unit 4: ancient greece essential questions 1.how did geography influence the history and peoples of...

Unit 4: Ancient GreeceUnit 4: Ancient Greece• Essential Questions

1. How did geography influence the history and peoples of Ancient Greece from the Minoans/Mycenaeans to later Greek City-States & the conquests of Alexander the Great?

2. What factors allow a civilization to have enduring significance? What were Ancient Greece’s contributions to human progress? Why were they so enduring?

3. How would you describe the evolution of government in Ancient Greece? What skills must citizens have to effectively participate in a democratic state? How do multiple perspectives enhance democracy?

4. Who was responsible for the spread of Greek culture throughout the world? How was this accomplished?

5. How did the Hellenic & Hellenistic Civilizations differ?

Ancient GreeceAncient Greece: Timeline: TimelinePre-Hellenic PeriodPre-Hellenic Period

I. 2600-1450 B.C.E. = Minoans I. 2600-1450 B.C.E. = Minoans

II. 1900-1200 B.C.E. = Mycenaean – The Trojan War II. 1900-1200 B.C.E. = Mycenaean – The Trojan War “The Iliad”“The Iliad”

Hellenic PeriodHellenic PeriodIII. 1150-750 B.C.E. = Dorians – Greek Dark AgesIII. 1150-750 B.C.E. = Dorians – Greek Dark AgesIV. 750-550 B.C.E. = Greek City-States – Sparta & AthensIV. 750-550 B.C.E. = Greek City-States – Sparta & AthensV. 492-479 B.C.E. = Democratic Athens – Persian WarV. 492-479 B.C.E. = Democratic Athens – Persian WarVI. Athenian Empire – Delian LeagueVI. Athenian Empire – Delian LeagueVII. 479-431B.C.E = Greece’s “Golden Age”VII. 479-431B.C.E = Greece’s “Golden Age”VIII. 431-404 B.C.E. = Peloponnesian War – Athens v. SpartaVIII. 431-404 B.C.E. = Peloponnesian War – Athens v. Sparta

Hellenistic PeriodHellenistic PeriodIV. 336-323 B.C.E. = Conquests of Alexander the Great & BeyondIV. 336-323 B.C.E. = Conquests of Alexander the Great & BeyondX. 323-Present Day = Spread of Greek CultureX. 323-Present Day = Spread of Greek Culture

UNIT 4: Ancient GreeceUNIT 4: Ancient GreeceWhat factors allow a civilization to have enduring significance? What were What factors allow a civilization to have enduring significance? What were Ancient Greece’s contributions to human progress? Why were they so Ancient Greece’s contributions to human progress? Why were they so enduring?enduring?

Ancient Greece – Contributions to Human Progress:1. Government = democracy2. Philosophy = Socrates (__), Plato (__) & Aristotle (__)3. Architecture = Parthenon, columns, etc.4. Drama = Comedy & Tragedy5. Science = medicine: Hippocrates -“father of

medicine”6. History = Herodotus & Thucydides (wrote w/less bias)7. Sports = Olympics8. Art = idealization of the human form, Colossus of

Rhodes

UNIT 4: Ancient GreeceUNIT 4: Ancient GreeceWhat factors allow a civilization to have enduring significance? What were What factors allow a civilization to have enduring significance? What were Ancient Greece’s contributions to human progress? Why were they so Ancient Greece’s contributions to human progress? Why were they so enduring?enduring?

patriarchal = hellas = arete = hubris = self-sufficient = polis = acropolis = monarch = aristocracy = oligarchy = tyranny = democracy =

phalanx = draconian = politics = Oracle at Delphi = ostracism

Ancient Greece – Vocabulary Page:

UNIT 4: Ancient GreeceUNIT 4: Ancient GreeceHow did geography influence the history and people of Ancient Greece?How did geography influence the history and people of Ancient Greece?

