motherboards chapter 3 release 22/10/2010powered by dj

Motherboards

Chapter 3

Release 22/10/2010 powered by dj

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Objectives

List the types of motherboards Identify the motherboard form factor Identify the components of the motherboardExplain the use of chipsetsList the types of chipsetsConfigure the motherboard Install the motherboardTroubleshoot the motherboard


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Types of Motherboards - I

Integrated motherboards – Have all peripheral device slots, input output ports, serial and parallel ports mounted on the board. Saves space and cheaper as compared to non-integrated motherboards.

Non-Integrated motherboards – Have RAM slots integrated on the board. All the I/O ports such as serial and parallel port connectors, other controllers such as hard drive and floppy disk drives controllers are attached to the system using expansion boards


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Types of Motherboards - II

Desktop Motherboards – Used in personal computers and desktops

Server Motherboards– Designed to offer high-end services and supports various redundancy technologies

Laptop Motherboards– Have very advanced features, as compared to the desktop motherboards


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Question for GD Time Limit – 2 Mins

What are the different types of motherboard?


Sl. Types of Motherboard1

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Form Factors of Motherboard

Refers to motherboards physical shape, layout and positioning of components on it

Determines the type of system case it will fit into


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Modern Form Factor - I

Types of modern form factors: • ATX – Popular and has best features of

LPX and AT form factors

• Micro ATX – Limited expandability and capacity

• NLX – New addition to motherboard form factors, easier assembly, reduced cost, space efficiency and flexibility


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Modern Form Factor - II

BTX - BTX form factor was introduced as a replacement for the ATX form factor in the year 2003.

Supports better thermal management. This form factor was introduced to support the new emerging technologies such as SATA and USB 2.0.


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What is form factor? List the types of form factor.


Sl. Types of Form factor1

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Components of a Motherboard

Motherboard contains slots, sockets and connectors for connecting various devices

Contains super I/O chip, slots for connecting various peripheral devices


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Connectors – I and show from CBTSystem panel connectorUSB headersDigital audio connectorMDC connector – connects to modem card

module Internal audio connectors – conents to CD ROM

or voice modem cardGAME/MIDI connectorSystem Management Bus (SMBus) connector


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Connectors - II

ATX 12V connector ATX Power Connector CPU and chassis fan connectors Serial Advanced Technology Attachment

(SATA) connectors IDE connectors Serial port connector


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On Board Disk Drive Connectors

Hard drive and DVD-ROM drive is connected to motherboard using on-board disk drive connectors

Primary connector used to connect storage devices is the Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) port

Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) technology is used to connect the newer versions of hard drive


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Keyboard and Mouse Connector

Keyboard and mouse device are connected to (Personal System) PS/2 or USB port of computer

Ports are located at the back side of the system

PS/2 port contains 6 holes and a notch in the middle


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Other Connectors

Power Supply Connector – Types of power connectors used by various power supplies are ATX power supply connector, ATX auxiliary power connector and ATX 12V connector

Serial and Parallel Port Connector – 9 pin serial port connector and 25 pin parallel port connector are used to connect various I/O devices

Universal Serial Bus (USB) - Offers Plug-and-Play support and also supplies power to the device


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List the different connectors available on the motherboard and it’s use.


Sl. Connectors

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Expansion Slots

Motherboard has PCI slots where you can connect PCI cards.

Different PCI cards include LAN card, SCSI card and USB card

Extend the capacity of the existing motherboard AGP slot is used to attach a graphic card PCI express or PCI-E is the latest Peripheral

Component Interconnect Special Interest Group’s specification for the I/O bus.


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CNR Expansion Slot

Communication and Network Riser is a slot found on certain PC motherboards.

Intel developed this slot to replace AMR design. Used for specialized networking, audio and

telephony equipments


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Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) Slot

Bus standard developed by Intel Corporation Used for attaching peripheral devices to

motherboard Slots work at 33 MHz newer variants are available that have a 64-bit

wide bus and work at 33 MHz or 66 MHz Data Transmission Rate of PCI is 133 MBps


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PCI Extended (PCI-X)

PCI Extended (PCI-X) is a standard designed jointly by HP, IBM, and Compaq

Increase the performance of high-bandwidth devices, such as Gigabit Ethernet and Fibre Channel

Fully backward compatible with PCI and data transmission rate is 1GBps

Comes in two variants: PCI-X 1.0 and PCI-X 2.0


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PCI Express (PCI-E) - I

PCIe 2.0 doubles bandwidth from 0.25 GByte/s to 0.5 GByte/s, meaning a x32 connector can transfer data at up to 16 GByte/s for both video cards

PCIe 2.0 have two 32 bits channels for each GPU (2x16), while first version only 1x16 and operating at 2 GHz.

