meridians exist in dermis final 062308 exist in dermis.pdf · cihs journal 2008: vol 3 no1 3...

CIHS Journal 2008: Vol 3 No1

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Acupuncture Meridians exist in Dermis (Connective Tissues)

– Comparative studies of Electrical Potential Gradient and

Direction of Current Flow in Epidermis and Dermis –

Hiroshi Motoyama, Ph.D., Ph.D.

Meridians Exist in Dermis

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Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................... 3 I. Objectives ............................................................................................................ 3 II. Experimental Method......................................................................................... 3

1) Differential Amplifier and its Zero Adjustment [Fig. 1, Graph １-1, 1-2 ]......... 3 2) “Dermal” Electrical Potential Measurement at 3 Acupuncture points of the Triple

Heater Meridian.................................................................................................... 4 3) “Epidermal” Electrical Potential Measurement.................................................... 4 4) “Dermal” and “Epidermal” Electrical Potential Measurements at 3 Acupuncture

points of the Heart Constrictor Meridian.............................................................. 4 5) Test Subjects ......................................................................................................... 4

III. Statistical Analysis and Consideration.............................................................. 5 1) Data of Electrical Potential Measurements and their Statistical Analysis [Graph

3]........................................................................................................................... 5 2) “Dermal“ Electrical Potential Gradient and Direction of Current Flow .............. 5 3) “Epidermal” Potential Gradient and Direction of Current Flow .......................... 9 4) Comparison of Average Electrical Potential of “Dermal” and “Epidermal”

measurements ......................................................................................................11 IV. Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 12 V. Postscript ........................................................................................................... 13


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Acupuncture Meridians exist in Dermis (Connective Tissues)

– Comparative studies of Electrical Potential Gradient and

Direction of Current Flow in Epidermis and Dermis –

Abstract “Epidermal” and “Dermal” electrical potential measurements were performed at 3 acupuncture points of the Heart Constrictor and the Triple Heater meridians and 2 acupuncture points of the Lung meridian. Data analysis of these measurements in terms of electrical potential gradient and direction of current flow revealed the results consistent with those obtained from earlier experimental studies as reported in [“Measurement of ki-energy, diagnosis and treatment” by Motoyama, Tokyo 1985 ]. It has been confirmed that, in Yin meridians such as Heart Constrictor meridian and Lung meridian, ki-energy flows from “bottom to top”1 while, in Triple Heater meridian, direction of the flow is from “top to bottom”,. In contrast to this the electrical potential gradient and direction of current flow as obtained by “Epidermal” potential measurements have been found “not in agreement” with the above described directions of the ki-energy flow. I. Objectives The objective of this study is to confirm and demonstrate that the acupuncture meridians exist in the dermis and that there is ki-energy flow in there, and furthermore that the meridians do not exist on the epidermis.. II. Experimental Method

1) Differential Amplifier and its Zero Adjustment [Fig. 1, Graph １-1, 1-2 ] A special differential amplifier devised by Motoyama and Kinoshita2, designed and built by Kinoshita, which was further improved by Digitex LAB.CO.LTD, was used. (Its noise level was lower than typical electrometer made in USA.) Before performing measurement each negative input terminal was grounded. Likewise the indifferent electrode pasted on the outer skin surface of subject’s left arm was also grounded. Under this grounded condition zero-adjustment was performed on


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the computer screen. Next, both positive and negative input terminals were

inter-connected and further zero-adjustment was performed on the computer screen. The subject to be tested is then instructed to enter the shielded room, sit on the reclining chair and maintain stable posture.

2) “Dermal” Electrical Potential Measurement at 3 Acupuncture points of the Triple Heater Meridian

A special #3 needle (0.20mm diameter) with insulation resin coating such that electrical conduction is allowed only at its bottom tip where metal of the needle is exposed to 0.3mm length. The length of the needle was “1.3 sun”. The needle was inserted to 3mm depth at about 45 degrees to the skin surface on left Yochi (TE 4), left Gaikan(TE5) and left Shiko (TE6) [Fig.2]. Each needle was connected to (+) electrode and electrical potential was measured continuously for 600 sec. When needle is inserted into the dermis, ionic polarization takes place between the stainless steel of the needle and ions in the dermis. It takes 5~10 minutes for the signal to stabilize. Electrical potential signal was read after it was sufficiently stabilized.

3) “Epidermal” Electrical Potential Measurement Next, non-polarizable surface electrode(9.5 mm x 4.5 mm) made of silver/silver chloride compound was pasted on the skin surface at left Yochi, left Gaikan and left Shiko of the Triple Heater meridian, and their electrical potential was measured continuously for 600 sec.

4) “Dermal” and “Epidermal” Electrical Potential Measurements at 3 Acupuncture points of the Heart Constrictor Meridian

By following the same measurement procedure used for acupuncture points of the Triple Heater meridian described above, “Dermal” and “Epidermal” electrical potentials at Gekimon (PC4), Kanshi (PC5) and Naikan (PC6) were measured for 600 sec on a different day. [Fig.3]

5) Test Subjects Total 10 subjects ( 5 males and 5 females )


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III. Statistical Analysis and Consideration 1) Data of Electrical Potential Measurements and their Statistical Analysis

[Graph 3] As shown in Graph 3 (“Dermal” potential measurement performed on subject N.Y.; date 2004.4.4), “Dermal” electrical potential is measured at each point. Then, electrical potential differences among the points are calculated to determine the direction of the potential gradients. By the same procedure, potential difference and the direction of the potential gradient are determined for the “Epidermal” potential measurements as well. Next, data are organized as shown in Table 1-1, from which Table 1-2 is produced. Chi squared test is then applied to the “m x n” table to test the directions of currents in the dermis or on the epidermis.

