MWH – The Cold War1. Nationalism and propaganda played a role in mobilizing civilian

populations in support of their nation’s goals.2. Changes in the post-war world created a new world order and new world

conflicts.3. Industrialization has the capacity for both progress and destruction.4. Improvements in technology created a paradox in which there existed the

potential for advancement and/or decline.6. Global conflict leads to attempts at international cooperation and

determining accountability (League of Nations, U.N. Nuremburg Trials).key events and policies in the early cold war –

End of WWIIYalta ConferencePotsdam conferenceDiffering and competing goals of US and USSRTruman Doctrine and ContainmentMarshall PlanBerlin AirliftNATO vs Warsaw PactBrinkmanship and the arms raceChinese civil war - Use page 7 to take notes Korean War - Use page 10 to take notes

Vietnam War – Use page 10 to take notesCambodia under the Khmer Rouge – Evil in the Killing FieldsCuban Missile Crisis - the world goes the brink of warNicaragua and the Iran-Contra AffairIranian RevolutionAfghanistan – Soviets invade and find their VietnamArms Control AgreementsEnd of Communism in EasternGorbachev’s reforms

Cold War Day 2 AgendaEU - To understand that the Chinese Civil War had far reaching

effects on China and the world. It was part of the larger global Cold War struggle between the economic and political differences between Democracy/Capitalism and Communism

Warm-up – write a paragraph explaining why the Communists won the Chinese Civil War, what happened to the Chinese nationalists and how the 2 superpowers responded.

Agenda – 1. Finish Early Cold War – review day 1 packet pages – any

questions?2. Complete day 2 packet pages about Chinese Civil War3. Complete day 2 packet pages to practice chart analysis and

understand differences and similarities between Taiwan and China

4. Read day 2 packet page 4 – No Tears for Mao – answer the questions. How does this illustrate the methods and goals of the Cultural Revolution?

5. Wrap-up – what are the problems with governing a country according to a strict ideology?

Cold War Day 3 AgendaEU - To understand that the Chinese Civil War had far reaching

effects on China and the world. This Civil War helps to lead to both the Korean and Vietnam Wars and was part of the larger global Cold War struggle between the economic and political differences between Democracy/Capitalism and Communism

Agenda – 1. Complete page day 3 packet pages 1-2 about the

Korean and Vietnam Wars2. Actively read day 3 packet pages 3 about how the war in

Vietnam affected Vietnamese. 3. Actively read day 3 packet pages 4 about Ho Chi Minh. With

which other historical figures is Ho most similar?4. Complete geography activity on day 3 packet pages 5-6 about5. Questions6. Core 2 work

Cold War Day 4 AgendaEU - To understand that the Chinese Civil War lead to both

the Korean and Vietnam Wars and was part of the larger global Cold War struggle between the economic and political differences between Democracy/Capitalism and Communism

Warm-up – write a paragraph explaining the similarities between the Wars in Vietnam and Korea

Agenda – 1. Review day 3 packet pages about the Korean and Vietnam

Wars2. Complete day 4 packet page 1about how the Cold War

affected many nations and continents throughout the world.3. Read day 4 packet pages 2-3about the Cuban Missile Crisis –

brinkmanship at work bringing the world very close to WWIII4. Fill-in key events from Chinese Civil War through Détente on

your timeline

Cold War Day 5 AgendaEU - To understand that the global Cold War struggle between the

economic and political differences between Democracy/Capitalism and Communism affected every continent in the world. That it ironically also brought down the Soviet Union because the Soviets tried too hard to keep the Communist Party in power.

Warm-up – write a paragraph explaining how the Cuban Missile Crisis is an example of brinkmanship

Agenda – 1. Review page 6 about the Vietnam War2. Review page 7 about how the Cold War affected many nations

and continents throughout the world.3. Review page 8-9 about the Cuban Missile Crisis –

brinkmanship at work bringing the world very close to WWIII4. Fill-in key events from Chinese Civil War through Détente on

your timeline5. Complete page 10 about how the 50s through 70s saw the

Cold War calm down a bit

Cold War Day 6 AgendaEU - To understand that the global Cold War struggle between the

economic and political differences between Democracy/Capitalism and Communism affected every continent in the world. That it ironically also brought down the Soviet Union because the Soviets tried too hard to keep the Communist Party in power.

