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ukvor*¾uav;rsm;&efyHkaiGtzGJU

owif;ESihfpme,fZif;oifwef;

Edk0ifbmv? 2004

tydkif; (1) Zmwfvrf;wpfyk'fudk }udKwif=yifqif=cif;ESihfzefwD;=cif;

Zmwfvrf;wpfyk'fudk }udKwif=yifqif=cif;

1/ 'g owif;vm;¿ ................................... 3

2/ ajzqdk&rnfh tajccHar;cGef;rsm;um; tb,fwdkYenf;¿ ............. 4

3/ Zmwfvrf;u bmtaMumif;vJ¿ .......................... 5

4/ Zmwfvrf;twGufjzpfEdkifaom owif;ZmpfjrpfawGu b,folawGvJ¿ ... 6

5/ owif;Zmwfvrf;u EdkifiHwumpHrsm;udk b,fvdkrDEdkifygovJ¿ ....... 8

6/ tifwmeufxJwGif okawoejyKvkyfjcif; ..................... 10

Zmwfvrf;wpfyk'fudk zefwD;=cif;

1/ awGUqHkar;jref;csufrsm; ............................... 13

2/ a&;om;jcif; ...................................... 17

3/ pma&;aumif;vmapa&;twGuf taxGaxGodaumif;p&mrsm; ........ 19

4/ rdrdudk,frdrd jyefar;oifhaom ar;cGef;rsm; .................... 22

t+yD;owfrSmp7mtenf;tyg; ......................... 25

tydkif; (2) uav;rsm;ESihf owif;=yefjum;r_

1/ uav;rsm;ESihfywfoufaeonfh jyóemrsm;udk owif;xkwfjyefjcif;

wpfckvHk;udkjcHKíMunfh½Ijcif; ............................. 30

2/ uav;rsm;udk ajymqdkcGifhay;jcif; ......................... 32

3/ uav;rsm;udk owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ay;jcif; ................ 35

4/ usifh0wfqdkif&m vdkufemp&mrsm; ......................... 36

tydkif; (3) aemufqufwGJrsm;

1/ jrefrmhowif;pmq&mrsm;\ usifh0wfqdkif&mvrf;ñTef ............. 47

2/ pD;yGm;a&;ESihf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIqdkif&m a0g[m&pm&if; ............. 49

rmwdum

tydkif; (1)

Zmwfvrf;wpfyk'fudk

}udKwif=yifqif=cif;ESihf

zefwD;=cif;

2owif;ESihfpme,fZif;oifwef;? Edk0ifbm 2004

3tydkif; (1) Zmwfvrf;wpfyk'fudk BudKwifjyifqifjcif;ESihf zefwD;jcif;

Zmwfvrf;wpfyk'fudk}udKwif=yifqif=cif;

1? 'g owif;vm;?

Zmwfvrf;wpfyk'ftm; ]]owif;}} jzpfatmif vkyfEdkifaom t&mrsm;udk pm&if;csazmfjyxm;ygonf/

þtajccHtcsuftvufrsm;onf tom;ay;azmfjycsuf (0g) owif;aqmif;yg;wpfyk'fudk

a&;om;&mwGifvnf; toHk;jyKtyfaom tcsuftvufrsm;jzpfygonf/ Zmwfvrf;wpfyk'ftm;

a&;om;&ef Munfh½IaeonfjzpfvQif aqmif&Guf&rnfhpm&if;udk wpfckcsif; Munfhyg/ yg0ifaom

pm&if;rS ar;cGef;rsm;teuf wpfckESpfckudk ]]tif;}} [k ajzEdkifaeoifhygonf/ Zmwfvrf;aumif;

wpfyk'fwGif ]]tif;}}[k ajzEdkifaom ar;cGef;rSm oHk;ck? odkYr[kwf oHk;ckxuf ydkaeygvdrfhrnf/

udk,fhudk,fudk,far;junfhyg/

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rnfodkY jzpfoGm;aprnfvJ/

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b,favmufaevQif wpfcg jzpfwwfygovJ/ vlawG ajymqdkaeMuaom udpörsdK;vm;/

3/ xifay:ausmfMum;aomxifay:ausmfMum;aomxifay:ausmfMum;aomxifay:ausmfMum;aomxifay:ausmfMum;aom vlyk*¾dKvf? odkYr[kwf taMumif;t&mwpfckck yg0ifywfouf

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yg0ifaeMuygovm;/

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jzpfyGm;cJhygovm;/

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wmvm;/

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vQdKU0SufaxGjym;aom udpövm;/ odkYr[kwf onf;xdwf&ifzdkp&m rxdwfomrvefYom

udpörsdK;vm;/

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tysif;ajyp&maomfvnf;aumif;? jyHK;&,fp&maomfvnf;aumif;jzpfaeygovm;/


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tydkif;tprsm;udk awGU&dSvmonfESifhtrQ Zmwfvrf;aumif;wpfyk'fonf ydkaumif;vmwwfygonf/

2? a=zqdk7rnfh ta=ccHar;cGef;rsm;um; tb,fwdk]enf;?

rnfonfh Zmwfvrf;twGufrqdk tajccHar;cGef;rsm;um; twlwlyifjzpfonf/ b,fol? bm?

b,fae&m? b,fwkef;u? bmhaMumifh? b,fvdk? b,fa&GUb,frQ? b,favmufrsm;rsm; ponf

wdkYyifjzpfonf/ pme,fZif;ynmwGif ]]bukef; ajcmufvHk;}} [k vlodrsm;ayonf/

tqdkyg a0g[m&wpfvHk;wnf;yg ar;cGef;wpfckpDrSm axmifhaygif;rsm;pGm yg&dSaeygonf/ txif&Sm;qHk;

ar;cGef;rsm;udk ajzqdkEdkif½HkrQjzifh owif;ydkYjcif;? owif;a&;jcif;tvkyf txajrmufatmifjrifavNyD[k

r,lqygESifh/ þtajccHar;cGef;rsm;onf rdrd\acgif;xJwGif tacGvdkuf? tacGvdkuf txyfxyf

ay:aeoifhygonf/ tajzwpfckpD\aemufxyf ar;p&mawG xyf? xyfay:vmaumif; ay:vmEdkif

ygao;onf/

bm? þar;cGef;ü Bud,mwpfckck yg0ifywfoufaeavh&dSayonf/ wpfa,mufa,muf EdkifoGm;

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ponfwdkYyifjzpfonf/ Zmwfvrf;tm; armif;ESifvsuf&dSaom A[dktcsuftcsmyifjzpfonf/ xdkYtjyif

þtjzpftysufu bmudkqdkvdkaeygovJ? bmu t"dutaMumif;udpö? odkYr[kwf t"du jyóem

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ponfh ar;cGef;rsm;udkvnf; qifhar;Edkifygao;onf/ ]]bm}} [laom tpdwftydkif;um; rnfonfh

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ayonf/

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EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;? at*sifpDrsm;? ½Hk;Xmersm;omru EdkifiHawmfrsm;yif yg0ifaewwfygonf/

