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Page 1: Consrvation Tillage Ppt
Page 2: Consrvation Tillage Ppt
Page 3: Consrvation Tillage Ppt

Definition

conservation tillage as any tillage and planting system in which at least 30 per cent of the soil surface is covered by residue after planting in order to reduce soil erosion. ( Whyte, 1987)

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Introduction

Conservation tillage was 1st developed in semi arid regions of USA ,Canada, Australia.

1-36% in the northern plains, 20% in the southern plains, 19% in the pacific region.

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Conservation tillage systems are currently adopted on nearly 100 million ha worldwide.

United States is the leading country, followed by Brazil, Argentina, Canada, Australia and Paraguay

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Zero tillage

Father of zero tillage is George McKibben.

Primary tillage is completely avoided and secondary tillage is restricted to seed-bed preparation in the row zone only.

It is also known as No-till.

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Extent of adoption of no-tillage system worldwide (2004-05)

Country

Area under no-tillage (million ha)

USA 25.30

Brazil 23.60

Argentina 18.27

Canada 12.52

Australia 9.00

Paraguay 1.70

India 1.90

Others (Estimate) 1.00

MODERN CONCEPTS OF AGRICULTURE Conservation Tillage

Dr. A.R. Sharma . Pages:1-42

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Advantages

Zero tillage significantly reduces cost of production.

Zero tillage increases the yield by 5-15% over the conventional system.

Zero tillage uses a seed and fertilizer drill and thus improves germination and plant stand over traditional broadcasting system

Improves fertilizer efficiency through better placement. Less water is used in zero tillage, and therefore, there is less leaching of nitrogen.

The organic matter content of zero-till soils may stay higher

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Zero tillage reduces diesel consumption by 40-70 litres per ha depending upon soil condition and thus, reduces the CO2 emission

in the environment (2.6 kg CO2 production/litre of diesel burnt).

Zero tillage reduces soil erosion and land degradation.

Saving in time in seedbed preparation.

Advancement in sowing time over conventional system by 2-4 weeks depending upon the type of soil.

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Disadvantages

Increase in soil density. Reduced infiltration rate and pore space. Increased incidence of broad-leaved weeds

(Rumex spp., Malva spp.), grasses (wild oat) and perennials (Cynodon dactylon, Paspalum distichum) .

The seedling establishment in zero tillage is 20% less than in conventional methods.

Require 20-30% more seed and fertilizer

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Tillage Weed growth (g/m2) Grain yield (t/ha) Control Metribuzin Control Metribuzin

Surface seeding 397.0 69.5 2.88 3.08

Zero tillage 288.0 37.8 3.97 5.09 Conventional tillage

257.2 28.3 4.64 5.09

Reduced tillage 393.8 49.8 4.31 5.13 CD (0.05) 61.4 0.22

Effect of tillage and weed management on weed growth and grain yield of wheat at Karnal

MODERN CONCEPTS OF AGRICULTURE

Conservation Tillage Dr. A.R. Sharma . Pages:1-42

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Grain yield (t/ha) Net returns (Rs./ha)

Treatment Zero tillage Conventional tillage

Zero tillage Conventional tillage

Early pigeonpea 1.15 0.90 13,900 8,181

Kharif maize 2.60 2.35 2,350 358

Rabi maize 4.25 3.66 8,213 4,215

Pea 2.28 1.95 21,840 11,850

Lentil 1.70 1.50 21,800 1,750

Chickpea 2.00 1.86 23,200 -

Lathyrus 1.45 1.31 12,050 20,830

Summer mungbean 0.45 0.39 3,738 10,030

Average yield and net return of crops under different tillage systems on farmers’ fields in eastern Uttar Pradesh Crops.

MODERN CONCEPTS OF AGRICULTURE

Conservation Tillage Dr. A.R. Sharma . Pages:1-42

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Effect of tillage energy output-input ratio and economics in maize

Treatment Total uptake by maize (t/ha)

grain yield (t/ha)

energy output-input ratio

Net return (Rs/ha)

B:C ratio

N P K 2004

Tillage method

Tilled 98.3 24.7 100.9 4.82 9.9 15901 1.50

No tilled 88.1 21.1 1.2 4.23 9.6 10756 1.09

Sem± 1.2 0.3 1.2 0.04

CD (P=0.05) 3.7 1.0 3.7 0.13

C.K. Sarma et. Al, , indian journal of agronomy 299-303 (dec 2010)

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Stubble mulch tillage

Stubble mulch tillage was first developed as a wind erosion measure by a coordinated research effort aimed at avoiding a repeat of the disastrous “dust bowl” calamity of the 1930’s in the central USA.

Crop residues are left on the soil surface by using subtillage equipment for loosening the soil and controlling weed growth.

