May | June 2011

Feature title: Natural ingredients for sustainable aquaculture

The International magazine for the aquaculture feed industry

International Aquafeed is published five times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. ©Copyright 2009 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

With aquaculture becoming increas-ingly important for the production of

animal proteins on a global scale, it is no wonder that interest has also grown in the optimisation of the nutritional and technological quality of aquafeeds.

Here, Greta Clabots, area sales manager at Beneo-Animal Nutrition, explores the ways in which ingredients can be incor-porated into aquafeeds to offer further possibilities in this sector.

Beneo-Animal Nutrition has created a range of ingredients to meet the global demand for sustainable aquafeed produc-tion. Thanks to a carefully selected portfolio of products, Beneo-Animal Nutrition can offer aquafeed producers innovative, eco-

nomical and ecologically viable solutions for high quality aquafeed.

There are three key areas which pro-ducers in this area should pay particular attention to in order to make the most of their products, these include:• Provision of high quality vegetal pro-

tein sources• Improvement of intestinal health • The optimisation of the technical qual-

ity parameters of the extrudate

High quality vegetal protein sources

Beneo -Animal Nutrition has two veg-etal protein sources in its product range that will enable producers to optimise their products:• RemyPro N70, a concentrated rice

protein• BeneoProW, vital wheat gluten

With high levels of pro-tein in both RemyPro N70 and BeneoProW, these ingredients offer producers a sustainable alternative to the use of fish meal in their aquafeed.

The high levels of protein concentra t ion in both ingredi-ents means they contain less car-

bohydrates, which is especially important for those using condensed aquafeeds. In addition, neither Beneo-Animal Nutrition protein source contains any anti-nutri-tional factors, making them ideal for use with species that have sensitive digestive systems.

BeneoPro W, vital wheat gluten

With a protein content of >80 percent, vital wheat gluten is one of the most con-centrated vegetal protein sources available. It is a high-performance alternative to fish meal in formulations and has been shown to be beneficial in the nutrition of a wide range of aquaspecies.

Studies involving sea bream (see Table 1) have reported that a 100 percent replace-ment of fishmeal with wheat gluten delivers significantly improved zootechnical results. The first thing that limits the amino acid content is lysine and, if high quantities of lysine are used, a supplementation of this amino acid is necessary.

On the other hand, wheat gluten con-tains high levels of glutamine, which is crucial for the immune response in fish.

Mink digestibility trials, which function as a reference for salmon digestibility, have shown that true protein digestibility of 99 percent is achieved. This makes vital wheat gluten one of the most digestible vegetal protein sources.

RemyPro N70, an alternative protein source

Compared to wheat gluten, rice

Natural ingredients for sustainable aquaculture

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F: Natural ingredients

Table 1: Effect of fish meal replacement by wheat gluten in various aquaspecies

Author Species Substitution level (%)

AA suppl

Growth performance vs

reference

Davies et al. (1998) R. Trout 57 Lys Comparable

Pfeffer et al. (1994) R. Trout 100 Lys Slightly worse

Storebakken et al. (2000) A. Salmon 35 - Comparable

Tibbetts et al. (2006) S. Bream 30 - Comparable

Helland et al. (2006) A. Halibut 30 - Comparable

Kissil et al. (2004) S. Bream 100 Lys, Arg, Thr better

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protein is more unknown to aquafeed p r o d u c e r s . However, it fea-tures a number of characteris-

tics, which make it a valuable ingredient for fish feeds.

As illustrated in Table 2, rice has a balanced amino acid profile and, compared to wheat protein, contains higher levels of lysine. Rice protein also contains high levels of arginine, tyrosine and phenylala-

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F: Natural ingredients

Table 2: Amino Acid Profile of rice protein (RP) and wheat gluten (WG), compared to fish meal (FM)

% of protein

Amino Acid Wheat gluten

WG/FM (%)

Rice Protein

RP/FM (%) FishMeal

Ala 2,5 40,3 5,0 81,7 6,2

Arg 3,3 53,2 9,1 147,0 6,2

Asn/Asp 3,0 32,0 8,4 88,8 9,5

Cys 2,2 217,2 1,4 142,4 1,0

Gln/Glu 36,1 261,0 21,1 152,2 13,8

Gly 3,0 45,5 3,7 56,7 6,6

His 1,8 74,7 1,5 63,8 2,4

Ile 3,4 70,5 5,1 106,1 4,8

Leu 6,6 87,0 8,4 111,4 7,6

Lys 1,6 19,4 5,0 61,3 8,1

Met 1,9 65,3 2,5 83,1 3,0

Phe 5,8 138,1 6,3 152,2 4,2

Pro 11,8 259,8 3,4 74,1 4,6

Ser 5,3 118,0 5,0 111,9 4,5

Thr 2,6 59,2 3,8 88,2 4,3

Try 0,8 71,3 1,3 121,3 1,1

Tyr 3,4 89,2 5,6 148,8 3,8

Val 3,8 67,0 6,4 114,9 5,6

Active ingredients for healthy fish

BENEO-Animal Nutrition capitalizes on BENEO‘s unique expertise in the food world. It offers a broad range of ingredients from a natural source that improve the nutritional and technological value of fish food. It covers speciality products such as vegetable proteins, functional carbohydrates and prebiotics from chicory.www.BENEO-An.com Connecting nutrition and health