2) “Dermal“ Electrical Potential Gradient and Direction of Current Flow (1) “Dermal” Electrical Potential Gradient and Current Direction in Triple

Heater Meridian According to Table 1-2, statistical test of frequencies of normal direction [Yochi Gaikan Shiko] and reverse direction in terms of electrical potential gradient and current direction shows P=1.4 x 10－3 < 0.002, i.e., high level of significance. Here, normal direction or reverse direction refer to the direction of ki-energy flow which has been known clinically since ancient times. Namely, in Yang meridians ki-energy flows “from top to bottom” and in Yin meridians it flows “from bottom to top”. This fact was experimentally confirmed by Motoyama. [Ref: Fig 5, page 70 “Measurement of ki-energy flow , Diagnosis and Treatment” ] Furthermore, under normal conditions, Motoyama found that, in 6 pairs of Yin-Yang meridians, “BP(ki-energy) of Yin meridian” > “BP(ki-energy) of Yang meridian”. [refer to Table A, page 46 of the same reference]

Table 1-2, which is produced from Table 1-1, shows that 3 subjects out of 10 showed normal direction of current flow by [Yochi Gaikan Shiko] and that 10 out of 10 showed normal direction by [Gaikan Shiko]. In contrast to this, [Gaikan Yochi], which means reverse electrical potential or reversed direction of ki-energy flow, is seen in 7 subjects out of 10. According to Table 1-2, the test result from χ2 is P=1.4 x 10－3 < 0.002, which


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indicates frequency of normal flow direction in Yochi → Gaikan → Shiko in Triple Heater meridian is significantly higher than frequency of reverse flow direction in Gaikan → Yochi. In Graph 2 it is to be noted that, when the needle is inserted into the dermis, the electrical potential varies greatly due to the onset of polarization between the needle and ions in the dermis. This polarization stabilizes in 5~10 minutes. “Dermal” electrical potential reading at each acupuncture point is taken after stabilization of this polarization. Above facts imply following 3 things;- ① Between Gaikan and Shiko, the flow is [Gaikan Shiko], i.e., normal

direction “from top to bottom” in 10 subjects out of 10. ② Between Yochi and Shiko, 3 out of 10 showed the flow direction of

[Yochi Shiko], i.e., normal direction. ③ Between Gaikan and Yochi 7 subjects out of 10 showed reverse direction

of flow. Namely, [Gaikan Yochi] or electrical potential of Gaikan is higher than that of Yochi.

Looking at Table 1-3, it is evident that Gaikan has the highest average electrical potential.(1161 mV), while that of Yochi was 1104 mV and that of Shiko was –215 mV. The fact that Gaikan shows highest potential might be explained as follows; Together with Naikan of Heart Constrictor meridian, Gaikan of Triple Heater meridian has been clinically known since ancient times to be the point of inter-connection through which Triple Heater meridian and Heart Constrictor meridian exchange the information. Therefore, as point for the transmission of information, it might require higher electrical potential.

Lastly, as regards the electrical potential gradients of Triple Heater meridian, 3 subjects out of 10 showed the flow of [Yochi Shiko], which is a normal direction. Furthermore, 10 out of 10 showed normal direction with respect to [Gaikan Shiko] and 3 out of 10 show normal directions in [Yochi→ Gaikan]. Thus, 16 cases of normal flow direction. In contrast to this cases of [Gaikan Yochi], i.e., reverse direction were 7 out of 10. Therefore, it can be said that, in Triple Heater meridian, normal flow, i.e., cases of “from top to bottom” are more frequent that those of reverse


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direction. The reason why there are cases of reversed flow is presumably due to the reversal of [BP(ki-energy flow) of Heart Constrictor meridian < BP(ki-energy flow) of Triple Heater meridian]. This point will be explained more later.

(2) “Dermal” Potential Gradient and Current Direction(=direction of

Ki-energy flow) in Heart Constrictor Meridian ① According to Table 2-2, derived from Table 2-1, P = 1.2 x 10－2 < 0.02,

namely, with 2% level of significance, there is difference between the cases of normal direction by electrical potential gradient and ki-energy flow; “from bottom to top”, i.e., [Gekimon Kanshi Naikan] and those of reversed direction, i.e., [Gekimon Kanshi Naikan]. As for frequency of normal direction [Kanshi Naikan], 9 cases out of 11 showed normal direction, while, in the reverse direction [Gekimon Kanshi], 9 cases out of 11 showed reverse direction. Table 2-3 shows that readings of electrical potential values were 1168mV for Kanshi, 1095mV for Gekimon and 1059mV for Naikan indicating that Kanshi is the point of boundary between the normal and reverse directions of ki-energy flow.

② As described in ○2 of (3) later, Lung meridian (=Yin meridian) and Large Intestine meridian (=Yang meridian [Fig 4, 5]) are a pair of meridians in Yin-Yang relationship.

As for the Lung and Large Intestine meridians, 7 out of 8 showed [BP (ki-energy flow) of Lung meridian (=Yin meridian) > BP (ki-energy flow) of Large Intestine(=Yang meridian) ]. Thus, electrical potential gradient or direction of ki-energy flow of Lung meridian is always in the normal direction or from bottom to top. [see Table 3-1]

In contrast to this, with respect to Heart Constrictor meridian and Triple Heater meridian, when normal and reverse directions of Yin-Yang pair meridian are examined by AMI data, 7 out of 10 showed [Heart Constrictor < Triple Heater ] or reversed relation. [see Table 2-1] In his


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earlier publication titled “Data analysis, Diagnosis and Method of Treatment by AMI”, Motoyama pointed out that the internal organs corresponding to those meridians of reversed relation have greater propensity for disease due to ki-energy depletion in corresponding Ying meridians. This implies that in that particular meridian the ki-energy is not flowing properly causing decrease of ki-energy flow. In such meridians that show Yin-Yan reversal it appears that reversal of ki-energy flow is likely to occur. The mechanism for this phenomenon is yet to be studied.

③ Stress of Modern Life causes the reversal in Heart Constrictor and Triple

Heater meridians. The reversal in Heart Constrictor and Triple Heater is common in people of modern society who do not have organic disorder. [ref. “Data analysis, Diagnosis and Method of Treatment by AMI” by Motoyama.(to be published)] In many cases the stress affects the functions of heart. On the other hand the Triple Heater meridian reflects the fatigued condition of the whole body. Modern life causes stress and overwork, which in turn induces excess or deficiency and imbalance of ki-energy thereby giving rise to the reversal of [Heart Constrictor < Triple Heater].