Warm-up – Fill-in key events from Chinese Civil War through Détente on your timeline

Agenda – 1. Complete page 10 about how the 50s through 70s saw the

Cold War calm down a bit2. Complete page 12 about how the 80s saw the Cold War heat

up and then communism fall in Europe3. Complete page 13 about how the 90 saw the Cold War end

MWH – The Cold War – Day 7EU – The changes and conflicts following WWII that led to the Cold

War changed again as the Cold War ended and new areas of cooperation and conflict occurred.

Warm-up – plot the following events on your 6-part timeline1. WWII documentaries2. Complete page 10 the 50s through 70s saw the Cold War calm

down a bit3. Complete page 12 the 80s - the Cold War heat up, then

communism fell4. Complete page 13 about how the 90 saw the Cold War endkey events and policies in the cold war to plot on timeline – End of WWII

Yalta ConferencePotsdam conferenceDiffering and competing goals of US and USSRTruman Doctrine and ContainmentMarshall PlanBerlin AirliftNATO vs Warsaw PactBrinkmanship and the arms raceChinese civil war – Korean War -

Vietnam War – Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge – Evil in the Killing FieldsCuban Missile Crisis - the world goes the brink of warNicaragua and the Iran-Contra AffairIranian RevolutionAfghanistan – Soviets invade and find their VietnamArms Control AgreementsEnd of Communism in EasternGorbachev’s reforms

What was the Cold War?The Cold War was a 45 year period of conflict, competition and

cooperation between two global superpowers – the US and the USSR.

• This Cold War was characterized byA. NO direct military fighting between the US and the USSRB. An ARMS RACE to see who could get the most advanced,

powerful and dangerous military hardware – most specifically – NUCLEAR WEAPONS

C. A race to see who could develop the most advanced rocketry and take control of space – a SPACE RACE

D. Competition for political/diplomatic/economic influence in1. Europe – division of Europe by the “Iron Curtain” NATO v

Warsaw Pact alliances2. Then Asia – Chinese Civil War, Korean War, Vietnam War,

Afghanistan3. Then the oil-producing Middle East – overthrow of Iranian

gov’t4. Then South and Central America and Africa – Guatemala

and nicaraguaE. The competition SURROGATE WAR often involved arming

smaller allies to fight against the other superpower (USSR supplying the Vietcong against the US in Vietnam, or the US supplying the Mujahedin in Afghanistan against the USSR) –or- arming allies against the other’s allies like US-Israel vs USSR-Syria.

Defeat of Germany

Stalingrad

Cold War Timeline

1945

1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

USSR Events

East Asia Events

US Events

Western Hemisphere Events

Africa Events

Mid-East Events

Yalta Conference - Feb. 1945

–Stalin, FDR and Churchill met to discuss plans for the end of WWII. Agreed:

• Germany would be divided into 4 parts• USSR to enter war against Japan for some

islands• create a UN• USSR will allow elections in E. Europe

especially in Poland

Potsdam (July 1945) Truman, Stalin and Churchill (Atlee halfway through

conference)- division of Germany- USSR to enter war against Japan- disagreement over elections (Stalin essentially cancelled elections)- agreed that Germany would be demilitarized and its war industries destroyed- disagreement over war reparations from Germany and future of Germany- Stalin and Truman don’t like or trust each other

Communism1. no private property2. No political choice3. Little personal choice4. No god

5. Totalitarian gov’t6. Worldwide revolution

against capitalism

American system1. private property2. Elections & free assembly3. Personal choice4. Freedom of religion (lots of

god)5. Limited gov’t6. Spread “democracy” and

capitalism

US aims1. Democracy and capitalism as

practiced by the US allows for freedom of property ownership and participation in government.

