being a heavy marbleplaced onto this flat rubber sheet. Naturally, therubber would bend to accommodate themarble’s weight, and as a result anything elseon the sheet that was near the bend would alsoexperience a tendency to roll towards thatmarble.

Gravity works a lot like this rubber�sheet, andin the same way the geometry of the rubber iswarped by the weight of the marble, thegeometry of time�space is warped by the Earth’smass. Hence, we live in a gravity well, wherethe Einsteinian curvature of the fabric of spaceprovides the familiar pull that we experience asgravitational force.

Any point on the rubber�sheet surroin thevicinity of our marble has a certain curvature –an angle at which the rubber is curved.Similarly, any object sitting in the curved spacesurrounding the Earth will also be in a localizedregion of curved space. This curvature wouldn’tbe noticeable to the object itself, but to anobserver than can see both the flat part of therubber sheet and the curved part the differencewould resemble a ring around the marble (or aseries of concentric rings of different angles,which seamlessly blend into each other as therubber�sheet bends).

The idea that had occurred to me is that the

Searl Effect Generator and other devices of thistype might actually be curving space aroundthemselves, creating a region where thecurvature of space is just a tiny�bit differentthan in the local environment. If the curvatureis positive, the SEG would experience a greaterattraction to the Earth than normal, but if theSEG was able to “uncurve” space to a certaindegree then it may experience a generallyreduced gravitational attraction to the Earth.

In other words, if you push your finger up fromthe bottom of the rubber sheet, the curvaturewill disappear in that region, and any objectsrolling over that region will not experience theforce that would otherwise pull them towardsthe marble.

Curved Space and Thrust

Assuming that these devices are able to uncurveEinsteinian space, or perhaps block thegravitons that are described in QuantumMechanics, the expectation would then be thatthe SEG should sit motionless unless an upwardforce is applied. This isn’t what the reportsabout this device describe, however – the SEGcan reportedly lift tons of weight, which wouldseem to either indicate that in addition tonegating the device’s weight the SEG can alsoproduce thrust, or alternatively that somethingelse is causing an acceleration. The firstexplanation isn’t unreasonable, but the idea ofan outside influence causing the accelerationand thrust would seem to be more in�line withconventional physics.

When you inflate a helium�balloon, it willtend to rise until it reaches a point in theatmosphere where the air is thin enough thatthe displacement weight of the balloon is thesame as the external weight of thesurrounding air (after which the balloon willcease to rise). What’s intensely interestingabout this phenomenon is that the balloonitself isn’t doing any of the work – the outsideenvironment performs the work of lifting theballoon. In fact, the energy put into lifting theballoon comes specifically from the Earth’sgravitational field, as it is that gravity thatpushes the atmosphere down onto the planetand creates the 15�psi pressure that wenormally live in.


Similarly, I believe that the energy that createslift in the SEG, Marcus and Hamel devicescomes not from the devices themselves butinstead from the surrounding environment. Inshort, these devices create a curvature of time& space that’s different than the curvature ofthe surrounding environment, and as a resultthe energy in the surrounding environmentmoves this ‘bubble of curved space’ until thecurvature inside the bubble match that of thesurrounding environment.

Thus, the function of the SEG�style ofAntigravity device is simply to curve space, andin doing so, a very powerful propulsive effectemerges as a shadow force. This is an elegantsolution in that not only does it seem to meshwith Relativity Theory, it also doesn’t directlycontradict known physics.

Editorial notes: This ideas was offeed also in article“Practical application of the time control theory”,New Energy Technologies, 2001, #3. Alexander V.Frolov.

By removing the burden from the actualAntigravity device itself and placing it on theenvironment, it becomes much easier tovisualize the tons of payload that these devicesare reportedly capable of lifting. Thegravitational field of the Earth is enormous, anda great deal of energy is bound up in this field –the energy can be harnessed to perform worksimply by creating a local region of time�spacethat the Earth’s environment naturally rejects.

Side�Effects

Not only does the explanation of the SEG as adevice to curve space fit well with the reportedpayload capabilities that have been described,it also fits well with the reported ‘side�effects’of operating these devices.

While the Lifter technology has someinteresting side�effects while in operation, thehigh�output devices like the SEG, Marcusdevice, and others have an interesting array ofeffects that are described with remarkablesimilarity despite being observed by a varietyof individuals who are usually not familiar witheach other’s research.

The side�effects from these devices appear toinclude things like inertial dampening insidethe perimeter of the device’s field while inoperation, as well as changes in the air describedas a “dark blurring” or “black cloud” thatsurrounds the device while in operation. Severalother effects are also reported, but these two aresome of the more notable effects.

Marcus experimented with placing a glass ofwater partially within the field of the devicewhile it operates, which resulted in the watershowing the field perimeter by having differentwater levels inside and outside the field’sperimeter. Searl had reported that the inside ofthe SEG exhibited a constant ? G force in alldirections that provides inertial dampeningduring operation.

The description of these devices as creating alocalized curvature of time & space wouldsupport the notion of inertial dampening effects– after all, the properties of space�time aredifferent than they are outside of the device’sfield�radius. The black�cloud would result fromthe bending of light (and/or Doppler shifting)that would be expected to occur as light passesthrough a heavily distorted region of time�space.

Creating the Effect

The correlation study seemed to show acommon feature among nearly all of the devicesreported to create large�scale AG propulsion –namely, the utilization in these devices ofRotating Magnetic Fields.