(3) “Dermal” Potential Gradient and Current Direction in Lung Meridian ① According to Table 3-2, derived from Table 3-1, ki-energy flows from

Kosai to Taien, i.e., from bottom to top in all of 8 subjects. P of χ2 = 8.0, P = 4.7 x 10－3 < 0.005 (χ2 = 7.9). This indicates that this result, i.e., ki-energy flow from Kosai to Taien, is not accidental but due to some underlying cause that exists in the meridian. In Yin meridians such as the Lung meridian it was already mentioned in III 2) ○2 that the ki-energy flows from bottom to top. [Graph 3]

② In Large Intestine meridian(Yang meridian), which is in Yin-Yang pair relationship with the Lung meridian(Yin meridian), as evident in Table 3-1, of the 8 subjects tested by AMI 7 did not show [Yin<Yang] reversal. Furthermore Table 3-2 does not show reversal of the ki-energy flow. All of the subjects tested showed normal direction of electrical potential gradient [Kosai Taien; from bottom to top](Kosai: 1070mV, Taien: 835mV). [Table 3-3]


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In contrast to this, as described earlier in III 2), (1)(2), in Heart Constrictor and Triple Heater meridians, reversal of [Heart Constrictor (Yin meridian) < Triple Heater (Yang meridian)] is observed and the direction of electrical potential gradient and ki-energy flow were also found reversed. Above observations imply that:-

① There is Yin-Yang relationship among meridians ② If normal relationship of [Yin > Yang] is not maintained,

reversal or disturbance may occur in the flow of ki-energy. Therefore, in order to correct the direction of ki-energy flow it is important to perform treatment by applying needle placement or pressure stimulus at the Yu-point and Bo-point of the Yin meridian that shows such reversals. [ref “Data analysis, Diagnosis and Method of Treatment by AMI” Hiroshi Motoyama (to be published)]

3) “Epidermal” Potential Gradient and Direction of Current Flow (1) “Epidermal” Potential and Current Direction in Triple Heater Meridian

[Table 4-1, 4-2, 4-3] According to Table 4-2, gradients of “epidermal”(surface) electric potential and “epidermal”(surface) electric current do not have statistically significant differences in frequencies between the normal direction [Yochi Gaikan Shiko: from top to bottom] and the reversed direction [Yochi Gaikan Shiko: from bottom to top]. In contrast to this “dermal” measurements clearly showed the direction of [Gaikan Shiko: from top to bottom] in a statistically significant manner. [see Table 1-2] This provides one evidence that the acupuncture meridian exists in the dermis.

As for the magnitude of electrical potential, average “dermal” values for Yochi , Gaikan and Shiko were 1104mV, 1161mV and –215mV respectively, while those of “epidermal” values were smaller being 49mV, 52mV and 47mV respectively. [Table 4-3] Graph 4 shows that the polarization at the interface of skin surface and electrode is less than that of the “dermal” potential. As regards the


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potential differences between pairs of points on the Triple Heater meridian, the differences for [Yochi- Gaikan] and [Gaikan -Shiko] were in 10mV~30mV range. [Graph 4] In terms of the “dermal” potential, however, the differences were very large at about 1200mV for [Gaikan -Shiko] pair of the Triple Heater meridian. [see Graph 2] Thus, much larger current flows in the dermis from “top to bottom” direction than in the “epidermis”(surface). The test result of χ2 test from Table 4-2 shows no significant difference in normal and reverse direction by “epidermal” (surface) electrical potential measurements.

(2) “Epidermal” Potential and Current Direction in Heart Constrictor Meridian [Table 5-1, 5-2, 5-3]

Table 5-2 implies that there is statistically significant difference between the frequencies of normal and reverse cases by “epidermal”(surface) electrical potential measurements. Chi square test indicates significance of P=4.5 x 10－3 < 0.005. 10 subjects out of 11 showed normal direction [Kanshi Naikan], while 8 subjects out of 11 showed reverse direction [Kanshi Gekimon]. Thus, the electrical potential gradient and current flow by “epidermal”(surface) measurements yielded results such that both “bottom to top” and “top to bottom” directions are inter-mixed in statistically significant manner, in much the same way as in the case of “dermal” measurements. This result implies that the “epidermal”(surface) electrical potential gradient and surface electrical current may reflect those of the dermis to a certain degree. As shown in Table 2-4, in contrast to the average electrical potential in the dermis being 1107mV, that of the “epidermis”(surface) is found to be quite small at 28mV. Furthermore, there are statistically significant differences between the average potential values of the dermis and the “epidermis”(surface) at the 3 acupuncture points [Table 2-5]. This result is might be explained by the difference of electrical resistance present in the dermis and the “epidermis” (surface) as well as the presence of electromotive force in the dermis. (For electromotive force in the dermis, refer to “Electromotive force in living body” --to be


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published.).

(3) “Epidermal” Potential and Current Direction in Lung Meridian (Table 6-1, 6-2, 6-3) Chi square test of Table 6-2 gives χ2 = 0.50 < χ2

0.5 = 3.8. This implies that there is no statistically significant difference between the frequencies of normal cases and reverse cases in terms of electrical potential gradient or direction of current flow between [Kosai–Taien] points. Thus, although “dermal” potential gradients and electric current showed clear directionality of [Kosai Taien](see Table 3-2), “epidermal” potential gradients and electric current do not have definite directionality. (see Graph 5). This result provides evidence that the meridian exists in the dermis and ki-energy flows in there.

4) Comparison of Average Electrical Potential of “Dermal” and “Epidermal”

measurements (1) Comparison of “Dermal” electrical potential of Heart Constrictor and

Triple Heater meridians

Table 7-1 shows that the average electrical potential of the 3 points satisfies [Heart Constrictor(Yin meridian): 1107mV > Triple Heater meridian(Yang meridian): 683mV]. This result reconfirms the experimental finding that [BP (ki-energy flow) of Yin meridian > BP (ki-energy flow) of Yang meridian] as demonstrated by Table A in page 46 of “Measurement of Ki-energy Flow, Diagnosis and Treatment”

(2) Comparison of “Epidermal” electrical potential of Heart Constrictor and

Triple Heater meridians As evident in Table 7-2, average potential of the 3 points shows [Heart Constrictor(Yin meridian): 28mV < Triple Heater (Yang meridian): 49mV], which does not satisfy the relationship of [Ki-energy of Yin meridian > Ki-energy of Yang meridian]. In contrast to this, as


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described earlier, “dermal” potential gradients and current flow satisfy the relationship of [Heart Constrictor meridian > Triple Heater meridian], thereby reflecting the presence of the meridian and the ki-energy flow. Thus, “epidermal” potential gradients and current direction are dissimilar to those of acupuncture meridians. This result is in agreement with what was described in III, 2) and 3) above.