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&mxl;twdtusESifhwuG aemufxyfar;vdku ar;Edkif&ef zkef;eHygwfudkyg &,lxm;oifhonfudkvnf;

rarhygESifh/

b,frSm? ae&m[kqdk&mwGif &Gmwpf&Gm? NrdKUwpfNrdKU jzpfaeEdkifygonf/ odkY&mwGif xdkrQjzifh rvHk

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a&a&&m&m&dSaezdkYvnf; vdkygonf/


b,fwkef;u? owif;[lonf rMumao;cifurS jzpfyGm;cJhonfhtay:wGif tajcwnfEdkifygonf/

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aqmifEdkifygonf/ ,cifvujzpfyGm;cJhonfh jzpf&yfudk pl;prf;onfrsdK;jzpfonf/ odkYr[kwf

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rsm;jzpfonf/ jyóem b,fwkef;u pjzpfovJ/ pDrHudef;u b,fawmh vufpowfrSmvJ/

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ygonf/

3? Zmwfvrf;ubmtajumif;vJ?

owif;orm;rsm;pGm MuHK&wwfaom jyóemu pdwful;wpfck ay:vmNyD;aemuf ,if;udk Zmwfvrf;

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tawG;tjrifonf a,bk,s taMumif;t&m acgif;pOfomjzpfavonf/ Oyrm - jrefrmEdkifiHrS

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&dS? r&dSudk ydkodaeEdkifygonf/

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tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh EdIif;,SOfcsdefxdk;vsufuvnf;aumif; rdrdudk ajymjyEdkifMuygvdrfhrnf/

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1/ tao;pdwfrsm;udk aocsm *½kpdkufyg/ vlwpfa,muf\ 0wfyHkpm;yHk? ajymyHkqdkvuf? tcef;\

ta&mifrsm;ponfh t&mtm;vHk;rSm tom;ay;azmfjyonfh owif;Zmwfvrf;yg

]]Zmwfaumif}} tm; ydkrdk ½kyfvHk;<uvmatmif zefwD;ay;wwfygonf/

2/ pum;vHk;rsm;udk txl;*½kpdkufNyD; a&G;cs,fyg/ vlYabmifavmuwGif trSefwu,f

jzpfysufaeaom Zmwfvrf;xJwGif ]]Zmwfaumif}} ESifh ]]Zmwfvrf;ausm½dk;}} udk azmfusL;

Edkifonfhtcg tom;ay;azmfjyonfh Zmwfvrf;udk ydkrdk yDjyifvmapEdkifygonf/

3/ ]]Zmwfaumif}} tm; ydkrdkav;eufvmap&ef ajympum;rsm;udk t&if;twdkif; jyefudk;um;yg/

rkqdk;r\ qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI? vk,ufcH&ol\ a'go ponfrsm;udk pmzwfolu jyufjyuf

xifxif Mum;a,mifoGm;ygap/

4/ Zmwfvrf;udk ½kyf&Sifum;wpfum;vdk jrifMunfhyg/ ½kyf&Sifrsm;wGif Zmwfvrf;touf0if

vmap&ef teD;? ta0; trsdK;rsdK;rS jywwfygonf/ wpfcgw&H tcif;tusif;udk uREfkyfwdkY


cHpm;Edkif&ef jrifuGif;udk tus,fBuD;jyNyD; wpfcgw&HwGifrl rsufESmay:rS trlt&mudkjzpfap?

vufwkefaeonfudkjzpfap uyfuyfowfowfjrifvm&ap&ef teD;uyfjywwfygonf/

tom;ay;azmfjyonfh owif;aqmif;yg;udk a&;om;onfhtcgwGifvnf; tvm;wl

enf;pepfudk toHk;jyKEdkifMuygonf/

3? pma7;aumif;vmapa7;twGuf taxGaxGodaumif;p7mrsm;

1? 0guswdkrsm;/ pmydk'fwdkrsm;om a7;yg?

0gustrsm;pkrSm pum;vHk; 15vHk;? tvHk;ESpfq,fjzpfap? xkdYxufenf;NyD;jzpfapom yg&dSoifhygonf/

tcsdKU0gusrsm;qdkvQif q,fvHk;xufyif enf;aeoifhonf/ toufwpfcg½dIufNyD;aemuf wpf0gusvHk;

udk zwfEdkifaeoifhygonf/

0gus&Snfrsm;onf pmzwfol vdyfywfvnfzdkY cJ,Of;aewwfygonf/ tvm;wlyif em;axmifol

twGufvnf; em;vnf&cufoGm;apwwfygonf/ 0gusuodyf&SnfvGef;aevQif jynfhpHkaom 0gus

ESpfaMumif;jzpfatmif cGJxkwfyg/ ta&;rBuD;aom pum;vHk;rsm;udkvnf; oefYxkwfyg/

2? uwWm;a[m 0gusrsm;udkoma7;yg? uHa[m0gusrsm;udk ra7;rdygapESifh?

uwåm;a[m0gusrsm;rSm wdkuf½dkufoabmydkaqmifNyD; pum;ajymvnf; ydkqefygonf/ 0gus

trsm;pkonf ]]vlwpfa,mufu wpfckckudk vkyfvdkuf ygonf}} [laom yHkpHrsdK;omjzpfoifhygonf/

]]wpfckckudk vlwpfa,mufu vkyfvkdufonf}} [k ra&;ygESifh/

3? v_yf&Sm;r_udkazmfaqmifaom }ud,mrsm;udkoHk;yg/

]]vlwpfa,mufu wpfckckudk vkyfvdkufonf}} [laom yHkpHudk vdkufemyg/ Oyrm - ]]ydkYukefwifoGif;rI

onf ,refESpfu 15&mcdkifEIef;txd wdk;wufvmcJhygonf}} [ka&;yg/ ]],refESpfu ydkYukefwifoGif;rI

wdk;yGm;EIef;rSm 15&mcdkifEIef;jzpfygonf}} [k ra&;ygESifh/

4? vlwdkif;em;vnfEdkifonfh trsm;oHk;aeus pum;vHk;rsm;udkomoHk;yg?

