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VACCINES



CONTENTS

1. Introduction

2. How vaccines work 3. Different types of vaccines

4. Harmful microbes

5. Vaccine preventable disease, and vaccination

6. Vaccine benefits

7. Production

8. Vaccines of the future

9. Making a safe vaccine

10.FDA License & NIAID Vaccine Research

11.Conclusion

12.References



INTRODUCTION

Vaccines are a safe, cost-effective, and efficient way to prevent sickness

and death from infectious disease. Generally we are using vaccines for diphtheria, rubella, pertussis. The Some of the examples for vaccines

arewhooping cough (pertussis), measles, mumps, and German measles

(rubella). Your immune system takes more than a week to learn how to fight

off an unfamiliar microbe. Stronger microbes can spread through your body

faster than the immune system can fend them off.

General information about vaccines :

• What they are

• How they prevent disease

• How they are made and tested

• What vaccine research might achieve in the future



HOW VACCINES WORK

Antigens sound the alarm

Lymphocytes: T cells and B cells

Anti bodies in action

Clearing the infection

How vaccines mimic action



ANTIGENS SOUND THE ALARM:

• Macrophages

• Lymph nodes , bean sized organs scattered through out our body

• Regurgitating

• Yellow fever antigen to lymphocytes

Lymphocytes are two types

T cells

B cells

T cell: These offensive T cell don‟t attack the virus .

Cytotoxic T cellDirect activity of other immune system cell

B cell: These are extremely important molecular weapons

Anti body with one antigen

50 million B cells random genetic shuffling



Anti bodies in action:

These attack the viruses, not infected any cell, but are lurcking in blood or the

space between cells.

• Signal microphages

• Humoral immune response.

• Without any help from killer T cells.

• Yellow fever .

• Skin becomes yellow ,covered with purple spots.• T cells and antibodies begain to eliminate.

• Virus disappears from body and feel better.

• Some of yellow fever fighting with B cells and T cells converted into

memory cells.



DIFFERENT TYPES OF VACCINES

Bacterium X

Analyze bacterium X gene

Types of vaccines

Live attenuated

Inactivated

Sub unit

Toxoid

Conjugate

DNA VaccineRecombinated vector



LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINES:

o Live attenuated vaccines against bacteria

o Attenuation

o These vaccines are relatively easy to create certain viruses

o Measles, mumps , and chicken pox

o

These are more difficult to create for a bacteria



INACTIVATED VACCINES:

Killed vaccines, better for bacterium „X‟ .

Chemicals, heat, or radiation and these are safer than live vaccines .

Easily stored and transported in a freeze - dried form.

Additional doses or booster shots.

SUB UNIT VACCINES: Stimulate the immune system

Epitopes - antibodies or T cells recognize and bind

Tricky ,time-consuming process

Recombinant sub unit vaccines

Made for the hepatitis-B virus



TOXOID VACCINES

Bacterium‟ X‟ secrets a toxin , or harmful chemicals.

Formalin

De toxoids, safe for use in vaccines .

Harmless toxoid, learns fight off the natural toxin.

Vaccine against diphtheria and tetanus.

CONJUGATE VACCINES

Polysaccharides

Infant‟s immune system can recognize to polysaccharide.

Poly saccharide coatings defend against the disease – causing bacterium.

DNA VACCINE



DNA VACCINE: Bacterium „X‟

DNA vaccine couldn‟t cause disease

Naked DNA vaccine

Shoot microscopic gold particles

Influenza and HIV

RECOMBINATED VECTOR VACCINES: Experimental similar to DNA vaccines

Vector

Roomy genomes

Bacterial and viral vector

HIV, rabies, and measles

SOME VACCINE TYPES AND DISEASES THEY PROTECT



SOME VACCINE TYPES AND DISEASES THEY PROTECT

AGAINST

VACCINE TYPE DISEASE

Live, attenuated vaccines Measles, mumps, rubella, polio (Sabin

vaccine), yellow fever

Inactivated or “killed” vaccines Measles, mumps, rubella, polio (Sabin

vaccine), yellow fever

Toxoid vaccine Diphtheria, tetanus

Subunit vaccines Hepatitis B, pertussis, pneumonia

caused by Streptococcus pneumonia

Conjugate vaccines Haemophilus influenzae type b,

pneumonia caused by Streptococcus

pneumoniae

DNA vaccines In clinical testing



HARMFUL MICROBES

Genetic material

warmth, nutrients, and tissues.