(3) On the difference of “Dermal” electrical potential gradient between “Naikan”(Heart Constrictor meridian) and “Gaikan”(Triple Heater meridian) According to Table 8, electrical potential of Gaikan (Triple Heater meridian) is higher than that of Naikan(Heart Constrictor meridian) in all subjects tested. Chi square test yields χ2 = 7.0 > χ2

.01 = 6.6, indicating that the frequency of cases such that [Electrical Potential of Naikan < Electrical Potential of Gaikan] is statistically significant at 1% confidence level. However, average potential of the 3 Heart Constrictor points is found to be higher than that of Triple Heater points, i.e., [Heart Constrictor: 1107mV > Heart Constrictor: 683mV]. Nevertheless, relative potential between Naikan and Gaikan proves to be [Heart Constrictor < Triple Heater]. Naikan and Gaikan are special in that they are the points inter-connecting the Heart Constrictor meridian and the Triple Heater meridian. (see page 70-73, “Measurement of ki-energy flow/diagnosis and treatment” Hiroshi Motoyama). Might it be that between the acupuncture points forming a pair inter-connecting two meridians of Yin-Yang correspondence, acupuncture point of the Yang meridian has higher electrical potential than that of Yin meridian? Many of the subjects tested this time showed reversal, i.e., [Heart Constrictor meridian < Triple Heater meridian]. Whether this fact has any relevance to the reversal observed at those inter-connecting points, i.e., Naikan and Gaikan, is yet to be clarified.

IV. Conclusion Above considerations lead to following conclusions;-

1) With respect to the direction of “dermal” electrical potential and the ki-energy


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flow, results obtained this time reinforce those of Motoyama’s earlier experiments and provides further evidence for the existence of acupuncture meridians, existence of Yin and Yang distinctions as well as the direction of the ki-energy flow, showing coincidence with the direction of ki-energy flow, i.e., bottom to top in Yin meridian and top to bottom in Yang meridian, which has been clinically known since ancient days. (Ref. III, 2) (1), (2), (3) )

2) Directions of “epidermal” potential gradients and electric currents do not show well-defined directionality such as “bottom to top” in Yin meridian and “top to bottom” in Yang meridian. Therefore, it is evident that “epidermal” electrical potential gradient and electric current do not have close linkage with acupuncture meridians. (III,2),(1), (2), (3))

3) In Yin-Yang meridian pairs such as Heart Constrictor and Triple Heater meridians, if they show [Yin < Yang] reversal, ki-energy flow may assume both normal and reverse directions. (III, 1), (1),(2))

4) In Yin-Yang meridian pairs which do not show such reversals, e.g., Lung meridian(Yin) and Large Intestine meridian(Yang), ki-energy flow is in normal direction, i.e., bottom to top, in most subjects.

5) Acupuncture meridians exist in the dermis. 6) Conclusion

A) For Yang meridians direction of electrical potential gradient and current flow is from top to bottom irrespective of the BP values of the Yin-Yang pair being “normal” or “reversed”, i.e., whether [Yin BP > Yang BP] or [Yin BP < Yang BP].

B) The Yin-Yang reversal, i.e., cases of [Yin BP< Yang BP], implies that the cause for the reversal lies in the Yin meridian of the Yin-Yang pair.

V. Postscript

In my earlier paper “Acupuncture Meridians exist in Dermis” no measurement of dermal electrical potential gradient and direction of current flow was performed for the Large Intestine meridian. Further study was performed this time not only with respect to the Large Intestine (Yang) meridian, which is in Yin-Yang pair relationship with the Lung (Yin) meridian, but also with respect to the Stomach (Yang) and the Spleen (Yin) meridians, another Yin-Yang pair. Dermal electrical potential gradient and direction of current flow were measured by the same experimental setup and procedures as described in the earlier paper. Chi-squares test was applied to collected data with the earlier experiment data and it has been confirmed once again that the direction of


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current flow in the dermis is from bottom to top for Yin meridians and from top to bottom for Yang meridians. The results obtained this time are presented here as supplement for the earlier study.

In consideration of the observation that, where [Yin BP>Yang BP] relation is reversed, reversal of electrical potential gradient and direction of current is occasionally detected, BP measurement was first performed by AMI for each subject to determine groupings in terms of [Yin BP>Yang BP] (normal) or [Yin BP<Yang BP](reversed) distinction. Electrical potential gradients and directions of current flow were measured at two selected acupuncture points on each meridian. Average values of electrical potentials measured at each acupuncture point are shown in Tables 9 through 12 for Lung, Large Intestine, Spleen and Stomach meridians respectively.

Collected data were sorted and the frequencies of occurrence for yin BP > yang BP and yin BP < yang BP were counted by meridian name and by current flow direction. Result is summarized in Table 13. Set of numbers were extracted from Table 13 to produce (m x n) tables for Chi-squares test as follows;

Chi-squares test applied to Table 14, which includes both Yin-Yang “normal” and Yin-Yang “reversed” cases, shows that there is statistically significant(Ｐ＝4.7×10－4 ) difference in the frequency of occurrences between the “normal direction” and “reversed direction” of the current flow. This means that in Ying meridians Ki-energy flow is more frequently from “bottom to top” while in Yang meridians it is from “top to bottom”. Careful scrutiny of the Table 13 and Table 14 indicates that in all Yang meridians the Ki-energy(BP) flows from “top to bottom” (Yu-points-Internal Organs) without exception. (Concerning the mechanism of this phenomenon refer to “Study of Nerves and Meridians by AMI” and “Measurement of ki-energy Flow, Diagnosis and Treatment” by Hiroshi Motoyama) It is to be noted that, among the Yin meridians, Lung meridian showed normal (bottom-to-top) flow in all the 8 subjects. However, in Spleen (Yin) meridian, of the total 6 subjects 4 showed normal (bottom-to-top) flow but 2 showed reversed (top-to-bottom) flow. More cases of reversed flow were detected for Heart Constrictor (Yin) meridian; only 3 cases were “normal” and 7 cases were “reversed”. Therefore, it may be concluded that in Yang meridians Ki-energy in general flows in “normal” (top-to-bottom) direction but that the Ki-energy flow direction may be “reversed” in Yin meridians.


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By dividing the Table 14 into cases of [Yin BP>Yang BP] and those of [Yin BP<Yang BP] Table 15 and Table 16 were produced. Chi-squares–test of Table 15 shows that frequency of occurrences of the “normal direction” is larger than the “reversed direction” with significance level of Ｐ＝0.03＜5％. In contrast to this Table 16, i.e., cases of [Yin BP<Yang BP], does not show statistically significant tendency (Ｐ＝0.07＞5％). From these results it is suggested that direction of electrical potential is “normal” for meridians of [Yin BP>Yang BP](normal) group. However, such significant distinction between the “normal” and “reversed” directions does not exist for meridians of [Yin BP<Yang BP](“reversed”) group. In other words, in cases of Yin-Yang reversal, i.e., [Yin BP<Yang BP] (“reversed”) group, increase of reverse current may be occurring.

Most conspicuous feature, however, is that in the case of Yang meridians the direction of electrical potential gradient and current flow is always “normal”, i.e., from “top to bottom” irrespective of [Yin BP>Yang BP] or [Yin BP<Yang BP] groupings.

