membrane technology summer school set_2011

1st SUMMER SCHOOLBarcelona 26-30 September 2011

MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY IN WATER TREATMENT

Dr. Xavier MartinezEnvironmental Technology DepartmentFundació CTM Centre Tecnolò[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.stream-project.eu/

http://cordis.europa.eu/fp7/cooperation/home_en.html

1st Summer SchoolGroundwater Restoration

SOME EXAMPLES

Membrane: Selective barrier between two phases




A LITTLE BIT OF HISTORY

Història

Scientific KnowledgeOsmosis Electroosmosis Dialysis

Diffusion

Osmotic pressure

Electrolyte transport

Membrane potentialsMembrane equilibrium

Irreversible thermodynamics

Ionic Membranes

Pore Model

Development of processes

Ultrafiltration

Microfiltration

Gas Separation

Reverse Osmosis

Hemodyalisis

Electrodialysis

Nanofiltration

20001700 19001800

M. Mulder. Basic Principles of Membrane Technology. Ed. Kluwer Academic. 1997




DEFINITIONS

Membrane: Selective barrier between two phases

A

A

A

A

B

BB

B BA

BA

A

AA

A

B

BB

BB

AB

Disorder (Entropy) ↑ Order (Entropy) ↓

W > ΔG = ΔH - T ΔS Energy




WHERE DOES THE ENERGY COME FROM?

Hydraulic pressure

Concentration

Temperature

Electric potential




CHARACTERISTICS

Membrana: Selective barrier between two phases

permeatefeedPermeability (l·s-1·m-2bar-1)

SelectivityCf Cp

f

p

C

C1

σ = 0 : Non-selective membrane

0 < σ < 1 : Solute transport

σ = 1 : Ideal membrane

Cf Cp

Cc

concentrate

High Permebility ΔP↓High Selectivity σ↑

Recovery (%)




WHERE DOES THE ENERGY COME FROM?

Hydraulic pressure

Concentració Temperature Electric Potential

MicrofiltrationUltrafiltrationNanofiltration

Reverse Osmosis

PervaporationGas Separation

Vapor PermeationDialysis

ThermosmosisMembrane Distillation

ElectrodyalisisElectrosmosis

Membrane Electrolysis




PRESSURE DRIVEN MEMBRANE PROCESSES

A

A

AA

AA


Reverse Osmosis

ΔP




PRESSURE DRIVEN MEMBRANE PROCESSES

Microfiltration

Ultrafiltration

Nanofiltration

Reverse Osmosis

Particle Size

Particle Size

Solubility

Diffusivity

Electrical Charge

...

< 2 bar

1 – 10 bar

5 – 20 bar

10 – 60 bar

Particles

Macromolecules

Charged solutes, organic matter

Na+, Cl-, ...




FILTRATION CONFIGURATIONS

Concentration Polarization

Feed Permeate

Concentrate

Feed Permeate

ConcentrateBackflush




MODULE GEOMETRIES

FLAT SHEET

TUBULAR




MODULE GEOMETRIES

HOLLOW FIBER

SPIRAL WOUND




MICROFILTRATION

· Retains large suspended solids· Retains bacteria· Passes some suspended solids and all dissolved material· Pore ranges from 0.1 micron to 3 micron




ULTRAFILTRATION

· Retains oils, particulate matter, bacteria and suspended solids large macromolecules and proteins· Passes most surfactants, water, acid and alkaline compounds· Pore sizes ranging from 0.005 – 0.1 micron; 1K – 500K MWCO· Permeate is clear (non-turbid) solution void of suspended solids




MF UF MEMBRANE MATERIALS

CERAMIC TiO2, Al2O3 , ZrO2, SiO2

Durability ↑Robustness: T, chemicals, pH ↑Cost ↑

POLIMERIC PS, HPS, PVDF, CA, PA, ...