Oyrm - ]]ay;tyfonf}} u ]]xnfh0ifonf}} xufvG,ful½dk;pif;yg;onf/ ]]<uonf}} xuf

]]oGm;onf}} u ydkNyD;tqifajyygonf/ ESvHk;oGif;tyfonfrSm rdrd\ pmzwfoltrsm;pkonf rdrd

avmuf ynmt&nftcsif; odyfr&dSEdkifMuaomtcsufudkyifjzpfonf/ vG,ful½dk;pif;aom pum;vHk;

rsm;udk toHk;jyKvQif vlwdkif;u rdrdajymwmudk em;vnfygvdfrfhrnf/


5? enf;ynma0g[m7rsm;/ ynm&Sifqefaom pum;}uD;pum;us,frsm;/&Hk;oHk;Aef;pum;rsm;udk a&SmifjuOfyg?

rdrdudk,f rdrdjyefar;yg/ ]]xdef;xm;Edkifaom zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIqdkwJhpum;vHk;&JUt"dyÜm,fu bmvJ}}

vdkY vrf;rSmawGUwJholq,fa,mufudk ar;Munfhr,fqdk&if olwdkYajzEdkifMurSmvm;}} [líyif/

odkYr[kwfyguvnf; rdrdudk,frdrd jyefar;MunfhygOD;/ igom &Gmwpf&GmrSm aexdkifaeNyD; ]]1964ckESpf

zGJUpnf;yHk tajccHOya' yk'fr 14}} qdkwmudk Mum;vdkufwJhtcg ]]yk'fr 14}} u bmudk qdkxm;w,f

qdkwm odEdkifyghrvm;[laom ar;cGef;rsdK;jzpfonf/

6? ]]tJawmh bm=zpfvJ}} [laomar;cGef;udk ar;=zpfatmifar;yg?

rdrdudk,frdrd jyefar;yg/ vlawGu onfudpöudk bmjzpfvdkY pdwf0ifpm;rSmvJ[kjzpfonf/ þowif;u

vlwdkYtm; b,fvdkpdwf0ifpm;oGm;aprSmvJ? odkYr[kwf b,fvdktusdK;oufa&mufoGm;rSmvJ/ rdrdu

pmzwfoludkjzpfap? aomw&Sifudkjzpfap rdrdtwGuf tcsdefay;cdkif;aeygonf/ olwdkYtwGuf rdrdudk

tcsdefay;&jcif;udku tvkyfBuD;wpfck jzpfoGm;ygNyD/ xdktcsdefudk rjzKef;ygESifh/

7? ab;uxdkifa=ymaeaomavoHudk toHk;=yKyg?

yHkESdyfpmtwGufa&;aeonfjzpfjim; rdrda&;vdkufaom Zmwfvrf;udk toHxGufNyD; zwfMunfhoifh

ygonf/ yHkrSeftwdkif; em;axmifaumif;aeNyD; zwfvdkYvnf; vG,faeoifhygonf/ udk,fa&;xm;aom

0gusrsm;udk udk,fwdkifxpfxpfaighaighzwfae&onfqdkvQif pmzwfoltwGuf zwf&cufaeavawmh

rnfrSm aocsmaeygonf/

8? 0guswdkif;onf Zmwfvrf;twGuf wpfckr[kwfwpfckudk =znfhpGufay;aeoifhygonf?

rdrda&;xm;orQudk jzwfxkwfvdkpdwf &dSaeygap/ pmydk'fwpfydk'fa&;NyD;wdkif; ]]onfowif;tcsuf

tvufu Zmwfvrf;twGuf vdkvdkYvm;}} [k rdrdudk,frdrd jyefar;yg/ rdrdxHwGif xdkowif;tcsuf

tvuf &dSaeonfhtwGuf oufoufaMumifhxnfhoGif;xm;rdjcif;vm;/ yg&dSNyD;om; owif;tcsuf

tvufudk xyfajymovdkrsm;jzpfaeovm;/

9? pmydk'fwpfykd'fpDu aemufpmydk'fxJodk] pD;0ifaeygap?

rdrdudk,frdrd jyefar;yg/ ]]þt,ltqtawG;tac:rsm; rnfodkYrnfyHk qufpyfvsuf&dSygovJ/}}

tawG;wpfckonf a&SUrStawG;wpfckESifh usdK;aMumif;qDavsmfpGm qufpyfvsuf&dSyg&JUvm;/


ull;jymif;csdwfquf a0g[m&rsm;udk oHk;jcif;u wpfcgw&H taxmuftuljyKwwfygonf/ Oyrm

- xdkYaemuf? vnf;? aomfjim;vnf;? rwdkifrD? odkYaomf? rnfodkYyifqdkapumrl? pOftwGif;?

xdktawmtwGif; ponfrsm;jzpfonf/

10? pum;ydkrsm;ESifh vGefuJaoma0g[m7rsm;udk a&SmifjuOfyg?

]]trSefpifppf}}? ]]pum;rpyf}}? ]]odawmfrlMuonfhtwdkif;}} paom pum;rsdK;udk qdkvdkygonf/

11? tudk;tum;rsm;udk toHk;=yK=cif;

vlwdkYu Zmwfvrf;udk touf0ifvmapygonf/ xdkYaMumifhvnf; ajympum;rsm;udk udk;um;&jcif;

jzpfonf/ toHwpfoH xyfrHjznfhpGufay;jcif;? vludk,fwdkif yg0ifvmatmif ½kyfvHk;azmfay;jcif;

jzpfavonf/

12? wduscdkifvHkr_u txl;ta7;}uD;vSygonf?

olwdkY\ ajympum;rsm;udk yHkESdyfpmvHk;jzifh azmfjyonfhtcgwGif vltawmfrsm;rsm;u trSm;rcH

vdkwwfMuyg/ udk,fwdkifajymvdkufaom pum;yif jzpfvifhupm; vltrsm;a&SUwGifrl xdkpum;udk

udk,fwdkifyif rESpfoufEdkifovdk jzpfoGm;&wwfygonf/ vlwpfa,mufu ajymvdkufaom pum;vHk;

twdkif; twdtus jyefvnfazmfjy&ef rpGrf;omawmhygu rdrdpum;ESifh rdrd jyefa&;? jyefajymjyzdkY

vdkygonf/

13? tudk;tum;rsm;udk oifhwifhavsmufywfaom pum;pyfwGifxnfhoGif;yg?

wduscdkifvHkrI\ wpfpdwfwpfydkif;rSm pum;pyfjzpfonf/ taqmufttHka[mif;wpfcktm;

ysufpD;oGm;apaom rD;taMumif; wpfa,mufa,mufu ajymjyonfhtcg ]]onfrD;uawmh

pdwfraumif;p&mwpfckjzpfovdk &mZ0wfrIqdk&ifvnf;rrSm;bl;}} [k ajymvdkufonfqdkygpdkY/

rdrdjyefa&;onfh pum;pyfwGif ]]onfrD;}} [laom pum;vHk;\ teufudk rysufr,Gif;&Sif;vif;pGm

&dSaeatmif tm;xkwf&efvdktyfygonf/

14? tudk;tum;rsm;udk 7nf&G,fcsufaumif;=zifhtoHk;=yKyg?

tudk;tum;wpf&yfonf udpöwpfckudk ydkrdkav;eufoGm;apoifhygonf? odkYr[kwfyguvnf; ydkrdk

&Sif;vif;oGm;apoifhygonf/ a,bk,soabm ajymqdkvdkufjcif;udkjzpfap? wpfckcktm; tao;pdwf

azmfjyjcif;udkjzpfap tudk;tum;jzifh erlemay;Edkifygonf/ tudk;tum;wpfckonf yk*¾dKvfa&;

qdkif&m rSwfcsufwpf&yfudk ay;Edkifygonf/ xdkYtjyif rdrdazmfusL;Edkifonfxuf cHpm;csufwpf&yfudk

ydkNyD; jyqdkEdkifygonf/ tajccHtaMumif;tcsufudk ay;&efrQtwGuf tudk;tum;udk roHk;oifhyg/


odkYwnf;r[kwf ajymNyD;om;owif;tcsuftvufudk xyfajym&ma&mufonfh tudk;tum;rsdK;

jzpfaevQifvnf; roHk;oifhyg/ xdkodkYoHk;rdoGm;wwfjcif;rSm pme,fZif;q&mrsm; tm;vHk;twGuf

jyóemBuD;yifjzpfygonf/ ]]oifwef;u t*FgaeYus&ifpr,f}} [k ajymvdkufaom pum;udk bmvkyfzdkY

xnfhudk;um;aernfenf;/ xdktpm; tudk;tum;jzifh Zmwfvrf;udk qufazmfoGm;½Hkyif jzpfygonf/