It’s been said that Einstein based his study ofGravity on an examination of magnetism, andwith only a few exceptions these forcesdefinitely are similar in many respects. To beginwith, both of these forces are ‘field�only effects’– ie: magnetism only exists in the presence ofmoving electric fields, but doesn’t exist if thefields are static (indicating that it is an aspectof electricity and time/space, and not a discreteforce tied to the particle. Similarly, gravity isconsidered a consequence of the curvature oftime/space and in the past has been called a“shadow force” on different occasions becauseit is very weak and difficult to interact withdirectly.


The physics textbook example that I cited inthe first part of this treatise would seem toindicate that magnetism really doesn’t existwithout relative motion between particles –even if both of the particles are moving throughspace but yet remain motionless relative to eachother. This suggests that magnetism is a bit likethe wake in the ocean that a boat kicks up whenit passes – the effect that the wake has on otherboats is largely dependent on their orientationto it.

It is because of this similarity betweenmagnetism and gravity that I believe that theSEG is able to create a “bubble” of localizedspace�time. The device possibly uses magneticenergy to create a ‘vortex’ in the background ofthe time�space continuum, and this vortex isthen rejected from the local gravitational fieldby the surrounding environment.

Kinetic Motion

Another element that the Marcus device, SEG,and others have in common is kinetic�motion– more specifically in the form of rotation (theSEG uses rings and rollers, and the Marcusdevice utilizes circular rotating armatures,Hamel has off�center rotating magnets, etc…).Since electrons move through a wire whencurrent flows, it took me a while to figure outwhat it was about the actual motion of thedevice itself that creates the AG effect. In otherwords, if electrons are moving through a wirewhile the device operates, why do they alsorequire being physically moved through spaceby rotating part of the device itself?

Editorail notes: Prof. Butusov, St.Petersburg,proposed several methods of creation of thelongitudinal waves. For example, mechanicalrotation of the current circuit producelongitudinal waves of energy in vacuum.Properties of the waves are close to theantigravitation waves described by TimVentura. Small experimenal device was built inFaraday Lab Ltd, St.Petersburg in 2002. Thecurrent was only a few Amperes and we did notdetected some significant mass changes. But wedetected some influence of this wave toradioactivity. We assume that the Podkletnov’seffect is related with the longitudinal wavesconception. Alexander V. Frolov

Interestingly, Tom Bearden provided thesolution for me offhand one day when hementioned that electrons typically only travel8 to 10 inches per hour through copper wirewhen a normal current is flowing.

If magnetism is really a form of ‘wake’ in thefabric of space�time from moving electric fields,then it stands to reason that this magnetic�effect will be more pronounced if the electronsare moving more rapidly. After realizing howslowly electrons travel through wire in normalconduction, it stands to reason that whatevereffect they produce would be very pronouncedif they are moving much more rapidly.

Rotational Motion

The idea of rotation in these devices has beenpointed out in the past, and one of the popularexplanations for why these devices incorporaterotating components is that the rotation of thedevice creates a ‘symmetrical vortex’ in thefabric of time�space that concentrates whatevereffect would otherwise happen into a smallergeometric area. An associated idea is that if theAG effect involves disturbing the fabric of time�space then without a continuous disruption ina small physical area the fabric of time�space willlapse back to normal.

The explanation above sounds morecomplicated than it really is – in practice, thiswould be the difference between somethingtraveling rapidly through the ocean versussomething traveling in a circular manner – inthe first example the result would be a wake,and in the second a whirlpool would result.

There may be something more to this view thanconventional physics would like to believe.Conventional explanations of centrifugal forceare usually explained by being broken down intoan object attempting to travel in a straight lineand encountering a resistance, usuallyillustrated somewhat like a tether�ball travelingaround a pole and being forced into a circularpattern by the tension of the rope.

However, there have been indications that moreis going on with rotational force than meets theeye. Firstly, there was Erik Laithwaite’sstunning presentation for the Royal Academy


of Sciences. After lugging a heavy 50�poundelectric gyroscope into the auditorium, he thenpowered it up to normal rotational speed andeasily hefted it above his head using only onehand.

A Relativity Thought Experiment

Imagine yourself in a space station, where thestation is rotating enough to provide a steady1�G acceleration against the interior walls of thestation (much like the crew compartment of thespacecraft in the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey).While the traditional tether�ball explanation ofcentrifugal force would seem to explain theartificial�gravity with in Newtonian physics, itdoesn’t entirely work in Relativity Theory.

Let’s take our theoretical space�station andmove it into deep�space – perhaps a region ofspace so far removed from normal space that thestars aren’t even visible. Looking outside thespace�station, all that you would see is inky�blackness, and you couldn’t see any part of theoutside world with which to orient yourself.

Despite being in your space station in space soremote that you couldn’t tell if it was rotatingor in fact standing still with regard to the restof the Universe, you would still feel the artificialgravity pushing you down onto the floor,presumably to the same degree of force thatyou’d experience at any other point in space.

Again, in Newtonian physics this isn’t aproblem, but in Relativity theory this is a realissue. One of the major tenets of relativityassumes that everything in the Universe isrelative – that’s why time moves more slowlyin a traveling aircraft than on the Earth’ssurface, and why objects that fall into a black�hole can never reach its center (because at somepoint time stops for them due to the super�intense gravity).

