Nail PolishKelli Donaldson

ChemistryMrs. Holloway

The History of Nail PolishIt is possible that it was originated by the Chinese in 3000 B.C. Japanese

and Italians are thought to have been the first to wear nail polish. The

Chinese used a colored lacquer, made from Arabic gum, egg whites,

gelatin and beeswax. They also used a mixture consisting of mashed rose,

orchid and impatiens petals combined with alum. When applied to nails

for a few hours or overnight, leaves a color ranging from pink to red. The

Egyptians used reddish-brown stains derived from henna to color their

nails as well as the tips of their fingers. Chinese royalty used gold and

silver to improve their nails. In ancient Egypt, nail color represented your

social class. Queen Nefertiti, polished her nails ruby red and Queen

Cleopatra polished hers a deep rust red. Women in the lower rank,

colored their nails a pale color.

Chemical Make-up• Most nail polishes are made from nitrocellulose dissolved in butyl acetate or ethyl

acetate. The basic ingredients include:• Film forming agents• Resins and plasticizers• Solvents• Coloring agents

Adhesive polymers, like formaldehyde resin, makes sure the nitrocellulose holds on to

the nail’s surface. Plasticizers are chemicals that link between polymer chains, it

spaces them to make the film flexible after drying. Pigments and sparkling adds

desired colors. Thickening agents maintains the sparkling particles in the

arrangement while in the bottle. Ultraviolet stabilizers resist color changes when

the dry film is exposed to direct sunlight.

The ProcessEarly methods of making nail polish were not as advanced as today. One

common technique was to mix cleaned scraps of movie film and other

cellulose with alcohol and castor oil and leave the mixture to soak

overnight in a covered container. The mixture was then strained, colored,

and perfumed. Today's consumers expect a nail polish to apply smoothly,

evenly, and easily; to set relatively quickly; and to be resistant to chipping

and peeling. In addition, the polish should be dermatologically harmless.

Process…Cont.The steps: 1.) The pigments are mixed with nitrocellulose and plasticizer using a "two-roll" differential speed mill.

This mill grinds the pigment between a pair of rollers that are able to work with increasing speed as the

pigment is ground down. The goal is to produce fine dispersion of the color.

2.) When properly and fully milled, the mixture is removed from the mill in sheet form and then broken

up into small chips for mixing with the solvent. The mixing is performed in stainless steel kettles that

can hold anywhere from 5 to 2,000 gallons. The temperature of the kettle, and the rate of cooling, are

controlled by both computers and technicians. This step is performed in a special room or area

designed to control the hazards of fire and explosion.

3.) Materials are mixed in computerized, closed kettles. At the end of the process, the mix is cooled

slightly before the addition of such other materials as perfumes and moisturizers.

4.) The mixture is then pumped into smaller, 55 gallon drums, and then trucked to a production line.

The finished nail polish is pumped into explosion proof pumps, and then into smaller bottles suitable

for the retail market.

How does nail polish affect everyday life?

• Nail polish is usually worn by women, but it may also be worn by men. Traditional colors for nail polish are red, pink and brown, although it can now be found in nearly every color and shade desired. French manicures traditionally mimic the color of natural nails, with a clear, beige or soft pink polish on most of the nail and a white finish at the tips. Black and other dark nail polish shades have been popular with Goths and punks of both genders since the 1970s; however, it has now gained popularity in the mainstream fashion world. Nail polish may also be used to complete an outfit. In this case, women, and occasionally men, match the color of the nail polish to the colors of the clothing.

• Some types of polish are advertised to cause nail growth, make nails stronger, prevent nails from breaking, cracking and splitting and stop nail biting. Nail polish may be applied as one of several components in a manicure.

Pictures of people who wear nail polish

Sources

WWW. wikipedia.orgWWW. enotes.comWWW.about.com