4? rdrdudk,frdrd =yefar;oifhaom ar;cGef;rsm;

rdrdZmwfvrf;udk tqDtai:wnfhatmifpDpOfjcif;ESifh rdrd\ tjyKtrl? rdrd\aqmif&GufcsufwdkYESifh

ywfoufNyD; rnfodkYrnfyHkvkyfaqmif&rnfqdkjcif;twGuf tajccHvdktyfcsufrsm; &dSygonf/

Zmwfvrf;udk a&;om;NyD;pD;oGm;onfhtcg rdrdudk,frdrd rn§mygESifh/ udk,fa&;xm;onfudk udk,fh

bmom jyefppfNyD;aemuf atmufygwdkYudk udk,fhbmomjyefar;Munfhyg/

1? cdkifvHkr_rdrd\aqmif;yg;xJu t&mtm;vHk; vHk;0 wdus&JUvm;/

rdrdtoHk;jyKxm;aom owif;Zmpfjrpfrsm; cdkifvHkNyD; ,HkMunfpdwfcsxdkuf&JUvm;/

ar;cGef;rsm;ar;onfhtcg tajzrsm;udk rdrd em;vnfatmif vkyfyg/

aeYpGJrsm;? trnfrsm;? &mxl;rsm;? ae&ma'o pmvHk;aygif;rsm; ponfwdkYudk ESpfcgjyefppfyg/

udef;*Pef;rsm;udk aygif;xm;NyD;aemuf ocsFmtwGuftcsufvnf; rSefuefaeygap/

udk,fhudk,fudk,f jyefar;Munfhyg/ pmzwfolu onfZmwfvrf;udk ,HkrSmvm;/ pmzwfolu ighudk

,HkMunfudk;pm;rSmvm;/

2? r#wr_

rnfonfhZmwfvrf;rS wpfzufowfr[kwfyg/ bufaygif;pHkrS pOf;pm;cJhNyD;NyDvm;/ þtydkif;onf

tjynfht0owdxm;rd&efESifh rdrdudk,frdrdjyefppf&ef tcufcJqHk; tydkif;wpfykdif;jzpfygonf/ vlwdkif;

vlwdkif;rSm tpGJav;awG? bufvdkufrIav;awG &dSaewwfygonf/

odkY&mwGif rdrd\t,ltqonf Zmwfvrf;ESifh bmrSrqdkifyg/ xdkYaMumifh csefxm;vdkufyg/

bufaygif;pHkudk rQwpGm udkifwG,fyg/

udk,fhudk,fudk,f jyefar;Munfhyg/ pmzwfolu ighudk ,HkMunfudk;pm;rSmvm;/ pmzwfolu igbuf

vdkufwwfw,fvdkYrsm; xifoGm;rvm;/


3? pdwf0ifpm;r_

Zmwfvrf;udk &Smyg/ tm;NydKifrI y#dyu©u b,frSmvJ/ Zmwfvrf;xJwGif cGeftm;awG zefwD;ay;yg/

uHa[m0gusrsm;jzifhom tjrJwef;a&;yg/

udk,fhudk,fudk,fjyefar;Munfhyg/ pmzwfolu pdwf0ifpm;rSmvm;/

4? tcsdefrD=cif;

'gu tck pdwf0ifpm;zdkYaumif;ae&JUvm;/ owif;a[mif;onf owif;r[kwfyg/ owif;Zmwfvrf;

onf vwfwavmjzpf&ygrnf/ vGefcJhonfh ajcmufvujzpfyGm;cJhwmrsdK; rjzpf&yg/

udk,fhudk,fudk,fjyefar;Munfhyg/ topfwpfckudk igajymaewm [kwf&JUvm;/

5? tzGifh

yxrqHk;pmydk'fonf tzGifhjzpfonf/ tzGifhu pmzwfol\ tm½Hkudk zrf;qkyfEdkfif&rnf/ odkYrSom

ol qufzwfayvdrfhrnf/ pmzwfoltaejzifh ]]tJawmhbmjzpfao;vJ}} [k rawG;rdoGm;apcsifyg/

udk,fhudk,fudk,f jyefar;Munfhyg/ pmzwfolu pdwf0ifpm;aeNyD; tm½HkpdkufaerSmvm;/ pmzwfolu

tqHk;txd qufzwfcsifyghrvm;/

6? zGJ]pnf;yHk

rdrd\aqmif;yg;u t"dyÜm,f&dS&JUvm;/ vG,fvG,fulul zwfvdkY&um vG,fvG,fulul oabmayguf

Edkifygovm;/ ½IyfaxG;aeovm;/ ta&;BuD;aom tcsuftvufrsm;udk a&SUqHk;rSm azmfjyxm;&JU

vm;/ tm½Hkpdkufp&m tcsufa&myg&JUvm;/ &Sif;vif;aom taMumif;jycsufa&myg&JUvm;/

udk,fhudk,fudk,fjyefar;Munfhyg/ pmzwfol vG,fvG,fulul vdkufEdkif&JUvm;/ qHk;wJhtxd pmzwfol

awGtwGuf pdwf0ifpm;p&m aumif;ae&JUvm;/

7? tudk;tum;rsm;

vlawGudk ig rSefrSefuefuef udk;um;xm;rd&JUvm;/ tudk;tum;awG vHkavmuf&JUvm;/ qDavsmfaom

tudk;tum;rsm;udk iga&G;xm;rd&JUvm;/ tudk;tum;awGu pdwf0ifpm;p&ma&m aumif;&JUvm;/

ig udk;um;xm;wJhtxJrSm vlyk*¾dKvftrsdK;rsdK; vdkoavmufyg&JUvm;/ ESpfzufpvHk;udk rQrQww

udk,fpm;jyKaeyg&JUvm;/ tjzwftawmuf? yk'fjzwf? yk'f&yfawGudka&m rSefrSefuefuef oHk;xm;yg

&JUvm;/


udk,fhudk,fudk,f jyefar;Munfhyg/ bufaygif;pHkrS pum;awGudk pmzwfol Mum;vdkufrSmvm;/ wcsdKU

pum;awGu udk;um;xm;wmawGrSef; pmzwfolu odaeyghrvm;/

8? tao;pdwf

tao;pdwfawG vdkoavmuf yg&JUvm;/ ½kyfyHkvTmudk ta&mifjc,fNyD;NyDvm;/ teHHY? txdtawGU?