In relativity theory, the only way that you canexperience the centrifugal�force inside yourspace�station is if that space�station is rotatingin relation to something else. This also applieshere on Earth – if you hold your arms out andspin around in a circle, it not only appears thatthe world is spinning, but in a world based onpure relativity theory the world IS spinning.

However, if you try this experiment you’llastutely notice that while your arms experiencea centrifugal force pushing them outward, therest of the room you are inside does not. Whatdoes this mean?

The Third Observer – Mach’s Principle

My interpretation of the experience ofcentrifugal force is that there must be a third�party that is the absolute standard that motionis compared against. Otherwise, how would itbe possible that the person on the space station(or you in your room spinning around)experiences centrifugal force while the rest ofthe Universe does not?

What I am describing here is quite simple – it’sa variant on Mach’s principle, which statessomething like that kinetic energy is related tothe sum total of all the gravitational energy inthe Universe. Mach was obviously close to thepoint, and yet all of the Mach’s principle devicesthat we’ve seen tested tend to fail miserably, sowhat gives?

Maybe Mach’s principle has nothing to do withgravitational sum�totals and everything to dowith the fabric of space�time. This fabric ofspace�time is the 3rd Observer that I mentionedabove, as well as being the means of transfer forthe actual ‘energy’ contained in kinetic energy.

Relativity theory has basically been proventhrough experimentation, and yet myelaboration on it would seem to undermine thetheory. The only way around this is if the fabricof space�time is a 3rd Observer, but also is ableto be manipulated under certain circumstances.In other words, you can bend, stretch, twist, ormangle the fabric of time and space, but beforewarned that in cases where something isactually moving through the fabric of space�time it functions as a 3rd Observer.

This explanation of time�space is a lot closer toa neo�ether theory than I would like it to be,but Einstein himself alluded to these withRelativity theory. In any case, this isn’t meantto be the foundation of a new physics – merelya new perspective on time�space that fits withthe strange effects of these Rotating MagneticField AG devices.


Heavy�Duty AG Design Specs

What I’ve been describing so far is basically a fewdifferent approaches to AG that involve RotatingMagnetic Fields. Once again, these typicallyconsist of the mechanical rotation of electricalcharges/currents through space. Depending onthe level of detail that you want to drill down to,you can really summarize the majority of larger�scale ideas as belonging to this family of AGdevices.

Paul Brown envisioned the SEG as working by afew different methods, and he wasn’t sure whichof these was correct (or the ‘most correct’ of hischoices). One that caught my eye was hisdescription of the SEG has being a Hompolargenerator, in which the SEG itself was the statorand the Earth or the Earth’s magnetic field wasthe amature.

This caught my eye after a conversation withRichard Hoagland, in which he suggested thatrotation is the key to Antigravity but thatconventional materials aren’t able to spin fastenough to normally make the effect happen on aconsistent basis. Hoagland is very familiar withthe research of the late Bruce DePalma, who hadreported some effects that resembled Antigravityeffects when working with conventional rotatingdevices and especially in his research withHomopolar generators.

While I can’t say for sure that Homopolargenerator technology is a potential means forreducing the complexity of Rotating MagneticField AG�devices, it piques my curiousity becauseit involves both rotation and magnetic fields.

While this explanation may not apply to deviceslike the Hamel design or the Marcus device, itcertainly does help to see where amateurs couldhave bad�luck creating AG if the SEG is reallyworking as a new type of Homopolar generator.

Feedback Loops

This is moving out of the territory of the knownand into the realm of things that are really justguesswork, but suppose for a moment that the keyto the SEG is that it is a Homopolar Generatorand also a magnetic energy storage device. In otherwords, a Homopolar generator works by rotating

a disk in a magnetic field, which in turn movesthe electrons in the disk to create a current. Oneof the key factors to operation is the size of themagnetic field, which would increase withrotational speed in the SEG because the rollersthemselves are Neodynium magnets.

In this view, the faster the SEG spins, the largerthe magnetic field is, which means that morecurrent is produced. Since the current beingproduced has a magnetic field of its own, it isentirely possible that the SEG can amplify theamount of power that it produces through afeedback loop.

Realistically, if the key to the SEG is a feedbackloop, I don’t think that this process is loss�lessenough to be over�unity – however, it is possiblethat the overall field could be amplified to manytimes that of other devices based on a similardesign. The key in this case would be in connectingthe electrical output from the rim of the device toan input in the center of the device, as well aspositioning the wiring�conduits to create amagnetic field that is additive with the oneproduced by default from the magnetic rollers.

The feedback�enhanced SEG would function as abattery for magnetism – storing an enormousmagnetic field in a dynamic manner in the sameway that a flywheel dynamically stores kineticenergy.

Micro�Rotation

Hoagland suggested another approach to theidea of Rotating Magnetic Field antigravity –in his view, DePalma was moving towards largermachines when the best substance to use mightbe a chunk of material in which the atoms couldbe spun synchronously. This could be achievedusing a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance techniqueand might provide a solution for creatingAntigravity on a mostly�electronic basis ratherthan the formerly�attempted kinetic�electricsystems like the SEG.