Consequently if there is Yin-Yang reversal by BP measurement of AMI, it means that the electrical potential gradient and the direction of Ki-energy flow in a yin meridian tend to be reversed. This finding may have an important diagnostic implications. Namely, when Yin-Yang reversal is detected by AMI, it may be an indication that some disorder exists in Ki energy flow and its functions in a yin meridian and in those internal organs related to that particular Yin meridian. （2008.01.18） Note:

Measurement data collected this time provide further evidence that, in a Yin-Yang pair meridians, BP of the Yin meridian is larger than BP of Yang meridian. This has been validated by all the experiments performed so far. Therefore, it should be regarded as the important fundamental factor reflecting the intrinsic nature of the meridians. (See Table 17: Average electrical potential values obtained for each meridian and graph6 - 7.)

Conclusion of the postscript

In the earlier experiments dermal electrical potential gradient and direction of current flow was not studied for the Large Intestine meridian. The measurement was performed this time, therefore, and it has been confirmed that electrical gradient and direction of current flow are from bottom to top for the Lung meridian and from top to bottom for the Large


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Intestine meridian. Furthermore, in pairs of meridians that are in Yin-Yang relationship,e.g.,Lung(Yin)-Large Intestine(Yang) and Spleen(Yin)-Stomach(Yang), it was shown that the direction of Ki-energy flow is from bottom to top for Yin meridians and from top to bottom for Yang meridians.

It is important to note that in case of the Stomach, Large Intestine and Triple Heater meridians, which are Yang meridians, the directions of electrical potential gradient and current flow were “normal”, i.e., from top to bottom for both groupings of [Yin BP>Yang BP](“normal”) and [Yin BP < Yang BP](“reversed”). In case of Yin meridians, however, occurrences of reversed direction of Ki-energy flow tend to increase more for [Yin BP < Yang BP](“reversed”) grouping than for [Yin BP > Yang BP](“normal”) grouping. This result implies that the Yin-Yang reversal, i.e., [Yin BP < Yang BP], primarily reflects the conditions of the Yin meridian.


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Tables, Figures and Graphs

Figure 1: Basic Circuit Diagram

Graph 1-1: Electrometer when inputs were shorted (04/15/2004)

-10-9-8-7-6-5-4-3-2-1012

34567

89

10

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

time[msec]

Voltag

e[m

V]

Sampling Time = 1msec


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Graph 1-2: Noise when differential amplifier inputs are shorted: Gain= x1 (2004/03/24)

-10-9-8-7-6-5-4-3-2-10123456789

10

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

time [sec]

Voltag

e[m

V]

1CH

Sampling Time = 100msec


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Figure 2: Triple Heater Meridian Figure 3: Heart Constrictor Meridian (Yochi, Gaikan, Siko) (Naikan, Kansi, Gekimon)


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Graph 3 : Dermal potential- N.Y (male, 2004.4.4)


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Table 1-1 Triple Heater Meridian: Dermal Potential and Direction of Electric Current

(unit of potential = mV; unit of BP = μA)

No. subjectMale

/FemaleMeridian Points

left Yochi

left Gaikan

left Shiko

Reversal by BP (Heart Constrictor<Triple Heater)*

1 It-Ka F Potential 1071 1263 1023 ReversedDirection H.C.(826)＜T.H.(1052)

2 Tu-Em F Potential 1116 1230 -545 AMI data not availableDirection

3 In-Hi F Potential 1220 1233 -404 AMI data not availableDirection

4 Iw-Yu F Potential 1315 1239 -187 ReversedDirection H.C.(1286)＜T.H.(1381)

5 In-Ti F Potential 1135 1023 -438 ReversedDirection H.C.(908)＜T.H.(978)

6 Tan-Hi M Potential 1377 1383 -318 NormalDirection H.C.(1654)＞T.H.(1652)

7 Sa-Ke M Potential 941 843 -209 AMI data not availableDirection

8 Tad-Hi M Potential 1169 1227 -327 ReversedDirection H.C.(1572)＜T.H.(1718)

9 Iw-Sh M Potential 978 1237 -443 ReversedDirection H.C.(1552)＜T.H.(1714)

10 Ya-Na M Potential 719 934 -304 NormalDirection H.C.(1329)＞T.H.(1314)

1104 1161 -215Average of PotentialNote: "Normal" or "Reversed" are determined by comparing the BP values obtained by AMI measurements. (xxx) are


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Table 1-2: Triple Heater Meridian: Dermal Potential and Direction of Electric Current

Dermal Potential and Direction of Current Flow

Meridian. Points Yochi-Shiko*1 Gaikan-Shiko*2 Yochi-Gaikan*3

Normal 3 10 3Reversed 0 0 7

*1: "Normal" in the order of 〔Yochi→Gaikan→Shiko〕*2: "Normal" in the order of 〔Gaikan→Shiko〕*3: "Normal" in the order of 〔Yochi→Gaikan〕

ｍxｎ Table

χ2 Test Result2

13

1.4×10-3

0.600.75

6.0

Cramer's V

χ2(0.95)

Degree of Freedom

χ2 value

Ｐ (upper probability integral)Analysis Coefficient

Table1-3: Average Dermal Potential of Triple Heater Meridian Points

Meridian Point Average Dermal Potential(mV)

Yochi 1104Gaikan 1161Shiko -215


23

Graph 2: Dermal Potential: Triple Heater (Left Yochi, Left Gaikan, Left Sikou) N.Y. (male, 2004.1.25)

-(-) input of each channel was grounded

- indifferent electrode on outer left arm was also grounded

- measurement was performed inside the shield room which was electrically grounded

-Gain setting = x 1

- Sampling time = 100ms

Notes: Ch1(+)=Left Naikan, ch2(+)=Left Kanshi, ch3(+)=Left Gekimon, ch4(+)=Left Taien,

ch5(+)=Left Kosai. Non-polarizable electrode attached to each point.

