Modeling the Effect of Tillage and Urban Waste Compost Addition on Water Flow and Contaminant (Isoproturon, Cu,

Cd) Transport in Agricultural Field Using HYDRUS-2D

Vilim Filipović, Yves Coquet, Valérie Pot Genty, Philippe Cambier, Lana Filipović, Sabine Houot, Pierre Benoit

Partenariat Hubert Curien (PHC) franco-croate

HYDRUS Conference: March 30-31, 2017, Prague, Czech Republic

• Heterogeneity in soil structure – from tillage practices and compost amendments

• Compost - increases soil OM and has an effect on soil hydraulic properties

• Urban waste compost may: - contain certain contaminants e.g. trace metals (TMs) - affect transport properties e.g. sorption (TMs, pesticides) and degradation (pesticides) • 2D/3D transport models allows accounting explicitly for the spatial

distribution of the different structures at plot scale OBJECTIVE To evaluate how the presence of heterogeneity due to soil tillage and repeated compost application affects water flow, pesticide dynamics and trace metal mobility in soil in the long-term QualiAgro field experiment • TMs – Cu, Cd • Pesticide: Isoproturon ( IPU herbicide used in cereals) • HYDRUS-2D

BACKGROUND

Field experiment QualiAGRO (1998 -) • Feucherolles, Yvelines (Paris) • Albeluvisol (WRB) (19% clay, 75% silt, and 6% sand) • Biannual rotation of winter wheat-maize *(barley in 2006/2007 due to corn rootworm infestation in the area) • Tillage: four-furrow mouldboard plough • Compost application > every two years > 4 T per h of organic C • Three plots: SGW plot - co-compost of sewage sludge and green wastes MSW plot - municipal solid waste compost CONTROL (without any compost addition)

SGW MSW pH (water) 7.6 ± 0.7 7.4 ± 0.4 OM (g kg-1) 489 ± 102 591 ± 117 Corg (g kg-1) 266 ± 51 317 ± 44 Ntot (g kg-1) 23.2 ± 3.1 17.7 ± 2.3 C/N ratio 11.6 ± 2.4 18.3 ± 4.4 Soluble OM (% of OM) 45.6 ± 8.5 41.4 ± 8.5

M&M

SGW

MSW

Field measurment: • Wick lysimeters (45 cm depth) (water +solute) • TDR probes (20, 40, 60, 80, 100 cm) • TENSIOMETERS (20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 130,

160 cm) • Near-saturated soil hydraulic conductivity -

disk tension infiltrometer • Water retention values – Richards pressure

plate • Average bulk density • Meteo data monitoring (ETP parameters)

100

0 cm

60

20

120

160

140

40

80

BT2

BT1

E

BTIC

IC

PP

Tilled

Soil structure Four soil zones were distinguished in the tilled layer : • compacted clods (Δ) with no

visible macropores • non-compacted soil (Γ) with

visible macroporosity • Interfurrows (IF) created by

moldboard plowing containing crop residues and applied compost

• plow pan (PP) created by plowing repeatedly to the same depth

Large variation in soil hydraulic parameters between zones!

Δ Γ

Water flow and IPU transport Water flow - Richards equation Solute transport - advection-dispersion equation assuming first order degradation

kinetics in the liquid phase and solid phase and linear sorption HYDRUS-2D Degradation rate - dependent on water content and temperature Soil hydraulic functions θ(h) and K(h) - van Genuchten-Mualem model Simulation duration - 1 November 2004 - 27 October 2010 (6 years) • Root water uptake – Feddes model • LAI and crop growth – from STICS model • ETP calculated using HYDRUS-1D - Penman-Montheith • Isoproturon sorption, Kd, were taken from studies performed before on the same field

experiment and (Pot et al. 2011; Simon 2012) degradation rate, μ, was calculated from the incubation experiments (Vieublé-Gonod et al. 2009)

Observed vs simulated TDR and Tensiometer data (20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 130, 160 cm depth)

Calibration (hydraulic parameters) was performed on 2008 using TDR, TEN and cum LYS outflow data

