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MemoryThe Phenomenon of Memory
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5 minute quick write
• In your notes, list all of the things you would not be able to do if you did not have a properly functioning memory
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• Desk• Golf club• Stapler• Meatloaf• Basketball• Cow• Tomato• Pencil
• Banana• Horse• Baseball• Paper clip• Celery• Soccer ball• Squirrel• Dog
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Memory test
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OOr8ryJUOyQ&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active
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• Printer• Cat• Sandwich• Owl• Computer• T-shirt• Spaghetti• Sandals
• Lion• Broccoli• Keyboard• Shorts• Elephant• Filing cabinet• Apple• Sunglasses
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What is memory?
What is memory?
Memory persistence of learning over
time via the storage and retrieval of information
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The Structure of Memory
• Information Processing Model• Memory involves
•Encoding•Storage•Retrieval
• A memory is not stored as one object
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Information Processing
Encoding the processing of information into
the memory system
Storage the retention of encoded
information over time Retrieval
process of getting information out of memory
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Three types of memory
Sensory Memory the immediate, initial recording of
sensory information in the memory system
Short-Term Memory activated memory that holds a few
items briefly
Long-Term Memory the relatively permanent and
limitless storehouse of the memory system
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Sensory Memory
• The initial recording of sensory information in the memory system
• Iconic Memory• A fleeting photographic memory• Lasts only a few tenths of a second
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A Model of Memory
Externalevents
Sensorymemory
Short-termmemory
Long-termmemory
Sensory inputAttention to importantor novel information
Encoding
Encoding
Retrieving
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MemoryEncoding: Getting Information In
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How We Encode
Encoding
Effortful Automatic
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How We Encode
Automatic Processing unconscious encoding of incidental
information space time frequency
well-learned information word meanings
we can learn automatic processing reading backwards
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How we encode
• .citamotua emoceb nac gnissecorp luftroffE
• Effortful processing can become automatic.
• .ecitcarp elttil a sekat tsuj tI• It just takes a little practice.• .siht ta retteb gnitteg era ouy
that ees ydaerla nac ouY• You can already see that you
are getting better at this.
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How We Encode
Effortful Processing requires attention and
conscious effort Rehearsal
conscious repetition of information
to maintain it in consciousness to encode it for storage
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Effortful Processing
• Studied by Hermann Ebbinghaus
• Principles of effortful processing• The amount
remembered depends on the time spent learning
• Spacing effect• Serial position
effect
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• JIH, BAZ, FUB, YOX, SUJ, XIR, CAX, LEQ, VUM, PID, KEL, WAV, TUV, ZOF, GEK, HIW
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What We Encode
• We encode meaning• We encode imagery• We encode organization
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Encoding Meaning
• Semantic Encoding encoding of meaning including meaning of words
Acoustic Encoding encoding of sound especially sound of words
Visual Encoding encoding of picture images
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Encoding Meaning
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Encoding Meaning
• Aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be at the rghit pclae. The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe.
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Encoding Imagery
Imagery mental pictures a powerful aid to effortful
processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding
Mnemonics memory aids especially those techniques that
use vivid imagery and organizational devices
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• Mnemonics•Method of Loci•Peg word•Chunking
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Organizing Information
Chunking organizing items into familiar,
manageable units like horizontal organization 1 7 7 6 1 4 9 2 1 8 1 2 1 9 4 1 (1776) (1492) (1812) (1941)
often occurs automatically use of acronyms
HOMES--Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior
ARITHMETIC--A Rat In Tom’s House Might Eat Tom’s Ice Cream
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Encoding: Chunking
Organized information is more easily recalled
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Encoding: Hierarchies
Hierarchies: complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories
Encoding(automatic or effortful)
Imagery(visualEncoding)
Meaning(semanticEncoding)
Organization
Chunks Hierarchies