2. The US wanted freed trade such that the US would BUY resources and then sell manufactured products.

3. The US wanted other countries to have freedom of action, and then choose to want to trade with the US,

4. US wanted Germany to be strong so that it would not fall under totalitarianism as it had after WWI.

Europe After WWII: Competing AimsSoviet aims

1. Communism under the USSR did not allow for any of these things, thus being complete opposites and unable to work together.

2. The USSR wanted to take what it wanted and generally did not sell anything. (It did sell things to its allies in some cases).

3. the USSR wanted its neighbors to have no choice but to act as defenders of the USSR territory

4. USSR wanted to punish Germany and keep it weak so it would not attack USSR again.

The two countries could not economically relate because the two systems were entirely incompatible.

Where is the Iron Curtain?

USSR at fault- failed to live up to promises- No free elections- Used force to put

“communist” regimes in E. Europe

- Failed to remove troops from Iran

- Threatened to spread communism- Civil war in Greece led by

communist rebels- Threats to Turkey’s straits to

Med.- Spy ring found in Canada

looking for nuclear secrets

US at fault- Truman did not live

up “understanding” of Soviet sphere in E. Europe

- Truman tried to intimidate Stalin

- US was hypocritical in keeping its Western Hemi. Sphere of influence

- Truman declared the cold war

Who is at Fault for the Cold War?

1. Stalin broke his promise to hold Free elections in Poland and established a communist government under his control there instead.

2. Supported forces in Bulgaria, Romania and Hungary and established communist governments under Soviet control there, too.

3. Annexed the Baltic states (Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia)4. Refused, at first, to withdraw troops from Iran5. Put pressure on Turkey to give USSR control of the straits

leading from Med to Black Sea6. Set up Spy Rings in Canada in order to steal atomic secrets

from the west.7. Communists were trying to overthrow the government in

Greece8. Stalin gave a threatening speech…Capitalism…weaponry9. Soviet-backed communists seized control of Czechoslovakia

Reasons Soviets can be blamed

1. Truman was deeply suspicious of the Soviets2. Truman made a big deal out of Soviet control of

Eastern Europe after Churchill and Roosevelt had agreed it was within the Soviet Sphere of Influence.

3. Truman tried to intimidate Stalin with Atomic Bomb4. Truman made it appear that the Soviets were a

threat to the whole world. He declared the Cold War in his Truman Doctrine

Reasons US can be blamed

Truman Doctrine Transcript

ContainmentPolicy – a statement of US foreign policy generally to oppose the spread of Soviet influence. Specifically it was an argument to Congress to scare them into approving spending $400million to help Greece and Turkey in 1947. Purpose – to stop the spread of Soviet influence in Greece and Turkey, and then the rest of the world.Soviet reaction – Soviets felt threatened and thus further supported “Communist” governments throughout the world including China and Korea.Evaluation of success – the doctrine was successful in Greece, Turkey, Western Europe, (Including Berlin) and Korea. But failed in China, North Korea, Vietnam and Cuba

Truman Doctrine – March 12, 1947

Economic cooperation Act – the Marshall Plan

Post War Devastation

Post War Devastation

Marshall Plan rebuilds the town

Policy – a Congressional law called the Foreign Assistance Act that authorized the US government to spend up to $13billion over 4 years in Europe. Purpose – 1. to stop the spread of Soviet influence in Europe, 2. To help Europe rebuild after the devastation of WWII, 3. To link countries together through trade to help prevent war, 4. To help the US economy grow.Soviet reaction – Soviets felt threatened and thought the US was trying to undermine their system and turned down the aid for the USSR and Eastern Europe.Evaluation of success – the most successful foreign policy ever implemented by the US – all goals were achieved

Marshall Plan – proposed 1947, passed into law April 3, 1948

A Divided Germany

Berlin Airlift

Policy – 11 months of 277,000 flights into Templehof airport containing supplies of oil, coal, food and clothing. Purpose – to stop the spread of communist influence in Berlin, to prevent the fall of Berlin to the communists, to show the world our resolve in containing communism and to keep a bastion of democracy behind the Iron curtain.Soviet reaction – Soviets felt threatened but did not want war, so finally backed down and let West Berlin stay connected to West GermanyEvaluation of success – very successful, all goals achieved. Led to strong economic, military and political ties with Germany to this very day. US still has major military bases in Germany