Interestingly, if rotation has some intrinsicconnection to the fabric of time�space thatmakes it especially useful in generatingAntigravity effects, then Hoagland’s idea mighthave more merit than larger�scale approachesto AG have in the past. The reason is that if both


rotation and linear motion include the conceptof directional motion, however, in rotation thedirectional motion also as a rotational radius (forinstance, the radius of each ring in an AG, or theradius of the armatures in the Marcus device). Asthis radius of rotation tightens, it’s notunreasonable to expect that whatever interestingeffects that rotation might have would beincreased as a result (after all, if the rotationalradius is zero then the object is simply travelingin a straight line).

Editorial notes: S. Poliakov and O. Poliakovdemonstrated several methods of gravitationwaves generation. One of the methods isprecession of gyroscope and change of thegyroscope radius. It can be mechanical macro�gyroscope or micro�gyroscope inferromagnetic material. Alexander V. Frolov

Imagine instead of an armature spinning withelectrons being moved in a circle with a rotationaldiameter measurable in feet, condense the picturedown to the scale of an individual atom, rotatingwith a radius so small that its not visiblymeasureable – this would have to disturb a largerportion of space in the local vicinity due to theincrease rotational speed, although admittedly ina much smaller area.

Science rarely works with individual atoms,though, and in the case of an NMR techniquefor Antigravity its much easier to work withthem in bulk. These atoms naturally have a spinassociated with them, but normally the spins arenot aligned – by using NMR to align the spinsfor specific elements, it would be interesting tosee if there is an associated weight reductioninvolved.

Hoagland actually provided another facet to hisidea of atomic�scale Antigravity, which was theconcept of precession. He cited the Laithwaiteexperiments with gyroscopes as an example ofprecession being used for uni�directional forcegeneration. This would be nearly as effective asgravitational�shielding (by comparison, Liftersare also generally considered to be uni�directional force generators).

Ordinarily, for every force, an equal an oppositeforce is created – this is why rockets use fuel,and aircraft need propellers to move the air. The

force that is generated on the propellant orsurrounding air creates an opposite force thatpropels the rocket/aircraft forward as a result.

The rumor is that Laithwaite himself becameinterested in precession after watching amechanic replace a gyroscope on an aircraft.The mechanic was pressed for time, and wascarrying the still�spinning gyroscope down thesteps of the aircraft from the cockpit to therunway below when he hit a step too hard andthe gyroscope went into precession.

Precession occurs in rotating systems when anapplied force manifests itself 90 degrees later inthe direction of rotation from the positionwhere the force was applied. In other words, thismechanic hits the step too hard and it sends amechanical shock through the gyroscope, whichin turn slams the technician’s body & thegyroscope into the pavement below at high�speed.

Hoagland suggested that it might be possible toalign atomic or possibly even molecular spin in amaterial and then find a way to send the entireblock of substance into precession – which wouldthen move in a direction with tremendous speed(the speed would probably depend on whatpercentage of the substance’s atoms/moleculeswent into precession).

Conclusion

The information above is neither complete norperfect – it’s a best�guess approach to oneparticular method of Antigravity based onreported information available both in texts andon the web. There are a lot of factors that couldinvalidate this information, including misleadingor falsified reports by inventors about whatthey’ve seen, and/or simple inaccuracies orunknowns in the underlying science.

Please note that while most of the time I take greatpains to delineate speculation from known andvalidated science, in this article I tend to blur theline a fair amount. Also, don’t leave with theimpression that the ideas that I’ve cited in thisdocument are the only paths of Antigravityresearch that are being pursued – these are in factonly a few of many approaches to AG �� I haven’tcovered the other approaches due simply to timeconstraints.


