Analog to digital conversion in AVR Microcontrollers

Microprocessors, Lecture 10:

(Chapter 13 of the text book)

University of Tehran 2

Contents

• ADC units of ATmega32

• ADC programming in C

University of Tehran 3

ADC in AVR

University of Tehran 4

ADC

• Typical usage of ADC (analog to digital convertors)

University of Tehran 5

ADC

• A typical ADC• Vref= the maximum allowable volatge

University of Tehran 6

ADC resolution

• Step size: the difference between two consecutive output nembers

• For a 8-bit output and Vref=5v, – step size= 5/246

University of Tehran 7

ADC internal structure

• Successive approximation method– See page 468 of the book for algorithm details

• n steps for an n-bit output ADC• Requires n cycles to calculate digital output

University of Tehran 8

ADC in ATmega32

• 7 analog input channels

– Just one ADC multiplexed by input channels

• 10-bit output– Kept in ADCL and

ADCH registers– 6 unused bits, can

be set the upper or lower 6 bits

University of Tehran 9

AVR ADC Registers

• ADCL and ADCH to keep digital data• ADCSRA to control ADCs• ADMux to select one input channel for

conversion• SPIO, special function register

University of Tehran 10

ADMUX register

University of Tehran 11

ADMUX register

• Select the reference voltage (the maximum acceptable input channel voltage)

University of Tehran 12

ADMUX register

• Which bits of ADCH and ADCL are unused

University of Tehran 13

ADMUX register

• Which channel is selected to the ADC– Can also work in differential mode

University of Tehran 14

ADCSRA register

• ADC control and status register– Control and monitor the ADC

University of Tehran 15

ADCSRA register

• ADATE bit

• Sets the operation mode of ADC• 0= single conversion

– Converts the input just one time every time ADSC becomes 1

• 1= free running – Continuously converts the input to digital values

with some frequency– For ADATE=1 we have more ADC options, Take a

look at AVR documents for more details if you are interested!

University of Tehran 16

ADCSRA register

• Selecting the ADC clock

University of Tehran 17

ADC clock

• Determines the speed of sampling the input data

– Each conversion takes around 13 ADC clocks• Larger frequency has smaller accuracy• In AVR, frequency have to be less than 200

kHz• Set it to smaller frequency (ADPS[0..2]=111) if

speed is not critical

University of Tehran 18

ADC programming in C

University of Tehran 19

ADC programming in CA program that coverts the analog voltage of ADC0 and copies it to portD and portB--polling method

•The ADSC bit should be 1 for the ADC to start conversion•Returns to 0 automatically once the conversion is completed

University of Tehran 20

ADC programming in CA program that coverts the analog voltage of ADC0 and copies it to portD and portB--interrupt method

University of Tehran 21

Connecting sensors to AVR

• Transducer (sensor): convert environment parameters (temperature, pressure, velocity,…) to electrical quantities (voltage, current, capacitance, resistance)

• Signal conditioning: converting electrical quantities to voltage

University of Tehran 22

Connecting sensors to AVR-example

University of Tehran 23

Connecting LM35 to AVR

• In AVR:– Vref=2.56v– 10 bit output, 1024 values step size=2.56/1024= 2.5

mv

• In LM34:– for 1 degree increase in temperature, we have 10mv

increase in output voltage If the temperature increases by one degree:

– 10mv increase in sensor output– 10/2.5=4 increase in ADC output

• Divide the ADC result by 4 to get actual temperature (shift right 2 times)

University of Tehran 24

Connecting LM35 to AVR

• Example: temp= 20 degrees, sensor output= 200mv (10mv for every degree), this voltage is converted to 0x1010000=80 (200mv/2.5mv=80) by the ADC

• Divide by 4 to get actual temperature by ADC

University of Tehran 25

ADC programming in C in CodeVision

• Set different values in the project setup wizard