memory & learning ap psychology. memory can you remember your first memory? why do you think...
TRANSCRIPT
Memory & Learning
AP Psychology
Memory Can you
remember your first memory? Why do you think you can remember certain events in your life over others?
Memory Memory as Information Processing
similar to a computer write to file save to disk read from disk
Encoding processing of info into the memory
system Acoustic, Visual, & Semantic
Encoding Storage
retention of encoded information over time
Retrieval process of getting info out of
memory
Encoding
Types of Memory Episodic – specific
events in your life Semantic –
generalized knowledge of the world that does not involve a specific event
Procedural (skill memory) – knowledge of how to perform a physical task
Explicit v. Implicit MemoryExplicit Memory – used to deliberately remember something
Implicit Memory – unintentional influence of prior experiences
Storing New Memories Sensory Memory
initial recording of sensory info in memory system
holds info for a fraction of a second
Working Memory focuses more on processing of
briefly stored information allows us to mentally work with,
or manipulate, information being held in our memory Try This: How many windows are on the
front of your house or apartment building? What did you do to remember this?
Storing New Memories Short-Term Memory (STM)
holds a few items briefly disappears in 20-30
seconds w/o further processing
Immediate memory span = 7 +/- 2
Long-Term Memory (LTM) relatively permanent
and limitless storehouse
Storing New Memories Chunking
organizing into familiar, manageable units like horizontal organization--1776149218121941
often occurs automatically use of acronyms
HOMES--Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior ARITHMETIC--A Rat In Tom’s House Might Eat Tom’s
Ice Cream
Retrieval: Getting Information Out Recall
retrieve information learned earlier
as on a fill-in-the blank test
Recognition identify items
previously learned as on a multiple-
choice test
Retrieval Cues déjà vu -- cues from current
situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience
Mood-congruent Memory emotions, or moods serve as
retrieval cues State-dependent Memory
what is learned in one state (while one is sober, drunk, depressed, excited, in a certain location, etc.) can more easily be remembered when in same state
Forgetting
Forgetting = encoding failure Information never enters the long-term
memory
Externalevents
Sensorymemory
Short-term
memory
Long-term
memory
Attention
Encoding
Encoding
Encodingfailure leadsto forgetting
Forgetting Forgetting as encoding
failure
Which penny is the real thing?
Retrieval Forgetting can result from failure to retrieve
information from long-term memory
Externalevents
Attention
Encoding
Encoding
Retrieval failureleads to forgetting
Retrieval
Sensorymemory
Short-termmemory
Long-termmemory
Forgetting- Interference
Motivated Forgetting unknowingly revise
memories Repression
defense mechanism banishes anxiety-
arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
Memory Construction
We filter info and fill in missing pieces
Misinformation Effect incorporating misleading
information into one's memory of an event
Memory Construction
Eyewitnesses reconstruct memories when questioned
Depiction of actual accident
Leading question:“About how fast were the carsgoing when they smashed intoeach other?”
Memoryconstruction
Improve Your Memory Study repeatedly to boost
recall Spend more time
rehearsing or actively thinking about the material
Make material personally meaningful
Use mnemonic devices associate with peg words--
something already stored make up story chunk--acronyms