Mycenaeans(Greece Mainland): 1,900-1,100 BCE Ancient Greece: 750-300 BCE

Government = Monarchy -high walls on top of huge hills.Polytheistic = Buried in tombs called tholos on high mountains.Motives = Valued war & conquering others

Aphrodite

Athena

Hera

Helen of Sparta / Troy was said to have been the catalyst for The Trojan War.

Helen of Queen Creek

Why is there a need for the story of Helen?

Is it based on truth?

From who’s perspective?

What human theme is it revealing?

Minoan (Crete)

Mt. Olympus

Mycenae.

Pre-Ancient Greece

Mycenae

City States prospered because of the amount of ports they Had. Each city state developed differently and exported their own product for profit such as wine, pottery, and olive oil. Due to the environment and the inability to grow essential sustainable food products, each city states had to import products such asGrains, fish, timber and metal from the west. In order to produce cheap product most city states used slaves brought in from the Black Sea region. Each city state governed themselves as a separate Entity. The only string that tied them all together was that they wouldneed to raise an army in case the “empire” was attackedSome city states chose to rule by the people some chose to rule by the few or oligarchy.

By 750 BCE a revival of Greek City States Emerged.

HellespontStraight

BosporusStraight

Byzantium *

…But by 1100 BCE war with each other and a series of bad earthquakes sent the empire spiraling downward. For the next 350

years Greek Civilization lived in their own Dark Ages.

Phoenicians: 1,100-330 BCE

& the Odyssey

S - Solomon = Wisdom

H - Hercules = Strength

A - Atlas = Stamina

Z - Zeus = Power

A - Achilles = Courage

M - Mercury = Speed

Greek Independent Polis

Democracy Oligarchy “By the people” or A few powerful rulers Rule of the many

…With the enlightenment of free thinking, and a blending of various trading partners, the people of Greece became very powerful.

GREEK POLIS (city-states)

Acropolis

Parthenon

Agora

POLISLike “Metropolis”

When iron became more abundant and replaced expensive bronze weapons, more steel weapons were in the hands of the Greek people or hoplites

This fearsome formation of the military was known as a phalanx.

SPARTAAfter having to put down a rebellion of the Helots (the working class), SpartanRulers decided to have a military state.

AthensAllowed the people to assemble and gave in to their ideas and Demands of the people.

Sparta “Highly Self Disciplined”gained city-state status in 730 BCE

-Men enter the military at age 20 & lived in the barracks until they are 30.

- They stayed in the military until they were 60.

-They did not fear death.

-Spartan woman stayed at home. Freedom to travel throughout Greece, and had more power than other women in Greece.

-They had to remain fit and raise healthy children.

-government was an oligarchy headed by two kings, who led the army. A group of 5 men known as the Ephors were elected each year and responsible for the education of the youth.

-28 male citizens over 60 made up the council who only voted w/ no debate.

-No one could travel outside to foreign areas and foreigners were not allowed in.

- They were discouraged from studying literature, philosophy, history and art.

Athens Gained city state status in 700 BCE

A reformed minded aristocrat named Solon (594 BCE) was given sole power of the oligarchy becauseof the serious economic problems arising in Athens and civil war seemed Likely. Solon canceled all debts, but didn’twant to force the rich to give land to the poor, so he was overthrown by people that did Otherwise known as tyranny.

It wasn’t until 510 BCE when Cleisthenes, backed by many Athenians gained control. He ordered an assembly of 500 members to make up an Athenian council, comprised of all men to represent the people. The assembly passed laws which were to benefit the people. Laws typically prohibited woman as well as slaves from voting, or traveling or working outside of the home or owning land.

Mycenaeans (2000 BCE) Phoenicians (1100 BCE),

Greeks (600 BCE)

Assyrian hostel takeover of Babylon

The Assyrian strategy for conquest depended heavily on psychological warfare. They would first send their "cup-bearers” the representatives of the king to try and persuade a city to surrender without a fight. If this failed, the Assyrian army would then surround the city and shout at the defenders, trying to convince them that resistance was useless. Woe to the people who still refused to capitulate, for if forced to fight, the Assyrians would then bring out their giant wheeled siege towers and enormous armored battering rams to breach the city walls.

In 721 BCE, the Assyrian army captured the Israelite capital at Samaria and carried away the citizens of the northern kingdom into captivity. The virtual destruction of Israel left the southern kingdom, Judah, o fend for itself in the whirlwind of warring Near Eastern kingdoms. At the time of Samaria's fall, there existed two kings in Judah — Ahaz and his son Hezekiah — who ruled as co-regents. Judah existed as a vassal to Assyria during this time and was forced to pay an annual tribute to the powerful empire.In 715 BCE, following the death of Ahaz, Hezekiah became the sole regent of Judah and initiated widespreadreligious changes, including the breaking of religious idols. He re-captured Philistine-occupied lands in the Negev desert, formed alliances with Ashkelon and Egypt, and made a stand against Assyria by refusing to pay tribute. In response, Sennacherib attacked Judah, laying siege on Jerusalem.