Ch1(-)=ch2(-)=ch3(-)=ch4(-)=ch5(-)=connected to GND. Indifferent electrode pasted on outer

left arm also connected to GND


24

Table 2-1: Heart Constrictor Meridian: Dermal Potential and Direction of Electric Current


No. subjectMale


Gekimon Kanshi NaikanReversal by BP (Heart

Constrictor<Triple Heater)*

1 It-Ka F Potential 869 851 709 ReversedDirection H.C.(826)＜T.H.(1052)

2 Su-Su F Potential 1152 1159 985 ReversedDirection H.C.(1376)＜T.H.(1428)

3 Iw-Yu F Potential 1097 1037 1051 ReversedDirection H.C.(1286)＜T.H.(1381)

4 In-Ti F Potential 698 735 801 ReversedDirection H.C.(908)＜T.H.(978)

5 Tak-Ta F Potential 928 1160 994 AMI data not availableDirection

6 Tan-Hi M Potential 1036 1130 877 NormalDirection H.C.(1654)＞T.H.(1652)

7 Tad-Hi M Potential 1021 1153 1028 ReversedDirection H.C.(1572)＜T.H.(1718)

8 Iw-Sh M Potential 1142 1187 1059 ReversedDirection H.C.(1552)＜T.H.(1714)

9 Ya-Na M Potential 875 1022 886 NormalDirection H.C.(1329)＞T.H.(1314)

10 Ao-Ak M Potential 2496 2500 2495 NormalDirection H.C.(1763)＞T.H.(1687)

11 Wa-Ak M Potential 729 913 767 ReversedDirection H.C.(1288)＜T.H.(1585)

1095 1168 1059Average of PotentialNote: "Normal" or "Reversed" are determined by comparing the BP values obtained by AMI measurements. (xxx) are BP in μA.


25


Meridian. PointGekimon－Kanshi*1Kanshi－Naikan

*2Gekimon－Naikan

*3


*1"Normal" in the order of 〔Gekimon→Kanshi〕*2"Normal" in the order of 〔Kanshi→Naikan〕*3"Normal" in the order of 〔Gekimon→Kanshi→Naikan〕

ｍxｎ Table

χ2 Test Result

Analysis Coefficient

Degree of Freedom 2

8.9

1.2×10-2

Cramer's V

χ2(0.95)

0.61

6.0

0.52

χ2 value

Ｐ (upper probability integral)

Table2-3: Average Dermal Potential of Heart Constrictor Meridian Points

Meridian Point Average Dermal Potential(mV)Gekimon 1095Kanshi 1168Naikan 1059


26

Fig 4: Left Lung Meridian Fig:5 Large Intestine Meridian


27

Table 3-1: Lung Meridian: Dermal Potential and Direction of Electric Current


No. subjectMale


Kosai TaienReversal by BP (Lung < Large

Intestine)*1 Su-Su F Potential 888 760 Normal

Direction Lung(1656)＞L.I.(1396)2 Iw-Yu F Potential 799 675 Normal

Direction Lung(1935)＞L.I.(1414)3 In-Ti F Potential 674 671 Normal

Direction Lung(1124)＞L.I.(730)4 Tan-Hi M Potential 1040 590 Normal

Direction Lung(1844)＞L.I.(1630)5 Tad-Hi M Potential 1171 618 Normal

Direction Lung(1998)＞L.I.(1804)6 Ya-Na M Potential 674 419 Normal

Direction Lung(1690)＞L.I.(1360)7 Ao-Ak M Potential 2500 2422 Reversed

Direction Lung(1682)＜L.I.(1780)8 Wa-Ak M Potential 817 523 Normal

Direction Lung(1708)＞L.I.(1336)1070 835Average of Potential

Note: "Normal" or "Reversed" are determined by comparing the BP values obtained by AMI measurements. (xxx)

Table 3-2 : Lung Meridian: Dermal Potential and Direction of Electric Current

Meridian Points Kosai－Taien* χ2(0.95) 3.8Normal 8 Degrees of Freedom 1Reversed 0 No. of Items 2

χ28.0

Normal 8Reversed 0

*"Normal" in the order of 〔Kosai→Taien〕

Table3-3: Averages of Dermal Potential and Epidermal Potenrtial of Lung Meridian Points Meridian Points Average Dermal Potential(mV) Average Epidermal Potential(mV)

Kosai 1070 19Taien 835 12

Average 953 15


28

Table 4-1: Triple Heater Meridian: Epidermal Potential and Direction of Electric Current

(unit of potential = mV)

No. subjectMale


left Yochi

left Gaikan

left Shiko

1 It-Ka F Potential 61 64 60Direction

2 Tu-Em F Potential 30 27 24Direction

3 In-Hi F Potential 35 35 27Direction

4 Iw-Yu F Potential 104 108 101Direction

5 In-Ti F Potential 10 26 14Direction

6 Tan-Hi M Potential 121 113 119Direction

7 Sa-Ke M Potential 53 52 51Direction

8 Tad-Hi M Potential 21 26 28Direction

9 Iw-Sh M Potential 14 24 -5Direction

10 Ya-Na M Potential 39 47 48Direction

49 52 47Average of Potential


29

Table 4-2: Triple Heater Meridian: Epidermal Potential and Direction of Electric Current

Meridian Points Yochi-Shiko*1 Gaikan-Shiko*2 Yochi-Gaikan*3

Normal 3 7 4

Reversed 2 3 6

*1: "Normal" in the order of 〔Yochi→Gaikan→Shiko

*2: "Normal" in the order of 〔Gaikan→Shiko〕

*3: "Normal" in the order of 〔Yochi→Gaikan〕

ｍxｎ Table

χ2 Test Result

2

1.9

0.39

0.26

0.27

6.0

Analysis Coefficient

Cramer's V

Degree of Freedom

χ2 value

Ｐ (upper probability integral)

χ2(0.95)

Note: mxn χ2 test on Table 4-2 shows that there is no statistically significant difference between the normal and recersed directions.

Table4-3: Average Epidermal Potential of Triple Heater Meridian Points

Meridian Point Average Epidermal Potential(mV)

Yochi 49

Gaikan 52

Shiko 47


30

Graph 4: Epidermal Potential Left Triple Heater Meridian (Yochi, Gaikan, Shiko), I.S. Male 1.24.2004

File Name: Electrodes on Left Yochi, Left Gaikan & Left Shiko 040124-02.OPG 2004/1/24 15:1:54 ID: Name IW-Sh Male

Left Gaikan ch2(+)

Left Yochi ch1(+)

Left Shiko ch3(+)

moved head

to left

scratched

ear by

right

10mV

30mV

・(-) input of each channel was grounded

・indifferent eelctrode on outer left arm was also grounded

・measuremet was performed inside the shielded room which was electrically grounded

・Gain Setting = x 1

・Sampling time =100ｍｓ

Epidermal Potential at each point

Note：ch1(+)=left yochi、ch2(+)=left Gaikan、ch3(+)=left Shiko Non-polarized electrode attached to each point、　　　　　ch1(-)=ch2(-)=ch3(-)=connected to ground、Indifferent electrode pasted on outer left arm was connected to ground