Berlin Airlift – June 1948-May 1949

NATO

NATO Flag

Map of Expansion of NATO – US and Canada were original founding members of the alliance not depicted on map

Policy – military alliance linking Canada and US to Western EuropePurpose – to stop the spread of communist influence in W. Europe, to help prevent war in Europe, and to act as a mutual defense arrangement, protecting its members from Soviet aggression.Soviet reaction – Soviets felt threatened and created the Warsaw Pact in 1955Evaluation of success – very successful, all goals achieved. NATO still exists today, protecting the peace in Europe. No NATO countries fell to communism. But helped to lead to the arms race and the development and deployment of dangerous weapons in Europe and the world.

Creation of NATO –1949

1. Reliance on nuclear weapons to keep the peace (deter war) based on concept of MAD (Mutual Assured Destruction).2. If war came, both sides hoped to destroy other side's nuclear weapons before they could be used.3. Neither side could allow the other to get too far ahead - an arms race developed.

Nuclear Arms Race

Bomb Picture

’62 H-bomb test on Christmas Island ’52 H-bomb test Ivy King 2 – 550kt

’62 104 kt 635 ft underground test made this 1280ft wide 320ft deep crater

12 million tons of earth moved by blast

1. Idea of John Foster Dulles (Sec. of State)2. Implied U.S. would use nuclear weapons in response to any act of communist aggression.3. Was the U.S. bluffing?4. Dulles said it was sometimes necessary to "go to the brink." 5. Critics called the idea brinkmanship” and said it was way too dangerous.6. Proved to be impractical.

strategy of "Massive Retaliation"

John Foster Dulles – Secretary of State 1953-1959

Guo Mindong – Chinese Nationalist Party led by:

Jiang JieshiCorrupt, large,

well-funded military with no motivation

CCP – Chinese Communist Party led by:

Mao Zedong – had support of peasants, motivated, battle-hardened troops

US tried to mediate war: but then helped Jiang

Chinese Civil War1946-1949

Policy – military and economic assistance to Chinese government of President Jiang JieshiPurpose – to stop the spread of communist influence in China by giving military hardware and training to the Nationalist Army and to give economic aid so that Jiang’s government would be successful in helping his peopleSoviet reaction – Soviets and Chinese Communists felt threatened Soviets briefly aided Mao Zedong’s Communists, and helped to lead to Korean WarEvaluation of success – failed – the Communists under Mao Zedong won the civil war in 1949 and kicked the Guo Mindong to Taiwan.

Support for Jiang Jieshi’s Guo Mindong (the Nationalists)

government in China

People’s Republic of China – Civil War to “The Great Proletarian

Cultural Revolution”

PRC

Republic of China

USSR gave money and weapons to PRC – recognizes only the PRC

US gave Jiang money and weaponsUS recognizes only Taiwan as the official gov’t of all of China1 country/2 systems

People’s Republic of China – Civil War to “The Great Proletarian

Cultural Revolution”PRC

Great Leap ForwardBackwardForces peasants to live on large communes and for communes to be self-sufficient (backyard industries) meeting centrally-set production quotasEffects: no incentive to work hardResentmentInefficiencyDestroyed economyFamine – millions die of starvation

People’s Republic of China – Civil War to “The Great Proletarian

Cultural Revolution”PRC

The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution – • Mao did not want to lose power• Mao did not want to lose communist

ideology• Mao released the Red Guards –

students – to punish and resocialize Mao’s opponents to be better peasant communists

Economy, education and society was very damaged – Mao brought in Deng Xiaoping to rebuild the economy and society after the Army restored order.

Policy – military invasion by US and UN forcesPurpose – to stop the spread of communism into South Korea by defending South Korea after it was attacked by North Korea under the leadership Kim Il SungSoviet reaction – Soviets were happy that the US interest was not solely focused on Europe. Chinese Communists felt threatened and entered to war on NK side in November 1950. Continued animosity between US and China for 20 more years.Evaluation of success – a success when looking at main goal of defending South Korea, which did not fall to communists and is an independent successful democracy today. But a failure if viewed as intending to rid all of Korea of communist control.