Column I“Sennacherib, the great king, the mighty king, king of the universe, king of Assyria, king of the four quarters (of the earth); the wise ruler (lit. shepherd, "pastor"), favorite of the great gods, guardian of the right, lover of justice; who lends support, who comes to the aid of the needy, who turns (his thoughts) to pious deeds; perfect hero, mighty man; first among all princes, the powerful one who consumes the insubmissive, who strikes the wicked with the thunderbolt; the god Assur, the great mountain, an unrivaled kingship has entrusted to me, and above all those who dwell in palaces, has made powerful my weapons; from the upper sea of the setting sun to the lower sea of the rising sun, all humankind (the black-headed race) he has brought in submission at my feet and mighty kings feared my warfare –”

Column 4“I slew the governors and nobles who had committed sin (that is, rebelled), and hung their bodies on stakes around the city. The citizens who sinned and treated (Assyria) lightly, I counted as spoil. Padi, their king, I brought out of Jerusalem, set him on the royal throne over them and imposed upon him my kingly tribute. As for Hezekiah, the Jew, who did not submit to my yoke, 46 of his strong, walled cities, as well as the small cities in their neighborhood, which were without number,-by levelling with battering-rams and by bringing up siege-engines, by attacking and storming on foot, by mines, tunnels and breaches, I besieged and took (those cities). 200,150 people, great and small, male and female, horses, mules, asses, camels, cattle and sheep, without number, I brought away from them and counted as spoil. Himself, like a caged bird I shut up in Jerusalem his royal city.”

Sennacherib

First Library

King Ashurbanipal’s Palace in Ninevah 700 BCE

The Assyrians Take over the Babylonians

Assyrian Empire 700 BCE - 612 BCE

Nebuchadnezzar 612 BCE“Nebuchadnezzar treacherously massacred the king. He then carried away into captivity 5,000 Judeans and

7,000 from the other tribes, including all the nobles and scholars of the city. “

Although The Babylonians reclaim their land from the Assyrians, their glory did not last long, The Persians captured Babylon in 539 BCE, when Cyrus was welcomed into Babylonian cities.

NebuchadnezzerRecaptured the great city.

Cyrus the Great (532 BCE)Cambyses (son of Cyrus)

Darius (followed Cambyses)- set up satrap

Political Structure of the Persian Empire

Ruled by a King - 20 satrapies (provinces) ruled by the satraps (governors) - Each satrap reported back to the king - anyone could live within the empire as long as you paid taxes to the empire - Cyrus (559 - 530 BCE) AKA “Cyrus the Great” to the Jews - His treatment of Babylonia showed a great deal of restraint and wisdom. He demonstrated compassion in his conquest and organization of his empire. He was merciful.

- Darius (521 - 486 BCE) AKA “Grandson of Cyrus”

Advanced Technology

-Well maintained roads - which provided food, shelter and fresh horses along the way - The Royal Road (from Lydia to Susa) - used for trade and travel

Religion

- Zoroastrianism (Monotheistic) Holy Book = Zend Avesta Zoroaster born in 660 BC revered as a prophet of Ahuramazda (creator of all things, the wise lord, supreme God). He did not go unopposed, the evil spirit Ahrima opposed him. Ahuramazda gave humans the freedom to choses between right and wrong. The good person will Chose the right way.

Persian Empire 539 BCE -520 BCE

Warm UpSo, Which is more successful?

Sparta or Athens?

Please place your Test Analysis stapled to your answer sheet on the

back blue table.

Herodotus Histories

Pericles-Protected the Athenians.

Classical Greece

Socrates (470 – 399 BCE) - Socratic Method A style of teaching which uses a

question-and-answer method in order to reach a deeper meaning.

Plato (428 – 347BCE)– Wrote the Republicoutlined a perfectly governed society (not a

democracy- (“mob rule”)3 groups – farmers, artisans, warriors

Aristotle – Questioned the natural worldHe invented a way to argue according to rules

of logic based on the natural world.He had a student who was a prince named

Alexander.

“There is only one good; knowledge and one evil, ignorance.”

“The partisan, when he is engaged in a dispute, cares nothing about the rights of the question, but is anxious only to convince his hearers of his own assertions.”

“He who studies how things originated and came into being…..will achieve the clearest view of them.”

Band of Philosophers____________________________________________________Directions: From the quotes provided please select the one that bests suits the Greek philosophers ( Socrates, Aristotle, Plato), then explain why that philosopher said this.

Classical GreekWriters

Wrote the play Osteria about how evil deeds breeds evil. At the end logic overcomes evils.

SophoclesWrote Oedipus Rex. A story how a man tries to

control his own destiny but fails.

- Wrote stories about war realistically

Thucydides – Was a historian that was actually a general who fought in both the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars.

Alexander “The Great?”

346 BCE – Aristotle invited to Macedonia as a tutor for Alexander

340 BCE – Allies of Sparta and Macedonia meet Phillip and help invades the Bosporus Straight

338 BCE – Alexandra is an ambassador to Sparta

337 BCE – Macedonians and Greek Polis’ form the Hellenic League

336 BCE – Assassination of Phillip and Alexander is the new king of Macedonia (He is 20 yrs old)

335 BCE – Alexander “deals” with Thrace, Illyria and Thebe’s Revolts

333 BCE – Alexander and troops advance South

July of 332 BCE – The Fall of Tyre (6,000 people are slaughtered)

331 BCE – Alexander renames a city after himself in Egypt

330 BCE – The sacking of Persopolis, goes after Darius II, but find him dead

329 BCE – Troops pass over the Hindu Kush Mountains – the invasion of India begins

325 BCE – Revolt of the Bactria (3,000 people die)

324 BCE – Raid of Cyrus Tomb and Palace

323 BCE – Harapalus of Crete (friend of Alexander) is assassinated

May 30, 323 BCE – Alexander goes to a dinner party and falls ill that evening

June 9, 10, or 11 BCE – Alexander dies of fever in Mesopotamia

Alexander of Macedonia Conquest 331 - 300 BCE

*Tyre

**

*

MacedoniaEgyptPergamum

Aristarchus: Believed that the sunwas the center of the universe.

Eratosthenes: calculated the circumference of the earth using mathematics.

Archimedes: water displacements & gravity, the lever