MF UF MODULES




MF/UF IN DRINKING WATER TREATMENT

Solids Removal




MF/UF IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT

Membrane Biorreactors (MBR)




MF/UF IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT

Membrane Biorreactors (MBR)

BOD < 2 mg/L

TSS < 0.5 mg/L

NH3-N < 0.5 mg/L

Turbidity < 0.2 NTU

Fecal Coliform < 10 CFU/100 mL

WASTEWATER REGENERATION




OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS

Periodical backwashes: water or air

Chemical enhanced backwashes (CEB)HClOHClNaOH

Cleaning in place




NANOFILTRATION

• Retains divalent salts and organics• Passes monovalent salts, water, acid and alkaline compounds• Pore sizes ranging between UF and RO




REVERSE OSMOSIS

• Retains salts and organics• Passes essentially only water• Passes molecules in the range of 5 Angstroms (0.0005 micron) or 100 MWCO




Selective BarrierPoliamide

PolyesterSupport

Polysulfone

20 μm

MEMBRANE MATERIALS

· Cellullose acetate· Polyamide




20 μm

REQUIREMENTS

Chlorine < 0.1 ppm → Sodium metabisulfitepH 2-11SDI < 5

Scaling and fouling prevention Antiscalant addition: SHMP, organophosphonates,

polyacrylatesScale control: CaCO3, CaSO4, SrSO4, BaSO4, …

Media filtration: sand, antrhacite

UF/MF

Cartridge MF




DRINKING WATER TREATMENT PLANT

B Cyna. Two years of nanofiltration at the Méry-sur-Oise plant, France. Desalination (2002) 147:69-75

17500 m3/d85 % RecoveryFeed pressure: 10 bar0.35 kWh/m3 = 0.015 €/m3

9120 Membrane modules

Remove contaminants: pesticides, DBP precursors, color, inorganic contaminants...Remove hardness: Ca2+, Mg2+, SO4

2-...Brackish water desalination




PERFORMANCE

07/0

4/20

11

27/0

4/20

11

17/0

5/20

11

06/0

6/20

11

26/0

6/20

11

16/0

7/20

11

05/0

8/20

11

25/0

8/20

11

14/0

9/20

11

04/1

0/20

11

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000FeedPermeate

TOC

(ppm

C)

RW UF E1.1 E1.2 E20

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

PFTH

M

ORGANIC MATTER + Chlorine ↔ THMs

Lab Scale(Membrane Selection)

Pilot Scale(Membrane Performance)




SEAWATER DESALINATION

60 hm3/yearConversion: 45%Pressure 50-80 bar4 kWh/m3 = 0.21 €/m3

Llobregat desalination plant




Hydraulic pressure

Concentració Temperature Electric Potential


Reverse Osmosis

PervaporationGas Separation

Vapor PermeationDialysis

ThermosmosisMembrane Distillation

ElectrodyalisisElectrosmosis

Membrane Electrolysis

ELECTRODIALYSIS REVERSAL





Electrodialysis: Electrically driven membrane process used to demineralize brackish water

Ion exchange membranes: Anionic or cationic





Llobregat drinking water treatment plant

Objective: THM reduction0.2 hm3/day345000 membranes> 90 % recoverySalt rejection 60-80%0,8 kWh/m3 = 0.2 €/m3

F Valero. Desalination of brackish river water using Electrodialysis Reversal (EDR). Control of the THMs formation in the Barcelona (NE Spain) area. Desalination (2010) 253.




NEW PROCESSES

FORWARD OSMOSIS

McGinnis R., Elimelech M. (2007). Energy requirements of ammonia–carbon dioxide forward osmosis desalination.

Draw solution Membrane

High solubility High rejectionHigh osmotic pressure Chemical StabilityEasily recovered Concentration

polarisation




NEW PROCESSES

CARBON NANOTUBES MEMBRANES

Corry B. Designing Carbon Nanotube Membranes for Efficient Water Desalination. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B (2008)

Membranes

High fluxes (x4 NF) Increase selectivityHigh rejections Lower production costs

Lower hydrofobicity

maximal pore density 2.5 × 1011 pores per cm2

size salt rejection

flow rate improvement

flow rate improvement

(5,5) 100% 45.2 682 0.16 2.42

(6,6) 100% 78.8 1189 0.27 4.21

(7,7) 95% 119.5 1801 0.42 6.39

(8,8) 58% 182.9 2759 0.65 9.76

CN vs FILMTEC SW30HR-380




THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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membrane technology summer school set_2011

Technology

summer school barcelona

water treatmentdr

membrane technology

selective membranecc0

large suspended solids

recoveryfeed pressure

alkaline compounds pore

m39120 membrane modulesb