Vaccines proved highly effective some of examples

Variola

Polio virus

Bordetella pertussis

Chicken pox, hepatitis A&B, Haemophilus influenza type b



VACCINE BENIFITS

Naturally acquired Immunity

Artificially acquired immunity

Advantages Disadvantages

Produce a strong immune response Often give lifelong

immunity with one or two doses

Remote possibility that the live microbe could mutate

back to a virulent form Must be refrigerated to stay

potent

Safer and more stable than live vaccines Produce a weaker immune response than live vaccines

Don‟t require refrigeration: more easily stored and

transported

Usually require additional doses, or booster shots

Teaches the immune system to fight off bacterial toxins

Targeted to very specific parts of the microbe Fewer

antigens, so lower chance of adverse reactions

When developing a new vaccine, identifying the best

antigens can be difficult and time consuming

Allow infant immune systems to recognize certain bacteria

Produce a strong antibody and cellular immune response Still in experimental stages

Relatively easy and inexpensive to produce

Closely mimic a natural infection, stimulating a strong

immune response

Still in experimental stages



PRODUCTION

Bioreactors

Ultrafiltration and column chromatography

Multidose vials.

Potential incompatibilities

pathogen-associated molecular patterns

EXCIPIENTS:

Aiuminium adjuvants

Anti bioticsEgg protien

Formaldehyde

Mono sodium glutamate and 2-phenoxy ethanol

Thimerosal

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioreactor

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogen-associated_molecular_pattern

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Preparation_of_measles_vaccines.jpg








https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioreactor



VACCINE OF THE FUTURE

o Edible vaccine

o Potatoes-Eschrichia coli

o

Bananas-noro virus

o Gelatin capsules

o Thin skin patch, dendritic cells

o Diarrhea, tetanus, anthrax & seasonal flu

o FDA & NIAID Research



MAKING A SAFE VACCINES

LAB AND ANIMAL TESTING:

• Pre clinical testing

• Mice, rabbits, guinea pig or monkeys

INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUG APPLICATION:

• IND application

STUDIES IN HUMANS:

• clinical trials

• Phase I - 20 or fewer people

• Phase II - 50 to several hundred people

• Phase III -protect against illness



FDA & NIAID RESEARCH

• Biologics License Application

• Vaccine intended for public use

•

FDA inspects the manufacturing facility.

• Scientists, physicians, statisticians, and consumer representatives

• NIAID Research

• HIV/AIDS

• Bioterrorism



CONCLUSION

The vaccines are mainly 38 vaccines especially for childrens by newer

technology provides the natural vaccines and showing the much better

action. The nano technology also provides the new methods for making

vaccines for the some other diseases. With improved vaccines and

expanded knowledge about immunology, the way we prevent against

disease has changed.



REFERENCES

• Stefan Riedel, MD, PhD (January 2005). "Edward Jenner and the history of

smallpox and vaccination" Vol. : 39 Pp- 1 –25.

• Grammatikos, Alexandros P.; Mantadakis, Elpis; Falagas, Matthew E. (June

2009). "Meta-analyses on Pediatric Infections and Vaccines". Infectious

Disease Clinics of North America Vol: 23 (2): Pp-431 –57.

doi:10.1016/j.idc.2009.01.008.

• Bmj.bmjjournals.com. Retrieved 2013-04-26. Cohort study journals -

Schlegeletal. "Comparative efficacy of three mumps vaccines during

disease outbreak in eastern Switzerland: Vol:58(6) Pp-319 (7206): 352 -

bmj.co

• Halloran, M.E. (2003). Clinical Infectious Diseases (Oxford Journals) 37(6)

"Effects of Pertussis Vaccination on Disease: Vaccine Efficacy in Reducing

Clinical Severity".

• Orenstein WA, Papania MJ, Wharton ME (2004). "Measles elimination in

the United States". Vol:84 Pp-496 – 684 doi:10.1086/377693.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1200696/


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2009.01.008

http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/6/772.full


http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/377693



http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/377693

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/377693

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