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2001, №1 (1)• An Experimental Investigation of the Physical Effects In aDynamic Magnetic System. V.V. Roschin and S.M. Godin• Torsion Technologies Are XXI Age Technologies. A. Akimov• On New Energy and Political Authority, Alexander V. Frolov• Effect of Many�Cavity Structures by Prof. Valery F. Zolotariov• Quasi�Superconductive Technology, Prof. Dmitry S. Strebkov• Water is the Basis of the Future Energetics. Phillip M. Kanarev• Over�unity Patent of 1877 by Pavel Yablotchkov• The Fundamentals of the New Principles of Motion, P. Sherbak• Pondemotor Effect. Acad. Gennady F. Ignatyev.• Experimental Gravitonics. S.M.Poliakov, O. S. Poliakov• The Physical System of Artificial Biofield. A. Mishin• Experimenting with Rate of Time. Vadim A. Chernobrov• On Some Properties of Physical Time and Space. Albert I.Veinik• Causal Mechanics. A review by Prof. Nickolay A. Kozyrev• Spin (axion) Field Generator, Alexander Shpilman• Sixth Revolution in Physics, Dr. Atsukovsky2001, №2 (2)• Kozyrev�Dirac Magnet�Monopole. Dr. Ivan M. Shakhparonov.• The Hydro�Magnetic Dynamo by Acad. Oleg Gritskevitch• Investigation of the Searl's Effect, S. M. Godin and V.V. Roshin• Theoretical Basis of the Searl's Effect, by Dr. Rykov• Hydrogen � helium Energy Dr. Oleg M. Kalinin• A New Concept of Physical World, Dr. Nikolaev.• The Main Principle of Etherodynamics, Dr. Mishin• New Experimental Data from Dr. Mishin on the Ether andAntigravity Effects. The Discovery of The Center of The Universe.• Capacitance Converter N.E.Zaev.• Longitudinal Waves. Dr. Kirill P. Butusov.• Work, Alexander V. Frolov• Reactionless Propulsion and Active Force, A.V. Frolov• Rythmodynamics of Amplitudeless fields, Y. N. Ivanov• The DNA molecule and 4�D Holography, Alexander V. Frolov• Gravity and Aether, I.Hayrullin.2001, №3 (3)• Time is a Mystery of the Universe, Dr. Lavrenty S. Shikhobalov,• Experiments With a Time Machine. Vadim Chernobrov.• Time is a Physical Substance, Dr. Kirill P. Butusov.• Experimenting With Time, Prof. Velimir Abramovich.• Practical Application of the Time Rate Control (TRC) Theory.Alexander V. Frolov, Russia• Irving Langmuir and the Atomic Hydrogen. Dr. N. Moller, Greece• Hydrogen Energy. Studennikov V.V., Kudymov G.I, Russia• On Strange Effects Related to Rotating Magnetic Systems. M.Pitkanen, Finland• Experiments with Lifters. Jean�Louis Naudin, France• On the Great Constant 137.036. Dr. Anatoly Rykov, Russia• Inertia Propulsion Drives. Boris D. Shukalov, Russia• “Silver Cup” Antigravitational Spacecraft, E. Kovalyov, Latvia• Gravity�inertial Mass. J.A. Asanbaeva, Republic Bashkiria• Propulsion due to the Relativity Effect of the Inertia Force.Takuya Ishizaka, Japan• Physical Properties of Axion Fields. Influence of an Axion Fieldon the Hardness of the Pearlitic Cast Iron. Alexander Shpilman,• On the Significance of the Conical Shape of the Rotor of Clem’sGenerator. Alexander V. Frolov, Russia• On History of the Cold Nuclear Fusion in Russia in 1960s. Review,

2002, №1 (4)• On the Possibilities of Vortex Energy. News About Experimentsby Acad. Gritskevitch O.V. and Lisniak S.A., Vladivostok, Russia.• Tesla, "Time Control" and other aspects of Tesla's research, Prof.Velimir Abramovich, Rotterdam.• Future Energy Technologies, Dr. Thomas Valone, USA.• On the Question of Work Performed by an Electrostatic Field,• New Methods of producing propulsion force. Eugene Sorokodum.• The Antigravitational Wing, Ponomarev D.V. and Shibeko R.V.• The Radio�telescope in Pulkovo Receives Signals Coming Fromthe Center of the Universe, Dr. Alexandra A. Shpitalnaya and Dr.Alexander M. Mishin, St.Petersburg, Russia.• The Inertialess Motion and Antigravity Are No More Secrets,Dr. Anatoly Rykov, Moscow, Russia.• Inductive Conversion of Heat Energy to Electrical Energy,Experiments With Magnetic Materials Aimed At Getting Free ElectricEnergy From Magnetic Materials by Nikolay E. Zaev, Moscow, Russia.• Tetra�space Coordinates, Josef Hasslberger, Italy.• To the Question of Multipolarity, Alexander V. Frolov.• Ball Lightning, Ivan Tshinarev, Tver, Russia• The Problem of Electron and Physical Properties of TimeRegarding Electronic Technologies of the 21st Century, Prof. Oleinik,• Parametrical Generation of Alternating currents byN.D.Papaleksi, Alexander V.Frolov.• Gerlovin's Theory of Activation.2002, №2 (5)• MEG Over�unity Electromagnetic Transformer by T.E.Beardenand Flux�machine, Alexander V. Frolov• Fuelless Energy, N.E.Zaev.• Symmetrization of Maxwell�Lorentz Equations. ExperimentalMethods Of Generating Longitudinal Waves in a Vacuum, K. Butusov• Vortex Heat Generators, Dr. Eugene Sorokodum.• Experimental Investigations Based on the Model ofElectromagnetic Solitary Waves (solitons), Mikhail V. Smelov• N.Kozyrev's Ideas Today, Dr. Shikhobalov.• Kozyrev on the Possibility of Decreasing the Mass and Weightof a Body Under the Influence of Active Properties of Time.• Longitudinal Thermomangetic Effect, Dr. Alexander M. Mishin.• An Introduction to Gravity, Lew Price and Mart Gibson.• A Physical Model of Experiments Carried Out by E. Podkletnov,V. Roshin and S.Godin, Anatoly Rykov• Scalar Wars, T.E.Bearden• The Problem of Electron and Superluminal Signals• Gravitational Electrolysis2002, №3 (6)• Large�Scale Sakharov Condition, D. Noever and C.Bremner• Matter As a Resonance Longitudinal Wave Process, A.V. Frolov• The Physical Principles of The Time Machine, A.V. Frolov• The Time Machine Project by Alexander V. Frolov• Kozyrev�Dirak Radiation, Ivan M. Shakhparonov• Electrical�Vortex Non�Solenoidal Fields, S. Alemanov• Physical Mechanism of Low�Energy Nuclear Reactions,V.Oleinik, Yu. Arepjev• The Evolution of the Lifter Technology, T. Ventura• Reality and Consciousness in Education and Activity, A.Smirnov• On the Influence of Time on Matter, A. Belyaeva• Ageing�Preventive Features of Bio�Heater, A. Belyaeva• A Technical Report on Belyaeva’s Heater, Sh. Mavlyandekov• Fundamental Properties of the Aether, A. Mishin