Korean War - Active map of Korean War

Causes for War in ‘Nam• For about 1000 yrs before the 8th

century C.E., Vietnam was ruled by China: Vietnamese always rebelled

• From the 8th C until the 19th C Vietnamese culture had a major theme: repel invaders by guerilla war

• France’s first attempt at colonization was in 1802 then from 1858 they conducted wars of conquest until France completely controlled Nam by 1883 – But there were always rebels trying to oust France

• When Japan conquered Nam in 1940, the French administration there collaborated with Japan. The only opposition to Japan was the Viet Minh (1. founded to gain independence for Vietnam) led by Nguyen That Than (Ho Chi Minh)

• After March 9, 1945 Japan removed the French administration; only then did France fight against Japan

• On September 2, 1945 Ho Chi Minh (2.) declares the independence of Vietnam– US soldiers, the US flag, the US national

anthem and the US Declaration of Independence play a prominent role in the ceremony

Causes for War in ‘Nam

• Following WWII, at the beginning of the Cold War, US needed France to be on its side against the USSR. France wanted to be a world power – France wanted to regain its colonies, especially – Vietnam.

• The US agreed to allow France to retake Vietnam

Causes for War in ‘Nam

How the Cold War helped cause ‘Nam• France’s enemy in its attempt to retake Vietnam

was “Uncle” Ho Chi Minh and his League for Vietnamese Independence (Viet Minh)– he had communist leanings and got military

assistance from USSR– (3.) Ho and the Viet Minh violently resist the

return of French colonization• Therefore, (4. ) helping France grew more

important to Truman and the US• (5. ) The US sent money and military supplies to

the French war effort in Vietnam• Because (6.)The Cold War spread and communism

seemed to spread in Europe through the 1940s – then China, in Asia, fell to communism in 1949 – the US could not see both France in Europe and Vietnam in Asia fall to communism – it would violate containment

Background to the War

z The French lost the war to Ho Chi Minh’s Viet Minh forces in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu

z President Eisenhower declined to intervene on behalf of France, seeing it as a lost cause.

z (8.) France more or less surrendered and negotiated a peace settlement called the Geneva Accords of 1954

Background to the Warz (9.) International Conference at Geneva

P Vietnam was divided at 17th parallelO Ho Chi Minh’s nationalist

forces controlled the NorthO Ngo Dinh Diem, a French and US-educated, Roman

Catholic claimed control of the South

O The two sides agreed that national elections would occur in 1956But this was during the Cold War and the US and USSR are in conflict over influencein the world

Background to the Warz (7.) Ike saw the southeast Asian nations as a row of

dominos that would fall to communism if Vietnam fell first.

z (10.)With Eisenhower’s approval, Diem backed out of the elections, because:z Ho Chi Minh seemed like everyone’s Uncle in

‘Nam – he is very popular– Ho seems to Americans to be a communist– Ho would win a nation-wide election– Diem holds a mock-election where he wins

through voter fraud– Vietnam remains split: North under Ho and

South under Diem with American financial support

Diem rules the South from his Capital of Saigon

Ho rules the North from his Capital of Hanoi using the Viet Minh organization

NLF or Vietcong – an organization of communist guerillas forms in the South to overthrow Diem by using small-unit hit and run, terrorist-type tactics

Vietcong supplied by the North

US does not want to see South Vietnam (Republic of Vietnam) fall to commies. US sends money and then men to protect the South from the Vietcong and their North Vietnam allies.

US fights in the South against the Vietcong

After 8 years of fighting:

They were still supplied by the Ho Chi Minh Trail and…

Vietcong were terribly weakened by their 1968 Tet Offensive but…

US is still fighting the NVA and the VC, but its people are tired of war and the soldiers are too.President Johnson does not seek reelection in 1968, the draft is unpopular and the TV shows the deaths committed by US soldiers

US invades Cambodia, causing massive protests in US

But the South Vietnamese government and army were corrupt, brutal and not supported by their people, whereas…

The Viet Cong had significant popular support.