RESULTS

SGW

Parameter

Layer/Structure Γ Δ IF PP E BTI BTII BTICI BTICII IC

0-28 cm 28-38 cm 38-50 cm

50-70 cm

70-90 cm

90-120 cm

120-145 cm

145-200 cm

Soil θr (cm3.cm-3) 0.0002 0.000 0.000 0.105 0.000 0.0006 0.0006 0.000 0.000 0.000 θs (cm3.cm-3) 0.410 0.410 0.461 0.455 0.38 0.37 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.3 α (cm-1) 0.0385 0.00733 0.024 0.042 0.015 0.024 0.028 0.02 0.029 0.032 n 1.14 1.2 1.18 1.1 1.17 1.12 1.12 1.09 1.12 1.1 Ks (cm day-1) 19.6 2.8 353.1 4.8 14 5.8 7.9 3.8 3.7 8 Solute Kd (l kg-1) 1.49 1.69 2.28 1.05 0.42 0.35 0.35 0.25 0.25 0.25 μ (day-1) 0.0361 0.0513 0.0673 0.0361 0.0062 0.0065 0.0065 0.0 0.0 0.0 DL (cm) 4 4 4 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 Basic ρb (g cm-3) 1.32 1.4 1.26 1.495 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.38 1.38 1.38 Corg (g kg-1) 12.2 12.2 18.05 10.5 3.46 2.03 2.03 1.19 1.19 1.66

MSW

Parameter

Layer/Structure Γ Δ IF PP E BTI BTII BTICI BTICII IC

0-28 cm 28-38 cm 38-50 cm

50-70 cm

70-90 cm

90-120 cm

120-140 cm

140-200 cm

Soil θr (cm3.cm-3) 0.0002 0.0 0.0324 0.105 0.0 0.0006 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 θs (cm3.cm-3) 0.41 0.426 0.467 0.455 0.38 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.30 0.30 α (cm-1) 0.022 0.013 0.03 0.042 0.045 0.027 0.049 0.02 0.045 0.032 n 1.2 1.2 1.18 1.1 1.17 1.12 1.09 1.09 1.1 1.1 Ks (cm day-1) 10.6 7.2 489 6 14 9 7 3.8 8 4 Solute Kd (l kg-1) 1.26 1.42 1.37 0.9 0.42 0.35 0.35 0.25 0.25 0.25 μ (day-1) 0.0282 0.0282 0.1560 0.0301 0.0062 0.0065 0.0065 0.0 0.0 0. DL (cm) 4 4 4 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 Basic ρb (g cm-3) 1.35 1.55 1.34 1.51 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.38 1.38 1.38 Corg (g kg-1) 12.4 12 13.7 10.35 3.56 2.74 1.74 1.53 1.53 1.54

CO

NT

Parameter

Layer/Structure Γ Δ IF PP E BTI BTII BTICI BTICII IC

0-28 cm 32-43 cm 43-50 cm

50-70 cm

70-90 cm

90-120 cm

120-140 cm

140-200 cm

Soil θr (cm3.cm-3) 0.0002 0.0 0.0 0.105 0.0 0.0006 0.0006 0.0 0.0 0.0 θs (cm3.cm-3) 0.41 0.437 0.432 0.455 0.38 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.30 0.30 α (cm-1) 0.0385 0.0134 0.0134 0.025 0.018 0.024 0.01 0.02 0.072 0.083 n 1.14 1.21 1.18 1.1 1.17 1.12 1.12 1.09 1.09 1.1 Ks (cm day-1) 14 13.3 1889.4 2 42 2.8 3.2 3.7 3.7 6 Solute Kd (l kg-1) 1.1 1.26 1.22 0.85 0.42 0.35 0.35 0.25 0.25 0.25 μ (day-1) 0.0211 0.0211 0.0686 0.0239 0.0062 0.0065 0.0065 0.0 0.0 0.0 DL (cm) 4 4 4 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 Basic ρb (g cm-3) 1.32 1.4 1.26 1.495 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.38 1.38 1.38 Corg (g kg-1) 9.4 9.7 10.55 7.55 4.15 2.36 2.36 1.72 1.59 1.60

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Water dynamics and IPU transport

parameters after calibration

Observed (symbols) vs simulated (lines) volumetric water content during the 2004-2010 period in the SGW plot

Observed (symbols) vs simulated (line) cumulative lysimeter water outflow during the 2004–2010 period for threes plots

MSW - 962 mm SGW - 979 mm CONT - 1388 mm

a) Observed IPU mass leached (symbols) with preferential flow events (circled) during 2006/07, and b) observed (symbols) vs simulated (line) IPU leached mass during the 2007–2010

Preferential flow events just after IPU could not be captured by the model

The cumulated IPU mass (2004–2010) SGW = 0.663 μg MSW = 0.245 μg CONT = 21.31 μg

Additional macropore preferential flow is suggested to explain high IPU mass leached in the three events!