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Advantages

Reducing runoff and erosion. Reduced evaporation Improved soil moisture Improved nutritional status Reducing salinity Soil temperature

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Disadvantages

Reduced soil temperature

Sanitary problems

Weeds

Phytotoxic substances

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Effect of Tillage and Mulching on Yield of Corn in the Submontaneous Rainfed Region of Punjab, India

RAJAN BHATT, K.L.KHERA AND SANJAY ARORADepartment of Soils, Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana .

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Effect of tillage and mode of mulch application on straw yield of corn (q ha-1)

Mode of application of Mulch

Tillage Mean

T m

Tc

Mw 41.4

39.1 40.3

M1/3rd 33.1

22.0 32.6

Ms 33.0 31.6 32.3Mv 25.6 25.0 25.3Mo 25.5 24.6 25.1

Mean 31.7 30.5

CD 1.04

(Source: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE & BIOLOGY 1560–8530/2004/06–1–126–128)

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Minimum tillage

Minimum tillage is aimed at reducing tillage to the minimum necessary for ensuring a good seedbed, rapid germination, a satisfactory stand and favorable growing conditions.

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Advantages

Improved soil conditions.

Higher infiltration

Less resistance to root growth due to improved structure.

Less soil compaction

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Disadvantages Seed germination is lower with minimum tillage.

In minimum tillage, more nitrogen has to be added.

Nodulation is affected in some leguminous crops like peas and broad beans.

Sowing operations are difficult with ordinary equipment.

Continuous use of herbicides cause pollution problems.

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Tillage and legume mulching effects on moisture conservation and productivity of rainfed maize – wheat cropping system.

A.R.SHARMA, RATAN SINGH, S.K.DHYANI AND R.K.DUBE

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Treatment Mean productivity (t/ha) Net returns (×10³ Rs/ha) Net benfit:cost ratio

Maize Wheat Total maize equivalent

Maize Wheat System Maize Wheat system

Tillage and weed control

CT-MW 2.29 2.41 6.15 4.40 17.66 22.60 0.352 1.54 0.92

CT-CW 2.41 2.55 6.49 5.96 19.94 25.90 0.49 1.846 1.136

MT-MW 2.09 2.21 5.63 3.50 15.76 19.26 0.292 1.446 0.841

MT-CW 2.31 2.51 6.33 5.66 19.72 25.38 0.49 1.91 1.16

A.R.Sharma et. al, indian journal of agronomy; 245-252(dec-2010)

System productivity and economic analysis as influenced by tillage and weed control:

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Effect of tillage and weed control practices on grain yield of wheat (t/ha)

Weed control

Zero tillage

ZT + chemical stale seed bed

Conventional tillage

Deep tillage mean

Weedy check 1.32 1.74 1.79 1.25 1.53

Isoproturon + 2,4-D

2.68 2.42 2.38 2.37 2.46

Clodinafop+2,4-D

4.84 4.46 4.71 4.20 4.55

Mean 2.95 2.87 2.96 2.61

NAMRATA JAIN et. al, , indian journal of agronomy; 131-134 (jun 2007)

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Yield, economics and energitics of maize and wheat as affected by different tillage practices (mean data)

Tillage practice

Plant populat

ion (×10³ /ha)

Cobs no.(×10³ /ha)

Grain yield (t/ha)

Net income(×10³ Rs/ha

B:C ratio

Energ input(×

10³ Mj/ha

Energy output (×10³ Mj/ha

Energy use

efficiency

Maize

ZT 65.7 36.5 2.3 13.4 1.14 12.6 85.1 6.75

CT 71.3 40.4 3.20 12.3 0.73 17.7 92.2 5.21

fresh raised bed

68 41.7 3.47 18.6 1.65 18.9 107.9 5.71

permanent raised bed

68.3 35.1 2.94 16.9 1.50 11.9 87 7.29

SEM 1.7 2.1 0.10 0.65 0.08 0.2 3.4 0.21

CD(P=0.05) NS NS .35 2.89 0.35 0.8 15 0.97

veer singh et. al, indian journal of agronomy 83-87(jun 2011)

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Tillage practice

Effective tillers

per sq . mt

Grain yield (t/ha)

Net income(×10³ Rs/ha

B:C ratio

Energ y input(×10³ Mj/ha

Energy output (×10³ Mj/ha

Energy use

efficiency

Wheat

ZT 379 3.04 39.3 2.81 18.6 105.6 5.67

CT 509 4.04 47.3 2.25 22.8 108.8 4.77

fresh raised bed

534 4.24 58.9 3.27 22.1 121.5 5.49

permanent raised bed

464 3.80 52.8 3.51 17.7 116.3 6.58

SEM 6 0.06 1.5 0.17 0.1 1.2 0.06

CD(P=0.05) 22 0.21 6.8 0.77 0.5 5.3 0.3

veer singh et. al, indian journal of agronomy 83-87(jun 2011)

Yield, economics and energitics of maize and wheat as affected by different tillage practices (mean data)

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conclusion

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