31



No. subjectMale

/FemaMeridian Points

Gekimon Kanshi Naikan

1 It-Ka F Potential 105 94 82Direction

2 Su-Su F Potential 18 26 18Direction

3 Iw-Yu F Potential 45 47 43Direction

4 In-Ti F Potential 26 20 22Direction

5 Tak-Ta F Potential 40 43 39Direction

6 Tan-Hi M Potential 31 37 25Direction

7 Tad-Hi M Potential -5 8 7Direction

8 Iw-Sh M Potential 8 8 0Direction

9 Ya-Na M Potential 35 37 28Direction

10 Ao-Ak M Potential -1 6 -11Direction

11 Wa-Ak M Potential 15 17 16Direction

29 31 25Average of Potentia


32

Table 5-2: Heart Constrictor Meridian: Epiermal Potential and Direction of Electric Current

Epidermal Potential and Direction of Current FlowMeridian. Points Gekimon－Kanshi Kanshi－Naikan Gekimon－Naikan


*1"Normal" in the order of [Gekimon→Kanshi〕*2 "Normal" in the order of [Kanshi→Naikan〕*3 "Normal" in the order of 〔Gekimon→Kanshi→Naik

ｍxｎ Table

χ2 Test Result2

11

4.5×10-3

0.560.67

6.0

Cramer's V

χ2(0.95)

Degree of Freedom

χ2 value

Ｐ (upper probability integral)Analysis Coefficient

Table 5-3: Average Epiermal Potential of Heart Constrictor Meridian Points

Meridian Point Average Epidermal Potential(mV)Gekimon 29

Kanshi 31Naikan 25

Table 2-4: Heart Constrictor Meridian: Averages of Dermal Potential and Epidermal Potential

Meridian. Points Average Dermal Potential(mV) Average Epidermal Potential(mV)

Gekimon 1095 29

Kanshi 1168 31

Naikan 1059 25

Average Potential 1107 28


33

Table 2-5: t-test of the differences between Dermal potential and Epidermal potential measured at 3 meridian points of the Heart Constrictor meridian

Left Gekimon

No. subject Dermal Epidermal Dermal Epidermal1 It-Ka 869 105 Average 1095 29

2 Su-Su 1152 18 Variance 2.4×105

9.0×102

3 Iw-Yu 1097 45 Number of samples 11 114 In-Ti 698 26 Pearson Correlation -0.385 Tak-Ta 928 40 Observed - Expected 06 Tan-Hi 1036 31 Degrees of Freedom 107 Tad-Hi 1021 -5 t 7.0

8 Iw-Sh 1142 8 P(T<=t) one-tailed test 1.8×10-5

9 Ya-Na 875 35 t boundary value(one-tailed) 1.8

10 Ao-Ak 2496 -1 P(T<=t) two-tailed test 3.5×10-5

11 Wa-Ak 729 15 t boundary value(two-tailed) 2.2

Left Kanshi


2 Su-Su 1159 26 Variance 2.2×105

6.5×102

3 Iw-Yu 1037 47 Number of samples 11 114 In-Ti 735 20 Pearson Correlation -0.415 Tak-Ta 1160 43 Observed - Expected 06 Tan-Hi 1130 37 Degrees of Freedom 107 Tad-Hi 1153 8 t 7.9



10 Ao-Ak 2500 6 P(T<=t) two-tailed test 1.3×10-5


Left Naikan


2 Su-Su 985 18 Variance 2.4×105

6.1×102

3 Iw-Yu 1051 43 Number of samples 11 114 In-Ti 801 22 Pearson Correlation -0.565 Tak-Ta 994 39 Observed - Expected 06 Tan-Hi 877 25 Degrees of Freedom 107 Tad-Hi 1028 7 t 6.8



10 Ao-Ak 2495 -11 P(T<=t) two-tailed test 4.8×10-5


t-test : test tool for the averages of paired set of samples was used




34

Table 6-1: Lung Meridian: Epidermal Potential and Direction of Electric Current


No. subjectMale


Kosai Taien

1 Su-Su F Potential 19 3Direction

2 Iw-Yu F Potential 44 39Direction

3 In-Ti F Potential 21 23Direction

4 Tan-Hi M Potential 35 10Direction

5 Tad-Hi M Potential 8 11Direction

6 Ya-Na M Potential 18 19Direction

7 Ao-Ak M Potential -4 -17Direction

8 Wa-Ak M Potential 12 6Direction

19 12Average of Potential Table 6-2: Lung Meridian: Epidermal Potential and Direction of Electric Current

Meridian Points Kosai－Taien* χ2(0.95) 3.8Normal 5 Degrees of Freedom 1Reversed 3 Number of Samples 2

χ20.50

Normal 5Reversed 3

*"Normal" in the order of 〔Kosai→Taien〕

Table6-3 :Average Epidermal Potential of Lung Meridian Points

Meridian PointKosaiTaien

Average Epidermal Potential(mV)1912


35

Graph 5: Dermal(skin surface) Potential Left Heart Constrictor meridian （Naikan, Kanshi, Gekimon）, Left Lung meridian（Taien, Kosai） I.T. Female 2004.04.04

Graph 6 　Dermal(skin surface) Potential　Left Heart Constrictor meridian （Naikan, Kanshi, Gekimon）, Left Lung meridian（Taien, Kosai）　 I.T. Female 2004.04.04

I.T.

・(-) input of each channel was grounded

・indifferent electrode on outerleft arm was also grounded

・measurement wasperformed inside the shielded room which was electrically grounded

・Gain setting = x 1

・Sampling Time = 100ｍｓ

Left Kanshi ch2(+)Left Naikan ch1(+)

Left Gekimon ch3(+)

Left Kosai ch5(+) Left Taien ch4(+)

body m

ove

ment

move

d head

shifte

d bo

dy p

ositio

n

scratched

head b

y right scratc

hed

head b

y right han

d

touche

d n

ose

by righ

t h

d

Epidermal(skin surface) Potential at each point

Note： ch1(+)=Left Naikan、ch2(+)=Left Kanshi、ch3(+)=Left Gekimon、ch4(+)=Left Taien、ch5(+)=Left Kosai Non-polarizable electrode attached to each point. ch1(-)=ch2(-)=ch3(-)=ch4(-)=ch5(-)= connected to GND. Indifferent electrode pasted on outer left arm also connected to GND.

body m

ove

ment

body m

ove

ment


36

Table 7-1: Comparison of Dermal Potentials between Heart Constrictor and Triple Heater meridians

H.C. Average of 3 H.C. points（dermal）＝ 1107Gekimon Average of 3 T.H. points（dermal）＝ 683KanshiNaikan Average of H.C.（dermal）　＞　Average of T.H.（der