I. GeographyI. GeographyA. Greece

1. Balkan Peninsula – about the size of Maine2. Hellas = __________________3. Aegean Sea (Mediterranean Sea)

B. Balkan Mountains – 2/3 of peninsula1. Disunity = mountains led to fiercely independent city-states2. Communication - restricted3. Farming = 20% arable land = ↓ population, seek? _________

C. Natural Harbors & Islands1. Stimulate Trade (Sea-farers & Traders)2. Surrounded by Water =

a) Mediterranean Seab) Aegean Seac) Ionian Sea d) Black Sea

3. Colonies Abroad = what purpose do they serve?D. Mediterranean Climate

1. Greeks develop outdoor culture = Agora, Amphitheatre and Gymnasium are all open air arenas

2. Olives & Grapes


II. Minoan & Mycenaean CivilizationsII. Minoan & Mycenaean CivilizationsA. Minoans: Crete & Surrounding Islands (2000-1200 B.C.E.)

1. Minos – legendary king, founding story2. Economy & Trade – island served as stepping stone for trade

a) Well constructed shipsb) Products = olive oil, wine, metal ware & pottery

3. Where does our knowledge of the Minoans come from?a) Written Language? = yet to be deciphered - __________________b) Archeological Discoveries – Sir Arthur Evans – especially paintings

B. Mycenaeans (1600 B.C.E.)1. Mycenae – fortressed city on Balkan Peninsula

a) Sea Raiders & Tradersb) Patriarchal Society = _________________________________

2. Economy & Tradea) What = agriculture (olive oil – liquid gold), pottery, tools/weapons &

piracyb) Who = colonies in Asia Minor (present day ____) & Knossos, _____

3. Archeological Discoveries - Writing System – Linear B


II. Minoan & Mycenaean CivilizationsII. Minoan & Mycenaean CivilizationsC. Troy – Site of Homer’s Iliad

1. Location = Dardanelles Strait – Aegean & Black Seasa) Control sea traffic & land routes b/w Europe & Asia

b) Schliemann – 9 buried cities

2. Iliad – Summary = Helen, Sparta’s Queen is abducted by Paris, Prince of Troy. Agamemnon (King of Mycenae) besieges Troy for 10 years

a) Trojan Horse = city destroyed by fire, possibly besieged

b) 1200 B.C.E. = fall of Hittites & Egyptian Empire - _____

D. Fall of Mycenaean Civilization – Dorian Invasion (c.1100 B.C.E.)

1. Invasions from the North

2. Iron over Bronze

UNIT 4: Ancient GreeceUNIT 4: Ancient GreeceEQ: Contributions with enduring significance & the evolution of democracy.EQ: Contributions with enduring significance & the evolution of democracy.

III. Greek Dark Age – Homeric Age - DoriansIII. Greek Dark Age – Homeric Age - DoriansA. Dark Ages =

B. Homer & Heroic Values

1. Homer’s Epics: The Iliad & The Odyssey

2. Heroic Values = epics illustrate cultural concepts of:a) arete = strive for virtue & excellence

b) hubris = destructive or excessive pride in oneself

c) war leader – “first among equals”

• Iliad = Trojan War– Helen– Achilles– Agamemnon– Prince Paris– Hector

• Odyssey = journey home– Odysseus– Sirens & Cyclops– Scylla & Charybdis– Telemachus– Penelope

UNIT 4: Ancient GreeceUNIT 4: Ancient GreeceEQ: Contributions with enduring significance & the evolution of democracy.EQ: Contributions with enduring significance & the evolution of democracy.

III. Greek Dark Age – Homeric Age - DoriansIII. Greek Dark Age – Homeric Age - DoriansC. Society during the Homeric Age

1. Patriarchal Society – dominated by aristocrats = ____

a) aristocracy = government by the best

b) women – maintain order at home

2. Economy: dark ages? = ____- self-sufficient agriculture

D. The Rise of Democracy1. Evolution: Monarchy – Oligarchy – Tyranny – Democracy

2. Monarchy =

a) polis = → politics =

b) acropolis =

3. Oligarchy or Aristocracy = ______________ or _________________a) Abolished assemblies & took the best land

b) Promoted colonization – appease angry/hungry masses & stimulate economy

4. Tyrants = ________________

a) phalanx (citizen soldier) =

b) dynasties?