• The Influence of the Magnetic Blow�Wave Field I. Shakhparanov.• Nikola Tesla and Instantaneous Electric Communication, V.Korobeynikov• A Unified Theory of Gravity, I. Kuldoshin• New Sources of Energy from the Point of View of the UnitaryQuantum Theory, L.G. Sapogin, Yu.A. Ryabov, V.V. Graboshnikov• Antigravity Force and the Antigravity of Matter. A. K. Gaponov• A Capacitor, Which Possesses Energy of an Atomic Bomb(Review of Gaponov’s research)2002, №4 (7)• Gravitonics, Spartak M. Poliakov, Oleg S. Poliakov• Experimental Research on a Gravity Propulsion System.• The Beamship Technology, Russell Anderson• Commercial Antigravity, Tim Ventura• Action Without Reaction. Yuri N. Ivanov• New Possibilities of Vortex El. Devices, Stanislav A. Lisnyak• An Investigation of Electric Energy Transmission Processes innon�Metallic Conducting Channels, D.S. Strebkov, A.I. Nekrasov, S.V.Avraamenko• Microcosm – Universe � Life, A.G. Shlienov, E.L. Petrov• Hypothesis of a Theory of Everything, Jack P. Gibson• The Charge and Mass of a Photon, Dzabrail Kh. Baziev• The Homopolar Motor: A True Relativistic Engine, Jorge Guala�Valverde, Pedro Mazzoni, Ricardo Achilles• Weight Reductions Caused by Bucking�Field PermanentMagnets, William C. Simpson• Nuclear Waste Decontamination Technologies, M. Porringa• Experimental Investigations of the Change in the RadioactiveIsotope Half�Value Period in the Local Volume of Cause�EffectRelations, Igor A. Melnik• Tilley Electric Vehicle• The Problem of Time: Force as the Cause of Change in the Courseof Time, Valentin P. Oleinik• Time and its Physical Relationships, Andrew Michrowski• Time as a Phenomenon of the Expanding Universe, Shulman• Experiments on Thermo�Gravitation. Review2002, №5 (8)• Frolov’s Asymmetrical Capacitors• The Electrokinetic Apparatus by T.T.Brown• Nikola Tesla’s Later Energy Generator Designs, Oliver Nichelson• High�Efficiency Electrolysis, Alexander V. Frolov• New Results of Development and Testing of a Single�WireElectric Power System, Prof. Dmitry S. Strebkov, Eng. Stanislav V.Avramenko, Dr. Aleksey I. Nekrasov, Eng. Oleg A. Roschin• Shauberger’s Engine? by Eugene Arsentyev• The De Aquino ELF Gravitational Shield, Tim Ventura• Ferrites and Generation Of Free Energy by Means ofFerromagnetics, Nikolay E. Zaev• Key Concepts for the Conversion and Control of GravitationalEnergy, Glenn M. Roberts• Analysis of the Additional Energy Formation Processes inVortices and Vortex Heat Generators, Dr. Alexey M. Savchenko• Kuldoshin’s Transformer, Review• Disappearance of Inertia Force Mechanical Resonances and FreeEnergy Work, Arkady P. Kuligin• The F�Machine, Vyacheslav I. Boryak• The LUTEC Magnet Motor�Generator• How to Build Electrical Solid�State Over�Unity Devices,William Alek• The "Time" Seminar Held in Moscow State University• A Vortex DC Motor• Valerian Sobolev’s Discovery. Review• Review on the Tilley Electric Car, E. Mallove2002, №6 (9)• Some Experimental News, A.V. Frolov• On the Possibility of Controlling the Course of Time, V.P. Oleinik,Yu.C. Borimsky, Yu.D. Arepjev• Spontaneous Polarization of some Glasses and Direct Currentas an Inexhaustible Energy Source, L.G. Sapogin, Yu.A. Ryabov• New Fuelless Space Power Engineering, V.D. Dudyshev• Electrodynamic Explanation of Ball Lightning, S.B. Alemanov• The Nature of Torsion Fields, V.V. Uvarov• Matter, Space and Time in Aether Field Concept, A.M. Mishin• Reidar Finsrud’s Perpetual Mobile in Norway, John Pasley• Physical Quantum Vacuum is a Source of ElectromagneticEnergy, P.M. Shalyapin• Instantaneous Electrical Communication, V.I. Korobeynikov