t&om? ywf0ef;usif? ta&mif? yHkoP²mefawG yg&JUvm;/ a,bk,sajymqdkxm;jcif;rsm;udk

udef;*Pef;awG? tcsuftvufawGjzifh yHhydk;ay;xm;&JUvm;/ pm&if;tif;awGa&m ygovm;/

udk,fhudk,fudk,f jyefar;Munfhyg/ pmzwfolu tjzpftysufudk rsufvHk;xJrSm jrifa,mifMunfhEdkif

oGm;rSmvm;/ pmzwfoltwGuf onfudpöudk em;vnfoabmaygufavmufwJh owif;tcsuf

tvufawGa&m jynfhjynfhpHkpHkyg&JUvm;/

9? aemufajumif;

oifhavsmfaom aemufcHZmwfaMumif;udk ay;yg/ ordkif;? pum;pyf (Zmwfvrf;jzpfay:vmyHk)?

taMumif;&if;rsm;tm; &Sif;vif;csuf? ,Ofaus;rI "avhxHk;wrf;qdkif&m taMumif;t&mrsm;udk

qdkvdkygonf/ a'oqdkif&m udpöudk wpfEdkifiHvHk;twdkif;twmjzifh jrifjyEdkif&JUvm;/ wpfEdkifiHvHk;udpö

udka&m a'oqdkif&mtjrifjzifh jrifjyEdkfif&JUvm;/

udk,fhudk,fudk,fjyefar;yg/ pmzwfolu onfZmwfvrf;&JU xl;jcm;rIudk em;vnfoabmayguf

oGm;rSmvm;/

10? &Sif;vif;r_

omrefpmzwfolrsm; em;vnfavmufonfh a0g[m&rsm;udk oHk;yg/ 0gusrsm;udk wdkwdkyJ a&;yg/

pdwf0ifpm;p&mtcsufudk wef;ceJaeatmifjyyg/ ½IyfaxG;ayGvDaom t,ltq oabmw&m;rsm;

udk &Sif;vif;vG,fuloGm;atmifvkyfyg/

udk,fhudk,fudk,f jyefar;yg/ pmzwfolu onfZmwfvrf;wpfyk'fvHk;udk em;vnfoabmayguf

oGm;rSmvm;/

25tydkif; (2) uav;rsm;ESihf owif;jyefMum;rI

t+yD;owfrSmp7mtenf;tyg;

� zGifhxm;yg/ tawGUtMuHKrsm;aom pme,fZif;q&mrsm;yifvQif tjcm;olrsm;\ a0zefcsuf

rsm;rS tjrwfxGufvmEdkifygonf/

� pdwf&Snfyg/ EdkifiHwum pHcsdefpHñTef;rsm;ESifhtnD owif;ay;ydkYjcif;ESifh Zmwfvrf;a&;om;jcif;

rSm tcsdef,l&ygonf/ tyifyef;cH&ygonf/

� pdwfa&mudk,fyg ESpfjr§Kyfxm;yg/

� ZGJ&dSyg/

� rdrdonf EdkifiHwumpHcsdefpHñTef;rsm;udk ,HkMunfaom pme,fZif;q&mwpfa,mufjzpfyg

onf/ rdrdtvkyfudk? rdrd\owif;tcsuftvufudk? rdrdudk,fudk *kPf,lyg/

� usifh0wfrsm;udk vdkufemapmifhxdef;&rnfhwm0efudk rarhygESifh/ ajzmifhrwfwnfMunfyg/

wduscdkifvHkygap/ csdefcGifvQm nDrQygap/ rQwygap/ cdk;rcsygESifh/

� rdrdudk,frdrd opöm&dSyg/

tpDt&ifcHpm\ þtydkif;udk jyKpkcJhonfh ppfESihfNidrf;csrf;a&;qdkif&mowif;xkwfjyefjcif; tzGJUtpnf; (Institute of Warand Peace Reporting) tm; txl;aus;Zl; wif&Sdygonf/ Website address: www.iwpr.net

tydkif; (2)

uav;rsm;ESifh

owif;=yefjum;r_


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vmNyDjzpfygonf/ tusdK;oufa&mufrI&Sd&ef jyKvkyfa&;yifjzpfygonf/

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em;vnfEdkifatmifvnf; owif;axmufrsm;u jyKvkyfEdkifonf/ xdktajctaersm;ESifh rnfodkY&ifqdkif

&rnfqdkonfudkvnf; jyKvkyfEdkifonf/ vlrsm;rnfodkYtouf&Sif &yfwnf&ef rnfodkYvkyfaqmif&rnf

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CRC tydk'f 12

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CRC wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/

CRC tydk'f 17

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CRC tydk'f 13

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3/ uav;i,fonf

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ac:onf/

arG;zGm;EIef; (arG;zGm;EIef; (arG;zGm;EIef; (arG;zGm;EIef; (arG;zGm;EIef; (Birth Rate)))))

vlOD;a& 1000wGif wpfESpftwGif; arG;zGm;aom uav;ta&twGufudk ac:onf/ a,bk,stm;jzifh

zGHUNzdKqJEdkifiHrsm;rS arG;zGm;EIef;onf pufrIEdkifiHrsm;xuf jrifhrm;avh&dSygonf/

arSmifcd kaps;uGuf (arSmifcd kaps;uGuf (arSmifcd kaps;uGuf (arSmifcd kaps;uGuf (arSmifcd kaps;uGuf (Black Market)))))wm;jrpfxm;aom? odkYr[kwf w&m;Oya'ESifh rnDaom ukefypönf;rsm;udk a&mif;0,fazmufum;jcif;udk

qdkvdkonf/ xdkokdY jzpf&jcif;rSm bdef;? bdef;jzLwdkYuJhodkY xkwfukefudk,füu w&m;Oya'ESifh rnDñGwfaom

aMumifhvnf; jzpfEdkifonf/ odkYr[kwf a&mif;cs&aom tajctaersm;u w&m;Oya'ESifh rnDñGwfaom

aMumifhvnf; jzpfEdkifonf/ Oyrm - aps;onfwGif a&mif;cscGifhvdkufpifr&dSjcif;? odkYr[kwf a&mif;cGef

ay;aqmifrI r&dSjcif;wdkYjzpfonf/ zGHUNzdK;qJEdkifiHrsm;wGif arSmifcdkaps;uGufu us,fjyefY BuD;rm;vSayonf/

b@ma&; vdkaiGjyrI (b@ma&; vdkaiGjyrI (b@ma&; vdkaiGjyrI (b@ma&; vdkaiGjyrI (b@ma&; vdkaiGjyrI (Budget Deficit)))))tpdk;&u &&dSxm;aom tcGeftaumufxuf ydkrdkoHk;pGJaomtcgwGif ay:aygufonf/ tpdk;&\