Average of 3 points（dermal）＝ 1107

T.H.YochiGaikanShiko

Average of 3 points（dermal）＝ 683

Average Dermal Potential(mV)109511681059

Average Dermal Potential(mV)11041161-215

Table 7-2: Comparison of Epidermal Potentials between Heart Constrictor and Triple Heater

meridians

H.C. Average of 3 H.C. points（epidermal）＝28Gekimon Average of 3 T.H. points（epidermal）＝49KanshiNaikan Average of H.C.（epidermal）　<　Average of T.H.（epidermal

Average of 3 points（epidermal） 28

T.H.YochiGaikanShiko

Average of 3 points（epidermal） 49

29Average Epidermal Potential(mV)

495247

3125

Average Epidermal Potential(mV)


37

Table 8: χ2 value on frequencies of cases of [Naikan > Gaikan] and those of [Naikan < Gaikan] by dermal potential measurements

Heart Constrictor

Triple Heater Frequency

Naikan Gaikan Naikan＞Gaikan Naikan<Gaikan

It-Ka 709 1263 0 1

Iw-Yu 1051 1239 0 1

In-Ti 801 1023 0 1

Tan-Hi 877 1383 0 1

Tad-Hi 1028 1227 0 1

Iw-Sh 1059 1237 0 1

Ya-Na 886 934 0 1

Total No. of events 0 7

χ2(0.95) 3.8

Degrees of Freedom 1

Number of Samples 2

χ27.0

Naikan＞Gaikan 0

Naikan＜Gaikan 7

(a)Dermal potential of Naikan and Gaikan

(b) χ2 value on frequencies of cases of [Naikan > Gaikan] and [Naikan<Gaikan]


38

POSTSCRIPT

Table 9: Average values of Dermal Electrical Potential at Lung Meridian acupoints

Lung Dermal Electrical Potential(mV)孔最LU6 1070太淵LU9 835Average 953

*Values in Table 1 are the averages calculated from the 8 subjects' test data reported in "Acupuncture Meridians exist in Dermis" （a stainless needle with insulation coating was used）

Table 10: Average values of Dermal Electrical Potential at Large Intestine Meridian

acupoints Large Intestine Dermal Electrical Potential(mV)

偏歴LI6 269手三里LI10 89

Average 179

Table 11: Average values of Dermal Electrical Potential at Spleen Meridian acupoints

Spleen Dermal Electrical Potential(mV)漏谷SP7 133

陰陵泉SP9 121Average 127

Table 12: Average values of Dermal Electrical Potential at Stomach Meridian acupoints

Stomach Dermal Electrical Potential(mV)足三里ST36 146解谿ST41 63Average 105

*Large Intestine meridian was not measured in the work for "Acupuncture Meridians exist in Dermis". Hence, it was measured and analyzed this time.

*Numbers in Table 10-12 are averages of total 6 subjects(3 males and 3 females). [Ag-AgCl needle with insulation coating was used]


39

Table 13: Frequency counts of "normal" vs "reverse" directions of current flow

measured between the two acupoints by [Yin BP>Yang BP] and [Yin BP<Yang BP] groupings. Names of acupoints measured are also shown.

Yin-Yang RelationCurrent Flow

Direction Normal Reversed Normal Reversed Normal Reversed TotalLung 7 0 1 0 8 0 8 孔最LU6 太淵LU9

Spleen 3 1 1 1 4 2 6 Yin total 漏谷SP7 陰陵泉SP9Heart Constrictor 1 2 2 5 3 7 10 24 郄門PC4 間使PC5Large Intestine 6 0 0 0 6 0 6 偏歴LI6 手三里LI10

Stomach 4 0 2 0 6 0 6 Yang total 足三里ST36 解谿ST41Triple Heater 2 0 5 0 7 0 7 19 陽池TE4 支溝TE6

Total 23 3 11 6 34 9 43

Names of Acupoints used for Electrical Potential

measurement

Yin BP>Yang BP Yin BP<Yang BP Total

*Meridians for which BP measurement by AMI was not performed are not included in the frequency count. (3 subjects in Triple Heater meridian and 1 subject in Heart Constrictor meridian. Yang meridians are less than Yin meridians by 4, therefore)

Set of numbers were extracted from Table 5 to produce (mxn) tables for Chi-squares test as follows;- Table 14 : All data of both [Ying BP>Yang BP] and [Ying BP<Yang BP] cases

ｍ×ｎ Partition TableFrequency of Observation

Normal Reversed TotalLung 8 0 8Spleen 4 2 6Heart Constrictor 3 7 10Laerge Intestine 6 0 6Stomach 6 0 6Triple Heater 7 0 7Total 34 9 43

Test ResultDegree of Freedom 5χ2 value 22.3Ｐ (Upper probability Integral) 4.7×10-4

Analysis Coefficient 0.58Cramer's V 0.72χ2(0.95) 11.1


40

Table 15: Data of [Ying BP>Yang BP] cases only


Normal Reversed TotalLung 7 0 7Spleen 3 1 4Heart Constric 1 2 3Laerge Intesti 6 0 6Stomach 4 0 4Triple Heater 2 0 2Total 23 3 26

Test ResultDegree of Freedom 5χ2 value 12.1Ｐ (Upper probability Inte 0.03Analysis Coefficient 0.56Cramer's V 0.68χ2(0.95) 11.1 Table 16: Data of [Ying BP<Yang BP] cases only


Normal Reversed TotalLung 1 0 1Spleen 1 1 2Heart Constrictor 2 5 7Stomach 2 0 2Triple Heater 5 0 5Total 11 6 17

Test ResultDegree of Freedom 4χ2 value 8.6Ｐ (Upper probability Integral) 0.07Analysis Coefficient 0.58Cramer's V 0.71χ2(0.95) 9.5

**No subject showed Yin-Yang reversal of Lung-Large Intestine pair. Frequency count for Large Intestine was zero for both "normal" and "reversed". Therefore, it was excluded from the Chi-squares test.


41

Table 17: Average Electrical Potential of Each Meridian

MeridianLung 953Large Intestine 179Lung-Large Intestine 773Spleen 127Stomach 105Spleen-Stomach 22

Average Electrical Potential(mV)

1 In Yin meridian such as Heart Constrictor meridian and Lung meridian, ki-energy flows

from “bottom to top”

“up” or “bottom” is determined in the state of holding hands up

2 Kinoshita

Mr.Toshimasa Kinoshita, manager of Information Security division in Japan Electric

College

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