Mercantilism/ Economic Policy -system of nations increasing their wealth and power through trade with colonies - Theory that a countrys power depends on its wealth Export-OUT Import-IN -English wanted a favorable balance of trade which meant they sold more than they imported from colonies*Limited colonies Trade English Control - colonies were very successful traders -Parliament passes the Navigation Acts, Put the theory of Mercantilism into place -Restricted how and with who the colonists could do business with. -Could only trade with England and only use English ships (English hands) Frances Empire -French areas of colonization -St. Lawrence River Valley, -Quebec, - Great Lakes, -Louisiana -Interest in trading not colonizing -better relationship with Indians -English colonists want to expand *Tensions mounted as the settlers of New France wanted to increase their land holdings to build up the fur trade. *Their primary focus was the lush Ohio River Valley and the Great Lakes. Meanwhile, the British also started moving into the Ohio River Valley. Frances Empire -Indians resist British settlers and ally with French -The French have an old rivalry with Britain -multiple wars fought between French and English in past centuries conflict ignites again as French begin building forts near Pennsylvania border *Like the 100 years war!! French and Indian War -Virginia Govt sends George Washington to lead militia against the French *(22yrs old) -The French and Indian allies won many early battles using: -guerilla warfare hiding, ambushing, hit and run French and Indian War -Albany Plan of Union -colonies debate forming a central government DUE TO 1. Need of Colonial Force if possible defeat in the war AND 2. self-imposed taxation to pay for that defense -idea was proposed by Benjamin Franklin but was never adopted *Even though the representatives returned home with no consensus having been reached .They had laid the groundwork for the republic that would eventually become the United States of America. French and Indian War -Victory at Quebec finally gave the British control of the region -turning point of the conflict -Treaty of Paris, France lost all lands in America *The Paris Peace Settlement of 1763 confirmed that France no longer held control over any part of North America, except for two small islands near Newfoundland. Interesting Fact: *By 1756, the tensions in North America developed into a global conflict. Previous global conflicts had started in Europe and spread to the colonies, but this was the first example of aggression that started in the colonies and spread to Europe. Battles between Britain, France, Spain, and other European powers erupted in the West Indies, the Philippines, Africa, and Europe. This conflict, which started in North America as the French and Indian War, came to be known as the Seven Years War in Europe. Information from : https://www.apstudynotes.org/us- history/topics/french-and-indian-war/ https://www.apstudynotes.org/us- history/topics/french-and-indian-war/ Images from Google Image Searches French and Indian War NOTES End Stirring of Rebellion NOTES- Beginning Post-War Problems -Proclamation of Law stated that colonists could not cross the Appalachian Mtns - Colonists ignored the law and continued to provoke Indians -standing British Army in the colonies - British heavily in debt b/c of war -Taxes (duties) will be established on certain goods to help pay for British expenses. -smugglers tried to avoid paying taxes -writs of assistance search warrants issued by British authorities to catch smugglers- arrested and thrown into jail These writs would enable British authorities to enter any colonist's home with no advance notice, no probable cause and no reason given. British Taxation -Sugar Act -affected merchants and traders -protests begin ( very vocal ) -the taxes were enacted (or raised) without the consent of the colonists. This was one of the first instances in which colonists wanted a say in how much they were taxed. -James Otis no taxation without representation Father of Revolution - British Taxation Colonist resented new taxes b/c they had NO representatives in Parliament to represent them, as people living in Great Britain did. British Taxation -Stamp Act= 1 st direct tax on Colonist -new tax placed on imports such as tea, glass, paper, paint -Every newspaper, pamphlet, and other public and legal document had to have a Stamp, or British seal, on it. The Stamp, of course, cost money -colonists again reacted with protests - Sons of Liberty was formed in response to this Act -British reacted by sending more troops Redcoats Resistance Begins How cool is our history? - Sons of Liberty -Boston- ( voices of opposition to British control ) Samuel Adams John Adams -no taxation w/o representation -protests and boycotts were organized (refusing to buy) -stamp agents were harassed -9/13 colonies sent representatives to prepare a declaration against the new British actions -law eventually repealed- Resistance Begins -Declaratory Act states that Parliament has the right to declare laws for British colonies all cases Townshend Act - new tax placed on imports such as tea (Tea Act), glass, paper, paint -colonists again reacted with protests (we will talk about the Boston Tea Party Tomorrow) -British reacted by sending more troops Redcoat Soldiers Boston Massacre Pic- by Paul Revere -March protests by colonists -British troops fire on crowd -5 colonists killed -Crispus Attucks (African American w/ heroic role) -Most soldiers found not guilty at their trial for murder. Ruled they acted in self-defense John Adams served as attorney for the soldiers