0ifaiGonf 0ifaiGcGef pnf;MuyfrI? taumufcGefESifh tjcm;aomtcGeftcrsm;rSm &&dSvm&pjrJjzpfonf/

tqdkyg aumufcH&&dSaiGrsm;onf umuG,fa&;? usef;rma&;? om,ma&; tp&dSaom udpörsm;twGuf

tpdk;&u toHk;jyKaeaom yrmPxuf enf;yg;oGm;ygu ,if;udkb@ma&;vdkaiGjyrI[kac:onf/

b@ma&;vdkaiGjyrIrSm aiGaMu;azmif;yGrI\ t"dutaMumif;&if;cH jzpfavonf/ taMumif;um;

tpdk;&rsm;u vdkaiGudkaxrdap&ef aiGaMu;rsm;udkydkí yHkESdyfxkwfa0wwfaomaMumifhwnf;/


t&if;tESD; (t&if;tESD; (t&if;tESD; (t&if;tESD; (t&if;tESD; (Capital)))))pufrsm;? puf½kHrsmESifh ½Hk;rsm;uJhodkY vlvkyfxm;aom t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk ac:onf/ t&if;onf ukefxkwf

vkyfrI\ t"du tpdwftydkif;wpf&yfyif jzpfonf/ tpOftvmt& t&if;tESD;udk aiGaMu;? odkYr[kwf

ydkifqdkifrIrsm;uJhodkY aiGjzifh 0,fEdkif? a&mif;Edkifaom tzdk;wefypönf;rsm;oufouf[k ,lqcJhMuygonf/

odyfrMumao;cifurl ypönf;rsm;udk jyKvkyfEdkifonfh olYajray:wGif tyifrsm;pdkufysdK;wwfonfh

v,form;wpfOD;\ todÓPf? wHwm;wpfpif;udk wnfaqmufEdkifonfh tif*sifeD,mwpfOD;\ pGrf;&nf

ponfh vlwdkY\pGrf;&nfudkvnf; <u,f0rItm; armif;ESifay;aeonfh ta&;BuD;qHk; tif*sifpufBuD;rsm;

tjzpf pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sifrsm;u xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;vmMuygonf/ tqdkygpGrf;&nfrsm;udk ]]vlom;]]vlom;]]vlom;]]vlom;]]vlom;

t&if;tESD;}}t&if;tESD;}}t&if;tESD;}}t&if;tESD;}}t&if;tESD;}} [k olwdkYu ac:qdkMuavonf/

A[dkbPf (A[dkbPf (A[dkbPf (A[dkbPf (A[dkbPf (Central Bank)))))

aiGaMu;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk pDrHcefYcGJaom tpdk;&at*sifpDtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfudk ac:qdkjcif;jzpfonf/

A[dkbPf\ ta&;tygqHk;tvkyfrSm jynfwGif;oHk;aiGudk xkwfa0&efESifh xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smuf&efjzpf

onf/ A[dkbPfrsm;onf EdkifiHwpf EdkifiHtwGif;&dS yk*¾vdu u@ESifh pD;yGm;a&;bPfrsm;udkvnf;

pnf;MuyfuGyfuJygonf/ A[dkbPfudk ]]bPfwumhbk&if}} [k ,lqEdkifygonf/

EdIif;& tompD;&rI (EdIif;& tompD;&rI (EdIif;& tompD;&rI (EdIif;& tompD;&rI (EdIif;& tompD;&rI (Comparative Advantage)))))

vlrsm;? ukrÜPDrsm;ESifh wdkif;jynfrsm;onf olwdkYwwfyGeftuRrf;usifqHk;t&mrsm;udk vkyfudkifaqmif&Guf

cGifh&onfhtcgwGif txda&mufqHk;pGrf;aqmifEdkifMuonf[laom oabmw&m;yifjzpfonf/ EdIif;&

tompD;&rIonf obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;ESifh vlom;pGrf;&nfrsm;udk aygif;pyfvdkufonfhtcgwGif

ay:aygufvmwwfygonf/ wdkif;jynfrsm;taejzifh ukefypönf;rsm;? ydkYukefrsm;? 0efaqmifrIvkyfief;rsm;udk

tjcm;ukefypönf;rsm;? 0efaqmifrIrsm;xuf (um,tm;? vlom;t&if;tESD;ESifh obm0t&if;tESD;rsm;

udk toHk;jyKvsuf) ydkrdkxda&mufpGm xkwfvkyfjcif;jzifh tusdK;tjrwftrsm;qHk;&&dSaeaom urÇmhukefoG,f

a&;wGif EdIif;&tompD;&rIu txl;ta&;ygvSayonf/

pm;oHk;rI toHk;p&dwf (pm;oHk;rI toHk;p&dwf (pm;oHk;rI toHk;p&dwf (pm;oHk;rI toHk;p&dwf (pm;oHk;rI toHk;p&dwf (Consumption Expenditure)))))

vwfwavm vdktyfcsufrsm;udk jznfhqnf;ay;aeaom ukefypönf;ESifh 0efaqmifrIrsm; pm;oHk;rI (oHk;pGJrI)

toHk;p&dwfudk ac:qdkygonf/ pm;oHk;rItoHk;p&dwfonf 0,fvdktm;\ t"dutpdwftydkif;yif jzpfav

onf/

p&dwfpursm;? taoESifh t&Sif (p&dwfpursm;? taoESifh t&Sif (p&dwfpursm;? taoESifh t&Sif (p&dwfpursm;? taoESifh t&Sif (p&dwfpursm;? taoESifh t&Sif (Costs, fixed and variable)))))

aps;uGuftwGif; ukefypönf;ESifh 0efaqmifrIrsm;udk xkwfvkyfaeMuolwdkif; p&dwfpuESifh &ifqdkif&pjrJ

jzpfonf/ yrmaqmifaomf v,form;onf rsdK;aphrsm;twGuf ydkufqHay;&onf/ q&m0efuvnf;

cGJpdwfud&d,mrsm;twGuf ydkufqHay;&onf/ p&dwfpursm;udk taoESifht&Sif[k ESpfrsdK;cGJjcm;xm;

ygonf/ p&dwfputao[lonfrSm pwiftvkyfrvkyfrDuwnf;u vdktyfaom ypönf;rsm;twGuf

ukefusaomp&dwfjzpfonf/ Oyrm - v,form;twGuf p&dwfaoonf ajrjzpfNyD; q&m0eftwGuf

p&dwfaoonfynmoifp&dwfjzpfonf/ p&dwfput&Sif (p&dwf&Sif) rSmrl oD;jcm;ypönf;ypö,rsm;udk


xkwfvkyf&eftwGuf ypönf;ypö,rsm; 0,f,l&mwGif ay;acs&aom yrmPjzpfygonf/ qkwf,kwfvm

aom &if;pm;jyefrIrsm; (diminishing returns) ESifh wGufajcudkufonfqdk½HkrQ p&dwfpu (mar-ginal cost) wdkYudkvnf; ½I/

aoEHI; (aoEHI; (aoEHI; (aoEHI; (aoEHI; (Death Rate)))))

vlOD;a& 1000 twGuf ESpfpOfaoqHk;ol ta&twGufudk ac:onf/

a<u;NrDESif h a<u;NrDvnfywfjcif; (a<u;NrDESif h a<u;NrDvnfywfjcif; (a<u;NrDESif h a<u;NrDvnfywfjcif; (a<u;NrDESif h a<u;NrDvnfywfjcif; (a<u;NrDESif h a<u;NrDvnfywfjcif; (Debt and Debt Servicing)))))

EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHu ay;qyf&ef&dSaom aiGaMu;yrmPudk a<u;NrD[k ac:onf/ zGHUNzdK;qJEdkifiHtrsm;tjym;

wGif ,cktcgay;qyf&rnfh a<u;NrDyrmPu rsm;jym;vGef;onfhtwGuf rqyfEdkifatmif jzpfaeMu&

onf/ a<u;NrDvnfywfjcif;u tqdkygEdkifiHrsm; &SmazG&&dSorQ 0ifaiGtrsm;pkudk 0g;rsdKavh&dSayonf/

ta<u;rnfrQudk avQmfypfoifhonf? odkYr[kwf y,fzsufoifhonf[laomudpörSm urÇmwpfvTm;wGif

tjiif;yGm;vsuf&dSonfh ta&;t&myifjzpfaeygonf/

0,fvdktm; (0,fvdktm; (0,fvdktm; (0,fvdktm; (0,fvdktm; (Demand)))))

ay;EdkifonfhtpGrf;u axmufrxm;vsuf xkwfukefwpfcktm; vdkcsifjcif;? vdktyfjcif;udk 0,fvdktm;[k

ac:ygonf/ 0ifaiG? tBudKufESifh tjznfh tzufukefypönf;? tpm;xdk;ukefypönf;wdkYtygt0if taMumif;

rsm;pGmaMumifh 0,fvdktm;ay:aygufvm&jcif;jzpfonf/ ukefypönf;wpfckcktwGuf 0,fvdktm; wdk;wuf

vmvQif aps;EIef;vnf;wufvmygvdrfhrnf/

aiGwefzd k;csjcif; (aiGwefzd k;csjcif; (aiGwefzd k;csjcif; (aiGwefzd k;csjcif; (aiGwefzd k;csjcif; (Devaluation)))))

EdkifiHjcm;aiGESifh vJvS,fonfhaiGvJEIef;wGif tpdk;&u olYEdkifiHoHk; ydkufqH\wefzdk;udk wrifuvm avQmhcs

vdkufonfhtcgwGif ay:aygufvmonfh jzpf&yfudkqdkvdkonf/ aiGvJEIef; (exchange rate) udkvnf;½I/

qkwf,kwfvmaom &if;pm;jyefrI? Oya'ó (qkwf,kwfvmaom &if;pm;jyefrI? Oya'ó (qkwf,kwfvmaom &if;pm;jyefrI? Oya'ó (qkwf,kwfvmaom &if;pm;jyefrI? Oya'ó (qkwf,kwfvmaom &if;pm;jyefrI? Oya'ó (Diminishing Returns, law of)))))ypönf;wpfckckudk xkwfvkyf&mwGif rSefuefaom ukefxkwfvkyfrIjzpfap? vIyf&Sm;rIjzpfap ay:aygufaom

tqifhwpfqifh&dSonf[laom t,ltqjzpfonf/ Oyrm - v,form;wpfOD;onf olYtwGuf pyg;

pdkufysdK;&ef v,f,mvkyfom;rsm; iSm;aumif;iSm;&ygrnf/ yxr v,f,mvkyfom;q,fOD;onf

wpfa,mufvQif pyg;wpfwefEIef;jzifh vlq,fa,muf pyg;q,fwef pdkufysdK;Edkifonf/ v,form;u

aemufxyf vlq,fa,muf xyfiSm;vdkufonfhtcg wdk;&vmaompyg;rSm ig;wefomjzpfae&m

vlwpfa,mufvQif wefwpf0ufom pdkufysdK;Edkifovdkjzpfaeawmhonf/ taMumif;rSm xdkq,fa,muf

onf a0;vHvSonfh v,fuGif;rsm;wGif tvkyfvkyfaeMuaomaMumifhjzpfrnf/ odkYwnf;r[kwf pdkufysdK;a&;

ypönf;ud&d,m aumif;aumif;rsm; r&dSEdkifaomaMumifhvnf; jzpfrnf/ rnfodkYyifqdkapumrl v,form;

BuD;twGufrl 'kwd, q,fa,muftkyfpkxHrS qkwf,kwfvmaom &if;pm;jyefrIudkom &&dSayawmhonf/


pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK;rI (pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK;rI (pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK;rI (pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK;rI (pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK;rI (Econcomic Development)))))pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK;rIonf pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrI (economic growth) xuf ydkrdkus,fjyefYaom oabm

w&m;jzpfonf/ pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK;rIonf vlaerItqifhrsm; wdk;wufvmjcif;ESifh wGJzufvsuf&dSayonf/

jynfwGif; tom;wifukefxkwfvkyfrI (GDP) tm;rnfodkYcGJa0onf? odkYr[kwf qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI yrmPu

rnfrQ&dSaeonf? ausmif;? usef;rma&;ESifh vlrIa&; 0efaqmifrIrsm;uJhodkY tajccHvdktyfcsufrsm;tm;

vlwdkYrnfrQ&&dSaeonfudk pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrIu xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif;r&dSay/ odkY&mwGif pD;yGm;a&;

zGHUNzdK;rIurl xdkt&mrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;ygonf/ wpfcg w&H pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK;rIudk ydkrdk us,fjyefYaom

teuft"dyÜm,fjzifh azmfjy&mwGif ]]vlom; zGHUNzdK;rI}} [laoma0g[m&tm; toHk;jyKavh&dSonf/ wdk;wufrI

ESifhzGHUNzdK;rIMum;wGif uGJjym;jcm;em;rIudk xif&Sm;odomvmonfhaemufwGif jynfwGif;tom;wif ukefxkwf

vkyfrIuJhodkY ½dk;pif;aom wdk;wuf rI vu©Pmrsm;rSm EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\ taxGaxGzGHUNzdK;rItajctaetwGuf

oifhavsmfonf? roifhavsmfonfudk pOf;pm;Mu&ayvdrfhrnf/

pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrI (pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrI (pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrI (pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrI (pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrI (Economic Growth)))))

tpOftvmt& EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\ ukefypönf;rsm;ESifh 0efaqmifrIrsm; xGuf&dSrI wdk;jrifhvmjcif;udk

ac:qdkjcif;jzpfonf/ pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrI[lonfrSm trnfcHrQomvnf;jzpfEdkifonf/ taMumif;rSm

ukefypönf;xkwfvkyfrIyrmPrSm twlwlyif jzpfaomfvnf; aiGaMu;azmif;yGrIaMumifh aps;EIef;rsm;u

wGef;wifvdkufaomaMumifh udef;*Pef;t& wdk;wufvmaomfvnf; trSefwu,f wdk;wufrIr&dSjcif;

aMumifhjzpfonf/ odkYr[kwfyguvnf; EdkifiHjcm;aiGjzifh wdkif;xGmaom ukefypönf;rsm;\ wefzdk;trSefjzifhf

trSefwu,f ukefypönf;rsm; ydkrdkxkwfvkyfEdkifvmaomaMumifh trSefwu,f pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrI &&dSvm

onfrsdK;vnf;jzpfEdkfifygonf/ ]]pD;yGm;a&; zGHUNzdK;rI}} udkvnf;½I/

Z,m;udkuf pD;yGm;a&; (Z,m;udkuf pD;yGm;a&; (Z,m;udkuf pD;yGm;a&; (Z,m;udkuf pD;yGm;a&; (Z,m;udkuf pD;yGm;a&; (Economies of Scale)))))

ypönf;wpfckpD\ wefzdk;udk trsm;tjym;xkwfvkyfjcif;jzifh p&dwfpu avQmhcsjcif;udk ac:onf/ Oyrm

