matteo de rose e francesco fotino iv a anno scolastico 2014/2015

Matteo De Rose e Francesco Fotino IV A anno scolastico 2014/2015

Areas governed by the endocrine system: Reproduction Responses to stress and injury Growth and sexual development Body energy levels Internal balance of body systems Bone and muscle strength The endocrine system controls the way your body functions. It produces hormones that travel to all parts of your body to maintain your tissues and organs. Hormones are chemical messengers that are secreted directly into the blood, which carries them to organs and tissues of the body to exert their functions.

Pituitary Gland Hypothalamus Thymus Pineal Gland Testes Ovaries Thyroid Adrenal Glands Parathyroid Pancreas E NDOCRINE SYSTEM S GLANDS Glands are located throughout various parts of the human body. These glands take on the critical task of releasing hormones, and together, they form the endocrine system.

The pituitary gland produces several hormones. Growth hormone (GH) Prolactin (PRL) Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Pituitary Gland The front part of it, commonly called the anterior pituitary, produces the following types of hormones: Oxytocin Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) The front part of it (posterior pituitary) produces:

The hypothalamus is in control of pituitary hormones by releasing the following types of hormones: Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) Growth hormone-releasing hormone Corticotrophin-releasing hormone Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone Hypotalamus

The pineal gland releases melatonin, which helps the body recognize when it is time to go to sleep. Researchers continue to learn more about this gland. Pineal Gland

Found in both women and men, the thyroid controls a person's metabolism. It is located in the front of the neck. Thyroid

The parathyroid gland is actually a group of four small glands located behind the thyroid gland. This gland is vital to proper bone development because it helps control both calcium and phosphorous levels in the body. Parathyroid

This gland secretes hormones that are commonly referred to as humoral factors and are important during puberty. The role of these hormones is to make sure a person develops a healthy immune system. Thymus

This gland helps to control blood sugar. In addition, also helps your body do the following: Adrenal Glands Promoting proper cardiovascular function Properly utilizing carbohydrates and fats Helps distribute stored fat Promotes healthy gastrointestinal functions

The main function of the pancreas is to maintain healthy blood sugar levels. It is a large gland located behind the stomach. Pancreas

Found in women, this gland produces both estrogen and progesterone, which promote the development of breasts. They also help a woman maintain healthy menstrual periods. Ovaries

Found in men, this gland produces testosterone, which promotes the growth of the penis as a male gets older as well as facial and body hair. It also deepens the voice of a male at a certain age. Other functions of testosterone include: Maintaining sex drive Promoting production of sperm Maintaining healthy levels of muscle and bone mass Testes

T YPES OF HORMONES Although there are many different hormones in the human body, they can be divided into three classes based on their chemical structure.

P OLYPEPTIDES AND AMINO ACID DERIVATIVES HORMONES ACTION ATP: provides energy for chemical reaction. G proteins, also known as guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, are a family of proteins that act as molecular switches inside cells. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a second messenger important in many biological processes. Phosphorylases are enzymes that catalyze the addition of a phosphate group from an inorganic phosphate to an acceptor.

Tropic effects onlyNontropic effects onlyNontropic and tropic effects A DENOHYPOPHYSIS Tropic hormones are hormones that have other endocrine glands as their target. Non-tropic hormones are hormones that directly stimulate target cells to induce effects.

H YPOPHYSIS The posterior pituitary produces no hormones of its own. Rather, neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus synthesize two hormones: antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin) and oxitocyn. These are then released into the blood upon stimulation of the axons.

http://www.austincc.edu/apreview/NursingPics/Nursing AnimationsWebPage.html#hormones

T HYROID AND METABOLISM Thyroid cells are the only cells in the body which can absorb iodine. These cells combine iodine and the amino acid tyrosine to make T3 and T4. The function of the thyroid gland is to take iodine, found in many foods, and convert it into thyroid hormones: thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). T3 and T4 are then released into the blood stream and are transported throughout the body where they control metabolism (conversion of oxygen and calories to energy).

C ALCIUM REGULATION

B LOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS REGULATION

Helps regulate sodium and potassium ions in the blood and body fluids They are glucocorticoids, which stimulate the metabolism of lipids and proteins, help regulate glucose levels in the blood and play a role in decreasing inflammation. Androgens stimulate or control the development and maintenance of male characteristics in vertebrates. Estrogens are the primary female sex hormones, important in both menstrual and estrous reproductive cycles. They initiate multiple systemic mechanisms that contribuite to the bodys fight-or-flight response

A DRENAL GLANDS AND STRESS RESPONSE

matteo de rose e francesco fotino iv a anno scolastico 2014/2015

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