UNIT 4: Ancient GreeceUNIT 4: Ancient GreeceEQ: How would you describe the evolution of government in Ancient Greece?EQ: How would you describe the evolution of government in Ancient Greece?

IV. Steps to Athenian DemocracyIV. Steps to Athenian DemocracyA. Solon (594 B.C.E.)

1. Ends policy of enslavement for debt – cancels debt for small farmers2. Introduces Economic Stimulus Package

a) All citizens must learn a tradeb) All will work through increase in industry & tradec) Changes class distinction from birth to wealth (not rigid)

B. Pisistratus (560 B.C.E.)1. redistributes land 2. Initiates public works projects - ___________________3. ends land requirement to vote

C. Cleisthenes (508-502 B.C.E.)1. Step 1: diminish power of nobles – disbands tribes & est. new ones2. Step 2: ostracism = exile potential threat (i.e. tyrant) for 10 yrs.3. Step 3: Branches of Gov’t

a) Assembly (U.S. example _____) – power to initiate legislationb) Est. Council of 500 (U.S. example _____) – advise assembly, prepare leg.c) Democratic Court (U.S. example _____) – citizen jurors

D. Trouble on Horizon = Sparta & Persia


V. Sparta vs. AthensV. Sparta vs. AthensFocus Question: Why did both of these polis’ develop different forms of rule?Focus Question: Why did both of these polis’ develop different forms of rule?

Athens Sparta

Form of Government

Democracy – rule of the people, all citizens part.

Totalitarian – system of gov’t in which the state controls all aspects of an individuals life

Military Service 2 yrs. of military training 20-60 yrs. old

Education (Values)

Mind, body & arts. Valued individuality, beauty & freedom.

Body. Valued duty strength & discipline.

Economy Prosperous overseas trade (grapes & olive oil)

Forbidden to travel, money made of iron bars

Slavery Most come from outside Greece (1:4)

helots = slaves of the state taken from surrounding conquered territories (7:1)

Role of Women Few rights, must stay at home, conceal themselves in public

Just as important in defending state = trained, part. In politics & economy


V. Sparta vs. Athens: Government V. Sparta vs. Athens: Government Focus Question: Why did both of these polis’ develop different forms of rule?Focus Question: Why did both of these polis’ develop different forms of rule?

• Sparta: “Wall of Men”– 5 Ephors

• elected by Assembly = held unlimited power. “Guardians of the State”

– Council of Elders • 28 members all over 60 yrs. =

proposed laws– Kings (2)

• elected by the Assembly they served as high priests, judges and army commanders

– Assembly• all citizens 30+ yrs. Elected

officials and voted on major policies.

• Athens: “Golden Mean”– President– Board of Generals

• 1 year term.– Council of 500

• Citizens 30+ yrs. = chosen to propose laws

– Assembly • all citizens 20+ yrs. = elected

officials & approved laws.– Democratic Court

• citizen jurors chosen by lot.– Hoplites

• all citizens 18-20 yrs. had to provide 2 yrs. of service in the Athenian military for citizenship.


VI. The Persian Wars (492-479 B.C.E.)VI. The Persian Wars (492-479 B.C.E.)A. Ionian Greeks (Asia Minor – Troy)

1. Conquered by Cyrus2. Poleis Revolt & Seek aid from Athens3. Darius I ends rebellions, sets sight on Athens

B. Major Battles1. 492 B.C.E. – Darius attempts major invasion of Greece = _______2. 490 B.C.E. – Plains of Marathon = _________________3. 480 B.C.E. – Xerxes (200,000)

a) Sparta & 300b) Athens sackedc) Losses naval battle

C. Results of Persian Wars1. Victory ushers in “Golden Age” = anything is possible

a) Full development of democracyb) est. land & sea empire – Athenian Empire

2. Delian League (Athens & 172) – defensive alliance dominated by Athens3. Alliance benefits who? - 4. Imperialism (define) = good or bad? -


VII. The Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.E.)VII. The Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.E.)A. What leads the two city-states (____) to war?