Observed (symbols) vs simulated (line) IPU leached mass (2004–2010) period excluding preferential flow events and assuming temporal variation of IPU degradation rate

• Degradation rate - highly sensitive • Laboratory derived degradation rates – not to

accurate compared to field ones! • Optimization was done in order to fit the

measured data • Applied compost increased sorption and

degradation – decreased leaching!

IPU concentration distribution in the tilled layer on the 26th of August 2007 (186 days after the second application)

IPU concentration distribution in the tilled layer showed large spatial variations due to the presence of the different soil zones

Simulation of Trace Metal Transport • It was assumed that the Cu and Cd

were incorporated in the IF zones. • Four compost (TMs) additions:on

28 Sept. 2004, 11 Sept. 2006, 11 Sept. 2007, and 14 Sept. 2009

Transport of Cu and Cd – equilibrium linear adsorption or nonlinear adsorption based on the Freundlich equation First approach (Kd-1) from the ratio between EDTA- and CaCl2–extractable fractions Second approach (Kd-2) estimation based on pedotransfer functions (PTFs)

Observed vs simulated Cu (left) and Cd (right) cumulated mass leached in lysimeter with the Kd-1 and Kd-2 modeling approach

Kd-1

Kd-1

Kd-2?

Kd-2

Kd-2

Kd-2?

Less stable MSW compost – increased mobile fraction – larger leached mass

Overestimation of the influence of the low pH and SOC /Cd origin lithogenic

Evolution of Cu conc. in soil solution in tilled layer (2004 – 2010)

Evolution of Cd conc. in soil solution in tilled layer (2004 – 2010)

Compost addition - limits preferential flow

HYDRUS was able to describe cumulative water outflow (E=0.99)

CONCLUSIONS WATER

SGW and MSW - reduce isoproturon leaching

Spatial and temporal variations in pesticide degradation rate due to tillage and compost application play a major role in isoproturon dynamics

limited trace metal mobility in the tilled layer even at high trace metal inputs rates due to high sorption to organic matter originating from compost addition

IPU & TMs

HYDRUS showed nice applicability in solving 2D spatial distribution of water and solute dynamics in pedologicaly complex (multilayer) soil profiles!

Thank you for your attention!

Questions? Vilim Filipović Department of Soil Amelioration, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb vfilipovic@agr.hr

More info: Filipović, V., Coquet, Y., Pot, V., Houot, S., Benoit, P. (2014): Modeling the effect of soil structure on water flow and isoproturon dynamics in an agricultural field receiving repeated urban waste compost application. Science of the total environment http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.010. Filipović, V., Coquet, Y., Pot, V., Houot, S., Benoit, P. (2016): Modeling water and isoproturon dynamics in a heterogeneous soil profile under different urban waste compost applications.Geoderma http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.01.009 Filipović V., Cambier P., Filipović L., Coquet Y., Pot V., Bodineau G., Jaulin A., Mercier V., Houot S., Benoit P. (2016): Modeling Copper and Cadmium Mobility in an Albeluvisol Amended with UrbanWaste Composts. Vadose Zone J. http://dx.doi.org/:10.2136/vzj2016.07.0056

mailto:vfilipovic@agr.hr�http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.010�http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.01.009�http://dx.doi.org/:10.2136/vzj2016.07.0056�http://dx.doi.org/:10.2136/vzj2016.07.0056�http://dx.doi.org/:10.2136/vzj2016.07.0056�http://dx.doi.org/:10.2136/vzj2016.07.0056�http://dx.doi.org/:10.2136/vzj2016.07.0056�http://dx.doi.org/:10.2136/vzj2016.07.0056�http://dx.doi.org/:10.2136/vzj2016.07.0056�http://dx.doi.org/:10.2136/vzj2016.07.0056�http://dx.doi.org/:10.2136/vzj2016.07.0056�http://dx.doi.org/:10.2136/vzj2016.07.0056�http://dx.doi.org/:10.2136/vzj2016.07.0056�http://dx.doi.org/:10.2136/vzj2016.07.0056�

Modeling the Effect of Tillage and Urban Waste Compost Addition on Water Flow and Contaminant (Isoproturon, Cu, Cd) Transport in Agricultural Field Using HYDRUS-2D Slide Number 2Slide Number 3Slide Number 4Slide Number 5Slide Number 6Slide Number 7Slide Number 8Slide Number 9Slide Number 10Slide Number 11Slide Number 12Slide Number 13Slide Number 14Slide Number 15Slide Number 16Slide Number 17Slide Number 18