Jäckering Mühlen- und Nährmittelwerke GmbHVorsterhauser Weg 46 | 59067 Hamm | Germany

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Producer of

Quality by Competence

Vital WHeat GluteNNatiVe WHeat StarcHFeed ProductS

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nutrition can play an important role in opti-mising performance and disease resistance in fish.

Prebiotics have proven to be beneficial for gut health both in human, as well as in animal nutrition. Inulin and oligofructose are fibres, which are resistant to enzymatic digestion and are selectively fermented by lactobacillae and bifidobacterium in the gut. This selective fermentation leads to a shift in bacterial flora, resulting in a reduced growth of pathogens as a consequence.

Since lactic acid bacteria is part of the normal flora of healthy fish and may even antagonise fish pathogens (Ringo and

Gatesoupe, 1998), prebiotics may also have a benefit in fish nutrition.

Despite the fact that traditional fish feed contains as little fibre as possible, Orafti® trials with shrimp, turbot, salmon and trout have all shown the positive effect of using low dosages of inulin/oligofructose; both the zootechnical performance and the fish’s resistance to infectious diseases are improved.

In Figure 1 and Figure 2 the results of a trial with 900 salmon are summarised. In this research, the fish were introduced to a Piscirickettsia salmonis infection. The results show a clear, positive effect of inulin on the overall mortality rate

and feed conversion of the fish and confirm that prebiotic inulin and oligofructose are natural and sustainable alternatives for in-feed antibiotics.

Optimising the aquafeed pellet

When formulating

These studies also show that an inclusion of rice protein concentrate of up to 20 percent is fea-sible, without any negative influence impacting on the zootechnical performance of the fish or their fillet quality.

Orafti® prebiotics for optimal gut health

Aquaculture is steadily growing worldwide and

its production capacity depends on optimal zoo-technical performance.

Nowadays, aquacul-ture involves strategies to improve the overall functioning and efficacy of an animal’s digestion, to

reduce stress and to prevent diseases. The latter can be achieved through strict envi-ronmental management and prophylactic strategies, such as vaccination.

However, vaccines do not cover all the major aquaculture diseases.

Therefore, other preventive measures must be taken as well. With this in mind,

nine, which are reported to have a positive effect on growth performance and influence pigmentation of aquaspecies.

From mink digestibility trials, it can be concluded that apparent protein digest-ibility has a value of 80 percent; the true protein digestibility of rice protein is 85 percent. These values are in line with other vegetal protein sources and confirm the potential for using rice protein in aquafeed.

Studies on sea bream (Palmegiano et al, 2007) and rainbow trout (Palmegiano et al., 2006) indicate that rice protein concentrate is a good alternative to fish meal.

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"Whether aquafeed poducers are looking for ingredients that impact zootechnical performance or animal health, or have improved technological parameters, BENEO-Animal Nutrition’s range of aquafeeds can do it all"

Table 3: Effect of VWG addition to aquafeed on the technological parameters of pellets and extrudates (Kaushik, 2000)

Feed A Feed B

Feed Mixture Pelleted Extruded Pelleted Extruded

Mass/volume (g/l) 612 580 633 504

Durability (mechanical, pfost) (%) 87 100 93 99

Durability (pneumatic, holmen) (%) 25 97 70 94

Buoyancy (% residues at 30sec) 0 0 0 10

Sinking rate (cm/sec) 8 6,2 9,7 4

Water Stability (% residues at 10 min and 1hr) 30/89 0/4 17/37 11/92

Slope of particle breakdown (10-60 min) 0,0114 0,0097 0,0052 0,0167

Oil absorbing capacity (%) 16 18 16 31

A: basal diet containing fishmeal, fish oil, gelatinised starch, vitamin and mineral mixtures

B: 80% A + 20% wheat gluten

Table 4: Beneo application matrix

Fish meal Replacement

Technological ingredient

Optimising gut health

BeneoPro W *** ***

Orafti® Prebiotics * **

RemyPro N70 ***

Remy starches ***

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Kaushik, S (2000). Feed formulation, diet development and feed technology In: In. Recent advances in Mediterranean aquaculture finfish species diversification. Zaragoza: CIHEAM-IAMZ, 2000. p. 43-51

Kissil, G.W. & I. Lupatsch. (2004). Successful replacement of fishmeal by plant proteins in diets for the Gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata l. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture – Bamidgeh 56(3): 188-199.

