memory the phenomenon of memory. 5 minute quick write in your notes, list all of the things you...
TRANSCRIPT
MemoryThe Phenomenon of Memory
5 minute quick write
• In your notes, list all of the things you would not be able to do if you did not have a properly functioning memory
• Desk• Golf club• Stapler• Meatloaf• Basketball• Cow• Tomato• Pencil
• Banana• Horse• Baseball• Paper clip• Celery• Soccer ball• Squirrel• Dog
Memory test
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OOr8ryJUOyQ&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active
• Printer• Cat• Sandwich• Owl• Computer• T-shirt• Spaghetti• Sandals
• Lion• Broccoli• Keyboard• Shorts• Elephant• Filing cabinet• Apple• Sunglasses
What is memory?
What is memory?
Memory persistence of learning over
time via the storage and retrieval of information
The Structure of Memory
• Information Processing Model• Memory involves
•Encoding•Storage•Retrieval
• A memory is not stored as one object
Information Processing
Encoding the processing of information into
the memory system
Storage the retention of encoded
information over time Retrieval
process of getting information out of memory
Three types of memory
Sensory Memory the immediate, initial recording of
sensory information in the memory system
Short-Term Memory activated memory that holds a few
items briefly
Long-Term Memory the relatively permanent and
limitless storehouse of the memory system
Sensory Memory
• The initial recording of sensory information in the memory system
• Iconic Memory• A fleeting photographic memory• Lasts only a few tenths of a second
A Model of Memory
Externalevents
Sensorymemory
Short-termmemory
Long-termmemory
Sensory inputAttention to importantor novel information
Encoding
Encoding
Retrieving
MemoryEncoding: Getting Information In
How We Encode
Encoding
Effortful Automatic
How We Encode
Automatic Processing unconscious encoding of incidental
information space time frequency
well-learned information word meanings
we can learn automatic processing reading backwards
How we encode
• .citamotua emoceb nac gnissecorp luftroffE
• Effortful processing can become automatic.
• .ecitcarp elttil a sekat tsuj tI• It just takes a little practice.• .siht ta retteb gnitteg era ouy
that ees ydaerla nac ouY• You can already see that you
are getting better at this.
How We Encode
Effortful Processing requires attention and
conscious effort Rehearsal
conscious repetition of information
to maintain it in consciousness to encode it for storage
Effortful Processing
• Studied by Hermann Ebbinghaus
• Principles of effortful processing• The amount
remembered depends on the time spent learning
• Spacing effect• Serial position
effect
• JIH, BAZ, FUB, YOX, SUJ, XIR, CAX, LEQ, VUM, PID, KEL, WAV, TUV, ZOF, GEK, HIW
What We Encode
• We encode meaning• We encode imagery• We encode organization
Encoding Meaning
• Semantic Encoding encoding of meaning including meaning of words
Acoustic Encoding encoding of sound especially sound of words
Visual Encoding encoding of picture images
Encoding Meaning
Encoding Meaning
• Aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be at the rghit pclae. The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe.
Encoding Imagery
Imagery mental pictures a powerful aid to effortful
processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding
Mnemonics memory aids especially those techniques that
use vivid imagery and organizational devices
• Mnemonics•Method of Loci•Peg word•Chunking
Organizing Information
Chunking organizing items into familiar,
manageable units like horizontal organization 1 7 7 6 1 4 9 2 1 8 1 2 1 9 4 1 (1776) (1492) (1812) (1941)
often occurs automatically use of acronyms
HOMES--Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior
ARITHMETIC--A Rat In Tom’s House Might Eat Tom’s Ice Cream
Encoding: Chunking
Organized information is more easily recalled
Encoding: Hierarchies
Hierarchies: complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories
Encoding(automatic or effortful)
Imagery(visualEncoding)
Meaning(semanticEncoding)
Organization
Chunks Hierarchies