• Investigation of a Single�Wire Electric Power System, D.S.Strebkov, S.V. Avramenko, A.I. Nekrasov, O. A. Roschin• Fuelless Monothermic Engine (Invention by Y. Volodko)• On Viktor S. Grebennikov’s Discoveries. Review• Experimental Study of Properties of Time. Review• Bedini Generator, David Mason• Article Update for An Introduction to Gravity, Lew P. Price• The CIP Engine Principle, Robert L. Cook• The Energy Machine of Joseph Newman, Michael Williamson• What is the RQM Technology? Review• Experimental Data on Time Control by Acad. A.I. Veinik• The Space Power Generator by P. Tewari. Review2003, №1 (10)• Testatika. A Review of a Well�Known Electrostatic System.• Cold Fusion by Plasma Electrolysis of Water. Ph.M. Kanarev.• What A Cold Fusion Is? E. Storms• Technical Introduction to LENR�CANR (Low Energy NuclearReactions). E. Storms• It all Started in 1989… (History of Cold Fusion Development).P. Hagelstein• A Science Tutorial (Cold fusion). T. Chubb• LENR (Low Energy Nuclear Reactions) Experiments.• On Electrogravitation. A.V. Lemeshko• Avalanche�drive Propulsion Device. M.L. Filho• Hydrogen�Powered Vehicles. P. Behr, G. Schneider• Unusual Permanent Magnet Motors. T. Valone• Hydrogen Energetics. A. Pashova• On the Longitudinal Electromagnetic Waves. A.V. Frolov• Space and Terrestrial Transportation. T.C. Loder• Commercialising the “Searl Effect”.• Interesting Publications of the Last Year.• “Lifter” Project• New Electric Fire Technology. V.D. Dudyshev• New Effect of “Cold” Evaporation. V.D. Dudyshev• Conceptual Hurdles to New Millennium Physics. D. Reed• Resonant Phenomena in ACurrent Circuit. A.V. Frolov2003, №2 (11)• Minato Wheel. E. Vogels (Sweden)• Mechanism of Drive�Free motion. S.A. Gerasimov (Russia)• Production of Ball Lightning. Report by A. Pashova (Russia)• Electric Discharge. G.D. Shabanov, O.M. Zherebtsov (Russia)• Free Energy. A.V. Frolov (Russia)• Some General Properties of Matter and Energy Sources. E.D.Sorokodum (Russia)• Commercial Exploration of Space. Review by O. Leontyeva.• Prospects of Hydrogen Energetics. Ph.M. Kanarev.• Heater Producing Healthy Effect. A.L. Belyaeva• Inertial Propulsion Device. V.E. Senkevich (Russia)• Unlimited Accelerated Nonreactive Motion. Review.• Revolutionary Current. S.K. Baliyan (India)• Tilley Electric Vehicle. Review.• Trends in the Application of Motor�Generators. A. Akau• Electric Vehicle in Russia. Review by A. Pashova (Russia)• The Richard Clem Motor and the Conical Pump. R. Koontz.• Spontaneous Flow Heat Pump. J.�L. Brochet (France)• Registration of Gravitational Waves. V.N. Petrov (Russia)• High�Energy Hyper�Low�Frequency Electric Field. Yu.V.Ivanko.• To the Question of Work Performed by the Electrostatic Field.A.V. Frolov (Russia)2003, №3 (12)• Designing of a Time Machines. Vadim A. Chernobrov (Russia)• Control of Temporal Parameters of Physical Processes. A. Frolov.• Etherodynamics as a New Field of Physics. V.Atsukovsky.• Electromagnetic Gravitational Interaction, V. Ya. Kosyev• Medium For Existing of Matter in Nature. Anatoly V. Rykov.• Adams Motor. Sergey S. Abramov (Russia).• Field Transformation in the Model of Extended Space. DmitryYu. Tsipenyuk (Russia).• Joe Flynn’s Parallel Path Magnetic Technology. Tim Harwood.• Flux�machine and Its Analogues. Review• Russian Patents on Alternative Energetics.• Gravitational Spaceships. Gregory R. Uspensky (Russia)• On Velocity Of Drive�Free Motion. S.A. Gerasimov• Electromagnetic Self�Action. S.A. Gerasimov, A.V. Volos• Uranium Photoaccumulator. Anton I. Yegorov (Russia)• Teleportation. Alla V. Pashova (Russia)


• “Mass Defect” in Home Conditions. Prokofy V. Sherbak.• Aether as Unified Field. Alexander M. Mishin (Russia)• Global Energy. Philip M. Kanarev (Russia)• Fusion Processes Of Molecules Of Oxygen, Hydrogen AndWater. Philip M. Kanarev (Russia)• Plasma Energy Power Generation. Bruce A. Perreault.• The Marcus Device Controversy. Tim Ventura (USA)• Systems of conversion of thermal energy to mechanical one.Review

2003, №4 (13)• Single�Wire And Wireless Electric Power Transmission. N.V.Kosinov and others (Ukraine)• The possibility of almost complete transformation of thermalenergy into mechanical one. S.N. Doonaevsky (Russia)• Inventor Club. Review. Vector Propulsion Engine(Electromagnetic Version). A. S. Tukanov (Russia)• Inertial Dynamic Generator. S.N. Schmidt (Russia)• Latent Potential Energy of Electrical Field. V.D. Dudyshev• Energy from Air. M.P. Beshok (Russia)• A Parade of Gravitational Aircrafts. V.A. Chernobrov •Energy from vacuum. Review• Meeting of Nobel Prize Laureates in Saint Petersburg• Perpetual Motor With Magnetic Control Elements.• Who Needs A Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion? I.B.Kalugin• Fuel cells. Edwin Cartlidge (USA)• Free Energy. Thomas F. Valone (USA)• Secrets of Nicola Tesla’s Experiments. S.S. Makukhin• Alternative Cold. Review• High�Efficiency Technology of Magnetic Cooling. E.N.Tishina (Russia)• Interference Disc Electric Generator. Alan L. Francoeur (anannouncement of the future article) (Canada)• Howard Johnson and his Motor. Review• Bogomolov's Centrifugal Generator. V.I. Bogomolov• Magnetic Motor. A.V. Vydrin (Russia)• “Omega” Anomalous Hydrogen Reactor• Gravitational Shielding. Harald Chmela (Austria)• The Concept of Magnetic Gas