- qef ig; uDvdk*&rftwGuf wpfa':vmay;&aomfvnf; uDvdk 50twGufrl 6a':vmom usoifh

jcif;rsdK;jzpfonf/ rsm;rsm;a&mif;&onfhtwGuf a&mif;oluaps;avQmhay;jcif;rsdK;jzpfavonf/

pGef Ypm; vkyfudkifjcif; (pGef Ypm; vkyfudkifjcif; (pGef Ypm; vkyfudkifjcif; (pGef Ypm; vkyfudkifjcif; (pGef Ypm; vkyfudkifjcif; (Entrepreneurship)))))

pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;topfrsm;udk vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufvdkaom tpGrf;tpESifh qE´udk ac:onf/ pdwfcs&

aompufrIvkyfief;? odkYr[kwf wdkif;jynfwGif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;vkyfonfhtcg tajccH pDrHcefYcGJa&;

ynmudkomtoHk;jyK&efvdktyfonf/ odkY&mwGif pGefYpm;vkyfudkifonfhtcgwGifrl wDxGifrIa&m pGefYpm;jcif;yg

wGJzufaeavh&dSwwfayonf/ pGefYOD;wDxGif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;onf EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\ pD;yGm;a&;

twGuf toufaoG;aMumrsm;jzpfavonf/ taMumif;um; xdkolrsm;atmifjrifoGm;vQif tajcus

NyD;om; ukrÜPDa[mif;BuD;rsm;xuf t&dSeft[kefjyif;pGm wdk;wufvmEdkifaomaMumifhyif jzpfavonf/

&S,f,mwefzd k; (&S,f,mwefzd k; (&S,f,mwefzd k; (&S,f,mwefzd k; (&S,f,mwefzd k; (Equity)))))

tpk&S,f,myHkpHjzifhjzpfaeavh&dSaom tpk&S,f,mwpfck? odkYr[kwf ydkifqdkifrI tpdwftydkif;wpfckudk

ac:onf/ ukrÜPDwpfcku tpk&S,f,m 100 xkwfvdkufonfqdkygu &S,f,mwpfckpDonf ukrÜPDwefzdk;

\ 1%udk udk,fpm;jyKvsuf&dSayonf/


aiGvJEIef; (aiGvJEIef; (aiGvJEIef; (aiGvJEIef; (aiGvJEIef; (Exchange Rate)))))

EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\ aiGaMu;tm; tjcm;wpfEdkifiH\ aiGaMu;jzifh jzwfxm;aom wefzdk;jzpfonf/ Oyrm

tar&duefa':vm wpfa':vmonf *syef,ef;aiG 120 cefYudk 0,f,lEdkifygonf/

rdom;pk pDrHudef; (rdom;pk pDrHudef; (rdom;pk pDrHudef; (rdom;pk pDrHudef; (rdom;pk pDrHudef; (Family Planning)))))

rdom;pkrsm;taejzifh uav;b,fESa,mufudk b,ftcsdeftwGif;,lrnf[k qHk;jzwf&mwGif ulnDyHhydk;

ay;aom usef;rma&;0efaqmifrI vkyfief;wpfckjzpfonf/

rsdK;atmifEIef; (rsdK;atmifEIef; (rsdK;atmifEIef; (rsdK;atmifEIef; (rsdK;atmifEIef; (Fertility Rate)))))

trsdK;orD;wpfa,muftaeESifh olYb0wpfoufwmwGif&Edkifaom ysrf;rQuav;ta&twGufudk qdkvdk

onf/ zGHUNzdK;qJEdkifiHrsm;rS rsdK;atmifEIef;rSm oHk;rSav;twGif;&dSNyD; pufrIEdkifiHrsm;wGifrl ESpfxufenf;

avonf/

b@ma&; rl0g' (b@ma&; rl0g' (b@ma&; rl0g' (b@ma&; rl0g' (b@ma&; rl0g' (Fiscal Policy)))))

wpfEdkifiHvHk;twdkif;twmjzifh &dSaeaom 0ifaiGtqifhudk vTrf;rdk;&eftwGuf tpdk;&wpf&yf\ 0efaqmifrI

ESifh ukefypönf;rsm;twGuf toHk;p&dwfudk vnf;aumif;? tcGefaumufcHrIudkvnf;aumif;? ESpfrsdK;

pvHk;udkvnf;aumif; toHk;jyKjcif;udk ac:qdkonf/ EdkifiHwdkif; EdkifiHwdkif;wGif pD;yGm;a&;udk tBuD;tus,f

qHk; xdef;csKyfvsuf&dSonfrS tpdk;&omjzpfonf/ odkYjzpf&m tpdk;&wpf&yfu rnfrQ0,f,l&ef? odkYr[kwf

rnfrQoHk;&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufjcif;u pD;yGm;a&;tay:wGif tBuD;tus,f oufa&mufaeayvdrfhrnf/

EdkifiHjcm;taxmuftyHh (Ed kifiHjcm;taxmuftyHh (Ed kifiHjcm;taxmuftyHh (Ed kifiHjcm;taxmuftyHh (Ed kifiHjcm;taxmuftyHh (Foreign Aid)))))

yk*¾vduESifh trsm;ydkifb@maiGrsm;tm; a<u;NrDrsm;tjzpfjzpfap? tvSL&SifEdkifiHrsm;rS vufcHEdkifiH

rsm;qDodkY axmufyHhaMu;tjzpfjzpfap EdkifiHwum aiGvTJjcif;udk ac:qdkonf/ axmufyHhaMu;axmufyHhaMu;axmufyHhaMu;axmufyHhaMu;axmufyHhaMu;rSm jyefay;

&efrvdkaomaiGjzpfonf/ a<u;NrDrsm;a<u;NrDrsm;a<u;NrDrsm;a<u;NrDrsm;a<u;NrDrsm;rSmrl jyefay;&rnfjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif ay;&rnfhtaetxm;

rsm;rSm wpfrsdK;ESifhwpfrsdK; rwlMuay/ tmz&duwdkufESifh tm&Swdkuf&dS EdkifiHtrsm;tjym; yxrqHk;

tBudrftjzpf vGwfvyfa&;&ukefMuonfh 1960jynfhvGefESpfrsm;twGif;wGif EdkifiHjcm; taxmuftyHhrSm

EdkifiHwumpD;yGm;a&;e,fy,fwGif BuD;rm;vSaom tcef;uP²rSae&m,lcJhzl;avonf/

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myanmar reporters manual_myanmar language

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