1. Athenian Imperialism?2. Fear of an enemy’s growing power?3. Athens commercial rivalry w/Corinth (Sparta’s key ally)?4. 431: Sparta declares war, Athenians called within walls

a) Advantagesi. Athens = Seaii. Sparta = Land

b) Sparta’s superior army = victory on land but can’t breach walls of Athens c) Athens’ superior navy = sent to attack Sparta, but fails to invade

B. Turning Points1. Disease Breaks Out in Athens (typhus) = overcrowding w/in walls2. Syracuse (413 B.C.) = Spartan victory3. Athens surrenders (404 B.C.)

C. Consequences 1. Anarchy & Depression2. Harsh Spartan Rule (404-371 B.C.) – oligarchies replace

democracies3. Some Greeks hope for invasion4. Who will that be? -

UNIT 4: Ancient GreeceUNIT 4: Ancient GreeceEQ: EQ: What factors allow a civilization to have enduring significance? What were What factors allow a civilization to have enduring significance? What were Ancient Greece’s contributions to human progress? Why were they so enduring?Ancient Greece’s contributions to human progress? Why were they so enduring?

VIII. VIII. Athenian Golden AgeAthenian Golden Age, 479-431B.C., 479-431B.C.A. Pericles = Athens’ leading statesman - 3 Goals

1. Strengthen Athenian Democracy2. Strengthen Athenian Empire3. Glorify Athens = Confiscated treasury of Delian League

a) “long walls” = surrounded Athens & protected a 6 mile corridor down to the port of Piraeus.

b) Parthenon = temple to honor Athena B. Greek Cultural Achievements (politics, philosophy, art &

science) – why? = social & environmental factors1. thought is not restricted by a “divine” ruler2. gods were not the answer → human resourcefulness & reason was

* “Man is the measure of all things”

C. Greek Religion1. gods & goddesses, Zeus, Mt. Olympus, Hades2. oracles (at __): message = “Nothing in excess” & “Know yourself”

List of GodsList of Gods• Zeus – god of sky, father of gods• Poseidon – god of sea, brother of Zeus• Hades – god of underworld, bro of Zeus• Hera – goddess of marriage, wife of Zeus• Ares – god of war• Apollo – god of light, prophecy, medicine• Athena – goddess of wisdom• Aphrodite – goddess of love & beauty• Dionysis – goddess of wine & fertility• Hermes – messenger of the gods• Hephaistos – god of metal working

UNIT 4: Ancient GreeceUNIT 4: Ancient GreeceEQ: What’s a golden age? What made the Golden Age in Ancient Greece possible?EQ: What’s a golden age? What made the Golden Age in Ancient Greece possible?

VIII. Athenian Golden Age, 479-431B.C.VIII. Athenian Golden Age, 479-431B.C.D. Greek Philosophy = love of wisdom, concern - ethics- Nature can be explained by natural, not supernatural causes- Three Great Philosophers

1. Socrates (469-399 B.C.) – ask questionsa) “the unexamined life is not worth living”b) “only one good, knowledge; only one evil, ignorance”c) Socratic Method = question & then answerd) Socrates fate =

2. Plato (427-347 B.C.) = studied under? – material v. spiritual worlda) “philosophy begins in wonder”b) The Republic = vision for a perfect society (role of women?)c) founded the Academy in Athens

3. Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) = studied under? – analysis of dataa) “All men by nature desire to know.” “The law is reason, free from

passion.”b) Developed basis for scientific method =

UNIT 4: Ancient GreeceUNIT 4: Ancient GreeceEQ: Who is responsible for the spread of Greek Culture around the world? How was this EQ: Who is responsible for the spread of Greek Culture around the world? How was this accomplished? accomplished?

IX. Macedonia Conquers GreeceIX. Macedonia Conquers GreeceA. Macedonia = mountainous region north of

GreeceB. 359 B.C.E.: Philip II became King of Macedonia

1. amasses great army 2. uses phalanx (learned it when living in the Greek polis

of Thebes, as a boy)3. Philip II conquered Greek states one by one

a) Some Greeks saw him as a unifying saviorb) Some Greeks saw him as a menace to their liberty.