PCIe 2.0 is backward compatible with PCIe v1.x. Having point-to-point, hot-pluggable and hot-

swappable system bus


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PCI-E - II

PCIe 3.0 include a number of optimizations for enhanced signaling and data integrity, including transmitter and receiver equalization and clock data recovery.

PCIe 3.0's 8 GT/s bit rate effectively delivers double PCIe 2.0 (5GT/s) bandwidth.


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AGP Slot

Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) is used to display graphics and 3D images in efficient manner

Offers high data transfer speed between the video chipset and the CPU

AGP cards are available at different speeds, AGP 1x, 2x, 4x, 8x

Operate in a voltage of 1.5 to 3.3 volts


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List the different expansion slots available on a motherboard.


Sl. Types of slots

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Jumpers

Small pins that enable you to configure motherboard settings

Performs different functions when it is shorted and when it is left open, without the shunt

Motherboard manual is a necessity when you deal with jumpers

Motherboards may have jumpers to set processor type, system recovery option, over clocking and to discharge the CMOS RAM battery

Most of the motherboards currently available in the market have auto jumper setup option


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Practical

Perform the activity mentioned in Lab no. 1 in the text book:

• To identify various connectors, expansion slots, and jumpers on the motherboard.


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Onboard Components – I and show from CBT

CPU socket Northbridge Southbridge DDR DIMM sockets Super I/O controller Flash ROM Standby Power LED Audio CODEC LAN controller


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Onboard Components – II Mouse port Parallel port LAN port Line In jack Line Out jack Microphone jack USB ports Video port Serial port Keyboard port


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Memory Slots

Provide an interface for attaching RAM on the board.

RAM module is inserted in these slots. Most of the motherboards come equipped with at

least 2 memory slots. Maximum number of slots available depends on

the motherboard. Most Memory slots are Double Inline Memory

Module (DIMM) type.


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CPU Socket

Interface that connects CPU with motherboard Consists of holes in which the pins of the

processor are installed Sockets are used with particular type of processor Sockets already installed on board Most of the sockets used are built on the Land

Grid Array (LGA) architecture where pins are available on sockets.


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CMOS Battery

Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) batteries power CMOS chip of motherboard

Saves settings and time when computer is switched off Last for around 5 years Mostly made up of Lithium


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BIOS Chip

Contains necessary code required to operate basic system utilities such as the display device, keyboard or disk drives

POST is the test conducted by BIOS


BIOS chip

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Onboard Disk Drive Connectors

IDE Connector - The hard drive, floppy drive and the CD-ROM drive is connected to the motherboard using the on-board disk connectors i.e. Integrated Development Environment (IDE) port on the motherboard . The connector is a normal 40 pin connector.

SATA Connector - Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) technology is used to connect the newer versions of hard drive.


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Super I/O Chip

Controls the serial ports, PS/2 mouse, some keyboard functions and parallel ports. The smaller, slower speed devices are controlled by this chip.

E.g. IT8705F, W83757 IC


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CPU Voltage Regulator

A Voltage Regulator Module (VRM) is installed on the motherboard and regulates the correct voltage that is needed by the CPU.

Facilitates the mounting of different processors with different operating voltages to be mounted on a motherboard.

VRM’s senses the voltage needed by the processors from the processor itself. The voltage required by the processor is supplied to VRM by the processor during startup of the computer.


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Practical


• To identify various onboard components, disk drive connectors, CPU voltage regulator and Super I/O chip on the motherboard.


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Chipsets and show from CBT

Group of integrated circuits (IC)Provide interface for various devices such as

the I/O devices, CPU, memory, etcControl all functionalities of the computerDefines the limitations of the system such as

the maximum amount of memory that can be added to the system, the processor to be used, etc


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Chipsets

Leading manufacturers are • nVidia, Intel, AMD, VIA, and SiS

The Intel G41, P45, H55 and the Q43 chipsets are the most common chipsets available today. 64 bit computing technology chipsets are also available today

Modern chipset consists of IOH and ICH only The chipset controls the data transfers between every

component of the system So the chipset that you choose must support the interface

required by your CPU


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Intel-Bridge Architecture - I

When Intel started using this architecture it started calling the bridges as “hubs”, the north bridge became MCH (Memory Controller Hub) and the south bridge became ICH (I/O Controller Hub).

When the CPU reads data from a hard drive, the data is transferred from the hard drive to the south bridge, then to the north bridge using the dedicated bus and then to the CPU. Also, the manufacturers call this bus as DMI (Direct Media Interface) or Intel Hub Architecture.