Therefore US pulls out its troops and South Vietnam is taken over by the North – uniting all of Vietnam

Cambodia and the Evils of the killing fields

1. The War in Vietnam spread to Cambodia because the North Vietnamese used the Ho Chi Minh trail through Cambodia to supply the Viet Cong in the South

2. The US invaded Cambodia in 1970 to cut the Trail3. Both the Us and the North Vietnamese wanted a friendly

government in Cambodia, leading to Civil War in Cambodia4. Pol Pot was the leader of the Communist Khmer Rouge – but

they were evil ideologues who hated modernity5. The Khmer Rouge killed 25% of Cambodia’s population

Cuban Missile Crisis1. Castro creates a communist government in January 19592. Eisenhower sets the CIA to plan to overthrow Castro3. JFK implements the plan to overthrow Castro called

“Operation Zapata” – we know it as the Bay of Pigs Invasion4. 1500 CIA-trained anti-Castro Cubans invaded Cuba and

overthrow Castro, the plan failed miserably. 5. JFK looked weak, the US looked powerless, the CIA looked

foolish. 6. Castro was scared and asked USSR for protection – USSR

began to install nukes in Cuba

1. US spy planes see USSR nukes in Cuba – very threatening 2. Soviets threaten Berlin in Germany with building of Berlin

Wall – the world is becoming more dangerous3. The US threatens nuclear retaliation if missile are not

removed4. The US also puts a blockade on Cuba to keep more nukes

from being brought in.5. Brinkmanship in action

Cuban Missile Crisis

Potential nuclear missile targets from Cuba

1978 – the Sandinista guerilla movement – a left-wing group opposed to right-wing dictator Luis Somoza Debayle (Somoza) begins a violent revolution1979 – Somoza resigns and the Sandinistas takes over.1982 – President Reagan sends arms and money to a pro-Somoza right-wing group, the Contras, to overthrow the Sandinistas1982 – Civil war between the Contras and the Sandinista government continues to rage in Nicaragua leading to tens of thousands of deaths1984 Daniel Ortega, leader of the Sandinistas, is elected President 1990 Civil War ends and Violetta Chomorro is elected President in free elections and the Sandinistas become an opposition party

Nicaragua

Locations of CIA covert operations to overthrow unwanted leftist governments

The Iran Contra affair

$

$

1. The US had installed Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi as the King in Iran – Because the alternative, the elected Mohammad Mossadeq, was seen to be a communist stooge allied with the Soviet Union.

2. The US supplied him with weapons, CIA training of his secret police SAVAK.

3. The Shah wanted to modernize and westernize Iran as Kemal Mustafa Ataturk had done in Turkey. He came down hard on religious muslims

4. Grand Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini helped to lead a broadly popular revolution against the Shah and the US.

5. Khomeini helped to create a complex Islamic democratic theocracy in Iran. It did not like the US or the Soviets but it had oil

Iran

2. Soviets had supported a communist dictatorship in Afghanistan. When an Islamic uprising threatened the Afghan Commies, the Soviets invaded like in Czechoslovakia in ‘48 and ‘68 and Hungary in ‘56

Because USSR invaded Afghanistan, US President Carter had to revert to the policies of previous Cold War presidents like Truman and take a hard line on the USSR. But to avoid war, the US response was diplomatic and economic.President Reagan, his CIA and Congress, spent money to buy weapons to give to the Mujahedin (one of whom was a Saudi named Osama bin-Laden) – especially the Stinger anti-aircraft missiles. This was the Soviet’s version of our Vietnam War and the Mujahedin were their Viet Cong.The Soviets had to withdraw, leaving Afghanistan in the hands of tribal warlords and the ultra-religious Islamists called the Taliban.

Soviets Invade Afghanistan

Huge increase leading to huge deficitsResults – Reagan supporters claim that the US outspent the USSR and thus they spent themselves out of existence. Most historians today believe that this was not the case.

Missile DefenseSDI – the Strategic Defense Initiative, aka “Star Wars” was begun in 1983 and cost $17b between ’83 and ’89.Results – US allies and the USSR were both made nervous that a working missile defense shield would undermine the stability of Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) that was the basis of nuclear deterrence.