Ringo E., Gatesoupe F.J., 1998. Lactic acid bacteria in fish: a review. Aquacultural Research

26, 773-789.

Palmegiano GB, Costanzo MT, Daprà F, Gai F, Galletta MG, Maricchiolo G, et al. (2007) Rice protein concentrate

meal as potential dietary ingredient in practical diets for blackspot seabream (Pagellus bogaraveo). Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition. 2007 Jun; 91(5-6):235-9.

Pfeffer, E., Henrichfreise, B., 1994. Evaluation of potential sources of protein in diets for rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 45, 371–377.

T. Storebakken, K. D. Shearer, G. Baeverfjord, B. G. Nielsen, T. Åsgård, T. Scott and A. De Laporte (2000) Digestibility of macronutrients, energy and amino acids, absorption of elements and absence of intestinal enteritis in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, fed diets with wheat gluten. Aquaculture, Volume 184, Issues 1-2, 3 April 2000, Pages 115-132

Tibbetts, S.M., Milley, J.E. & Lall, S.P. (2006) Apparent protein and energy digestibility of common and alternative feed ingredients by Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua (Linnaeus, 1758). Aquaculture, 261, 1314–1327

its cereal based equivalents, this results in increased resistance towards the formation of steam pockets.

When the extrudate cools down, the rice starch product’s structure is more homogeneous and its surface smoother, improving the pellets the overall perfor-mance and durability in water.

Not only is the surface of the pellet smoother when rice flour is used in the extrusion process, but the expansion of extrudate products is also modified when rice flour is added. Rice starch has a positive effect on the expansion of an extrudate and, since expansion characteristics are directly linked to the bulk density of the pellet, adding rice flour or starches to fish feed enables the aquafeed producer to adjust the floating capacities of extruded fish feed to suit their specific requirements.

ConclusionPromoting multi-purpose nutrition and

sustainable aquaculture production, BENEO ingredients are the obvious choice. So, whether aquafeed producers are looking for ingredi-ents that impact zootechnical performance or animal health, or have improved technological parameters, BENEO-Animal Nutrition’s range of aquafeeds can do it all.

References:Davies, S.J., Morris, P.C., Baker, R.T.M., (1997). Partial substitution of fishmeal and full-fat soya bean meal with wheat gluten and influence of lysine supplementation in diets for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Aquacult Research, 28:317-328.

Helland, S.J., Grisdale-Helland, B. (2006) Replacement of fish meal with wheat gluten in diets for Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus): effect on whole-body amino acid concentrations. Aquaculture 1363-1370

diets for aquaspecies, it is not only the nutritional content of the feed, which should be considered. The physical characteristics of the final product are also of major importance; the texture, water stability and buoyancy of the pellets can be modi-fied by not only altering feed processing techniques, but also by the physical nature of the ingredients themselves.

An optimal binder for aquafeed

Because of its visco-elastic properties, vital wheat gluten is an interesting techno-logical ingredient for aquafeed diets.

It serves as a strong, cohesive matrix and prevents gas expulsion during extru-sion. In Table 3, the effect of wheat gluten addition on the technological parameters of aquafeed is illustrated. It can be concluded that vital wheat gluten improves water stability of the extrudate and enables the feed producer to include higher dosages of oil in the feed.

An extrusion enhancerFollowing extrusion, rice flour and starch

dough expansion is characterised by very high hot set temperatures and viscosity rates. As the viscosity of dough, made from rice derivatives, increases more quickly than

About Beneo-Animal Nutrition

Beneo-Animal Nutrition offers a broad range of natural ingredients with nutritional benefits. The product range comprises vegetable proteins, func-tional fibres and carbohydrates as well as chicory-based prebiotics. BENEO-Animal Nutrition translates Beneo’s unique expertise in human food to the world of pet food, animal feed and aquafeed. BENEO is a division of the Südzucker Group, employs almost 900 people and has production units in Belgium, Chile, Germany and Italy.

More inforMation:Website:www.beneo-an.com

12 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | May-June 2011

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6 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | May-June 2011

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VOLUME 14 I S SUE 3 2 011

THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE FOR THE AQUACULTURE FEED INDUSTRY

Aquaculture: Natural ingredients for sustainable

aquaculture

Maturation diets:diets for shrimp – Is there alternative to

natural food?

β-glucans:Preliminary effects of β-glucans on Nile tilapia

health and growth performance

Microalgae Microalgae and cyanobacteria

IAF11.03.indd 1 04/05/2011 09:07

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