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Intel-Bridge Architecture - II

The speed of this dedicated bus depends on the chipset model. For example, on Intel 925X chipset this bus has a maximum transfer speed of 2 GB/s.

The IOH provides support for the two PCIe graphics slots and connects to the CPU via the Quick Path Interconnect (QPI) bus.

The ICH provides the support for the SATA, USB and other system interfaces and is connected to the IOH via the DMI bus.


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Define DMI and mention current speed for the same.


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DX58SO Motherboard Platform


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What is the difference between IOH and ICH and MCH and ICH?


IOH ICH MCH ICH

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Manufacturers of Motherboard - I

Manufacturers of motherboards are:• Asus - Asus manufactures motherboards that

support different types of processors such as Intel and AMD. The motherboards manufactured by Asus support 64 bit computing technology

• Intel - Intel motherboards are available in various configurations and different form factors.


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Manufacturers of Motherboard - II

MSI - MSI is well known in for its high performance designs and cutting edge products. MSI's latest motherboard in the Big Bang line is a good example.

Gigabyte - Gigabyte manufactures motherboards that are available for different types of processors such as Intel and AMD. The newer versions of the board support the latest processors such as the dual core processors and the 64 bit processors.


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Practical


• To identify make, model and chipset of a motherboard.


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Compatible Processors and Motherboards

http://processormatch.intel.com/CompDB for Intel products

http://products.amd.com/en-us/RecommendedMBFilter.aspx for AMD products.


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Factors for selecting a Motherboard – I

Form Factor – Defines size and shape of board. Choose a case that is large enough to fit the motherboard of the correct form factor

CPU Support – Should support different types of microprocessor and sockets. In the future, if you need to upgrade your processor, you may not have to change the whole motherboard

Memory slots – Should have more number of slots. To support new technology software user can upgrade the system in the future


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Factors for selecting a Motherboard – IIExpansion Slots –a motherboard with more

number of expansion slots can easily be expanded for supporting the various devices

SATA support – Allows higher transfer rates of data between hard disk and motherboard and should have SATA controller on it.

Number of Ports – Should have more number of USB and other ports to connect different devices to the system. Depending on the type of device to be attached to the system and the port that is required, the board should be purchased.


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Factors for selecting a Motherboard – III

Hard Drive transfer speed and RAID support – Should support SATA-II 300 MBps and RAID

Bus Speed – Should have higher speed of FSB and BSB which allows faster transfer rate of data in and out of the processor

QPI and DMI Speed – Should have higher speed e.g. 2.5GT/s


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Configuring the Motherboard

Configure motherboard before it is installed in the system

Configuration done with the help of jumpers Set clock frequency, CPU voltage and other

settings


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Practical


• To install the motherboard inside a PC.• Click on the image to run the video.


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Replace/Upgrade a Motherboard

Involves replacing the motherboard and also some components of the system

Factors that need to be considered before upgrading the motherboard • Power Connector• Memory Support• Hard Disk Support• System Case• Keyboard – may have to use a converter


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Practical


• To uninstall the motherboard from a PC.


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Troubleshooting Motherboards and discuss from CBT

Various problems with the motherboard:• Instability in a New System• Motherboard has a Crack• System does not work properly after recent

repair• System does not start though fans are working• When switched on, the system only beeps or

shows POST error


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Summary – I Motherboard is a printed circuit board that is the

most important part of a system Every component of the system connects to the

motherboard directly or indirectly There are different types of motherboard There are different motherboard form factors There are different components on the motherboard Jumpers on motherboard enable you to configure

the motherboard


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Summary – II You can connect different parts of the system to

the motherboard using the connectors and expansion slots

The final solution came when the chipset manufacturers started using a new approach: using a dedicated high-speed bus between north and south bridges called DMI and connecting the PCI bus devices to the south bridge.

Chipset on a motherboard is a group of integrated circuits and microprocessors


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Summary – III You must configure motherboard using the jumpers,

before you perform motherboard installation in the system case

You must install CPU, fan and heat sink on motherboard before you install motherboard

Follow instructions in motherboard manual when performing configuration or installation

You must follow the instructions in the motherboard manual when performing configuration, installation or troubleshooting of the motherboard


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Explorative Work


Refer to Internet, reference books or magazine to get the information.

Do not copy the information provided in this text book.

Consult your faculty for further guidance.

Motherboard

Sl. Make CPU Socket Chipset Memory Support Available Ports (DVI, HDMI, PCIe, SATA & USB) Approx. Cost

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Mind Map

Draw a mind map to summarize this chapter


motherboards chapter 3 release 22/10/2010powered by dj

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