2003, №5�6 (14�15)• Novozhilov's Motor, Y. Novozhilov, Russia• Self�Action in the case of Magnetic Rotation, S. Gerasimovand others, Russia• Capillary Motor, I. Elshansky, Russia• Gravity�Heat Energy System, V. Sukhanov, Russia• Modern Perpetual Mobile, Review• Free Energy and Antigravitation, (Spin Wave Lasers), InesEspinosa, USA• Mechanical Analogies, Y. Ivanko, Ukraina• Cell of Fine�Plasma Electrolyse, Ph. Kanarev, Russia• Smith’s Generator, Review.• Strategy of Over�unity Devices Marketing, R. Wood, USA• Hutchison Effect, Mark Solis, USA• Heat Energy Conversion by Means of Non�Linear Dielectric,A Ries and others, Brasil• Gates’ Motor, A. Akau, USA• "Cold Electricity", A.Akau, USA• Gravity Conversion Rotary Device• Torsion Technologies, China• News• Antigravitation, B.Smith, USA• Electric Levitation, MacLeod, Canada• Perpetual Mobile, V. Likhatchev, Russia• Interference Generator, A.Francouer, Canada• A New Paradigm of Time, D. Reed, USA• On the Rotating Permanent Magnet System, A.Frolov.• Inventor's Week, USA• Patents on Inertial Propulsion Systems• Bogomolov's Experiment With Spring Drive, Russia• History of Perpetual Mobile• Tesla Energy Science Conference, USA• Perendev’s Company, Review• Internet Pages About Free Energy• Matveev's Electrical Generator, Russia

• Perpetuum Motor With Magnets, France• The most interesting of 2003• Hydrogen Power Engineering, Review• News on Hydrogen Fuel Cells• Electric Discharge as Part of the Over�Unity Device.

2004, №1 (16)• Torsion Technologies Are Technologies of The XXIst Century,A.E.Akimov, Russia• The Antigravitational Platform, Review• Potapov’s Vortex Heat Generator, Yu.S.Potapov• Fuelless Air Combustion, Alexander V.Frolov• A Free Energy Generator, Zoltan Losonc, Hungary• Society for Development of Free Energy Technologies (GFE,Germany)• The “Confined B�field” Homopolar Dynamotor, J. Guala�Valverde, and Pedro Mazzoni, Argentina• A Hydroelectric Heat Generator, F.M.Kanarev, Russia• Conversion of Environmental Energy, B.M.Kondrashov,Russia• The World of Free Energy, Peter Lindemann, USA• The LUTEC Free Energy Generator, Australia• Pulsed Direct Current for Light Circuits, Gary Magratten,USA• Patent Applications on Thermo�Gravitation, Russia• An Electrogravitational Engine• “BREEZE 5000” Wind Energy Installation, T.A.Pungas,Russia• Silicon�Based Power Engineering• A Method of Extraction (Restitution) of Energy,V.F.Markelov, Russia• Asymmetric Capacitors, Alexander V.Frolov• Force on An Asymmetric Capacitor, Chris Fazi, USA• The Working Principle of Frolov’s T�Capacitor, ZoltanLosonc, Hungary• A Precession Free Energy Generator, V.I.Bogomolov.• On The Way To A New Astronautics, A.V.Perfiliev, Russia• An Energy Converter, Review• What Ever Happened To Black Light Power? Patrick Bailey,USA

2004, №2 (17)• The Techno Maestro’s Amazing Machine Kohey Minato.• A Thermomagnetic Engine, Yu. Novozilov, Russia• A System of Effective Energy Conversion, Yu. Novozilov, •News from Prof. Kanarev, Russia• U.S. Will Give Cold Fusion Second Look, Kenneth Chang,• Life After The Oil Crash, M. Savinar, USA• Movement From Nothing, P.Ball, USA• Vortex Heat Generators, Review by N. Ovtcharenko• A Thermogenerator And A Liquid�Heating Device, R.Mustafaev• Energy Generator, G.N.Ryabusov, Russia• Ethanol For The Hydrogen Economy, S. Clifford, USA• To The Stars, W. Scott, USA• Many Faces of the Electron, A.Akau, USA• Vortex Heat Generators by Yu. S. Potapov, A. Frolov.• Tesla & Schauberger Technologies, F. Germano, USA• The Nature Of The Electron, L.Price, USA• The Gravity Convertion Device• A Device For Converting Potential Energy, A.I.Doronkin, •A Manual for Designing Ether�based Engines, G.Ivanov, •How To Calculate the Efficiency, V.I.Korobeinikov, Russia• Commercializing The “Searl Effect”, Review• Wallace Minto’s Weeel• Original Ideas of William R. Lyne, Notes From Editor• The Magnetic Field Rotator, А.Sidorovitch• Newman's Motor• Road To Hydrogen, Press Release• The Waterjet Turbine, Edward Neurohr, Germany• The Homopolar Transfer of the Mass Charge, V. Dudishev, •Electron�Positron• Is A Revolution In The Fundamental Sciences Possible?V.Andrus, Ukraine• In Memory Of Eugene Mallove

• Esoterica As A Catalyst For A New Era In Physics, D.Reed,

new energy technologies issue 17

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