US - Defense Spending under Reagan

Reagan believed now that we could negotiate because we could “trust” USSR but we still needed to “verify”INF treaty signed in 1987 and ratified in June 1988START I negotiated under ReaganSTART II negotiations begun under Reagan

ResultsINF – Soviet SS 20s and US Pershing II missiles were completely removed from Europe with on-site inspectionsSTART I signed in July 31, 1991, ratified 1994 – reducing nuclear warheads on each side to under 6000 with under 1600 delivery vehicles.START II signed in ’93 and ratified in by US in ’96 and the new Russian Federation in 2000. Russia does not ratify treaty

Arms Control– ’85-’89

The Cold War Ends • 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev became the general secretary of the

Communist Party in the Soviet Union • Soviet economy under a great amount of stress; Reagan added

pressure by increasing U.S. defense spending • Gorbachev advocated a policy known as glasnost (Russian for

“openness”). He allowed open criticism of the Soviet government, some freedom of press

• Plans for perestroika a restructuring of Soviet society, some private enterprise, move to democracy - demokratizatsia

• better relations with the US would allow the Soviets to reduce their military spending and reform their economy – Initiated a series of arms-control meetings that led to the INF Treaty

(Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty)– Eliminated two classes of weapons systems in Europe and allowed

each nation to make on-site inspections of the other’s military installations.

• With his policies of glasnost and perestroika, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev attempted to democratize his country's political system in the 1980s. Though he was ultimately forced to resign from office, his programs led to the downfall of communism and the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Eastern Europe moves away from Soviets• 1948 – Czechoslovakia attempted to create a socialist

democracy and get out from under Soviet influence.– Soviet Union orchestrates a coup to guarantee a Soviet-

friendly government in Prague, Czechoslovakia• 1956 – Imre Nagy – Hungarian Socialist leader proposed

free elections to create a socialist democracy in Hungary. – November 1956 the Soviets rolled in the Red Army, fought

with Hungarian reformers and freedom fighters– 30,000 Hungarians die and Hungary stays under Soviet

influence• 1961 – Berlin – Eastern Europeans are leaving through

Weat Berlin – East Germans and Soviets build the symbol of the Cold War – the Berlin Wall

• 1968 – Alexander Dubcek in Czechoslovakia attempts to liberalize Czech communism – proposing a looser form of socialism – a period called Prague Spring– August 20, 1968 – Soviets roll in the tanks to overthrow

Dubcek’s government and install a Soviet-friendly government in Prague yet again

The Cold War Ends• The Collapse of Communist Regimes - Gorbachev reduces Soviet

control of Eastern Europe because the USSR could not afford to prop them up.– 1980 - In Poland, Lech Walesa’s Solidarity labor union protests and

works for improved economic situation in the depressed economy created by communism (a bit of an irony from the foundations of communism

– The labor strikes helped to lead to democracy– 1989 - In Hungary, the economy was bad, so market-based

economic policies were proposed – the Hungarian Communists dissolve themselves

– 1989, Berlin Wall torn down; 1990, 2 Germanys reunited– 1989 Czechoslovakia – hundreds of thousands protest against

brutality and for a change to democracy– 1989 – the brutal Romanian dictator Nicolai Ceausescu attempted

one last abuse of power by killing protestors in Timisoara – the brutality was the last straw, and huge popular uprising occurred, and this time the army backed the protestors - Ceausescu was captured and executed – democracy begins

– Ethnic civil war breaks out in Yugoslavia between Muslims, Orthodox Serbs, and Roman Catholic Croats

The Cold War Ends• The Soviet Union Declines (map)

– December 1991, 14 non-Russian republics declared their independence from the Soviet Union, Gorbachev resigned as Soviet president

– Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) took the place of the Soviet Union.

– President Bush and Russian president Boris Yeltsin issued a formal statement declaring an end to the Cold War

– Yeltsin and Bush signed the START II pact, designed to cut both nation’s nuclear arsenals by two-thirds