C. 338 B.C.E.: Victory @ Chaeronea ends Greek independence

D. 336 B.C.E.: Philip II murdered @ daughter’s wedding = Alexander takes thrown

UNIT 4: Ancient GreeceUNIT 4: Ancient GreeceEQ: Who is responsible for the spread of Greek Culture around the world? How was this EQ: Who is responsible for the spread of Greek Culture around the world? How was this accomplished? accomplished?

X. The Hellenistic Age (336-30 B.C.E.)X. The Hellenistic Age (336-30 B.C.E.)A. Characteristics of the Hellenistic (“Greek-like”) Age

1. Economic Expansion2. Cosmopolitanism = 3. Intellectual & Artistic Achievements4. Distribution of Greek Culture

B. Alexander the Great 1. Young Alexander

a) studies under =b) idolized epic heroes of Greece =c) characteristics: athletic, charismatic, natural leader, god-liked) trained in gymnastics and Macedonian military skills/tactics

2. Philip II assassinated in 336 B.C.E.a) 20 year old Alexander assumes the throneb) Quickly gains loyalty of Macedonian Nobles & Greek League

(formed by father Philip II)

UNIT 4: Ancient GreeceUNIT 4: Ancient GreeceEQ: Who is responsible for the spread of Greek Culture around the world? How was EQ: Who is responsible for the spread of Greek Culture around the world? How was this accomplished? this accomplished?

X. The Hellenistic Age (336-30 B.C.E.)X. The Hellenistic Age (336-30 B.C.E.)A. Alexander’s Conquests: Unfortunately for Persia, he

adopted the ancient Greek enemy as his own.1. From 334-326 B.C. he conquered

a) Asia Minor & the Fertile Crescentb) Egyptc) Persia (Darius III, 331 B.C.E.) and into India without a defeat.

2. Some of his tactics are such masterpieces that they were studied by Caesar and Napoleon and are still studied today.

B. Meet strong resistance past the edge of the known world, only mutiny of his troops ended his conquests.

1. Half of his army returned to the Fertile Crescent by sea (Persian Gulf)

2. Half returned by land = suffered great hardships (draught & famine) with 1/4 of Alexander’s army dying along the way.

3. 323 B.C.E.: Alexander dies in Babylon at 32

UNIT 4: Ancient GreeceUNIT 4: Ancient GreeceEQ: Who is responsible for the spread of Greek Culture around the world? How was this accomplished? EQ: Who is responsible for the spread of Greek Culture around the world? How was this accomplished?

X. The Hellenistic Age (336-30 B.C.E.)X. The Hellenistic Age (336-30 B.C.E.)C. Alexander’s Legacy:

1. dreamed of uniting all the world’s people & cultures.

2. Built and rebuilt 70 cities to serve as the cultural centers of his empire

a) Alexandria, Egypt

b) Antioch, Syria

3. In each city, settled a group of Greeks and Macedonians - solidified Hellenistic Age.

4. Encouraged the intermarriages of peoples and actually took the daughter of a Persian King as his wife (Roxana).

5. He also dressed in Persian robes and took men of varied religions into his service

6. He tried to est. a uniform currency to promote prosperity through trade.

UNIT 4: Ancient GreeceUNIT 4: Ancient GreeceEQ: Who is responsible for the spread of Greek Culture around the world? How was this accomplished? EQ: Who is responsible for the spread of Greek Culture around the world? How was this accomplished?

X. The Hellenistic Age (336-30 B.C.E.)X. The Hellenistic Age (336-30 B.C.E.)D. Hellenistic Contributions

1. Great Advances in Astronomy (circumference of earth – 1%, sun 300x larger than earth, & earth revolves around sun)

2. Mathematics (pie & geometry)

3. Physics (lever & complex pulley)

4. Philosophy, Art (realism in sculptures – Colossus of Rhodes)

E. Alexander’s Empire is Divided

M a ced o n iaru le d by

A n tigo n us

E g yp t an d P a les tineru le d byP to le m y

A s ia tic P osse ss io nsru le d by

S e leu cus

A le xan d erth e G re a t's

E m p ire

unit 4: ancient greece essential questions 1.how did geography influence the history and peoples of...

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